Introduction

Poverty is one of the most common problems that people encounter in life. It is
the one of the factors why people commit crimes such as robbery, killing and others.
Despite of all the efforts of every Filipino to surpass the poverty line, the percentage of
poor Filipinos still go up each and every year. Aside from individual efforts, the
government and other civic society groups sent out their helping hands to slowly
eradicate poverty. Poverty is one of the roots of different crimes committed by other
people. The number of crimes committed every year is increasing.

Orbeta (2013) defined 4Ps as the centerpiece social protection program of the
Philippine government. Like conditional cash transfer programs in many other countries,
it provides cash grants to beneficiaries provided they comply with specified conditions
such as keeping their children in school, getting health check-ups, and attending family
development sessions.

A household-beneficiary can receive as much as P1, 400 monthly, which

includes P500 per month for nutrition and health expenses and P300 per month per
child (with a maximum of 3 children per household) for educational expenses.
Household-beneficiaries must comply with certain conditions to continue receiving the
cash grants, which could go on for a maximum of five years. (Orbeta 2013)

The program also helps to fulfill the country’s commitment to meet the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, namely: 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger, 2) Achieve universal primary education, 3) Promote gender equality, 4) Reduce
child mortality, and 5) Improve maternal health. The said program has two objectives:
1) Social Assistance, which aims to grant cash assistance to the poor to address their
immediate need; and 2) Social Development, which aims to break the intergenerational
poverty cycle through investments in human capital. (Orbeta 2013)
 The 4Ps is implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) has created systems to track the implementation of the program namely:
beneficiary update system, compliance verification system, and grievance redress
system. Department of Social Welfare and Development is responsible in social welfare
and development programs and services, along with cooperative partner agencies such
as Department of Education is accountable in education program and services.
Department of Health is in charge in health program and services. To qualify for the
grants, beneficiary households must undertake certain activities that are meant to
improve their children’s health and education such a visiting health canter’s regularly,
sending the children to school and undertaking preventive.
Scope and Delimitations

The study covers the current over – all situation of 4P’s in the poverty alleviation,
the l, the administration of jail management, examine the adequacy of funds, status of
implementation of programs inside the jails, and the challenges which the Bureau are
currently facing. Furthermore, this study will include the early forms of punishment and
the perspective of our ancestors about it.

This research will be having limited or has no personal access from the Bureau
Jail Management and Penology. Hence, all the data and information will be provided by
available sources such as articles, related thesis studies, and etc... Nonetheless, the
researchers ensure that this study will be a helpful medium towards change and can
simply contribute in the positive development particularly in the jail management system
of the Philippines.
Significance of the study

This study is conducted to understand the effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino Program (4ps) in the poverty alleviation. The researchers believed that the
result and findings of the study will be beneficial to the following:

To the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4ps) members, this study will
be a basis of the improvement of this program. This can be a guide to our government
Department of Social Welfare and Development to improve this program. The
researcher believes that through this study they can better understand the purpose of
this program and how to use properly the money they received. Also they can learn
different skills that can do to provide another income.

To the Community, the findings of this study may help the community address
issues on poverty reduction as well as come up with the means to further assist those
are in need. Also this study can help the people in the community on how they can help
those in needs in proper way and not only by giving them money or certain things that
leads them to wait for others and not doing in their own.

To the Department of Social Welfare and Development, this may give them
information in coming up with study they can provide other program that helps the 4Ps
member to have another source of income. This can be reliable source about the status
and progress of this program.

To the Local Government, this study may them to have a better understanding
for what they will do to improve the benefits and source of income to the 4Ps member.
This can be guidelines to have other program that can also help every family to earn
money to lessen their problem about financial.

To the teachers, this study into effective planning and implementation of

administration and management of their classes also may integrate the results of this
study in the methodology and strategy they apply especially in handling 4ps
beneficiaries.
 To the Future researchers, this study will help the future researchers as useful
reference materials that can provide a better understanding about the topic it is also
serve as valuable and reliable material that they can use as a guide for the future
researchers involving the same field of the study.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter deals with the conceptual and research literature, which are closely
related to the present study. These related literatures are gathered from the background
and help the researchers to conceptualize this study.

Foreign Literature

Conditional Cash Transfers: An Overview The past decade has seen the
growing acceptance and expansion of conditional cash transfers (CCTs) as a poverty
alleviation measure through building up human capital. The early CCTs started in Latin
American countries in the late 1990s, and it has since then been adopted by several
countries in Africa and Asia. The main CCT approach is two-pronged: the cash grant
itself is a social assistance to address income poverty, while the conditions attached to
the cash grant form an explicit push toward a certain set of “human capital investments”
or activities that could address strategic factors that keep people poor. These
investments are linked to people’s attitudes and behavior in relation to formal education
and access of professional health services – two pathways which are internationally
accepted to be critical to human development.

