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A Novel Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator

Antenna With Complementary Split-Ring-
Shaped Slots and Resonator for Wideband
and Low Cross-Polar Applications
Biswajeet Mukherjee1,2, Pragati Patel2, and Jayanta Mukherjee2
1
PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur 482 005, India
E-mail: biswajeet.26@gmail.com
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
E-mails: pragati@ee.iitb.ac.in; jayanta@ee.iitb.ac.in

Abstract

In this paper, a novel hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (HDRA) with complementary split rings and slots is
proposed and investigated. The complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) are etched from the ground plane,
which are pierced though slots extending from the ground plane up to the HDRA. The dielectric material used is
Rogers TMM10, which has a dielectric constant of "r ¼ 9:2. The CSRR-shaped slot on HDRA lowers down the qual-
ity factor (Q-factor) of the antenna, thus enhancing the bandwidth. Furthermore, the current distribution across the
CSRR slots on the ground plane is out of phase, which results in current cancelation along the CSRR and hence re-
duces the cross-polar component of the radiation pattern significantly. The measured value of bandwidth of the pro-
posed structure is 30% centered at 1.9 GHz, offering a gain of 6 dBi. The cross-polar level is more than 40 dB,
which is much lower than the copolar pattern. The first two modes of the HDRA are preserved.

Keywords: Bandwidth; complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR); cross polar; gain; hemispherical dielectric resonator
antenna (HDRA)

1. Introduction counterparts, have a wide bandwidth of operation. Furthermore,

T he necessity for high data rate and high-speed commu-
nication has shifted the frequency of operation toward
the microwave and higher frequencies. Thus, evolution of
such components, which demonstrate high-efficiency charac-
teristics, is ever increasing. The genesis of planar circuits
and planar technology is credited to high-frequency require-
ments. The planar technology particularly microwave inte-
grated circuit (MIC)-based patch antennas has been a
breakthrough in this field. However, the patch antenna has
its own limitations at higher frequencies. Apart from low
bandwidth of operation, the conductor losses significantly in-
crease with escalation in frequency of operation.
Dielectric materials resting on the ground plane, when
suitably excited, have been demonstrated to act as efficient radi-
ators. The dielectric resonator antennas, contrary to their patch
the overall losses at higher frequencies are low due to the ab-
sence of conducting elements in them. A number of different
geometries have been investigated such as rectangular, cylindri-
cal, hemispherical, triangular, etc.[1]–[2][3][4][5].
The hemispherical geometry offers a wide bandwidth,
and its interface between air and dielectric can be easily
modeled [1]. Thus, HDRAs have become a prospective ele-
ment for wideband wireless communication applications and
research. A number of feeding techniques have also been in-
vestigated such as probe feed [6], slot feed [7], etc. How-
ever, the probe feed, when given at an offset from the center
of the HDRA, is able to excite the fundamental mode, i.e.,
TE111 mode.
One of the primary objectives of research on DRAs has
remained to further improve its bandwidth. In order to

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achieve it, a number of different methods have been em-

ployed such as HDRA with air gap [8], multilayer and multi-
element dielectric coating [4], [9], etc. Parasitic patch on
HDRA [7] and parasitic slot in the ground plane of a slot-
coupled HDRA [10] have also been investigated for broad-
band applications. The parasitic components also aid in tuning
the frequency of operation. Similarly, novel geometries such as
quarter HDRA [11], half-split HDRA [12], and half HDRA
with an array of slots [13] have also been proposed for im-
proving the bandwidth significantly. Although, in most of these
geometries, the modes investigated are modified such as
HEM 11 -like or TM 101 -like modes due to alteration in the
basic structure, i.e., HDRA.

