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CHAPTER 11 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

TOPICS:

1. DEFINITION, FIRST AND SECOND ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

2.HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS AND EULARS THEOREM.

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PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Let u = f ( x , y ) be a function of two independent varaibles x and y.

f ( x + h, y ) − f ( x , y )
(i) If Lt exists then the limit is called the partial derivatie of u with
h→ 0 h
∂u ∂f
respect to x. It is denoted by or ux or or f x .
∂x ∂x

f ( x, y + k ) − f ( x, y)
(ii) If Lt exists then the limit is called the partial derivative of u with
k →0 k
∂u ∂f
respect to y. It is denoted by or u y or or f y .
∂y ∂y

∂u f ( x + h , y) − f ( x, y ) ∂u f ( x , y + k ) − f ( x, y )
∴ = Lt and = Lt
∂x h → 0 h ∂y k →0 k
Note : (i)The partial derivative of u w.r.t. x is the ordinary derivative of u w.r.t. x treating the
other variable y (and its functions) as constant
(ii) The partial derivative of u w.r.t. y is the ordinary derivative of u w.r.t. y treating the other
variable x (and its functions) as constant.

DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

∂V dV ∂U ∂V dV ∂U
1. If V = g(U) and U = f(x, y) then (i) = . , (ii) = .
∂x dU ∂x ∂y dU ∂y
dZ ∂Z dx ∂Z dy
2. If Z = f(x, y) and x = g(t); y = h(t) then = . + is called the total differential
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
coefficient of Z w.r.t. t.
dy ∂f ∂f
3. If f(x, y) = c where c is constant, then =− .
dx ∂x ∂y

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF SECOND ORDER

∂U ∂ U
Definition : If U = f(x, y) then , are called the partial derivatives of first order and they
∂x ∂ y
∂U ∂U
are functions of x, y. The partial derivatives of and , if they exist, are called the second
∂x ∂y
order partial derivatives . They are denoted by

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∂  ∂U  ∂ 2U ∂  ∂U  ∂ 2U ∂  ∂U  ∂ 2U
  = ≡ U ≡ f ,   = ≡ U yx ≡ f yx ,  = ≡ U xy ≡ f xy
∂x  ∂x  ∂x 2 xx xx
∂y  ∂x  ∂y∂x ∂x  ∂y  ∂x ∂y
∂  ∂U  ∂ 2U
and  = ≡ U yy ≡ f yy .
∂y  ∂y  ∂y 2

HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION:

A function u = f ( x , y ) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n in the variables in x

 y  x
and y if f ( kx , ky ) = k n f ( x , y ) for all k or f ( x , y ) = x n f   or f ( x , y ) = y n f   .
 x  y

EULER’S THEOREM
∂U ∂U
If u = f ( x , y ) is a homogeneous function of degree n in the variables x,y then x +y = nU
∂x ∂y
Proof:
Since u = f ( x , y ) is a homogeneous function of degree n, we have U = xn g ( y / x)
where g ( y / x ) is function of y/x.
∂U  −y 
∴ = x n .g ′( y / x)  2  + nx n −1.g ( y / x) -- (1)
∂x x 
∂U 1
and = x n .g ′( y / x)  
∂y  x
∂U ∂U   y 
∴x +y = x  x n g ′( y / x)  − 2   + nx n g ( y / x) + yx n−1.g ′( y / x)
∂x ∂y   x 

= n.x n .g ( y / x ) == nU.

