Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review of literature:
Rhandall I. Salazar
RWS 1302
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Abstract
As a global crisis Water sanitation has turned into one of the major concerns in the world.
This Report will go in depth in the ways on how low water sanitation can impact communities.
it’s important to bring the reader knowledge and bring awareness on the effects the low
sanitation can bring such as, diseases, damage of property and can even bring death. That’s why
it’s important to address to people about the problems with this crisis. Other impacts of low
sanitation may include the management of people's time since getting treated water takes time
and in some cases can result in environmental degradation.The most extensive and difficult to
Introduction
Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part people across the world need to live in.
However, due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, millions of people including children die
every year from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
are well aware, the immediate impacts of low water sanitation include, loss of human life,
damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of livestock, and deterioration of health conditions
like dealing with diseases. According to sustainable development goals of the United Nations,
poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices
and educational opportunities for poor families across the world. At the current time, more than 2
billion people are living with the risk of reduced access to freshwater resources and by 2050, at
least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring shortages of
fresh water. Drought in specific afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening hunger
and malnutrition. Fortunately, there has been great progress made in the past decade regarding
drinking sources and sanitation, whereby over 90% of the world’s population now has access to
improved sources of drinking water. Improving sanitation and access to drinking water, can be
3. What awareness, resources, or organizations (if any) are dedicated to help with low
water sanitation?
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Low water sanitation is the lack to access to safe drinking water, is mainly caused by a
disadvantage on socially, geographical, and mostly economically. In the recent addition of shows
that plastic pollution, has an impact in water sanitation, “more than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces
Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea”. According to Marcus Eriksen (2014) organizations
face a variety threats that include abundance and weight of floating plastics, that have lacked
data, particularly from the Southern Hemisphere and remote regions (pg.1). Marcus Eriksen also
states that this analysis helps management understand the critical importance, the required
recovery time and the need for various resources for plastic pollution. This shows that despite the
oceanographic model, predictions about where the debris might converge from these disasters,
estimates of abundance
to natural microplastics
those caused by floods. Figure:1 Map layout of locations where plastic pollution
density has increase. (2007–2013)
Low water sanitation is rank high in the most expensive crisis which management teams
work on to low the risk. According to the World Health Organization (2014) the risk
management has been established as a well-defined procedure for handling risks due urban solid
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waste, environmental or man-made hazards, of which are represented, as one of the most
expensive economically disasters. Failure to adequately collect and dispose of solid waste
presents can increase the proliferation of disease-carrying vectors, such as rodents and insects.
These risks can be exacerbated by other urban conditions, such as overcrowding. The World
Health Association also states social inequalities in cities play an major role in the risks related to
water and sanitation. “Since informal settlements and slums generally have lower access levels
than in other parts of the city, due to overcrowding and other factors, slums can become a nexus
for the transmission of infectious diseases related to water and sanitation” (pg.1).
data on the cost to attain universal access of improved drinking-water sources and sanitation, and
Low water sanitation has many affects towards developing countries, some in which
become deadly. According to TN Petney (2011) Most developing countries rely on limited
supplies of fresh water for drinking, hygiene, recreation, agriculture and industry. In addition,
marine and freshwater ecosystems provide the human population with a source of high quality
protein that is necessary but increasingly depleted (pg.306). Some communities obtain most of
their protein from fish or invertebrates that inhabit the water. However, water, as well as animals
housed in it, also provides a continuous source of contact with parasites and pathogens that can
potentially cause significant problems for humans. Sandy Cairncross (2010) implies that its been
estimated, at least in Africa, that 85% of the disease burden preventable by water supply is
caused by phallus-oral, mainly diarrheal, in large part due to the high infant mortality they cause.
The Bangladesh development studies (2011) show that in Bangladesh, diarrhea has declined over
time but it still persists as a major cause of infant mortality, morbidity and acute infant
malnutrition. Their changing role must now be seen in the broader context of access combined
with other inputs, such as improved sanitation. The mere access to drinking water, or otherwise,
access to sanitation does not have a statistically significant impact on the incidence of childhood
diarrhea. The results suggest a solid case for rethinking public policy through joint investment in
water and sanitation measures to reduce diarrhea and generate a favorable change in health
search behavior to support this combined access policy (pg.1-4). In addition to, the diseases, low
water sanitation brings with, it also affects women, and children. According to the Water
organization (2016) women, are often responsible for collecting water. This takes time away
from work, school and family care. The lack of water and sanitation locks women into a cycle of
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poverty. However, children are also affected. They are often responsible for collecting water for
their families. This takes time away from school and play.