The evaluation studies on CCTs are generally positive: linking education and
health-related conditions on the cash grant has resulted to improvements in the school
enrolment rate, health checkups and vaccination, and even improvements in household
nutrition, consumption and savings (See for instance Fiszbein and Schady 2009).
Conditionalities can also be fine-tuned to target other social issues cutting across
poverty, for instance gender-based discrimination and violence and social exclusion of
indigenous peoples. Gender equality is also another area of inquiry in several CCT
researches as most CCTs also identify women as the recipient and manager of the
cash grants. The results are encouraging i.e., making women managers of cash grants
is more likely to result to better nutrition and education of children in the household,
compared to when men are the recipients of the cash grant (Yoong, J., Rabinovich, L.
and Diepeveen, S., 2012). There were also significant improvements in the school
enrolment and access to health services of girl children when this is part of the CCT
conditionalities. In the long-term, these changes result to delayed pregnancies or
marriages, better economic opportunities for females (Nanda, P., Datta, N. and Das, N.,
2014; Sadooulet, E., Finan, F., de Janvry, A. and Vakis, R. , 2004) 2.2.

Critiques of the CCTs: Alongside the positive experiences with program, are the
criticisms of CCTs. One of these is paternalism: imposing conditions to change behavior
of the poor implies that the poor are unaware of what is beneficial to them, and cash
incentives are necessary for them to act on what is to their best interest (Forget, Peden
and Strobel, 2013). It can also be seen as a controlling device (“social engineering”) or
lack of trust (Schuring 2010). Politics and political patronage also play a role in setting of
conditionalities as conditionalities temper the perceived “dole out” feature of CCTs while
focusing on its populist short-term fixes (Sewall, 2008). Other critiques focus on CCT
designs and implementation. Despite behavioral change being a key element, Wolf,
Aber and Morris (2012) observed that not many CCT programs consider psychological
theories vis-à-vis behavioral economic theories to design or improve their strategies.
Psychological theories such as those self-determination and motivation, for instance,
may help identify factors to promote intrinsic motivation (desire to perform an act for its
own sake) to change

Conceptual Literature

The following conceptual literatures are necessary to conducting research

about effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) to the Poverty
Alleviation. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in 2007, significant developments in
the livesor poor households hve already been observed. Increased enrolment among
school children and high avainment of health services are some of the early positive
results. Researchers and studies also reveal that behavioural change and improved
perspective in life are some of the outcomes documented to have occurred amount the
lives of the beneficiaries which can be attributed to the program.

Basic Necessity According to his lifestyle. For instance, as bread earner,

he has to follow certain patterns in his expenditure pattern to jibe with his income in
order to cope with his financial problems to the basic needs or necessities of life and
whatever he may hold for his fortune.

According to Fernandez- Huerga (2008) human needs are objective in

nature and hence, may be considered universal in light of the doctrine that states needs
constitute necessary requirements and elements for the molding of an individual’s
character. However, what do change and are subjective among human are individual’s
wishes and wants which are in fact choices, likes and ambitions.Household Expenses
Associated with consumers’ income is their individual consumption expenditures or
expenses. Expenses are cash outflows that sustain our scale of living (Winger and
Frasca, 2008).

According to McConnell (2007) Expenditures are classified into different

ways. They can be divided into service and products. Expenditures on product in turn
may be subdivided based on durability and non- durables such as foods, cosmetics and
others.As anticipated, 4Ps increased the health services consumption among the poor
households as they have additional income to pay for the health-related costs; and
improve the children’s nutritional status through increased household income, provision
of free and periodic check-ups, various counselling and other monitoring components of
4Ps (Reyes & Tabuga, 2012).

Poverty Alleviation According to Brul (2009) that Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program is a poverty reduction and social development strategy of the nation that
provides conditional cash grants to extremely poor households to improve their health,
nutrition and education particularly of children aged 0-14 years old. The program is
currently being implemented by the DSWD. Additionally, Aquino’s 4Ps as a stratagem to
alleviate poverty is not freedom from but a shackle that’s looks up the Filipino people to
abject poverty (de Guia, 2011).

