1 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 1 Laboratory Professor Bart David Quibod
Experiment 2: Structural Effects on Melting Point Review Questions:
and Boiling Point 1. Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing melting point and/or boiling point Quiz Answer Key: assuming equal no. of carbon atoms: alcohol, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, aldehydes. 1-3. Draw the rough boiling point set-up Explain. - Simple distillation set-up: - General arrangement of increasing boiling and/or melting point: ether → ester → aldehyde → alcohol → carboxylic acid - Explanation: Carboxylic acid Hydrogen bonding capabilities and the presence of two oxygen atoms.
Alcohol Hydrogen bonding
capabilities. The presence of only one oxygen atom places alcohols below carboxylic acids, which have two oxygen atoms. 4-6. Arrange the following in order of increasing IMFA: R-COOH, R-O-R, R-COOR, R-CHO, R-COR Aldehyde Lacking any hydroxyl - R-O-R (ether) < R-COOR (ester) < R-CHO groups, aldehydes are (aldehyde) = R-COR (ketone) < R-COOH incapable of intermolecular (Carboxylic Acid) hydrogen bonds; the presence of oxygen in the 7-8. Arrange in order of increasing boiling point: carbonyl group allows 1-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol aldehydes to accept - Tert-butyl alcohol < isobutyl alcohol < 1-butanol hydrogen bonds from other water molecules. 9-10. Arrange in order of increasing melting point: p-aminobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid Ester Similar to ketones and - Benzoic acid < salicylic acid < p-aminobenzoic acid aldehydes, esters are unable to form intermolecular 11. Discuss the IMFA in carboxylic acids. hydrogen bonds. At the - Dispersion (London) forces, Dipole-dipole same time, their interactions, Intermolecular and Intramolecular dipole-dipole interactions Hydrogen bonding are weaker than ketones and aldehydes, thus placing them below the latter and above ethers.
Ether The lack of any
hydrogen-oxygen bond makes hydrogen bonding impossible. 2. What type of intermolecular attractive force is involved Additional Notes: in carboxylic acids? - Reciprocal H-bonding, VdW forces, dipole-dipole ● Factors affecting Boiling and Melting point: interactions 1. Molecular Weight - “Pag sinabi mong reciprocal sa pag-ibig, gusto mo - Direct relationship for both MP and siya, tapos di niya binalik. O, one-sided; reciprocal ba BP yun? Hindi. Dito [referring to carboxylic acid], 2 2. Branching sides: carboxylic acid offers h-bonding and also - Increases melting point but accepts h-bonding, both ways” (Quibod, 2018). decreases boiling point 3. Symmetry 3. Describe other melting point apparatus that are - Increases melting point but available for routine analysis. decreases boiling point a. Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus 4. Polarity b. Thomas-Hoover melting point apparatus - Increases both MP and BP c. Thiele tube melting point apparatus 5. IMFA d. Barnstead-Thermolyne Mel-Temp melting point - The presence of IMFA increases apparatus MP and BP 6. ortho-, meta-, para- position 4. Explain the differences in melting points and boiling - MP and BP of para- position > points of these test compounds by relating with their ortho- position structures and intermolecular forces of attraction: 7. Impurities a. maleic acid and tartaric acid - Increase MP and BP - Tartaric acid has a greater melting point than ● How do you know when the test sample is already Maleic acid due to the presence of more OH boiling? groups that allow more hydrogen bonding - The test sample will produce bubbles; it is important to take note of the temperature at b. p-aminobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic which the bubbles start forming and also the acid point at which it stops. - PABA has the highest melting point due to - When there is moisture present on the the amine group and the para- position. thermometer, the test sample is already Salicylic acid has a higher melting point boiling than benzoic acid because it allows for more - “COMMON SENSE PAG NAKITA NYO H-bonding. NA NAGBOBOIL OR NAGBUBBLES, TAWAGIN NYO NA AKO. MAGDASAL c. naphthalene and 2-naphthol KAYO PAG NAGBUBBLES NA TAPOS - 2-naphthol has a higher melting point WALA AKO” (Quibod, 2018). because of the additional hydroxyl group ● Rough methods are “rough” because they simply are connected to it. not accurate - The distance of the thermometer from the d. ethanol and 1-butanol sample is large - 1-butanol has a higher boiling point than - In accurate methods, the thermometer is ethanol because it is heavier due to its longer touching the sample carbon chain.
