The Resonance Academy

STUDY PAPER – 1 SESSION – 2018

**DETAILS OF MUSLIM PERIOD**
 Al Battani was the first who made calculations regarding solar system, change in seasons, eclipse, of moon
and sun.

 Al-Khwarzami was a founder of Analytical Algebra, Hisbul-jubur-wal-muqabla was his 1st book on this
subject.

 Ibn-al-Haitham wrote complete book on optics and light ``Kitab-ul-Manazir`` . Gave laws of reflection and
refraction. Explained completely and 1st time Human Eye in history. He was the one who created Pin Hole
Camera.

 Abu Rehan al Beruni wrote kitab-ul-Qanoon-ul-Masoodi, book considered as a famous encyclopedia on

Astronomy.

 Yaqoob Kindi wrote many books on mathematics, astronomy and other subjects.

 Ibn e sina wrote Al-Shifa an another marvelous encyclopedia from Muslim scientist dealing with Logic,
Physics,maths, and specially meta-physics.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

 Bertrand Russel, a great mathematician from west.

 George Stephenson , inventor of modern Heat Engine.

Measurement of Mass:
The mass of atoms and molecules are expressed in the unified atomic mass unit (u).
1 Unified Atomic Mass Unit = 1.66 x 10-27kg.

Measurement of Time:
Cesium clock (or) atomic clock is based on the periodic vibrations of cesium atom.
Dimensions:
Dimensions are the powers to which the fundamental units are to be raised to get one
unit of the physical quantity.

Dimensional Formula:
Dimensional formula is an expression showing the relation between fundamental and
derived quantities.

Dimensional Constant:
Constants having dimensional formulae are called dimensional constants.
Ex:- Planck’s constant, universal gravitational constant.

Dimensionless Quantities:
Quantities having no dimensions are called dimensionless quantities.

1 The Resonance Academy | SIR FARID AHMED

 Ex: Angle, strain, a constant number.

DIMENSIONS OF IMPORTANT PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which fundamental quantities are to be raised to represent
the quantity.

1) Velocity_____ ____[M0 L1 T-1]

2) Acceleration______ [M0 L1 T-2]
3) Force____________ [M1 L1 T-2]
4) Energy___________ [M1 L2 T-2]
5) Power____________ [M1 L2 T-3]
6) Momentum_______ [M1 L1 T-1]
7) Pressure__________ [M1 L-1 T-2]

PHYSICAL QUANTITY DIMENSION UNITS

1. Volume [M0L3T0] m3

2. Velocity or speed [M0L0T-1] ms-1

3. Momentum [MLT-1] kgms-1

4. Force [MLT-2] N (newton)

Nm-2 or Pa
5. Pressure [ML-1T--2]
(pascal)

6. Work [ML2T-2] J (joule)

7. Energy [ML2T-2] J (joule)

8. Power [ML2T-3] W (watt)

9. Gravitational constant [M-1L3T-2] Nm2kg-2

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10. Angle Dimensionless rad

11. Moment of inertia [ML2T0] Kgm2

12. Angular momentum [ML2T-1] Kgm2s-1

13. Torque or couple [ML2T-2] Nm

14. Coefficient of viscosity [ML-1T-1] Dap (Dacapoise)

15. Frequency [T-1] Hz

lysis Questions and Answers

12 Votes

Q1: Define the term ‘Dimension’