Recently, split-ring resonators (SRRs) and their dual,

complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), have been
found to be of great interest as a key metamaterial compo-
nent in MIC technology. It has been extensively shown
that when a microstrip line is loaded with SRRs, they be-
have as high-Q band-stop filters [14]. This characteristic of
SRR has been harnessed to device compactness and a
notch in the return loss response of antennas [15], particu-
larly ultrawideband antenna [16]. The CSRR is a dual of
SRR that is formed by etching on the ground plane.
CSRRs have been used for miniaturizing the antenna size
[17]–[18][19], create a dual-band or multiband response
line is placed on top of the dielectric with
[20], [21], etc. Furthermore, when integrated with a p-i-n
diode, it has been used to switch for desired polarization
between linear polarization and right-handed circular polari-
zation [22]. For filters [23] and interdigitated capacitors
[24], they aid in compactness of size, wide bandwidth of
operation, and wide stop band.
In this paper, a novel HDRA with CSRR and CSRR-
shaped slots is proposed and investigated. The CSRR ex-
tends from the ground plane and protrudes from the HDRA.
In doing so, two significant effects are observed. One, the
bandwidth of the fundamental mode of resonance, i.e., TE 111
mode, increases to 30% centered at 1.9 GHz, and second,
the cross-polarization level of the radiation pattern signifi-
cantly decreases. All simulations are done in Computer Sim-
ulation Tool (CST) Microwave Studio, which is based on
FIT, i.e., finite integration in time technique.
2. CSRR Structure
A CSRR is a set of two concentric circles that are
etched from the ground plane, with two slits in the oppo-
site direction. This is as shown in Figure 1. However, the
CSRR in the present context is drawn using rectangular
geometry. The shaded portions in the figure represent the
slots, and the white portion represents the metal. The
CSRR behaves as an LC tank circuit with high a Q-factor.
The analysis of the CSRR is carried out by the trans-
mission line method as has been cited in [20]. In our case,
the CSRR is etched on the ground plane of dimension
Figure 1. Dimensions of a single CSRR. The shaded por-
tion shows the etched portion, whereas the white slits are
the metal portions.
10 cm  10 cm. The dimensions of the CSRR are
m ¼ 1:4 cm, n ¼ 1 cm, and o ¼ p ¼ q ¼ 1 mm. The dielec-
tric material for the purpose of transmission line analysis is
chosen to be Rogers TMM 10, which has a permittivity of
9.2. The 50-
two ports across the line as shown in Figure 2(b).
The boundary condition imposed is as shown in Fig-
ure 2(a). Figure 2(b) and (c) represents the top view and the
rear view of the transmission line analysis model. The ports
are placed along the x-axis, the perfect magnetic wall is im-
posed along the y-axis, and the perfect electric wall is im-
posed along the z-axis [20]. The simulations of the antenna
are carried out on CST Microwave Studio, which is based
on the FIT computational technique. The meshing in the
solver used is 25 lines per wavelength using the hexahedral
type of mesh, and the simulations are carried out on the
transient solver. The resonant frequency of the CSRR is
given by [25]
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
!0 ¼ 2r0 Lc Cc ð1Þ
Here, !0 is the resonant frequency of the CSRR, r0 is the
effective radius of the CSRR, Lc is the inductance per unit
length between the annular slots, and Cc is the total capaci-
tance between the slots. The effective radius of the CSRR
slots is given by
r1 þ r2
r0 ¼ ð2Þ
2
where r1 and r2 are the radius of the circles that cir-
cumscribe the inner and outer rectangles, respectively. For a
cyclic quadrilateral that is also orthodiagonal (has perpen-
dicular diagonals), suppose the intersection of the diagonals
divides one diagonal into segments of lengths p1 and p2 and
divides the other diagonal into segments of lengths q1 and q2 .

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Figure 2. Transmission line analysis to calculate the resonant frequency of the CSRR. (a) Boundary condi-
tions imposed. (b) Top view of the microstrip line on substrate. (c) Rear view of the CSRR slots on the
ground plane.

We have (the first equality is Proposition 11 in Archimedes follow the same trend. The extremely low error validates the
Book of Lemmas) accuracy of the proposed CSRR model.

