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Investigation of Ionospheric Variability using GPS And Ionosonde Measurements
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS:
GNSS fundamentally used for situating and route applications for both regular citizen
and military clients everywhere throughout the world. It gives the fundamental
situating data to top of the line exactness data by LOS (observable pathway) wonder
to each verified client. The gotten flag helps in estimating the correct neighbourhood
time that keeps up time synchronization with the satellite. It can likewise give scope
and longitudinal data, rise and azimuthal edge and so on. Any satellite framework
which gives its ease of use far and wide can be considered as a GNSS framework.
Joined States of America, Russia, China, India, Japan are the main nations in GNSS
foundation. The United States is with completely prepared Global Positioning System
that covers whole earth with simple accuracy of 20 meters. The Russian route
framework GLONASS is additionally operational yet there is have to grow its usage.
BeiDou is a Chinese route framework going to dispatch its administrations to serve
the world and finishes its heavenly body by 2020. European satellite route named
Galileo has an alternate group of stars and is in its underlying stage. India focused
more on accuracy following methods prior by changing the existed GPS information.
Enlargement is one of the errand to remedy the GPS data when and where required
designed in India. A GPS Aided Geo Stationary Augmentation System (GAGAN) is
one of the achievements and now it is likewise settled a completely operational
situating framework with high exactness and restricted inclusion. Indian Regional
Navigational Satellite Systems (IRNSS) is set up and now it is working for Indian
Services that incorporate horticulture, fishery and innovation. In any case, it isn't
accessible for regular citizen applications till date in view of various recurrence band
of task.
1.2 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS GNSS SYTEMS:
The country wide navigation systems improved significantly to maintain their

own satellite navigation for maintaining accuracy in the gathered information. The
first navigation system is GPS followed by GLONASS, BEIDOU, IRNSS, QZSS for
civilian purposes. The details of each system are as followed.
Department of ECE, KL University 1|Page

1.2.1 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:
It is the first navigation system developed by United States and is fully

operational with its services globally for both military and civilian applications. GPS
consists of the following three segments.
a. Space segment:
This segment consists of a official constellation of twenty-four orbiting

satellites. These satellites pass the one-way signals that provide GPS satellite
position and time of travel. Each GPS satellite orbits at an altitude of 20,200
kilometres above the earth. The operational GPS satellites are BLOCK II,
BLOCK IIA, BLOCK IIR and BLOCK IIR-M. GPS satellites are placed in six
orbital planes and each orbit has four satellites. The inclination angle made by
each orbit with the equator is 55 degrees. Each orbital planes are separated by 60
degrees completing 360 degrees as a whole constellation.
Fig.1.1. GPS satellite orbital planes
The orbital radius GPS satellite is of 26,560 km and the satellite rotates
around the earth two times in a sidereal day. A sidereal day is the time taken for
earth to rotate 360 degrees. The four GPS satellites in an orbit are unevenly

spaced such that two satellites with 30.0-32.1 separation and the other two make
angles range from 92.38-130.98.
b. Control segment:
This segment is ground based human operational station and allows us to

maintain the satellite health, day-to day information. Tracking GPS satellites and
upload the new navigational data, and to check health and status of the satellite
constellation.
c. User segment:
User segment deals with the receiver operation. An authenticated user can
hold on the receiver operation. Each satellite transmits the signals on two
frequencies, L1 with 1.57542 GHz and L2 with 1.22760 GHz, which can be
detected by the receivers on the ground.
Fig. 1.2. Different Segments of GPS

1.2.2 GLONASS (GLOBAL ORBITING NAVIGATION

SATELLITE SYSTEM)
Former Soviet Union developed a space-based satellite system for navigation

purposes calling GLONASS. Now, it is under supervision of Russian government
special force. The different segments of GLONASS and their characteristics are given
below.
a. Space segment:
GLONASS space segment consists of 24 satellites in which 21 are for

transmission of signals and three are for orbit-spares. All these satellites are deployed
in three different orbital planes with 120 degrees apart. The eight satellites are in
equidistant in each plane with 45 degrees in latitude displacement with each the other
satellite. These make an orbit of circular nature at 19,100 km at inclined angle of 64.8
degrees. For one complete rotation each satellite takes about eleven hours and fifteen
minutes of time.
b. Control segment:
At the territory of Russia a control station which continuously monitor the

GLONASS satellites. It look over the satellite health, navigation message updates and
additional information.
c. User segment:
The user segment consists of GLONASS receivers. It receives and processes the
GLONASS navigation information and allows the user to calculate the position,
velocity and time.

1.2.3 IRNSS (INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE

SYSTEMS)
India in 2016 completed its full fledge navigational system that can establish a
deep coverage for its borders and its neighbouring countries. It consists of a cluster of
seven satellites in which three of them are in geo-stationary orbits and remaining four
are placed at geo synchronous orbits with inclination. It is expected to have a
positional accuracy of about ten meters in India and of 20 meters in the neighbouring
regions that extend to 1500 kilo meters. Similar to GPS P and C/A schemes IRNSS
give two types of services. One of them is a Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and
the other is Restricted Service (RS). SPS information is open to all the authenticated
civilian users and RS information is basically designed for military purpose.
Fig.1.3. IRNSS Signal Architecture

Fig.1.4. Position of satellites in IRNSS
1.3 IONOSPHERE LAYER
The ionosphere is an especially critical locale concerning radio flag engendering and
radio interchanges when all is said in done. It properties represent the coursers in
which radio correspondences, especially in th HF radio interchanges groups occur.
The ionosphere is a locale of the upper climate where there are extensive
centralizations of the free particles and electron. While the particles give the
ionosphere its name, yet it is the free electrons that influence the radio waves and
radio interchanges. Specifically the ionosphere is generally known for influencing
signals on the short wave radio groups where it reflects signals empowering these
radio interchanges signs to be heard over unlimited separations. Radio stations have
since a long time ago utilized the properties of the ionosphere to empower them to
give overall radio correspondences scope. Albeit today, satellites are generally
utilized, HF radio interchanges utilizing the ionosphere still assumes a noteworthy
part in giving overall radio scope.
The free electrons don’t show up over the entire of the climate. Rather it is found that
the quality of free electrons begins to ascend at heights of roughly 30 kilometres. In
any case it is not until elevations of around 60 to 90 kilometres are achieved that the

focus is adequately high to begin to noticeably affect radio signs and thus on radio
interchanges frame works. It is at this level the ionosphere can be said to begin.
The conventional perspective of the ionosphere shows various unmistakable layers,

each influencing radio correspondences in marginally extraordinary ways. In fact, the
early disclosures of the ionosphere demonstrated that various layer were available.
While this is an advantageous method for imagining the structure of the ionosphere,
its level differing with height. The crests in level might be considered as the
distinctive layers or perhaps more accurately, districts. These areas are given letter
assignments: D, E and F locales. There is additionally a C area beneath the others,
however the level of ionization is low to the point that it doesn’t have any impact
radio flags and radio correspondences, and it is once in a while specified. The free
electrons begin to ascend at heights of roughly 30 kilometres. In any case it is not
until elevations of around 60 to 90 kilometres are achieved that the focus is
adequately high to begin to noticeably affect radio signs and thus on radio
interchanges frameworks. It is at this level the ionosphere can be said to begin.
The distinctive layers or areas in the ionosphere have diverse attributes and
influence radio correspondences in various ways. There are likewise contrasts in the
correct way they are made and managed. In perspective of this it merits investigating
everyone in detail and the way they differ over the total day amid light and obscurity.