Note 1: If U = f ( x, y, z ) is a homogeneous function of degree n in x,y,z then

∂U ∂U ∂U
x +y +z = nU
∂x ∂y ∂z

Therorem
If U = f ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function of degree n in x,y
∂ 2U ∂ 2U 2 ∂ U
2
then x 2 + 2 xy + y = n(n − 1)U .
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
Proof:
Since U = f ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function of degree n, by Euler’s theorem, we have

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∂U ∂U
x +y = nU ------(1)
∂x ∂y
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x we get
∂ 2U  ∂U  ∂ 2U ∂U ∂2U ∂2U ∂U
x +   .1 + y = n ⇒ x + y = (n −1) -- (2)
∂x 2
 ∂x  ∂x∂y ∂x ∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂x
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. y partially we get,
∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂U ∂U ∂2U ∂2U ∂U
x +y 2 + .1 = n ⇒x + y 2 = (n −1) -------(3)
∂y∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y∂x ∂y ∂y
∂ 2U ∂ 2U 2 ∂ U
2
(2) . x + (3) . y ⇒ x 2 + 2 xy + y = n(n − 1)U .
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

EXERCISE – 11(a)
I.
1. Find ∂z ∂z for
,
∂x ∂y
2
i) z = 3xe y + 4y
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
Sol: ∂ z = 3e y ∂ ( x ) + ∂ ( 4 y ) = 3e y
2 2

∂x ∂x ∂x
differentiate partially w.r.t y,

∂z
∂y
=
∂
∂y ( 2
3xe y +
∂
∂y )
( 4 y ) = 6 x ye y + 4
2

 x 
ii) z = log  y + 2 
 y 

 x 
Sol: z = log  y + 2 
 y 

differentiate partially w.r.t x,
∂z 1 ∂  x  y2  1  1
=  y + 2  = 3   = 3
∂x y + x ∂x  y  y + x  y  y + x
2

y2
differentiate partially w.r.t y,

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∂z 1 ∂  x   y2    −2  
=  y +  =    1 + x
 y3  

∂y  x  ∂y  y 2   y3 + x    
 y + 3 
 y 

 y 2   y3 − 2x
= 3

 =
(
y − 2x 3
)
 y + x   y 3
   y y +x
3
( )
 y2 
iii) z = Tan−1  
 x 
 
Sol: differentiate partially w.r.t x,

∂z ∂  y2 
1 x 2  − y2  − y2
=  = 2 4  2 
= 2
∂x  y2  ∂x  x  x + y  x  x + y
2 4
1+  
 x 
 
differentiate partially w.r.t y,

∂z 1 ∂  y2 
= .  
∂y  y 2  ∂y  x 
1+  
 x 
 
∂z − cos x
iv) z =
co s x ans: ∂ z =
− sin x & = ( cos y )
sin y ∂x sin y ∂y sin 2 y
= − cos x.cot y.cos ecy

v) z = xey + yex . ans. ∂z = e y + ye x , ∂z

= xe y + e x
∂x ∂y
1
vi) z=
1 + x + y2
Sol: differentiate partially w.r.t x,

∂z −1
( ) ∂
( ) = −21 (1 + x + y 2 )
−3 / 2 −3 / 2
= 1 + x + y2 1 + x + y2
∂x 2 ∂x
differentiate partially w.r.t y,

∂z
( ) ∂
( )
1 −3 / 2
= − 1+ x + y2 1+ x + y2
∂y 2 ∂y
−1
( ) −y
−3 / 2
= 1 + x + y2 ( 2y ) =
(1 + x + y 2 )
2 3/ 2

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vii) (
x = sin x 2 − y ) ( )
[ans. = 2x cos x 2 − y , − cos ( x 2 − y )

2. For the following functions f, show that f xx + f yy = 0 .

i) f ( x ) = x2 − y 2
ii) e x sin y
Sol: f = e x sin y
Differentiate f partially w.r.t x,
f x = e x sin y ,
differentiate fx partially w.r.t x,
f xx = ex sin y
f = e x sin y
differentiate f partially w.r.t y,
f y = e x cos y,
differentiate f x partially w.r.t y,
∴ f yy = −e x sin y
∴ f xx + f yy = 0
iii) f= s i n x .co sh y