D2 ¼ p21 þ p22 þ q21 þ q22 ¼ a2 þ c2 ¼ b2 þ d 2 ð3Þ

3. Antenna Configuration
where D is the diameter of the circumcircle. This holds be-
cause the diagonals are perpendicular chords of a circle. These For a hemispherical geometry, the resonant frequency is
equations imply that the circumradius R can be expressed as given as follows [3]:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 4:775  107 ReðKaÞ
R¼ p21 þ p22 þ q21 þ q22 (4) fr ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (6)
2 ð"r Þr
or, in terms of the sides of the quadrilateral, as where ‘fr ’ is the resonant frequency, ‘"r ’ is the dielectric
constant of the HDRA, ‘r’ is the radius of the hemisphere (in
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
R¼ a2 þ c 2 ¼ b2 þ d 2 (5)
2 2

For our case, a ¼ b ¼ c ¼ d, since it is a square and so for

outer circle using n ¼ 1 cm, r1 ¼ 0:707 cm, and for
m ¼ 1:4 cm, r2 ¼ 1 cm. Using (2), we get r0 ¼ 0:85 cm. In
the present context, two CSRRs, which are a mirror image of
each other, have been etched from the ground plane placed at
a distance of s ¼ 3:5 cm from each other. This is shown later
in detail in Figure 7. The effect of two CSRRs used while in-
serting a pierce through the slot from the ground plane to the
HDRA as proposed in the final design would reduce the Q-
factor more compared with the single CSRR, thus improving Figure 3. Response of the CSRR shows that it resonates
the bandwidth significantly. The response of the transmission at 2.84 GHz.
line analysis with two CSRRs is shown in Figure 3. The
CSRR resonates at 2.84 GHz.

The equivalent circuit of the CSRR is as shown in Figure 4.

In this circuit, L and C are the per-section inductance and ca-
pacitance of the transmission line, whereas Lc and C c form the
equivalent tank circuit representing the CSRR [16]. The ex-
tracted lumped element parameter of the CSRR gives the
values as Lc ¼ 161:85 pH and C c ¼ 1:49 nF. Based on these
lumped element values, the circuit model is verified on CST
Design Studio (Circuit Simulator). The error between the re-
sults of electromagnetic (EM) simulator (CST Microwave Stu-
dio) and the circuit simulator (CST Design Studio) is extremely
small (60 dB down) and is shown in Figure 5 for S 11 and Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of transmission line placed
S 21 . Since it forms a reciprocal circuit, S 12 and S 22 hence on CSRR.

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Figure 5. Error between the EM simulator and the circuit
simulator as calculated for S 11 and S 21 for the CSRR model.
centimeters), and ‘Ka ’ is the wavenumber in the dielectric. The
dielectric material used for simulation and fabrication is
TMM10, which is a ceramic thermoset polymer composite ma-
terial of the Rogers high-frequency laminates. The dielectric
constant of the material is "r ¼ 9:2 and dissipation factor
tan  ¼ 0:0022. A simple HDRA of radius 2.54 cm based on
the above material specification will resonate at 1.8 GHz with
TE 111 being the dominant mode, when given an offset probe
feed [1]–[2][3]. The feed is located at 1.75 cm from the center
of the HDRA, and the length of the probe is 1.52 cm [3]. The
second mode, i.e., the TM 101 mode is excited at 2.84 GHz. It is
interesting to note that the CSRR resonates at the same fre-
quency as that of the second mode of the HDRA. The simu-
lated return loss of a simple HDRA is as shown in Figure 6.
The bandwidth at 1.8 GHz is 10.5%.
The proposed antenna consists of the two CSRR slots
on the ground plane and protruding up to the HDRA. The
proposed structure is as shown in Figures 7 and 8. Figure 7
shows the two CSRRs, which are a mirror image of each
other, etched on the ground plane, and Figure 8 shows the
isometric view of the CSRR-shaped slots on the HDRA.
The proposed antenna configuration has been reached
after six important variations were investigated on the basic
HDRA, namely, single CSRR on ground, single CSRR-shaped
slot on HDRA, single CSRR on the ground plane with CSRR-
shaped slot, two CSRRs on the ground plane, two CSRR-
shaped slots on HDRA, and two CSRRs on the ground plane
with CSRR-shaped slots on HDRA. The single CSRR is etched
from the center of the ground plane. However, interesting results
are obtained for two CSRRs on the ground plane with two
CSRR-shaped slots in HDRA. The comparison of the jS 11 j plot
Figure 6. jS 11 j plot of a simple HDRA with offset probe
feed for "r ¼ 9:2.
4 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 2015
Figure 7. Back view of the ground plane with the two
CSRRs at a distance of ‘s’ from each other. The wave
port excitation given to the HDRA can be seen clearly.
of each of the cases is as shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that
while only one CSRR is present on the ground plane, the
TM 101 mode at 2.84 GHz is suppressed, since CSRR also reso-
nates at the same frequency. In case only one CSRR-shaped
slot is cut on the HDRA without the CSRR on the ground
plane, the effective permittivity "r of the dielectric reduces
and so the resonant frequency shifts. Further reduction in the Q-
factor due to the slot aids in increasing the bandwidth of opera-
tion at 1.84 GHz. However, the effect of one CSRR present on
the ground plane and protruding up to the HDRA compensates
both the effects simultaneously. As a result, the HDRA reso-
nates at 1.9 and 2.9 GHz, offering wide bandwidth of operation.
It can be well seen in Figure 7 that the source port (wave-
guide port) in CST is placed in the center of one of the CSRR.
The second CSRR is a mirror image of the first one placed at
‘s’ distance from each other. In the proposed structure, two
CSRR-shaped slots on the HDRA reduces the Q-factor more
than the presence of a single CSRR slot. Thus, a wide band-
width of 27% at 1.9 GHz is observed as per simulations. It is
Figure 8. Isometric view of the CSRR-shaped pierce
through slots on the HDRA.
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The second mode in the proposed structure shifts to 3.2 GHz