Fig.1.5 Atmospheric layers varied with respective to height
1.4 IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATIONS AND SIGNAL

MODELING:
Ionosphere is a part of thermosphere located around 400 km to 1000 km above

the earth’s surface. The ionospheric layer can be classified into different regions
based on the altitude variations with respect to earth’s surface namely D, E, F layers.
The D layer fairly appears at morning time, E and F layers actively seen at night time.
The F layer divides into F1 and F2 layers at night time duration. It is clear that
ionospheric layer depends on solar activity. The ionospheric layer is formed by
electron plasma ions, directly depends on the solar flux activities. The plasma
densities are irregular in nature and because of the irregularity in the layer there is
huge signal degradation. It is evident that the irregularities are more at night time
which makes the signal to damage in its strength and phase orientation. The GPS
signal passes through the irregular ionospheric layer accounting the sudden
disturbance in its amplitude and phase values which can be termed as canonical fades.
The disturbance is denoted as trans-ionospheric scintillations. Ionospheric

scintillations can be considered the principal reason for degradation in the received
signal strength for any globally available GNSS receiver. They disturb the signal In-
phase (I) and Quadrature-phase (Q) components at the front-end of the receiver. The
effect of scintillation can be observed from amplitude and phase drawn from I and Q
values. There is a correlation between scintillated amplitude and phase, which can be
termed as canonical fades (severe amplitude variations with half-cycle phase jumps).
Mitigating these scintillations is difficult with available GNSS receiver architectures
because of their fixed design issues, which are suitable only in clear propagation
conditions. The phase dynamics caused by relative motion between satellite and
receiver is one of the countable tasks for GNSS receiver. The PLL architecture built
into the GNSS receiver has constant bandwidth either (5Hz (or) 10Hz). Due to fixed
bandwidth the receiver cannot mark a difference between noise occurrences and phase
dynamics. There should be a trade-off in bandwidth improvement on the two factors
that includes noise reduction requires lower BW, phase dynamics requires a larger
BW. The traditional carrier tracking algorithm involves a PLL architecture, which
cannot estimate high phase dynamics and is also unsuccessful in strident propagation
conditions. The mass-market GNSS receivers designed by PLL architecture consists
of a PLL discriminator, loop filter, carrier generator and a numerically controlled
oscillator (NCO). There is a need for implementation of robust and adaptive carrier
tracking algorithm to work even in severe propagation conditions. Copious research
has been conducted in the advancement of carrier tracking algorithm by implementing
multi-PLL, PLL-FLL, PLL-neural networks, and Wavelet-PLL. A survey on robust
carrier tracking algorithms is given by J. Lopez-Salcedo, 2014. One of the approaches
is using the Kalman-Filter techniques. A KF is a two-state approach, which involves
Prediction and Estimation. Many papers have proposed the Kalman Filter approach
dealing with the phase dynamics scenario. Modeling the phase dynamics is possible
by choosing Taylor series expansion, which considers doppler frequency
shift{𝑓𝑑, 𝑘 (Hz)}, doppler frequency rate {𝑓𝑟, 𝑘, (Hz/s)} and sampling time. Research
has also been conducted in the area of tracking phase dynamics {𝛳𝑑, 𝑘} and
mitigation of ionospheric phase scintillations adaptively using (AR order-{p})
modeling. For low-latitude regions, amplitude scintillations are more frequent than
phase scintillations. Hence, the research necessity was felt to implement a robust
carrier tracking algorithm using Adaptive-EKF including phase dynamics {𝛳𝑑, 𝑘},

amplitude and phase scintillations, and adaptive variation in measurement noise{𝑅𝑘 }.

Constant applications which rely upon the GNSS collectors enhanced altogether
everywhere throughout the world. The flag got at the GNSS beneficiary experiences a
few aggravations which incorporates ionospheric impacts and typical correspondence
unsettling influences. Among every one of the aggravations ionospheric sparkles is a
noteworthy worry for GNSS flag corruption. The ionospheric glimmers happen in
light of unpredictable plasma thickness varieties in the layer of ionosphere. Under
ordinary ecological conditions these varieties are in insignificant condition. Be that as
it may, at the season of extreme natural conditions there will be a tremendous effect
on the flag qualities in view of ionospheric shines. Alternate unsettling influences
incorporate blurring, shadowing, and multi-way impact and so on can be considered
as immaterial. Along these lines, the impact of glitter can be considered as an issue to
check and locate a superior method to alleviate them from the gotten flag.
The powerful method to moderate these glimmers is conceivable just when the bearer
following calculation is adjusted which impacts straightforwardly on the flag
abundancy and stage esteems. The GNSS recipient utilizes a well-fabricated PLL
engineering for transporter following which is planned with settled request channels
and non-versatile gain controller. The other issue look by GNSS collector is elements
(versus) clamor decrease exchange off. Elements are the flag varieties due to the
correlative-change between individual satellite and the recipient. Each usable
collector ought to have an earlier learning on the most proficient method to separate
the flag elements and commotion. The recipient requires substantial transfer speed to
adapt to flag elements though for commotion decrease it ought to keep up lower
transmission capacity which is a noteworthy imperative for the beneficiary. There
must be an exchange off between the elements and commotion decrease which is
conceivable just by a variable data transfer capacity type recipients. General mass-
showcase GNSS beneficiaries are of settled data transfer capacity and unfit to work
out in this condition. This limits the collector capacity to work under brutal spread
conditions. Along these lines, there is a need to work out on strong transporter
following calculations which can viably relieve the shines and amplifies the
convenience of GNSS collector.
Department of ECE, KL University 10 | P a g e

Fig.1.6 Ionospheric Scintillation
1.5 F-Region
The most imperative locale in the ionosphere for long separation HF radio
interchanges is the F district. Amid the daytime when radiation is being gotten from
the Sun, it frequently parts into two: the lower one being the F1 district and higher
one, the F2 locale. Of these the F1 area is a greater amount of an enunciation point in
the electron thickness bend and it for the most part just exists in the mid-year.
Normally the F1 layer is found at around a height of 300 kilometres with the
F2 layer above it at around 400kms.The joined F layer may then be revolved around
250 to 300 kilometres. The height of the every one of the layers in the ionosphere
layers differs impressively and the F layer changes the most. Subsequently the figures
given ought to just be taken as an unpleasant guide
e. Being the most significant of the ionospheric areas it is significantly influenced by

the condition of the sun and in addition different components including the season of
the day, the year.
The F layer goes about as a “reflector” of the signs in the HF part of the radio
range empowering overall radio interchanges to be built up. It is the principle area
related with HF flag engendering. The activity of the F layer and radio signs is the
same as it is for the E layer, in spite of the fact that with the air thickness being less ,

there are less impacts and less validity is lost. Therefore, signs being reflected by the
F layer and specifically the F2 layer are liable to low levels of weakening. Thus even
low power signs can be heard at incredible separations.
The F area is at the most noteworthy locale in the ionosphere and in that capacity it
encounters the most sun oriented radiation. A significant part of the ionization comes
about become of ultra-violet light amidst the range and in addition those segments of
the range with short wavelengths. Commonly the radiation that causes the ionization
is between the wavelengths of 100 and 1000 Angstroms, albeit outrageous ultraviolet
light is in charge of some ionization in the lower regions of the F locale.
Fig.1.7. Ionospheric F-Region
1.6 STUDY OF IONOSPHERE
To understand the characteristics of ionosphere layer of the electron density in the

ionosphere layer must be studied. In order to study the electron density variations in
the ionosphere layer the electron count that is TEC must be studied. TEC count is
recorded at different GPS stations across the world. All these TEC data recorded will
be in the RINEX format where we need to differentiate the TEC values from other
recorded values. By observing these values we can say that variations of TEC data is

nonlinear that is it doesn’t follow any pattern for variations. Hence the TEC recorded
data can be termed as the multifractal signals where each fractal has its own set of
characteristics to know and study these characteristics we need to know the multi and
monofractal signals.
Fig.1.8. Layers in Atmosphere
The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km
(37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and
parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation.
It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of
the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it
influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.