3. If v = πr 2h , show that rvr + 2hvh = 4v

4. If z = sin ( x − y ) + log ( x + y ) show that zxx = zyy .

Sol: z = sin ( x − y ) + log ( x + y )
Differentiate partially w.r.t x,
1
z x = cos (x − y ) +
x+ y
Again differentiate partially w.r.t x,
1
z xx = − sin ( x − y ) − ---(1)
( x + y )2
Differentiate z partially w.r.t y,
1
z y = cos (x − y ) +
x+ y
Aganin differentiate partially w.r.t y,

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1
z yy = − sin ( x − y ) − ---(2)
( x + y )2
∴ From (1) and (2), we get zxx = z yy

5. ( )
If u 3 1 + a 3 = 8 ( x + ay + b ) then show that u 3x + u 3y = 8
3

8 ( x + ay + b )
3
Sol: u =
3
1 + a3
2
u= ( x + ay + b )
3 1+ a 3

2
differentiate partially w.r.t x ⇒ u x =
3 1 + a3

differentiate partially w.r.t y ⇒ u y =

2a
∴ u 3x + u 3y =
8
+
83
=
(
8 1 + a3 ) =8
3 1 + a3 1+ a 3
1+ a 3
1+ a 3

6. If au + b = a 2 x + y , then show that uxuy = 1

If z = Ae−p t cospx , then prove that z xx = z t

2
7.

Sol: z = Ae−p t cospx

2

differentiate partially w.r.t x,

z x = A.e − p ( −p sin px )
2
t

= − Ap.e − p t sin Px
2

Again differentiate partially w.r.t x

z xx = −Ap 2 .e− p t .cos px
2
---(1)
differentiate z partially w.r.t t,
z t = A cos px.e − p ( −p2 ) = −Ap2e−p t cos px
2 2
t

---(2)
From (1) and (2) we get z xx = z t

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II.
1. Find all the first and second order partial derivatives of the following functions f.
i) sin (xy)
(
ii) tan tan −1 x + tan −1 y )
iii) ex cos y
y
iv) ex

i) z = sin (xy)
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
z x = cos ( xy ) .y = xy cos ( x.y )
Again differentiate partially w.r.t x,
z xx = − y sin ( xy ) .y = − y 2 sin ( xy )
Differentiate z partially w.r.t y,
z y = ( cos xy ) .x = x cos xy
Again differentiate partially w.r.t x,
( )x = x ( − sin xy.y ) + cos xy
z xy = z y

= − xy sin ( xy ) + cos ( xy )
Differentiate zy partially w.r.t y,
z yy = − x sin ( xy ) .x = − x 2 sin ( xy )

( z x ) y = ( y cos xy ) y
= y ( sin ( xy ) ) x + cos xy
= cos xy − x.y.sin ( xy )

ii) (
z= tan tan −1 x + tan −1 y )
iii) e x cos y
Sol: z = ex cos y
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
z x = e x cos y, again diff. partially w.r.t x,
.
z xx = e x cos y
differentiate z partially w.r.t y,

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z y = −e x sin y,
again diff. partially w.r.t y,
z yy = −e x cos y
Differentiate zy partially w.r.t x,
z yx = z y ( )x = −e x .sin y
z x = ex cos y
z y = z xy = z yx = − e x .sin y

y
iv) z = ex

2. For the following functions f, show that f xx + f yy = 0 .

y
i)
x2 + y 2

differentiate partially w.r.t x, f x = − y ( 2x )

y
Sol: f =
x +y
(x 2 + y2 )
2 2 2

Again differentiate partially w.r.t x,

( ) ( ) ( )
2
−2y x 2 + y 2 + 2xy.2 x 2 + y 2 .2x 2y x 2 + y 2  − x 2 − y 2 + 4x 2 
f xx = =  
( )
4
x2 + y 2 4
x 2 + y2
 