Mimaropa (2011) 4Ps cash transfer program that provides incentives for poor
families to invest in the ensuring that mothers and children avail of health care and
those children go to school. As such, it is a human development program that invests in
the health and education of the children. On the other hand, providing immediate relief
from problem will alleviate through providing cash. The benefits that can get by the
beneficiaries of the program are health and nutrition grant in which a household
receives P500.00 per month that is intended for their needs in health and nutrition and
for education the household receives P300.00 per month per children that is intended
for 10 months.

According to Maboloc (2012) it can be argued to DSWD making that the CCT
program work should help guarantee the most basic necessity of people under any
democratic system- respect for their humanity. The CCT can be continued as matter of
right i.e., the right “not to be hungry” borrow from Amartya Sen. It can be said that
numbers or they may economic assumption may be very ambiguous at this point. The
right thing to do, in this regard, is to introduce people especially the very poor of the
poorest of the poor, to fundamental opportunities that will ultimately untie than from
fetters of poverty. The program is good, but he has some serious doubts about it. The
program lies in the fact that the 4Ps does not address the root cause of poverty-our
unjust and inequitable economic system.

According to Eliot (2009) defined that the poverty is an already existed from the
past generation and until now it is still remains as a worldwide problem. In society all of
the cases about poverty are that everybody was equal poor. In addition, Spagnolis
(2009) poverty is usually called as a “poverty line”, it means that the family are individual
has an income below to its minimum level for them to provide needs. It is usually varies
across time and societies for them to be satisfy in their basic needs. Therefore, it varies
to the time and place which is applicable to their norms and values. But this kind of
situation is more likely the same everywhere. Poverty as the same time it is hunger and
lack of basic needs especially shelter.

Raman (2012) cited that poverty is the first condition for the development. He
emphasizes that in the book of Adam Smith “wealth of nations” noted that no society
can surely be flourishing and be happy of which by far the greater part of the numbers
are poor and miserable. Through this, the government made a strategy to combat
poverty reduction both in short and long term. To address the poverty reduction strategy
framework the National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction was revise to give
an especial important on critical areas and essential infrastructure for pro-poor growth
and social protection in the vulnerable section of the society human resources
management.

Conditional Cash Transfer program have spread rapidly over the last decade in
the developing world. CCT programs provide cash transfer to poor families that are
contingent on children’s educational and health investments, typically school attendance
and regular medical check-ups, with the goal of breaking the intergenerational cycle of
poverty. As of 2010, all but two countries in Latin America and over 15 countries in Asia
and Africa had a CCT program as part of their social protection system. In Latin
America alone, CCT programs benefit over one hundred and ten million people (The
Economist 2010).

Department of Social Welfare and Development is the primary government

agency mandated to develop, implement and coordinate social protection and poverty
reduction solutions for and with the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged.

According to Centre for Women’s Resources (2012) the program is a goal out
plan and simple. The family that through the motion of having checked up the health
centre and get certification from school just to fulfil the requirements of the program not
so much because they believe that having checked up or getting education should be
regular family activity.

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) was initiated by the national
government due to the evidence of intergenerational cyclical poverty in the Philippines.
The problem of poverty was initially addressed by placing a wide range of social
protection programs; however, the coverage and targeting techniques of the programs
altogether weakened due to the lingering effects of 1997 Asian Financial crisis,
eventually resulting to significant leakages (DSWD, 2009).

Development Sessions at least once per month (Chaudhury, Friedman, & Onishi,
2013). The program, therefore, explicitly and deliberately changes the control of
resources within the households, increasing the share of total income controlled of
resources. Implicit in this argument is that the allocation of resources within the
households is a function of who controls them, another clear violation of the unitary
model as mentioned before.

Synthesis

The definitions made by different authors came from different books,

journal and internet article are significant and related to the present study.

This study focused on the Effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps) in the Poverty Alleviation with different views from Jean Jacques
Rousseau who focused on the main goal of this program. Additionally, the conceptual
literature described basic necessity, household expenses and poverty alleviation by the
different view point of Mc Connell, Fernandez-Huerga, Brul, Mimaropa, Maboloc, Center
Women Resources, Eliot and Rama.

Basic Necessity Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s) have different ways
its either profitable to people who are really poor or using only for inexpensive stuff,
because some people they using their available money from Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4P’s) in bad habits instead of buying foods they using their money of
buying material things.

Household Expenses Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s) has different

expenses like electric bills, water bills and they buying food for their daily life. Their
beneficiaries in 4P’s they put them in their necessity. Many of the people are poor that’s
why they apply to be a member of 4P’s. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino program (4P’s)
have many changes the lives of the people who are really need the finance for their
daily life, this beneficiaries help the 4p’s members to raise their manner of living. This
beneficiary of 4P’s have a service and product to the 4P’s handled.