1.7 The Ionospheric layers

At night the F layer is the only layer of significant ionization present, while the
ionization in the E and D layers is extremely low. During the day, the D and E layers
become much more heavily ionized, as does the F layer, which develops an
additional, weaker region of ionisation known as the F1 layer. The F2 layer persists by
day and night and is the main region responsible for the refraction and reflection of
radio waves.
Fig.1.9. Ionospheric layers varies with height
1.7.1 D Layer
The D layer is the deepest layer, 60 km (37 mi) to 90 km (56 mi) over the surface of
the Earth. Ionization here is because of Lyman arrangement alpha hydrogen radiation
at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). What's more,
high sun powered movement can produce hard X-beams (wavelength < 1 nm) that
ionize N2 and O2. Recombination rates are high in the D layer, so there are numerous
more nonpartisan air particles than particles.
Medium recurrence (MF) and lower high recurrence (HF) radio waves are
fundamentally lessened inside the D layer, as the passing radio waves cause electrons
to move, which at that point slam into the unbiased particles, surrendering their
vitality. Lower frequencies encounter more noteworthy retention since they move the
electrons more remote, prompting more prominent possibility of impacts. This is the

fundamental purpose behind assimilation of HF radio waves, especially at 10 MHz

and beneath, with logically less ingestion at higher frequencies. This impact tops
around twelve and is diminished during the evening because of a decline in the D
layer's thickness; just a little part stays because of astronomical beams. A typical case
of the D layer in real life is the vanishing of far off AM communicated band stations
in the daytime.
Amid sun oriented proton occasions, ionization can achieve surprisingly abnormal
states in the D-locale over high and polar scopes. Such exceptionally uncommon
occasions are known as Polar Cap Absorption (or PCA) occasions, on the grounds
that the expanded ionization fundamentally upgrades the retention of radio flags going
through the region.[8] truth be told, ingestion levels can increment by a large number
of dB amid extreme occasions, which is sufficient to assimilate most (if not all)
transpolar HF radio flag transmissions. Such occasions regularly last under 24 to 48
hours.
1.7.2 E layer
The E layer is the center layer, 90 km (56 mi) to 150 km (93 mi) over the surface of
the Earth. Ionization is because of delicate X-beam (1– 10 nm) and far bright (UV)
sun based radiation ionization of sub-atomic oxygen (O2). Typically, at sideways
occurrence, this layer can just reflect radio waves having frequencies lower than
around 10 MHz and may contribute a bit to assimilation on frequencies above. Be that
as it may, amid extraordinary sporadic E occasions, the Es layer can reflect
frequencies up to 50 MHz and higher. The vertical structure of the E layer is
principally dictated by the contending impacts of ionization and recombination.
During the evening the E layer debilitates in light of the fact that the essential
wellspring of ionization is never again present. After dusk an expansion in the tallness
of the E layer greatest builds the range to which radio waves can go by reflection from
the layer.

1.7.3 F layer
The F layer or area, otherwise called the Appleton– Barnett layer, stretches out from
around 150 km (93 mi) to in excess of 500 km (310 mi) over the surface of Earth. It is
the layer with the most elevated electron thickness, which infers signals infiltrating
this layer will escape into space. Electron generation is overwhelmed by extraordinary
bright (UV, 10– 100 nm) radiation ionizing nuclear oxygen. The F layer comprises of
one layer (F2) during the evening, yet amid the day, an optional pinnacle (marked F1)
frequently shapes in the electron thickness profile. Since the F2layer stays by day and
night, it is in charge of most skywave engendering of radio waves and long
separations high recurrence (HF, or shortwave) radio interchanges.
Over the F layer, the quantity of oxygen particles declines and lighter particles, for
example, hydrogen and helium turned out to be predominant. This locale over the F
layer top and underneath the plasma sphere is known as the topside ionosphere.
Fig.1.10. Ionospheric variation with respective to layers of height
1.8 Ionograms
Ionograms demonstrate the virtual statures and basic frequencies of the ionospheric
layers and which are estimated by an ionosonde. An ionosonde clears a scope of
frequencies, more often than not from 0.1 to 30 MHz, transmitting at vertical rate to

the ionosphere. As the recurrence expands, each wave is refracted less by the
ionization in the layer, thus each enters promote before it is reflected. In the end, a
recurrence is achieved that empowers the wave to infiltrate the layer without being
reflected. For normal mode waves, this happens when the transmitted recurrence just
surpasses the pinnacle plasma, or basic, recurrence of the layer. Tracings of the
reflected high recurrence radio heartbeats are known as ionograms. Decrease rules are
given in: "URSI Handbook of Ionogram Interpretation and Reduction", altered by
William Roy Piggott and Karl Rawer, Elsevier Amsterdam, 1961 (interpretations into
Chinese, French, Japanese and Russian are accessible).
Fig.1.8 Ionogram (Taken from TIFR Hyderabad)
1.9 TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC)

The number of free electron is usually expressed as Total electron content (TEC),
which is the number of free electron in a rectangular solid with a one square meter
cross section extending from the receiver to the satellite. The electrodynamics of the
equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere are significantly modified during major

geomagnetic storms due to electrical, neutral, and electro dynamical coupling of the
high-latitude processes such as magnetospheric convection and particle precipitation.
Since storm time is characterized by the increased energy as well as momentum
deposition over high latitudes due to the particle precipitation, Joule heating, and the
convection electric fields, these enhancements, subsequently, can couple to equatorial
and low-latitude ionosphere and may cause significant changes in the plasma density
redistribution and drift motions in those regions. There are two types of electric fields
that can penetrate to the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere and can influence low-
latitude electrodynamics. They are (a) prompt penetration (PP) electric fields which
are of short duration (~1–2 h) and (b) long-lasting disturbance dynamo (DD) electric
fields (>3h) [Kikuchi, 1986; Araki et al., 1985; Blanc and Richmond, 1980]. While
the prompt penetration electric fields occur whenever large or rapid changes in the
magnetospheric convection electric fields, disturbance dynamo electric fields are
caused due to particle precipitation resulting in the heating of the high-latitude
thermosphere leading to the changes in thermospheric circulation pattern. Subjected
to an outside electric field from a radio flag, these free and particles will encounter a
power and be pushed into movement. In any case, since the mass of the particles is
considerably bigger than the mass of the electrons, ionic movements are moderately
little and will be overlooked here. Free electron densities on the request of 1010 to
1012 electrons for each cubic meter are delivered by ionization from the sun's beams.
Layers of high densities of electrons are given uncommon names called the D, E, and
F layers. Amid the day the F layer parts into two layers called the F1 and F2 layers,
while the D layer vanishes totally around evening time. Low-latitude Ionosphere is
highly variable in nature. The ionized electrons behave as free particles. The
ionosphere plays major role in the earth’s atmosphere, because among other
functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth, and between
satellites and Earth. For the very low frequency (VLF) waves that the space weather
monitors and track, the ionosphere and the ground produce a “waveguide” through
which radio signals can bounce and make their way around the curved Earth. There
are several methods to study the Ionosphere region i.e., Ionosonde Method, we take to
obtain the electron density profile from the bottom side, this ionosonde method
mainly used to determine the vertical observations of electron density profiles
functions operated in this ionosonde is by direct approach of method .And this
ionosonde determines the electron density upto the top layer of F region .This
technique also used for the determination of Slant Total Electron Content(STEC) .
(Cannon et al.,1992 ) describe a technique for measuring ionospheric drift using
Doppler interferometry. (Bibl et al., and Reinisch et al., 1978) state that the digital
ionosonde or “digisonde” can be used for both ionospheric monitoring and research.
The low cost of the instrument allows a dense network of sounders to exist. RADAR
remains for Radio Detection and Ranging. This strategy includes transmitting a beat
electromagnetic wave, or, in other words reflected from anomalies in the refractive
list. The transmission is engaged into a specific bearing of enthusiasm by methods for
a high-gain reception apparatus. Estimating the time delay between the transmitted
and got signals permits the assurance of the range from the radar area to the anomaly
district (Jürgen Röttger et al.,2004). By methods for a substantial number of lasting
following stations, GPS collectors can convey vast volumes of information reasonable
for persistent, close or ongoing ionosphere checking amid exasperates and calm
geomagnetic conditions, and in this manner offer an appealing option in contrast to
customary techniques (e.g., the ionosonde network).The Total Electron Content
(TEC), the aggregate number of electrons incorporated along the beam way from a
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite to a ground-based GPS recipient, is a
standout amongst the most imperative ionospheric parameters since it
straightforwardly influences the proliferation of electromagnetic waves through the
ionosphere (Chalachew Kindie Mengist et al., 2016).
Due to rather straightforward approach of correlating equatorial electrodynamics with
ionospheric F2-layer characteristics, quantifying the correlations between the F2-
layer parameters and vertical drift in one hand, and among the F2-layer peak
parameters on the other hand, is still a complex and challenging issue, yet we cannot
completely rule out the likelihood of other influences on the variation of the
ionosphere/thermosphere parameters.
A reasonable explanation of the behaviour highlighted above can be sought in the
following speculation. During magnetically quiet daytime at the magnetic equator, the
polarization electric field of E-layer dynamo origin is pointing eastwards. It is mapped
into the F-layer by the magnetic lines of force. In the F-region, the E × B drift controls
the plasma transport across the magnetic field. Charge particles are lifted by E × B =
Vz drift velocity, which generally revert downward during the night. Quiet daytime
drift carries the plasma at altitudes up to 700 km above the F2 peak (at 300 to 450 km
altitudes). The plasma is then displaced by ambipolar diffusion along magnetic lines
of force under gravity and plasma pressure gradients (e.g., Sambou et al., 1998, and
references therein). Ionization tends to move along magnetic field lines, giving rise to
the well known “equatorial fountain effect” that originates in the so-called equatorial
anomaly of the geomagnetic low-latitude ionosphere. The latitude profiles of F2 peak
electron density remain smooth at daytime hours with a minimum centered at the dip
equator, in the general appearance of a “trough”. In local time this trough is
modulated along a noon bite out shape due to stronger upward drift velocity at midday
hours. Consequently, fountain effect mechanism explains in part the observed midday
minimum of F2-layer critical frequency (equivalently peak F2 density) (Observation
2), total electron content (Observation 7) and electron concentration (Observation 8).
Moreover, the enhancement in the vertical drift of the F-layer plasma at sunset is
indicative of a sudden removal of plasma from the equatorial ionosphere. The net
effect is a rise in peak height F2-layer and concurrent sharp drop in electron density
immediately after sunset. The important interesting features found in the diurnal
behaviour of the F2-layer can also be explained basically by the interplay between
effects of ionization production by solar ultraviolet radiation, loss through charge
exchange and transport by diffusion, electrodynamic drift and neutral wind processes
that occurs in the upper ionosphere. A regular feature in the equatorial ionosphere,
morning enhancements observed virtually in all F2-layer parameters is probably due
to persistent photoelectron heating (e.g., Zhang et al., 1999). Thermospheric neutral
winds have also been recognized to be an important candidate responsible in part to
the night-time behaviour of equatorial ionosphere (e.g., Villa et al., 1998).The average
diurnal and season-to-season patterns between the time variation of equatorial vertical
drift and local time changes of F2-layer parameters are generally satisfactory;
implying that the main features found in diurnal variations of F2-layer parameters
may be attributed to electrodynamic conditions in the equatorial ionosphere. The
relationship between vertical drift and F2-layer parameters is largely seasonally
dependent.
Besides the diurnal variation with additional peaks in the morning and evening
hours the equivalent slab thickness shows also dependencies from season, geographic
and geomagnetic location and solar activity, the latter to a much lesser extent than the
composing quantities TEC and NmF2 (cf. Jakowski et al., 1981; Miro et al., 1999;
Jayachandran et al., 2004; Chuo, 2007). To comprehend the morphological
attributes of ionosphere is an essential errand. Examining the regular conduct of the
ionospheric inconstancy at low scope. Henceforth, consequences of central and low-