=
(
2 − x 2 − y 2 + 4x 2 ) = 2y (3x 2 − y2 )
( x 2
+ y )
2 3
( x 2
+ y )
2 3

Differentiate f partially w.r.t y,

fy =
(
1 x 2 + y 2 − 2y 2 ) x 2 − y2
=
( x2 + y ) 2 2
( x 2 + y2 )
2

differentiate partially w.r.t y,

f yy =
−2y x 2 + y2( ) − 2 ( x2 + y2 )( x2 − y2 ) ( 2y)
2

=
( )
2y x 2 + y 2  − x 2 − y 2 − 2x 2 + 2y 2 
 
( x 2 + y2 ) ( )
4 4
x 2 + y2

=
(
2y y 2 − 3x 2 ) ∴ f xx + f yy = 0
( )
3
x 2 + y2

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y
ii) Tan −1  
x
Sol:  y 
f = ta n − 1  
 x 
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
1 −y  −x 2 y 1 −y
fx = 2  x 
= . 2 =
 
y   x 2
+ y 2
x x2 + y2
1+  
x
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
+ y ( 2x )
f xx =
( x 2 + y2 )
2

differentiate f partially w.r.t y,

1 1 x
fy = . = 2
y
2 x
x + y2
1+  
x
−2xy
differentiate partially w.r.t y, f yy = ∴ f xx + f yy = 0
(x 2
+y )
2 2

iii) (
f= log x2 + y 2 )
iv) e − x ( x sin y − y cos y )
Sol: f = e − x ( x sin y − y cos y )
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
f ( x ) = e− x ( x sin y − y cos y )

f x = e − x ( x sin y − y cos y ) + e − x ( sin y )

differentiate partially w.r.t x,
f xx = e − x ( x sin y − y cos y ) − e − x .sin y − e − x .sin y = e− x ( x sin y − y cos y − 2sin y )
differentiate f partially w.r.t y,
f y = e − x ( x cos y − cos y + y sin y )
differentiate partially w.r.t y,
f yy = e − x ( − x sin y + sin y + sin y + y cos y ) = e ( − x sin y + y cos y + 2sin )
−x

∴ f xx + f yy = 0

v) ex ( x cos y − y sin y )

vi) (
e2xy cos y 2 − x2 )
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vii) e2x ( A sin 2y + Bcos 2y )

Sol: f= e2x ( A sin 2y + Bcos 2y )
Diff. f partially w.r.t x, f x = 2e 2x ( A sin 2y + B cos 2y )
Again diff. partially w.r.t x, f xx = 4e 2x ( A sin 2y + Bcos 2y )
Diff, f partially w.r.t. y, f y = e 2x ( 2A cos 2y − 2B sin 2y )
Again diff. partially w.r.t. y, f yy = e 2x ( −4A sin 2y − 4B cos 2y )

= −4e 2x ( A sin 2y + B cos 2y ) =−fxx

⇒ f xx + f yy = 0

(
viii) f= e−2xy sin x 2 − y 2 )

( ) y
1/ 2
3. If r, θ, x and y are connected by the equations r = x 2 + y 2 ; θ = Tan −1   . find
x
rx ,ry , θx and θy . Also verify that ry θ y + rx θ x = 0 .

Sol: r = x 2 + y2
differentiate partially w.r.t x,
1 x
rx = .2x =
2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
differentiate r partially w.r.t y,
1 y
ry = .2y =
2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
y
θ = tan − 1  
x
differentiate partially w.r.t x,

1  y  y y
θx = − 2  =− =−
y  x 
1+  
2
x 2 (x 2
+y 2
) x + y2
2

x x2
differentiate partially w.r.t y,

1 1 x
θy = . = 2
y
2 x x + y2
1+  
x
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y x x  y  xy − xy
ry .θx + rx .θ y = . +  − 2  = =0
x 2 + y2 x + y
2 2
x 2 + y2  x + y 
2
x 2 + y2

If z = tan ( y + ax ) + ( y − ax )
1/ 2
4. , find z xx − a 2 z yy .