e. 1-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, and isobutyl alcohol
- Branching affects boiling point therefore 1-butanol has the highest boiling point because it is a straight chain. Tert-butyl is more branched than isobutyl alcohol, giving it a lower boiling point. Experiment 3: Structural Effects on Solubility Experiment 4: Structural Effects on Acidity and Basicity Quiz Answer Key Quiz Answer Key: 1. Water-soluble at __ g/100 ml - 3.3 g/100 ml 1-2. Phenol vs ethanol - Phenol is more acidic than ethanol 2-4. Compare solubility of Benzoic acid and Sodium - The benzene ring of phenol stabilizes itself due to the Benzoate delocalization of electrons - Na Benzoate is more soluble than Benzoic acid - “Ang reason ay yung benzene ring. Anong meron sa - When salts such as sodium benzoate are dissolved in piatos na yan? Meron kasi itong pi-electron water, their ions easily dissociate and readily interact delocalization. Kung mas stable ang compound, mas with the molecules of water. madali maglet go ng H. dahil prefer nito ang stable resonance.” -Quibod, 2018 5-7. Compare the solubility of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol 3-4. Phenol vs Benzoic Acid - p-nitrophenol is more soluble than o-nitrophenol - Benzoic acid is more acidic than phenol due to the - The ortho- position induces intramolecular hydrogen benzene ring (delocalization of electrons/resonance) bonding thus decreasing solubility. and due to the inductive effects of the carbonyl group (carbonyl group is electron withdrawing thus 8-15. Descriptive Terms of Solubility increasing acidity)
Very Soluble <1 5-7. Acetic acid vs chloroacetic vs trichloroacetic acid
- Trichloroacetic acid is the most acidic while acetic Freely Soluble 1-10 acid is the least acidic - Inductive effect; the electronegativity of chlorine Soluble 10-30 increases acidity
Sparingly Soluble 30-100
8-10. Urea vs Glycince vs Ammonium Hydroxide Slightly Soluble 100-1000 - Ammonium Hydroxide is the most basic while urea is the least basic. Very Slightly Soluble 1000-10,000 - Urea is the least basic because the carbonyl carbon already carries a slightly positive charge Practically Insoluble ≥ 10,000 - Ito is like Nh4OH kasi readily available ng yung OH, tapos something about amines and amides
Additional Notes 11-13. O-cresol vs o-aminophenol vs nitrophenol
- O-aminophenol is the least acidic while nitrophenol ● Principle of solubility: “like dissolves like” is the most acidic ● Solubility → solute - solvent - ● Miscibility → liquid-liquid Experiment 5: Structural Effects on Polarity ● Gypsum → calcium carbonate dihydrate ● Normal-Phase Quiz Answer Key - Mobile phase is nonpolar while Stationary phase is polar 1-3. Draw the set-up for TLC and explain the importance - Silica gel is the stationary phase of the different parts - 5% acetic acid and 95% ethyl acetate is the mobile phase - In reverse-phase, the mobile phase is polar while the stationary phase is non-polar
- “Syempre yung tlc plate mo dapat naka tayo sa tlc
chamber. Pag yan nahulog sa solvent, edi nababad na yung compounds niyo. Common sense naman, di ko nga alam kung bakit nandito sa book to eh” -Quibod, 2018
(light) ● Principles involved in TLC are differences in polarity and partition of components ● Types of Chromatography: 1. Partition 2. Adsorption 3. Affinity 4. Ion-Exchange 5. Size-Exchange ● In TLC, we use the spot-dry technique ● TLC plates are preheated to remove water