scope ionosphere reaction to the geomagnetic storms are going to watched.
1.10 foF2 parameter
The variability of foF2 is much lower during daytime hours than during night-time
hours. This is consistent with the results obtained by earlier studies. The physical,
chemical and dynamical processes that control the ionosphere produce the variability
of the F2-layer.
These processes can be divided into three broad categories:
(1) solar proton radiation
(2) geomagnetic activity
(3) coupling from the mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere
(collectively called ‘meteorological’’).
According to Rishbeth and Mendillo (2001) and Forbes et al. (2000), the day-to-day
variations of solar ionization flux are not a major contributor to the day-to-day
variability of NmF2 (foF2), the ‘‘meteorological’’ sources of F2-layer variability are
comparable to the ‘‘geomagnetic source’’ and much larger than the ‘‘solar’’
component. Since we use the inter-quartiles in conjunction with the monthly median
in our present study, the large deviation values that may be caused by geomagnetic
storms are largely excluded. This means that the variability (in terms of the inter-
quartiles and their percentage ratios to the monthly medians) in our present study
should be mainly due to the meteorological sources. The night time greater variability
of foF2 is partly due to the absence of the strong daytime photochemical control that
exists in the daytime F2-layer, rendering the F2-layer more sensitive to the
meteorological effects, and partly due to the lower electron density at night time,
especially during the pre-sunrise hours when the electron density reaches its lowest
value during a day.
1.11 hmF2 parameter

The diurnal variation pattern of the variability of hmF2. It can be seen that the
variability usually has a minimum value at hours after sunrise and sunset, whereas it
has a maximum value at about 4:00LT. The post sunrise variability in hmF2 (in terms
of both the absolute inter-quartile difference and its percentage ratio to the monthly

median) is small for all seasons. The reason could be because the ionosphere is
undergoing strong solar production, which has a very definite peak altitude.
1.12 IONOSONDE
Ordinary ionogram demonstrating a F2 layer basic recurrence (foF2) of around 5.45
MHz.
A case of an ionosonde framework showing an ionogram. An ionosonde, or
chirpsounder, is uncommon radar for the examination of the ionosphere. The essential
ionosonde innovation was created in 1925 by Gregory Breit and Merle A. Tuve and
additionally created in the late 1920s by various conspicuous physicists, including
Edward Victor Appleton. The term ionosphere and subsequently, the historical
underpinnings of its subordinates, was proposed by Robert Watson-Watt. An
ionosonde comprises of a high recurrence (HF) radio transmitter, naturally tunable
over a wide range. Regularly the recurrence inclusion is 0.5– 23 MHz or 1– 40 MHz,
however typically clears are bound to around 1.6– 12 MHz. A following HF recipient
which can consequently track the recurrence of the transmitter. A reception apparatus
with a reasonable radiation design, which transmits well vertically upwards and is
effective over the entire recurrence run utilized. Computerized control and
information examination circuits. The transmitter clears all or parts of the HF
recurrence go, transmitting short heartbeats. These heartbeats are reflected at different
layers of the ionosphere, at statures of 100– 400 km, and their reverberations are
gotten by the beneficiary and broke down by the control framework. The outcome is
shown as an ionogram, a diagram of reflection stature (really time among
transmission and gathering of heartbeat) versus bearer recurrence. An ionosonde is
utilized for finding the ideal task frequencies for communicates or two-route
interchanges in the high recurrence go.
1.13. Scintillation Index (S4)

Small scale irregularities of the ionospheric plasma may cause fluctuations of the
signal strength of radio waves. The S4-Index is a measure to describe the amplitude-
respectively the intensity fluctuations of a signal. The Amplitude and phase
fluctuations of the recorded signal are statistically characterized by two major
parameters, amplitude and phase scintillation indices, denoted by S4. The time

interval over which this parameter is computed depends on the time period over
which the signal fluctuations are observed to be stationary.
For geo-stationary satellite observations, a 3-minute to 15-minute data segment has
considered to be optimum whereas for orbiting satellites a data segment varying
between 10-30 seconds has been used. Little scale inconsistencies of the ionospheric
plasma may cause variances of the flag quality of radio waves. The S4-Index is a
measure to depict the adequacy individually the power vacillations of a flag. The
Amplitude and stage variances of the recorded flag are measurably described by two
noteworthy parameters, amplitude and stage glitter lists, indicated by S4. The time
interim over which this parameter is processed relies upon the day and age over which
the flag changes are seen to be stationary. For geo-stationary satellite perceptions, a 3-
moment to 15-minute information section has viewed as ideal though to circling
satellites an information fragment differing between 10-30 seconds has been utilized.
1.14. Planetary Index (Kp)