Sol: z = tan ( y + ax ) + ( y − ax )
1/ 2

Differentiate partially w.r.t x,

( − a )( y − ax )− 1 / 2
1
z x = a sec 2 ( y + ax ) +
2
Differentiate partially w.r.t x,
a2
z xx = 2a 2 sec 2 ( y + ax ) .tan ( y + ax ) − ( y − ax )−3/ 2
4
Differentiate z partially w.r.t y,
( y − ax )− 1 / 2
1
z y = sec 2 ( y + ax ) +
2
Differentiate partially w.r.t y,
( y − ax )−3 / 2
1
z yy = 2 sec 2 ( y + ax ) tan ( y + ax ) −
4
a2
∴ z xx − a 2 z yy = 2a 2 sec 2 ( y + ax ) tan ( y + ax ) − ( y − ax )−3/ 2
4
a2
−2a 2 sec 2 ( y + ax ) tan ( y + ax ) + ( y − ax )−3/ 2 = 0
4
∴ z xx − a 2 z yy = 0

5. If ( 2z − ay2 − 2b2 ) = 16ax , show that z y = xyzx2

6. If ( z + a ) ex+ay = b , then show that z x ( z + z x ) = − z y

1 ∂ 2u
7. If u 2 =
x2 + y 2 + z 2
, then show that ∑ ∂x 2 = 0 .

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Exercise – 11(b)
I.
1. Which of the following are homogeneous functions?
y
i) f ( x, y ) = x1/ 3 .y 3 / 4 , tan −1  
x
y
Sol: f ( x, y ) = x1/ 3 .y 3 / 4 , tan −1   f ( k x , k y ) = ( k x )1 / 3 ( k y )3 / 4 . ta n − 1  k y 

x  kx 
 y 
= k 1 / 3 .x 1 / 3 .k 3 / 4 .y 3 / 4 ta n − 1  
 x 
1 3 1 3
+ y
= k 3 4 .x 3 .y 4 tan −1  
x
13
= k 12 f ( x , y )

f ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function.
3x y
ii) f ( x, y ) = + log  
y x
Ans ; f ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function.
iii) f ( x, y ) = log y + 2 log x
Sol: f ( kx1 ky ) = log ky + 2 log kx
= log k + log y + 2 ( log k + log x )
= 3log k + ( log y + 2 log x )
= 3log k + f ( x, y)
f ( x, y ) is not a homogeneous function.

y x
iv) u ( x, y ) = xf   + y.g  
x y
Ans : homogeneous function.

( )
3/2
v) f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3

Ans. f is a homogeneous function.

vi) f ( x, y ) = x1/ 3 y1/ 3 + x 2 / 3 .y1/ 3

f ( kx, ky ) = ( kx ) ( ky )1/3 + ( kx )2/3 .( ky )1/3

1/3
Sol:
= k 2/ 3.x1/ 3.y1/ 3. + k.x 2/ 3.y1.3

(
= k 2 / 3 x1/ 3 .y1/ 3 + k1/ 3 .x 2 / 3.y1/ 3 )
= k n f ( x, y )

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f ( x, y ) is not a homogeneous function.

II.
1. Verify Euler’s theorem for the following.
x− y
i) f (x, y) =
x+ y
x− y
Sol. f (x, y) =
x+ y
Differentiate partially w.r.t
1 −1/ 2   1 −1/ 2 ( x − y 1 (x) −1/ 2  x + y − x + y 
∂f 2
(x)  x + y  − 2 (x) 2  
x, = =
∂x  x + y
2
 x + y
2
   
∂f (x) −1/ 2 (y)1/ 2
=
∂y  x + y
2
 
∂f (xy)1/ 2
x =
∂y  x + y  2
 
Differentiate partially w.r.t y,

∂f
−1 −1/ 2 
(y)  x + y  − 1 (y) −1/ 2
 2 { x− y } 1
− (y)−1/ 2 2 x 
= 2 = 2
∂y  x + y
2
 x + y
2
   