Answer: The term ‘dimension’ is used to refer to the physical nature of a quantity and the type of unit
used to specify it. Mathematically dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the
fundamental quantities must be raised.
e.g. Dimension of velocity = Displacement / time = [L]/[T] = [M0][L1][T-1]
Q2: What are dimensional constants?
Answer: Constants which possess dimensions are called dimensional constants. E.g. Planck’ Constant.
Q3: What are dimensional variables?
Answer: Those physical quantities which possess dimensions but do not have a fixed value are called
dimensional variables. E.g. Displacement, Force, velocity etc.
Q4: What are dimensionless quantities?
Answer: Physical quantities which do not possess dimensions are called dimensionless quantities. E.g.
Angle, specific gravity, strain. In general, physical quantity which is a ratio of two quantities of same
dimension will be dimensionless.
Q5: Define the principle of homogeneity of dimensions. On What principle is it based?
Answer: The principle of homogeneity of dimensions states that an equation is dimensionally correct if
the dimensions of the various terms on either side of the equation are the same.
This principle is based on the fact that two quantities of the same dimension only can be added up, and
the resulting quantity also possess the the same dimension.
i.e. In equation X + Y = Z is valid if the dimensions of X, Y and Z are same.
Q6: Who introduced Dimension Analysis
Answer: Fourier (Joseph Fourier – French Mathematician)
Q7: List the basic dimensions.
Answer:

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 Length – L
 Time – T
 Mass – M
 Temperature – K or θ
 Current – A
Q8: What are the uses (applications) of dimensional analysis?
Answer: The applications of dimensional analysis are:
To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another.
To check the dimensional correctness of a given equation.establish a relationship between different
physical quantities in an equation.

[M1L2T-2] = k ( [ML2T0])a([M0L0T-1])b
[M1L2T-2] = k [MaL2aT-b]
⇒ a = 1 and b = 2
⇒ K = kIω2 … (answer)
Q.17: What are the limitations of Dimensional Analysis?
Answer: Limitations of Dimensional Analysis are:
It cannot determine value of dimensionless constants.
We cannot use this method to equations involving exponential and trigonometric functions.
It cannot be applied to an equation involving more than three physical quantities.
It is a too not a solution i.e. It can check only if the equation is dimensionally correct or not. But cannot
say the equation is absolutely correct.
Q.18: Convert 1 Newton into dyne using method of dimensions.
Answer: Dimensions of Force = [M1L1T-2]
Considering dimensional unit conversion formula i.e. n1[M1aL1bT1c] = n2[M2aL2bT2c]
⇒ a = 1, b = 1 and c = -2
In SI system, M1 = 1kg, L1 = 1m and T1 = 1s
In cgs system, M2 = 1g, L2 = 1cm and T2 = 1s
Putting the values in the conversion formula,
n2 = n1(1Kg/1g)1.(1m/1cm)1(1s/1s)-2 = 1.(103/1g)(102cm) = 105dyne …(answer)
Q.19: The centripetal force (F) acting on a particle (moving uniformly in a circle) depends on the mass
(m) of the particle, its velocity (v) and radius (r) of the circle. Derive dimensionally formula for force (F).
Answer: Given, F ∝ ma.vb.rc
∴ F = kma.vb.rc (where k is constant)
Putting dimensions of each quantity in the equation,
[M1L1T-2] = [M1L0T0]a. [M0L1T-1]b. [M0L1T0]c = [MaLb+cT+cT-b]
⇒ a =1, b +c = 1, -b = -2
⇒ a= 1, b = 2, c = -1
∴ F = km1.v2.r-1 = kmv2/r
Q.20: If the velocity of light c, gravitational constant G and planks constant h be chosen as fundamental
units, find the value of a gram, a cm and a sec in term of new unit of mass, length and time respectively.
(Take c = 3 x 1010 cm/sec, G = 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gram2 and h = 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec)
Answer: Given,
c = 3 x 1010 cm/sec
G = 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2
h = 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec
Putting respective dimensions,
Dimension formula for c = [M0L1T-1] = 3 x 1010 cm/sec …. (I)
Dimensions of G = [M-1L3T-2] = 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2 …(II)
Dimensions of h = [M1L2T-1] = 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec …(III)
(Note: Applying newton’s law of gravitation, you can find dimensions of G i.e. G = Fr 2/(mM)
Similarly, Planck’s Constant (h) = Energy / frequency)
To get M, multiply eqn-I and III and divide by eqn.-II,
⇒ [M0L1T-1].[M1L2T-1].[M1L-3T2]
= ( 3 x 1010 cm/sec).( 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec)/ 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2
⇒[M2] = 2.968 x 10-9
⇒[M] = 0.5448 x 10-4 gm
or 1gm = [M]/0.5448 x 10-4 = 1.835 x 10-4 unit of mass