The planetary 3-hour-run record Kp is the mean institutionalized K-list from 13
geomagnetic observatories between 44 degrees and 60 degrees northern or southern
geomagnetic scope. The name 'K' originates from the German word 'Kennziffer'
signifying 'trademark digit.' The K-file was presented by Julius Bartels in 1938. The
Kp-index is the worldwide geomagnetic movement list that depends on 3-hour
estimations from ground-based magnetometers around the globe. Each station is
adjusted by its scope and reports a specific K-index depending on the geomagnetic
movement estimated at the area of the magnetometer. The K-list itself is a three hour
long semi logarithmic nearby record of the geomagnetic movement at the given area
and time contrasted with a quiet day bend. A magnetometer estimates the most
extreme deviation of the even part of the attractive field at its area and reports this.
The worldwide Kp-file is then decided with a calculation that puts the detailed K-
estimations of each station together. The Kp-file ranges from 0 to 9 where an
estimation of 0 implies that there is next to no geomagnetic movement and an
estimation of 9 implies extraordinary geomagnetic raging.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
From [1] it is clear that Due to direct penetration of storm time eastward
Electric Fields which exactly coincided with the local time of Pre-reversal
Enhancement (PRE) and caused intense equatorial spread F irregularities in
ionosondes and scintillations in GPS receivers at wide latitudes.
From [2] it solves the issue of the pole in the calculation of virtual height, and
consequently eliminates all the divergence phenomena that sometimes characterized
the artificial ionogram traces computed by Autoscala. In contrast to the POLAN
procedure, the technique introduced in this paper to pass from true to virtual heights is
not based on any arithmetical operation related to changes of integration variables.
From [3] The electron density profile above the F2 layer peak is approximated
by an 𝞪-Chapman function with a constant scale height that is derived from the
bottom side profile shape near the F2 peak. The scale height is obtained from the
bottom side profile by representing the latter in terms of 𝞪-Chapman functions with
scale heights H(h) that vary as a function of height. The scale height at the layer peak
is then used for the topside profile.
From [4] Polarization and incidence angle information in the ionogram

enables the extraction of the vertical, ordinary polarization echo trace from quiet as
well as disturbed ionograms. A profile inversion algorithm calculates the electron
density profile from the autoscaled h'(f) points. Parabolic profile shapes are assumed
for the E region and the valley between E and F layer.
From [5] Due to direct penetration of storm time eastward electric fields which
exactly coincided with the local time of pre‐reversal enhancement (PRE) and caused
intense equatorial spread-F irregularities in ionosondes and scintillations in GPS
receivers at wide latitudes. Plasma irregularities are so intense that their signatures are
seen in Allahabad/Lucknow. Storm time thermospheric meridional winds as estimated
using two ionosondes suggest the equatorward surge of gravity waves with period of
~2 h. Suppression of anomaly crest on the subsequent day of the storm suggests the
complex role of disturbance dynamo electric fields and disturbance wind effects.

From [6] A new technique of estimating the ionospheric topside profile from
the information contained in the ground based ionograms is introduced. The electron
density profile above the F2 layer peak is approximated by an α-Chapman function
with a constant scale height that is derived from the bottom-side profile shape near the
F2 peak. The scale height is obtained from the bottom-side profile by representing the
latter in terms of α-Chapman functions with scale heights H (h) that vary as a function
of height.
From [7] Automatic scaling of vertical ionograms is therefore a desirable goal.

Only nowadays when advanced digital sounders like the Digisonde are available can
this goal be reached. What we want to show in this paper is an autoscaling algorithm
that works with both quiet and disturbed ionograms, and that vertical electron density
profiles can routinely be determined at each Digisonde station that measures
polarization and incidence angles.
From [8] A Neural Network model, trained using Particle Swarm

Optimization (PSO) algorithm, has been implemented for the prediction of amplitude
scintillation index (S4) observations. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and
Ionosonde data available at Darwin, Australia (12.4634° S, 130.8456° E) during 2013
has been considered. The correlation analysis between GPS S4 and Ionosonde drift
velocities (hmf2 and fof2) data has been conducted for forecasting the S4 values. The
results indicate that forecasted S4 values closely follow the measured S4 values for
both the quiet and disturbed conditions.
From [9] Under the assumption of spherical symmetry at the locality of the
occultation, the dual-band phase data have been processed to yield ray-path bending
angle profiles, which have then been used to yield profiles of refractive index via
the Abel integral transform. The refractivity profiles can then, in turn, yield profiles
of ionospheric electron density and other atmospheric variables such as neutral
atmospheric density, pressure, and temperature in the stratosphere and upper
troposphere, and water vapour in the lower troposphere with the aid of independent
temperature data. To approach a near real-time process, electron density profiles can
also be derived by the Abel transform through the computation of total electron
content (TEC) assuming straight-line propagation (neglecting bending).

From [10] Another method of evaluating the ionospheric topside profile from the data
contained in the ground based ionograms is presented. The electron thickness profile
over the F2 layer top is approximated by a α-Chapman work with a steady scale
tallness that is gotten from the bottom side profile shape close to the F2 top. The scale
tallness is acquired from the bottomside profile by speaking to the last as far as α-
Chapman capacities with scale statures H(h) that change as a component of tallness.
The scale tallness at the layer top is then utilized for the topside profile. The aggregate
electron content (TEC) is acquired by coordinating the electron thickness from h = 0
to ∞. The ionogram determined TEC esteems, ITEC, are contrasted and
indistinguishable dissipate radar, Faraday, and TOPEX TEC estimations
demonstrating great assention at center scopes and the attractive equator.
From [11] Another system of assessing the ionospheric topside profile from
the data contained in the groundbased ionograms is presented. The electron thickness
profile over the F2 layer top is approximated by a α-Chapman work with a consistent
scale tallness that is gotten from the bottomside profile shape close to the F2 crest.
The scale stature is acquired from the bottomside profile by speaking to the last as far
as α-Chapman capacities with scale statures (h) that fluctuate as a component of
tallness. The scale stature at the layer crest is then utilized.
From[12] Another strategy for computing the vertical aggregate electron

content (TEC) from ground‐based ionosonde estimations is presented. The ionogram
gives the data to specifically figure the vertical electron thickness profile up to the
pinnacle of the F2 layer. The profile over the pinnacle is approximated by a α‐
Chapman work with a scale tallness that is gotten from the profile shape around the
F2 top. The ionosonde TEC, or ITEC, is then computed as the indispensable from 0
to∞ over the whole profile.

3. METHODOLOGY
By using data obtained from Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosondes (CADIs)

operating at an equatorial station while ionospheric parameters, namely hpF2 and
foF2. We have to collect Ionograms at specific location at every 15 min interval
initially, later on; we operated it at 5 min interval. However, the Doppler drift mode of
observations at 1–8 MHz frequencies at Tirunelveli/Hyderabad/Allahabad is operated
at 1 min interval continuously. Examine storm time characteristics obtained for such
major storms at different longitudes. Notice the strong scintillations indicated strong
upward drifts are present as IMF The iso-density plot and their cross-correlation
analysis suggest that there is a strong correlation between their variations but with a
time lag of 1 hr between these oscillations from ALD to HYD stations.
The simple and analytic Chapman layer representation is generally used as a

convenient mathematical basis to fit the electron density profiles (Wright et al., 1960;
Fox et al., 1994). Therefore the topside electron density distributions are often
represented with an α-Chapman function as
1
𝑁(ℎ) = 𝑁𝑚𝐹2. exp[2 (1 − 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 )]
(ℎ−𝐻𝑚𝐹2)
Where 𝑧 = 𝐻𝑡
Where NmF2 and hmF2 are the density and height at the F2-layer peak respectively.
The bottom side electron density profile derived from ionograms gives NmF2 and
hmF2. HT is the scale height, which is an unknown parameter. An important and
inherent parameter for the mathematical functions that largely determine the shape of
the electron density profile is the ionospheric scale height (Huang and Reinisch et al.,
2001; Stankov et al., 2003; Belehaki et al., 2006).
Both Ionosonde and Cosmic having the same problem as they will not
generate the electron content to the whole ionosphere region because the electron
content will be ionized in the free space. Even if they were generated to the whole
region we are unable to calculate the electron density near to the destination region of
the ionosphere region, upto some peak height of ionosonde, good measurement of
electron content can be obtained with perfect transmission / generation of signal and
Cosmic from the top side will be identifying the electron density as like ionosonde
performs from the bottom side. Finally with those two electron density profiles i.e.,
from ionosonde electron density profile and cosmic electron density profile we are
performing the integration method on them to obtain the total electron content(TEC).
𝐻𝑚𝐹2 +∞
𝐼𝐸𝐶 = ∫ 𝑁𝑏(ℎ) 𝑑ℎ + ∫ 𝑁𝑡(ℎ)𝑑ℎ