∂f − (xy)1/ 2
y =
∂y  x + y  2
 
∂f ∂f
x + y =o
∂x ∂y
Degree of the given function is 0.
∂f ∂f
x +y = nf = 0. f = 0
∂x ∂y
x− y
Hence f(x, y) = holds Euler’s theorem.
x+ y

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y
ii) f ( x, y ) = tan −1
x

x2y
iii) f ( x, y) =
x3 + y 3
x2 y k 3 x2 y x2 y
f ( x, y ) = → f ( kx, ky ) = 3 3 = k0 3
Sol. x +y
3 3
k x +y 3
x + y3
= k0 f
f is a homogeneous function of degree 0.
∂f ∂f
∴x + = 0 .f = 0
∂ x ay
differentiate f partially w.r.t x,

∂f 2xy(x 3 + y3 ) − 3x 2 .x 2 y ∂f 2x 2 y(x 3 + y3 ) − 3x 5 .y
= x =
∂x (x 3 + y3 ) 2 ∂x (x 3 + y3 ) 2
differentiate f partially w.r.t y,
∂f x 2 (x3 + y3 ) − 3y2.x 2 y
=
∂y (x3 + y3 )2
∂f yx 5 + y 4 x 2 − 3y 4 x 2
y =
∂y (x 3 + y3 ) 2
∂f ∂f =0
∴x + = 0.f
∂x ∂y
Hence eulers theorem verified.
y
iv) f (x, y) = x tan −1   + xex / y
x

y y
2) If u = xφ   + yψ   then show that x 2u xx + 2xy u xy + y 2 u yy = 0
 x  x

 x3 + y 3 
3) If u = tan−1  3 3  then show that xu x + yu y = 0 (May.’06)
x +y 
 
 x 3 + y3 
Sol. u = tan −1  3
 x + y3 
 
x 3 − y3
tan u =
x 3 + y3

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x3 − y3 k 3 x3 − y3
let tan u = z ( x , y ) = → f ( kx , ky ) =
x3 + y3 k 3 x3 + y3
x3 − y3
= k0 = k0z
x3 + y3
tanu is a homogeneous function degree Zero in x and y
∂z ∂z
x +y = nz
∂x ∂y

∂ ∂
x (ta n u ) + y (ta n u ) = 0 . ta n u .
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
x.sec 2 u. + y. s e c 2 y. = 0
∂x ∂y
 ∂u ∂u  ∂u ∂u
sec 2 u  x. +  = 0 ⇒ x. + y. = 0
 ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y
i.e., x.u u + y.u y = 0

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. If z = eex sin by, where a and b are real Constants, find ZZ,Zy , Zxx , Zxy , ZyyandZyz .

2. Find all the first and second order partial Derivatives for f(x, y) = ex−2y

3. Find all the first and second order partial derivatives for f(x, y) = sin (ax + by)
where a and b are real constants.
x2y
4. If u (x, y) = , show that xu x + yu y = 0
x3 + y 3
5. If z = log (tan x + tan y), show that (Sin2x)z z + (sin 2y)z y = 2

6. (
If u = e xy , show that u u xx + u yy = u x2 + u y2 ) ( )
7. ( )
If z = f x2 + y 2 , show that x
∂z
∂y
− y
∂z
∂x
= 0 .

( ) , then show tat u xx .u yy − ( u xy ) = 0

3/2 2
8. If u = 3xy − y 3 + y 2 − 2x

y x x2 − y2
9. If f ( x, y ) = x 2 tan −1   − y 2 tan −1   ; x ≠ 0 , y ≠ 0 , show that fxy = .
x y x2 + y2

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If r 2 = ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) , find the value of rxx + ryy

2 2
10.