Research Literature

Research literature was taken as a service of ideas that the researchers use in
conducting study through related research literature. The researchers were able to
develop a study based on the gaps noted on the reviewed literatures. These also
helped further justify the finding of his present research. Several researches had been
done to ascertain Effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) to the
Poverty Alleviation.

In Attanasio and Lechene (2010), they documented the fact that the food budget
share does not decrease in rural Mexico while total consumption increases as a
consequence of the program. The proponents ruled out a number of reasons to explain
this, such as price increases, changes in the quality of food consumed and
homotheticity of preferences as explanations for this puzzle. By estimating a carefully
specified Engel curve, their study showed that food is indeed necessity, with a strong
negative effect of income on the food budget share. In other words, higher levels of
income or total expenditure are associated with lower levels of food share.

The welfare program which yielded scientifically sound results has raised women
empowerment as well as helped, in general, the Mexican poor to gain access to
adequate food, clean water, electricity, and sanitary facilities and thus, helped them to
better allocate their now larger budget to their needs (World Bank Group, 2013).

As the number of young children in the household increases, there is need to

increases, there is need to increase expenditure consumption on food to feed the young
(Viorola & Martinez, 2007)

Highly educated household heads are more likely to be employed and well- paid
than the less educated. They have a higher sense of control over their health and
budget, opening expenditures for non- food commodities and decreasing their share of
food (Stifferlin, 2012).

Carbayas (2012) also stated that. The DSWD stressed that the 4P’s is a stimulus
package for the poor intendent as social investment rather than plain cash assistance.
i.e. dole-out. Cash assistance is given to qualified families provided that the family
complies primarily with the conditions set for health and education. Therefore the 4Ps is
not seen as the sole solution to poverty reduction. But the program should be seen on
its ability to bring back poor children to get better education and the healthy life to gain
dignity and repair them for their future (Mella, Osido & Suing) conclude that the 4Ps is a
good example of strengthening the government capability of distributing the country
resources to those who extremely in need.

Poverty has been a major problem in the Philippines unfortunately. The number
of Filipino suffering aforementioned social problem is increasing every year have more
than enough to eat. As well clothed and healthy. Have a reasonable degree of food
security but others may have in adequate food and shelter. There help is open poor,
they may be unemployed and their prospect for a better life and uncertain at best us
one of the developing countries, the Philippines is still suffering from several
psychological and economic problem incidence of poverty seems unstoppable. Many
Filipinos are suffering from extreme poverty and hunger and the worst thing this
vulnerable population are rapidly increasing in number. (Monterola, 2013).

Synthesis

Reddy and Pogge 2010 they stated about poverty rate. They state that
the income of each family are one of the factor by they are included in the poor sector
and they are suit on the criteria of rate in the poverty. As well as in our study we are
stating the poverty rate. Poverty rate are the rate in the Philippine of those family who
doesn’t have enough money to support their need that’s why they are included.

Development Sessions at least once per month (Chaudhury, Friedman, &

Onishi, 2013), they store about the total income bwithin the household. It does state the
changes of resources to central. But in our study we mentioned the household
expenses or expenditure but we only stated the different things to be needed in
household we are not mentioning the changes and resources to be control.

In Attanasio and Lechene (2010) they stated that in Mexico the budget in
food is increasing because of the changes of the price of every food. They also state
that the higher level of income is associated with lower level of food. The same with our
study we are mentioning that food is one of our basic need. Because of that we need to
allocate a large amount of money to this. That’s why same family are continuously in
poor sector/ section.
 Chapter III

Methodology

In this chapter the researchers will define the methods and procedures on
how the study was conducted.

Research Method

This study aim to give a better view of the Effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the Poverty Alleviation which relied mainly on the articles,
narratives, issues gathered through the use of internet. The researchers search for valid
and appropriate information by means of finding topics related to the main topic that will
help to get the information needed. The researchers also rely on valid and concise
online information. For the evaluation purpose, the information is being supported by
other related topics and studies

Research Design

The researchers had used descriptive method as the research design of

the study. They believed that the descriptive method is the best way to describe and
explain their study. It is suitable to describe the factors affecting the growing concerns of
inmates to their health and environment.

Descriptive research is a study designed to depict the study in an accurate

way. Descriptive research is all about describing people and the current situation who
take part in the study. It aims at casting light on current issues or problems through a
process of data collection that enables to the researchers to describe the situations
more completely than was possible without employing these methods
 Chapter IV

Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This part of the study shows the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations based on the researches.