−∞ 𝐻𝑚𝐹2
Where Nb is the bottom side electron density and Nt is the topside electron density.
In the following sections this sample will be used to assess the performance of
our method and to analyze the main dependencies (for different geomagnetic
latitudes, LTs, and seasons of the year) of the ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron
content.(G. González-Casado et al.,2015)
3.1 Neural networks-PSO algorithm
3.1.1Neural Network
An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a data handling worldview that is motivated

by the way organic sensory systems, for example, the cerebrum, process data. The key
component of this worldview is the novel structure of the data preparing framework.
It is made out of countless interconnected preparing components (neurones) working
as one to take care of particular issues. ANNs, similar to individuals, learn by model.
An ANN is arranged for a particular application, for example, design
acknowledgment or information order, through a learning procedure. Learning in
organic frameworks includes changes in accordance with the synaptic associations
that exist between the neurones. This is valid for ANNs too.
3.1.2 Historical Foundation
Neural system reproductions seem, by all accounts, to be an ongoing advancement. In

any case, this field was built up before the appearance of PCs, and has made due no
less than one noteworthy mishap and a few times.

Numerous importand propels have been supported by the utilization of reasonable PC

copies. Following an underlying time of eagerness, the field endure a time of
dissatisfaction and unsavoriness. Amid this period when subsidizing and proficient
help was negligible, essential advances were made by moderately few researchers.
These pioneers could create persuading innovation which outperformed the
restrictions recognized by Minsky and Papert. Minsky and Papert, distributed a book
(in 1969) in which they summed up a general sentiment of dissatisfaction (against
neural systems) among scientists, and was along these lines acknowledged by most
without further examination. As of now, the neural system field appreciates a
resurgence of intrigue and a comparing increment in financing.
For a more itemized portrayal of the history click here
The principal fake neuron was created in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren
McCulloch and the rationalist Walter Pits. Be that as it may, the innovation accessible
around then did not enable them to do excessively.
3.1.3 Utilizing Neural systems
Neural systems, with their striking capacity to get importance from entangled or
uncertain information, can be utilized to extricate designs and identify patterns that
are too mind boggling to be in any way seen by either people or other PC strategies. A
prepared neural system can be thought of as a "specialist" in the class of data it has
been given to break down. This master would then be able to be utilized to give
projections given new circumstances of intrigue and reply "imagine a scenario in
which" questions.
Different focal points include:

Versatile taking in: A capacity to figure out how to do undertakings dependent on the
information given for preparing or starting knowledge.
Self-Organization: An ANN can make its very own association or portrayal of the
data it gets amid learning time.

Ongoing Operation: ANN calculations might be completed in parallel, and

extraordinary equipment gadgets are being planned and made which exploit this
ability.
Adaptation to internal failure by means of Redundant Information Coding: Partial
decimation of a system prompts the comparing debasement of execution. Nonetheless,
some system abilities might be held even with real system harm.
3.1.4 Neural systems versus traditional PCs
Neural systems adopt an alternate strategy to critical thinking than that of traditional
PCs. Ordinary PCs utilize an algorithmic methodology i.e. the PC adheres to an
arrangement of directions with the end goal to take care of an issue. Except if the
particular advances that the PC needs to pursue are realized the PC can't take care of
the issue. That limits the critical thinking ability of traditional PCs to issues that we as
of now comprehend and realize how to fathom. Yet, PCs would be quite a lot more
helpful in the event that they could do things that we don't actually realize how to do.
Neural systems process data likewise the human cerebrum does. The system is made
out of a substantial number of profoundly interconnected handling
elements(neurones) working in parallel to tackle a particular issue. Neural systems
learn by precedent. They can't be modified to play out a particular errand. The models
must be chosen deliberately generally helpful time is squandered or surprisingly more
dreadful the system may work erroneously. The disservice is that in light of the fact
that the system discovers how to take care of the issue without anyone else's input, its
task can be flighty.
Then again, ordinary PCs utilize a psychological way to deal with critical thinking;
the manner in which the issue is to fathomed must be known and expressed in little
unambiguous guidelines. These guidelines are then changed over to an abnormal state
dialect program and afterward into machine code that the PC can get it. These
machines are absolutely unsurprising; on the off chance that anything turns out badly
is because of a product or equipment blame.

Neural systems and regular algorithmic PCs are not in rivalry but rather supplement
one another. There are assignments are more suited to an algorithmic methodology
like math activities and undertakings that are more suited to neural systems. Much
more, countless, require frameworks that utilization a blend of the two methodologies
(ordinarily a traditional PC is utilized to direct the neural system) with the end goal to
perform at greatest productivity.
Neural networks are generally arranged in layers. It is composed of a large number of

highly interconnected processing elements. Inputs like Solar Flux Density (F10.7),
Magnetic
indices (Kp), Vertical Drift (vdF) and local time are applied to the network through
the ‘input layer’ along with the target value of scintillation index (S4), which interact
with one or
more ‘hidden layers’ where the actual processing is carried out through a system of
weighted ‘connections’. The feed forward neural network with two hidden layers.
Each neuron of the input layer is the input to each neuron of the hidden layer. The
weights of the hidden layers are modified appropriately in the direction to reduce
prediction error between the actual and forecasted S4 values. In order to train the
previous S4 data, PSO technique was selected for initialization. PSO is a
computational intelligence-based method that is independent of the size and
nonlinearity of the problem. It can converge to the best solution in several situations
where most analytical techniques fail to converge. It is an artificial intelligence
technique that is used to estimate numeric minimization and maximization problems.
In the particle swarm optimization, mean square error for the sampled values and
predicted values of S4 data show the accuracy
of the predictive network. Darwin station information (Ionosonde and GPS) has been
considered in this paper for gauging of S4 esteems. The adequacy shine S4 list
esteems have been gotten from the Australian Space Weather Services (ASWS)
Darwin Ionospheric
Sparkle Monitor for the year 2013. The remaining characteristics considered in this
work are the season, F-layer genuine tallness (h'F), ionospheric vertical float speed
(vdF), sun oriented transition thickness (F10.7) and the attractive list (Kp). The h'F
esteems are gotten from the Digital Portable Sound (DPS) Digisonde, which is
additionally accessible at Darwin station,
also, vdF esteems are inferred as the time subsidiary of h'F. The relating F10.7 and Kp
list information have been acquired from
https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/shape/dx1.html. The time interim considered for the
investigation is from 15.00 to 24.00 Hrs Universal Time (UT). GPS information is
considered at an example rate of 50 Hz and a recurrence of 1575.52 MHz (L1
recurrence). The ionospheric plentifulness glimmers are spoken to utilizing the S4 file
and characterized as the standardized standard deviation of the gotten flag control
force.
In this paper, the anticipating investigation has been appeared for the few geo-
attractively calm and aggravated long periods of March also, June 2013. Walk 2 of
2013 is one of the peaceful days and the most extreme Kp file watched is 4. The
variety of h'F, vdF and S4 list on March 2, 2013, is appeared in Fig. 2. It might be
seen from Fig. 2 that the S4 list is 0.37
at 18.00 Hrs (UT) and is under 0.24 at 20.00 Hrs (UT) on March 2, 2013. The float
speed is less, comparing to the lower S4 list esteem. The sunlight based motion
thickness (F10.7) is 109.1. Little varieties in the h'F can be seen amid the tranquil day.
Figure 3 speaks to the varieties in the h'F, vdF and S4 record esteems on the geo-
attractively irritated day of March 17, 2013. The force of the tempest is extreme,
furthermore, the most extreme Kp record is 7, with a few satellite vehicles getting
influenced. F10.7 is 114.1 on March 17, and the sudden vacillations in the h'F and
vdF can be observed. The stature of the F-layer increments amid the principle stage of
tropical ionization peculiarity (post dusk hours). The expansion in h'F improves the
Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) precariousness wonder, which thusly builds the possibility of
framing tropical plasma bubbles. Subsequently, the F layer inconsistencies will be
framed in the region of the pinnacle stature of the F layer (Joshi et al. 2015). Amid the
geo-attractively irritated days where glitters are transcendent, the normal tallness of
the F-layer close to the equator is around 350 km. On account of calm days where
glitter power may be lower, the normal F-layer tallness will be around 260 km
(Venkatesh et al. 2015). The h'F esteems on March 2 and Walk 17 are 252 km and
366 km, separately, amid the post-dusk hours (somewhere in the range of 19.00 and
20.00 Hrs (UT)). The ionospheric float speed vdF increments due to the upgrade in
post-nightfall electric field and this, thus, prompts an expansion in the tallness of F-
layer. The recombination impacts will be lessened, in this way giving an appropriate
circumstance for the arrangement of plasma bubble anomalies. vdF is normally
negative amid the daytime and winds up positive after nightfall hours because of the
westbound development of the electric field in the night. Venkatesh et al. (2015) have
discovered that most extreme vertical float speed fluctuate between 15 to 20 m/s
within the sight of glitter conditions and is under 7 m/s amid nonappearance of shine
conditions. The most extreme vdF watched is 3.61 m/s and 19.44 m/s on Walk 2
(calm day) and March 17 (bothered day) amid post-nightfall hours between 20.00 to
21.00 Hrs (UT). The variety of the float speed amid daytime and evening time is more
on the tempest day than amid the calm day varieties.
Relationship investigation is an indispensable advance for building up a suitable
expectation calculation (Lima et al. 2014). The accompanying strategy has been
executed as a piece of relationship investigation. S4 is the normal of the glimmer file
esteems under 0.1. Ionospheric scintillations are a major threat to the Global
Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS), and there is a need to predict the
scintillations. In this work, Neural Network based forecasting algorithm trained using
Particle Swarm Optimization technique (NN-PSO) has been implemented for
forecasting the S4 values at Darwin station (12.4634° S, 130.8456° E), Australia. The
analysis has been carried out for the geo-magnetically quiet and disturbed days of the
year 2013. It is observed from the results that the proposed technique predicted the S4
values more closely to the actual S4 samples, especially on quiet days and during
some geo-magnetic storm events. From this study, it can be noted that the correlation
decreases and RMS error increases as the hours of antecedence increase. The RMS
error is 0.0148, which is minimum on a best correlated day at Darwin. NN method is
applied to measured scintillation intensity and it reduced the number of parameters
effectively. The current work can also be extended for accurate prediction for one day
of antecedence. The performance may be improved for more antecedence values if
more samples of the S4 index are given for training the model. PSO technique is
better in training the model using S4 samples.
3.2 Particle swarm optimization