due to a change in the effective permittivity.

Another point of interest is that the modes of the

HDRA remain preserved for the proposed structure, i.e., at
1.9 GHz, the mode is TE 111 , and at 3.2 GHz, the TM 101
mode is excited. The electric field distribution is as shown in
Figures 10 and 11, respectively. Furthermore, the validation
of the modes excited can be done from the radiation patterns,
Figure 9. Comparison of various cases of CSRR investi- which are as shown in Figure 16(a) and (b). The comparison
gated on the HDRA. of all the six cases is as tabulated in Table 1.

interesting to note that for a DRA, the Q-factor is associated to

The surface current distribution around the CSRR rings
physical dimensions shown as under [26] shows that the CSRR with port has higher current density at
 t 1.9 GHz and the other one at 3.2 GHz. Moreover, current can-
StoredEnergy p Volume celation around the CSRR with port is effective at 1.9 GHz,
Q ¼ 2!0 / 2!0 ð"r Þ (7)
RadiatedEnergy Surface and CSRR without port offers better cancelation at 3.2 GHz.
This strongly aids in the reduction of the cross-polar level of
where p > t  1, !0 is the resonant frequency, and "r is the di- the radiation pattern, since any current induced on the ground
electric constant. Furthermore, the Q-factor is related to band- plane when the transmitting and receiving antennas are at the
width as given in the following: cross-polar position, would be canceled as shown in Figures 12
and 13. The current distributions at 1.9 and 3.2 GHz are shown
VSWR  1 in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. Since the CSRRs are etched
BW ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (8)
Q VSWR on the ground plane, hence at higher frequencies, the slots also
start acting as slot antennas, which increase the backward radia-
Thus, for a stable VSWR, a decrease in the Q-factor would in- tion and hence lower the gain of the antenna. This can be ob-
crease the bandwidth of operation, which validates our point. served in Table 1 as well.

Figure 10. Electric field distribution for the TE111 mode excited at 1.9 GHz
for the proposed structure. The CSRR slots from the ground plane up to the
HDRA can be seen clearly.

Figure 11. Electric field distribution for the TM 101 mode excited at 3.2 GHz
for the proposed structure. The CSRR slots from the ground plane up to the
HDRA can be seen clearly.

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TABLE 1. Comparison of the Six Cases of CSRR Investigation on HDRA

Based on Simulations.