What awareness, resources, or organizations (if any) are dedicated to help with low
water sanitation?
Many organizations are dedicated to help with low water sanitation crisis. Such as the
International Decade for Action: Water for Life (2005). The goal of this organization is to reduce
by half the proportion of the world's population without sustainable access to safe drinking water
and sanitation by achieving five major challenges to providing safe water and sanitation on a
global basis “(1) contamination of water in distribution systems, (2) growing water scarcity and
the potential for water reuse and conservation, (3) implementing innovative low-cost sanitation
systems, (4) providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for megacities, and (5) reducing
global and regional disparities in access to water and sanitation and developing financially
sustainable water and sanitation services.”(pg.41). Currently, UNICEF and WHO estimate that
1.1 billion people lack access to improved water supplies and 2.6 billion people lack adequate
sanitation. The Water organization is open to donate and fight the cause, it has empowered 17
million people with access to safe water and sanitation through affordable financing.“By
supporting Water.org, you are part of a solution that reaches more people, faster. Together with
our 92 partners around the world, we've helped mobilize more than $1 billion in capital to
support small loans that bring access to safe water and sanitation to millions of people in need.
That’s how every $1 we put into WaterCredit creates $47 worth of impact.” Not all organization
assists financially, rather spread awareness through numerous ways such as Table-2. It compares
the effects of promotion of hand washing with soap, and (household water treatment, measured
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Sixteen students were surveyed to spread awareness about the low-water sanitation crisis.
The students were well aware of the large amounts of drinking water that are wasted annually.
Thirteen of the sixteen students prefer to drink plain water than drinks with caffeine. Seventy
five percent of those who took the survey are aware of the number of people who do not have
access to clean water. Fourteen students know that low water sanitation, can be a problem for the
United States in the future and that something must be done in order to prevent it from spreading.
Seventy five percent know that this problem can be lethal and that many people die young due
to this crisis. In addition to donating to organizations, students mainly suggest shortening time
and daily use of water, spreading awareness through public campaigns that advocate for clean
water and healthy habits, such as the usage of soap, recycling, and conserving water.
Conclusion
problem and will require the action of many people around the world to agree to take measures
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to reduce the number of people without access to drinking water. This will require a drastic
change in the mentality of the people. However, there will always be people who simply do not
care about making the effort to make changes even if the change is for their own good.
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Reference
A.J. Andrea, & C. Neel (Eds.), (2011). Clean water and sanitation in africa and asia.World
history encyclopedia (pp. 73-74). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Retrieved from
http://0-
link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX2458802695/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=
GVRL&xid=0bdffce0
Begum, S., Ahmed, M., & Sen, B. (2011). Do Water and Sanitation Interventions Reduce
Christine L. Moe, Richard D. Rheingans; Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J
Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, et al. (2014) Plastic
Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over
G. D. Considine (Ed.). (2008). In Water pollution, Van nostrand's scientific encyclopedia (pp.
link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX3228309643/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=
GVRL&xid=bc74bd4c
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Graham, Hirai, Kim. (2016). An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and
Journal (American Water Works Association)Vol. 74, No. 4, Better Water for the Americas
org.lib.utep.edu/stable/pdf/41270994.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Ftbsub-
1%252Frelevance_config_with_tbsub&refreqid=excelsior%3Ae0e17447c0dc8ce1a7b1f2
c3226e3446
Petney, T. N., & Taraschewski, H. (2011). Waterborne parasitic diseases: Hydrology, regional
development, and control. In P. Wilderer (Ed.), Treatise on water science (pp. 303-367).
link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX1504800069/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=
GVRL&xid=1f74bf30
Sandy Cairncross, Caroline Hunt, Sophie Boisson, Kristof Bostoen, Val Curtis, Isaac CH Fung,
Wolf-Peter Schmidt; Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea,
International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 39, Issue supply1, 1 April 2010, Pages
Takang, J. M. (2012). Water Use and Rights (Africa). In L. Kotzé & S. Morse (Eds.), Berkshire
link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX1747900090/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=
GVRL&xid=08a8738e
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Goal-6.pdf
Figures
Figure 1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Table 1 https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2012/globalcosts.pdf
Table 2 https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/39/suppl_1/i193/703351