In computational science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) [1] is a computational
method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate
solution with regard to a given measure of quality. It solves a problem by having a
population of candidate solutions, here dubbed particles, and moving these particles

around in the search-space according to simple mathematical formulae over the

particle's position and velocity. Each particle's movement is influenced by its local
best known position, but is also guided toward the best known positions in the search-
space, which are updated as better positions are found by other particles. This is
expected to move the swarm toward the best solutions
3.2.1 Algorithm
An essential variation of the PSO calculation works by having a populace (called a
swarm) of competitor arrangements (called particles). These particles are moved
around in the hunt space as indicated by a couple of basic formulae.[10] The
developments of the particles are guided by their very own best referred to position in
the pursuit space and in addition the whole swarm's best known position. At the point
when enhanced positions are being found these will at that point come to control the
developments of the swarm. The procedure is rehashed and by doing as such it is
trusted, however not ensured, that a palatable arrangement will in the long run be
found.
Fig.3.1. Algorithm of particle swarm optimization
3.2.2 Fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the
usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.

The idea of fuzzy logic was first advanced by Dr.Lotfi Zadeh of the University of
California at Berkeley in the 1960s.
Fuzzy rationale is a type of many-esteemed rationale in which reality estimations of
factors might be any genuine number somewhere in the range of 0 and 1. It is utilized
to deal with the idea of halfway truth, where reality esteem may go between totally
obvious and totally false. On the other hand, in Boolean rationale, reality estimations
of factors may just be the whole number qualities 0 or 1.
Fuzzy logic works with membership values in a way that mimics Boolean logic. To
this end, replacements for basic operators AND, OR, NOT must be available. There
are several ways to this. A common replacement is called the Zadeh operators
In this task, right off the bat we are taking the information from CADI Ionosonde (in
.md3,md4 crude documents format).This is to be processing in UDIDA Auto scaling
Software. This will prepared and afterward recovered the f0F2 esteems and hmF2
values. By utilizing this gathered information we are computing the Mean for 1hour
hmF2 esteems with 5 min, 10min, 15min interims. By utilizing the worldwide lists of
Kp planetary index, Scintillation index (S4) list esteems. We are additionally
computing Mean Square Error by the S4 esteems and contrast and the neighbourhood
GPS S4 record esteems. Preparing that information in Neural Network display
utilizing PSO calculation and figuring the relapse coefficient esteem by differing
those weights. On the off chance that the relapse coefficient esteem is equivalent to 1
then the blunder is gets limited and furthermore the Kp and S4 esteems gets limited
with the goal that the estimating is done effortlessly despite the fact that the glitters
are available.

CADI Ionosonde
.md3, .md4 raw files
Process in UDIDA Autoscaling software
Retreive f0f2 and Hmf2 values
Calculate mean for 1 hour Hmf2 values for

intervals of 5 minutes 10 minutes
Prepare inputs for NNPSO

method
Hmf2, h10.7, KpS4 index
Train the NN model algorithm
Calculating MSQ error and

regression co cefficient
Fig.3.2. FLOW CHART OF THE PROJECT

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The analysis shows that the respective variations of geographical quiet day and storm
day have different mean square errors(MSQs)as well as similarities in their geo-
magnetical activity and also TEC(Total Electron Content) are compared. These
differences and similarities were interpreted in terms of the error content where there
this phenomenon is an important source of intermittence due to presence of the Mean
square error(MSQ) at geomagnetic latitudes.
Fig.4.1. Variations of f0F2,hmF2,NmF2 wrt time(hr) taken 72 hours
From figure 4.1. We have seen that the varieties have been occurred in f0F2, hmF2,
NmF2. Here the blue shaded lines demonstrates the International Reference
Ionosphere(IRI) which is the worldwide information .Red coloured lines shows the
Ionosonde data(Iono) taken frame TIFR Hyderabad. After that we have done the
smoothing. It is shown by Ionosonde smooth (IonoS).Here we seen that the plunge of
100 Km in the hmF2 at 5hr and furthermore Ionosonde information. These varieties
are likewise reflected at the f0F2 and furthermore NmF2.But in NmF2 there are
greatest varieties happens at the IRI worldwide information. There is difference of
1×1012 /𝑚3 . In any case, in IonoS information is just gives the Ionosonde information

with low varieties. By watching the plot of f0F2, there are some variations in the
Ionosonde information and the IRI data. Due to this we have utilized the smoothen
esteems in the handling information.
Fig.4.2. Variations of Kp,F10.7,hmF2,Vd wrt time(hr)
From the acquired estimations of the Fig 4.1 we have taken the smoothen information
of those hmF2 and furthermore the NmF2 esteems. Here from the fig4.2 ,we taken the
night hours(15hr to 23hr and furthermore 0hr) on the grounds that most extreme
tempests are happened at the night hours only. We have taken the TIFR Hyderabad
information in light of the fact that so greatest tempests are happens at the low scope
locales as it were. We seen that the Kp planetary record is in the scope of 5 which is
useful for watching those shines in the ionosphere.F10.7 is going from the
100~120.Here the hmF2 tallness are fluctuated at the low locales extending from the
200 km. Drift speed going structure the -100to100(km/s)

Fig.4.3. TEC Variations on Jan 1st 2015 using TIFR Hyderabad data
From Fig.4.3 there are some Total Electron Content Variations happens as for height.
This is finished by the 𝞪-Chapman Function. This information is taken frame TIFR
Hyderabad dated on Jan1st 2015.The most extreme varieties are occurred at the
stature of 350 kms over the earth surface.
Fig.4.4 Function Fitting Neural Network
In this way we have utilized the Neural Network model to get the ideal consequences
of the relapse coefficient and the Mean square blunder by the information sources are
taken from the smoothen information of Ionosonde.The inputs are S4 lists, Kp
planetary files, F10.7 attractive, hmF2, Vd (Drift velocity).Fig.4.4. represents the
inner model and the Function of Fitting Neural Network.