Figure 12. Current distribution at 1.9 GHz shows that the CSRR with the
port has a higher current density around it. The current cancelation can be
seen clearly on this CSRR.

It is interesting to note that the widest impedance band-
width of 27% at 1.9 GHz ðS 11 is offered when the size of the
two CSRRs on ground plane and the two CSRR-shaped slots
in HDRA are exactly the same, thus forming a pierce
through the slot from the ground plane to the HDRA. This
may be accounted to impedance matching between the
HDRA with CSRR-shaped slots and the CSRRs on the
ground plane acting as a resonator.
4. Experimental Results and Discussion
The Rogers copper-clad high-frequency laminates are
available in thickness of 0.2500 . Hence, to fabricate the
structure, four slabs were joined by applying glue from the
edges under high pressure to form a slab of thickness of 2.54 cm
(1’’). The HDRA was then fabricated using a high-precision
lathe machine. Furthermore, the CSRR slots on the ground
plane were cut by a computer-controlled laser cutting machine.
The CSRR slots on the HDRA were cut using an abrasive jet
cutting machine. After the slots were cut from the HDRA, it
was dried up for a long time so that no moisture should be
present in the HDRA, which could incorporate any error. How-
ever, laser cutting and abrasive jet machines are extremely fine
machines to cut slots, which is evident in Figure 14 that shows
the fabricated structure. Figure 14(a) shows the back view with
the CSRR slots on the ground plane with the commercially
available SMA connectors used to provide coaxial feeding to
the fabricated antenna. Figure 14(b) shows the top view of

Figure 13. Current distribution at 3.2 GHz shows that the CSRR without the
port has a higher current density around it. The current cancelation can be
seen clearly on this CSRR.

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Figure 14. Fabricated structure. (a) Back view with the CSRR etched from the
ground plane and an SMA connector to provide probe feed to the proposed antenna.
(b) Top view of the proposed antenna with the CSRR-shaped slots on the HDRA.

the HDRA with the CSRR-shaped slot cut on the HDRA. All
measurements were taken on the vector network analyzer of
Agilent 8722ET.
The proposed antenna resonates at 1.9 and 3.2 GHz,
based on the simulations. Interestingly, the measured values of
the resonance are 1.9 and 3.15 GHz. Whereas based on simula-
tions, the impedance bandwidth ðS 11  10 dBÞ at 1.9 GHz is
27% and, at 3.2 GHz, 4.6%, and the measured values of band-
width are 30% and 5% at the respective resonant points of the
measured return loss. The difference in the results are mainly
due to the fabrication inconsistencies such as small air gaps be-
tween the slabs of the DRA, air gaps between the DRA and the
metal portions i.e.,ground plane, imperfections in machining,
etc. The S 11 plot of the comparison between the simulated and
the measured results is as shown in Figure 15.
is higher than 40 dB. This is explained by the effect of current
cancelation due to the two CSRRs. In general, the cross-polar
level of DRAs is high [27]; however, due to the presence of
CSRR in the ground plane in the proposed structure, it is low.
Furthermore, the back radiation at higher frequencies is compar-
atively high, since the CSRRs are etched on the ground plane,
which itself starts acting as slot antennas at such frequencies.
The measured gain at 1.9 GHz is around 6 dBi and, at
3.15 GHz, 6.1 dBi. For a simple HDRA, the gain at 1.8 GHz
is 6.2 dBi. Furthermore, the plot of gain versus frequency
(both simulated and measured) as shown in Figure 17 shows
that the gain is stable for the bandwidth of operation and is

The radiation patterns, simulated and measured, at 1.9 and

3.15 GHz are as shown in Figure 16(a) and (b), respectively.
The simulation and measurements are in good agreement. At
1.9 GHz, the pattern is broadside, whereas at 3.15 GHz, the pat-
tern shows a null at the broadside direction. This also verifies
that the modes investigated are TE111 and TM 101 modes. It is
also important to note that the cross-polar pattern of the antenna

Figure 16. Simulated and measured radiation patterns at

Figure 15. S 11 plot showing the comparison between the  ¼ 00 and  ¼ 900 for the proposed structure. (a) 1.9 GHz.
simulated and measured results of the proposed structure. (b) 3.15 GHz.