Sol: Given r 2 = ( x − a )2 + ( y − b )2 ---(1)

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, we get 2r.rx = 2 ( x − a ) ⇒ r.rx = x − a
Differentiating again partially with respect to x, we get r.rxx + rx 2 = 1 ---(2)
Similarly differentiating (1) partially with respect to x
2r.ry = 2 ( y − h ) ⇒ r.ry = y − b ---(3)
Differentiating (3) partially with respect to y, we get r.ryy + ry 2 = 1 ---(4)
Adding equation (2) and (4), we obtain
( )
r rxx + ryy = rx 2 + ry 2 = 2

( x − a)
2
( y − b)
2
( x − a ) + ( y − b)
2 2
( )
r rxx + ryy = 2 − rx − ry2 2
= 2−
r2
−
r2
= 2−
r2
r2
2− = 2 − 1 = 1 ∴ rxx + ryy = 1
r2 r
11. If z = y f ( x + y ) , then show that xz x + y z y = y ( x + y ) f ′ ( x + y ) Where
x x
df
f ′ (x + y ) = an d u = x + y .
du

12. If z = e x+ y + f ( x ) + g ( y ) , show that z xy = e x + y .

13. If z = xf ( y ) + yg ( x ) , show that z + xy z xy = xz x + yz y .

x y
14. If u ( x, y ) = sin −1   + tan −1   , then show that xu x + yu y = 0 .
y x
x2 + y2
15. Verify Euler’s theorem for the function f ( x,y ) = .
x+ y

16. Using Euler’s theorem show that xu x + y u y = 1 ta n u for the function

2
 x+y 
u = sin −1 
 x + y 
.
 
 x3 + y 3 
If u = sec−1  ∂u ∂u
 x + y 
17. then x. + y. = 2 cot u
  ∂x ∂y

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 x3 + y 3 
If u = tan−1  , show that xu x + yu y = sin 2u .
 x + y 
18.
 
x 3 + y3
Sol: Given that tan u =
x+y
x3 + y3
Write z = . Then z is a homogeneous function of degree 2 and z = tan u.
x+y
By Euler’s theorem, ∂z ∂z ---(1)
x + y = 2z
∂x ∂y

But ∂ z = dz . ∂ u = sec 2 u ∂ u
∂x du ∂ x ∂x
and ∂z dz ∂u ∂u ---(2)
= . = se c 2 u
∂y du ∂y ∂y

( ) ( )
Form (1) and (2), x sec 2 u u x + y sec 2 u u y = 2 tan u

i.e., xu x + yu y = 2 tan u.cos 2 u

= ( 2 sin u cos u ) = sin 2u
19. If u = log v and v ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function of degree n, then prove that
xu x + yu y = n .

Sol: Given u = log v ⇒ v = e u

Then by Euler’s theorem,
∂v ∂v ---(1)
x +y = nv
∂x ∂y
Now from u = log v, v = v ( x, y )
We get
∂ u du ∂ v 1 ∂ v
= . = .
∂ x dv ∂ x v ∂ x
∂v ∂u
i.e., = v ---(2)
∂x ∂x
and ∂u du ∂v 1 ∂v
= . = .
∂y dv ∂y v ∂y
i.e., ∂v ∂u ---(3)
= v.
∂y ∂y
Substituting the value of
we get x.v. ∂ u + y.v. ∂ u = nv
∂x ∂y
i.e., ∂u ∂u
x + y = n
∂x ∂y
(or) xu x + yu y = n .

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20. If x x .y y .Z z = C, then prove that ∂Z (1 + lo g x )

= −
∂x (1 + lo g Z )

Sol: Given x x .y y .ZZ = c

log (x x .y y .Z Z ) = log c
x log x + y log y + X log Z = log c
Differentiating partially w. r. t. x
 1   1  ∂z
 x . + lo g x  +  Z + lo g Z .1  = 0
 x   Z  ∂x

(1 + log Z) ∂ Z = − (1 + log x )
∂x
∂Z (1 + log x )
=−
∂y (1 + log Z)

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