Fig.4.5. Function after training NNPSO with an regression coefficient of 0.2791
From the fig.4.5. Here we are taking 70% of the data for training, 15% of the data for
testing, and another 15% of the data for validating those data. Thus we get the
regression co-efficient for those data and these data is used for the Training the
NNPSO algorithm with 5 layers. Those coefficients are varied according to the
weights of the data used for the validating. As the weights are varied we will get the
regression of 1 at a particular case which is mentioned in the fig 4.7.Those weights
are used for the PSO algorithm in the Neural Network modelling.

Fig.4.6. Function training Neural Network
This Neural Network train tool is used for the Training of input data by Levenberg-
Marquandt transform. By varying the Epoch values we can get the regression
optimum value.
Fig.4.7. NNPSO Training Parameters
After getting the input data into the model, we have the NNPSO training parameters
which can be varied. As we can varying the values of epochs and also other training
parameters we can get the good performance and also the optimum value of

regression coefficient and less value of the Mean Square Error by the comparing those
values with Ionosonde data with the GPS data at the particular intervals of time (
~10hr).
Fig.4.8. Function after training NNPSO with an regression coefficient of 1
By the variety of the weights we can the Regression coefficient of 1 with a Mean
Square Error of 0.0048 which is the base an incentive among the various weighted
and preparing parameters esteems. In this way we have been seen that this NNPSO
demonstrate calculation is utilized for acquiring the Optimum results of the regression
coefficients.

5. CONCLUSION
In this project the investigation of ionospheric variability using GPS and

Ionosonde measurements. Here the temporal and Spatial variability of the Ionosphere
has been investigated using GPS-based TEC patterns obtained from GPS receivers at
low latitude stations. This project majorly concentrates on the use of an efficient
method NNPSO which overcomes the previous methods. An effect of solar activity
(geomagnetic storms) in varying the TEC data are studied seasonally and annually at
the stations particularly in the solar maximum year and the quiet day is seen to be
minimum. The magnetic storms (1st January to 3rd Jan of 2015) shows great impact
on the variations of the TEC. The results obtained in the project are used to analyse
the variations of GPS-TEC, Ionosonde-TEC data that occurs seasonally and annually.
Hence we can conclude that NNPSO method is an efficient method that is used to
predict the variations of GPS and Ionosonde Data irrespective of the scaling factor
and non-linear characteristics (depending on the location, atmospheric conditions and
various solar activities) present in the signal. This will used for Forecasting of
Ionospheric Scintillation(S4 index). The outcome of this work will be useful in
improving the forecasting algorithms for satellite-based communication and
navigation systems performance under severe ionospheric scintillation conditions.

6. REFERENCES
[1] Sripathi, S., Sreekumar, S., Banola, S., Emperumal, K., Tiwari, P., & Kumar,
B. S. (2015). Low‐latitude ionosphere response to super geomagnetic storm
of 17/18 March 2015: Results from a chain of ground‐based
observations over Indian sector. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space
Physics, 120(12), 10-864.
[2] Scotto, C., Pezzopane, M., & Zolesi, B. (2012). Estimating the vertical
electron density profile from an ionogram: On the passage from true to
virtual heights via the target function method. Radio Science, 47(01), 1-6.
[3] Reinisch, B. W., & Huang, X. (2001). Deducing topside profiles and total
electron content from bottomside ionograms. Advances in Space
Research, 27(1), 23-30.
[4] Reinisch, B. W., & Xueqin, H. (1983). Automatic calculation of electron

density profiles from digital ionograms: 3. Processing of bottomside
ionograms. Radio Science, 18(3), 477-492.
[5] Tsai, L. C., Tsai, W. H., Schreiner, W. S., Berkey, F. T., & Liu, J. Y. (2001).
Comparisons of GPS/MET retrieved ionospheric electron density and ground
based ionosonde data. Earth, planets and space, 53(3), 193-205.
[6] Wielgosz, P. (2011). Ionospheric electron density observed by FORMOSAT-

3/COSMIC over the European region and validated by ionosonde
data. Journal of Geodesy, 85(12), 949-964.
[7] Sridhar, M., Ratnam, D. V., Raju, K. P., Praharsha, D. S., & Saathvika, K.
(2017). Ionospheric scintillation forecasting model based on NN-PSO
technique. Astrophysics and Space Science, 362(9), 166.
[8] Pillat, V. G., Guimarães, L. N. F., Fagundes, P. R., & da Silva, J. D. S. (2013).
computational tool for ionosonde CADI's ionogram analysis. Computers &
geosciences, 52, 372-378.

[9] Araujo‐Pradere, E. A., Fuller‐Rowell, T. J., Codrescu, M. V., & Bilitza, D.

(2005). Characteristics of the ionospheric variability as a function of season,
latitude, local time, and geomagnetic activity. Radio science, 40(5).
[10] Zhang, M. L., Shi, J. K., Wang, X., & Radicella, S. M. (2004). Ionospheric
variability at low latitude station: Hainan, China. Advances in Space
Research, 34(9), 1860- 1868.
[11] Huang, X., & Reinisch, B. W. (1996). Vertical electron density profiles from
the digisonde network. Advances in Space Research, 18(6), 121-129.
[12] Reinisch, B. W., & Huang, X. (2001). Deducing topside profiles and total
electron content from bottomside ionograms. Advances in Space
Research, 27(1), 23- 30.
[13] Huang, X., & Reinisch, B. W. (2001). Vertical electron content from
ionograms in real time. Radio Science, 36(2), 335-342.

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Investigation of Ionospheric Variability using GPS And Ionosonde Measurements

1.1 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS:

1.2 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS GNSS SYTEMS:

The country wide navigation systems improved significantly to maintain their

Department of ECE, KL University 1|Page

1.2.1 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:

It is the first navigation system developed by United States and is fully

This segment consists of a official constellation of twenty-four orbiting

Fig.1.1. GPS satellite orbital planes

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This segment is ground based human operational station and allows us to

Fig. 1.2. Different Segments of GPS

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1.2.2 GLONASS (GLOBAL ORBITING NAVIGATION

Former Soviet Union developed a space-based satellite system for navigation

GLONASS space segment consists of 24 satellites in which 21 are for

At the territory of Russia a control station which continuously monitor the

Department of ECE, KL University 4|Page

1.2.3 IRNSS (INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE

Fig.1.3. IRNSS Signal Architecture

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Fig.1.4. Position of satellites in IRNSS

1.3 IONOSPHERE LAYER

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The conventional perspective of the ionosphere shows various unmistakable layers,

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Fig.1.5 Atmospheric layers varied with respective to height

1.4 IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATIONS AND SIGNAL

Ionosphere is a part of thermosphere located around 400 km to 1000 km above

Department of ECE, KL University 8|Page

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amplitude and phase scintillations, and adaptive variation in measurement noise{𝑅𝑘 }.

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Fig.1.6 Ionospheric Scintillation

e. Being the most significant of the ionospheric areas it is significantly influenced by

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Fig.1.7. Ionospheric F-Region

1.6 STUDY OF IONOSPHERE

To understand the characteristics of ionosphere layer of the electron density in the

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Fig.1.8. Layers in Atmosphere

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1.7 The Ionospheric layers

Fig.1.9. Ionospheric layers varies with height

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fundamental purpose behind assimilation of HF radio waves, especially at 10 MHz

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Fig.1.10. Ionospheric variation with respective to layers of height

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Fig.1.8 Ionogram (Taken from TIFR Hyderabad)

1.9 TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC)

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ionospheric inconstancy at low scope. Henceforth, consequences of central and low-

1.11 hmF2 parameter

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1.13. Scintillation Index (S4)

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1.14. Planetary Index (Kp)

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From [4] Polarization and incidence angle information in the ionogram

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From [7] Automatic scaling of vertical ionograms is therefore a desirable goal.

From [8] A Neural Network model, trained using Particle Swarm