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Figure 17. Plot of gain versus frequency for the proposed
structure.
Figure 18. Plot of total efficiency versus frequency for the
proposed structure.
above 5.8 dBi. This is in acceptable limits for an HDRA.
The antenna efficiency plot against frequency is shown in
Figure 18. It can be inferred from the plot that the efficiency
is above 90% for the complete bandwidth of operation. The
peak value of the measured efficiency is 95% at 1.9 GHz.
The comparison of the proposed structure with other refer-
ences is as tabulated in Table 2. It confirms that the proposed
novel structure has competitive characteristics as compared
with other references.
5. Conclusion
An HDRA with CSRR on the ground plane and CSRR-
shaped slots on the HDRA has been proposed and
TABLE 2. Comparison of the Proposed Antenna Structure.
8 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 2015
investigated. The antenna is excited by probe feed. Two
CSRRs, which are a mirror image of each other, are placed
on the ground plane and HDRA. The effect of the CSRR-
shaped slots in HDRA, aids in reducing the Q-factor and
hence increasing the bandwidth of operation. The measured
bandwidth is 30% at the resonant frequency of 1.9 GHz. The
effect of CSRR on the ground plane reduces the cross-polar
level to more than 40 dB, which is extremely significant.
The first two modes, i.e., TE111 and TM 101 modes, are pre-
served. The gain of the antenna is 6 dBi, which is reasonable
for an HDRA. The new antenna is simple in configuration
and can be excited by commercially available SMA connec-
tors and probes. The antenna offers wide bandwidth and
moderate gain, and to the best of our knowledge, such geom-
etry has not been explored yet. Furthermore, on comparison,
it is revealed that the cross-polar level for such geometry is
extremely low and the best so far.
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Dr. Mukherjee was awarded the departmental fellowship during his
M.Tech. program. He was also a recipient of the Fellowship for Training of
Young Scientist from MAPCOST, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India,
for working toward research in the field of dielectric resonator antennas and
EBG. He has also bagged the URSI Young Scientist Award at the 31st
URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Beijing in 2014.
Pragati Patel received the B.Tech. degree
in electronics and communication engineer-
ing from Uttar Pradesh Technical Univer-
sity, Ghaziabad, India, in 2008 and the M.
Tech. degree in radio frequency and micro-
wave engineering from Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India,
in 2011. She is currently working toward
the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Elec-
trical Engineering, Indian Institute of Tech-
nology, Mumbai, India.
Her research interests include wireless
power transmission, microstrip patch antennas,
and dielectric resonator antennas for wireless communications.
Jayanta Mukherjee (M’07–SM’13) re-
ceived the B.Eng. degree in electrical and
electronics engineering from Birla Institute
of Technology, Pilani, India, where he was
awarded the gold medal on the basis of
the order of merit, and the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees from The State Ohio University,
Columbus, OH, USA.
He is currently an Associate Professor
with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India. During his Ph.D. studies from
2001 to 2004, he was a Texas Instruments
Fellow. During 2002–2003, he interned at
Thomson Multimedia, Princetown, NJ, USA. He has authored and coauthored
more than 50 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He is
also the author of three books on radio-frequency oscillators and antennas. His
research interests include antennas, radio-frequency integrated circuit design,
and biomedical very large scale integration circuits.

Biswajeet Mukherjee (M’14) received the

B.Tech. degree in electronics and communi-
cation engineering from Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India;
the M.Tech. degree in microwave electron-
ics (First Rank) from the Department of
Electronic Science, University of Delhi,
New Delhi; and the Ph.D. degree from the
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, in 2014.
He is currently a Research Engineer
with the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Indian Insti-
tute of Information Technology, Jabalpur, India. He has authored and coau-
thored more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and
conferences. His research areas include dielectric resonators, antenna engi-
neering, microwave integrated circuits (MICs), monolithic MICs, and com-
putational electromagnetics in finite-difference time domain.

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 2015 9