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 To obtain length [L], eqn.-II x eqn-III / cube of eqn.-I i.e.
[M-1L3T-2].[M1L2T-1].[M0L-3T3]
= (6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2 ).( 6.6 x 10-27erg sec)/(3 x 1010 cm/sec)3
⇒ [L2] = 1.6304 x 10-65 cm2
⇒ [L] = 0.4038 x 10-32 cm
or 1cm = [L]/ 0.4038 x 10-32 = 2.47 x 10-32unit of length
In eqn-I, [M0L1T-1] = 3 x 1010 cm/sec
⇒ [T] = [L] ÷ 3 x 1010cm/s
⇒ [T] = 0.4038 x 10-32 cm ÷ 3 x 1010cm/s = 0.1345 x 10-42 s
or 1s = [T]/0.1345 x 10-42 s = 7.42 x 1042 unit of time
Q 21: A student while doing an experiment finds that the velocity of an object varies with time and it can
be expressed as equation:
v = Xt2 + Yt +Z .
If units of v and t are expressed in terms of SI units, determine the units of constants X, Y and Z in the
given equation.
Answer: Given, v = Xt2 + Yt +Z
Dimensions of velocity v = [M0L1T-1]
Applying applying principle of homogeneity in dimensions, terms must have same dimension.
[v] = [Xt2] + [Yt] + [Z]
∴ [v] = [Xt2]
⇒ [X] = [v] /[t2] = [M0L1T-1] / [M0L0T2] = [M0L1T-3] ….(i)
Similarly, [v] = [Yt]
⇒ [Y] = [v] / [t] = [M0L1T-1]/ [M0L0T-1] = [M0L1T-2] …(ii)
Similarly, [v]= [Z]
[Z] = [M0L1T-1] …(iii)
⇒ Unit of X = m-s-3
⇒ Unit of Y = m-s-2
⇒ Unit of Z = m-s-1
Q.22: Express Capacitance in terms of dimensions of fundamental quantities i.e. Mass (M), Length(L),
Time(T) and Ampere(A)
Answer: Capacitance(C) is defined as the ability of a electric body to store electric charge.
∴ Capacitance (C) = Total Charge(q) / potential difference between two plates (V)
= Coulomb/ Volt
∵ Volt = Work done (W)/ Charge(q) = Joule/Coulomb
⇒ Capacitance (C) = Charge(q)2/ Work(W)
∵ Charge (q) = Current (I) × Time(t)
Dimension of [q] = [AT] ———– (I)
Dimension of Work = Force × distance = [MLT-2][L] = [ML2T-2] ——— (II)
Putting values of I and II,
[C] = ([AT])2/ [ML2T-2] = [M-1L-2T2+2A2] = [M-1L-2T4A2]
Physical Quantities having the same dimensional formula:
a. impulse and momentum.
b. force, thrust.
c. work, energy, torque, moment of force, energy
d. angular momentum, Planck’s constant, rotational impulse
e. force constant, surface tension, surface energy.
f. stress, pressure, modulus of elasticity.
g. angular velocity, frequency, velocity gradient
h. latent heat, gravitational potential.
i. thermal capacity, entropy, universal gas constant and Boltzmann’s constant.
j. power, luminous flux

Measurement of time.

Solar day :- A solar day is define as the two successive appearance of sun twice overhead, solar day is the
length of time measured from noon to noon.

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Universal Time:- A time referred to the duration required ,one complete rotation of Earth around its own
orbit.

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. All non - zero digits are significant.

E.g. Number of SF in 9864, 9.864, 98.64 is 4.

2. All zeros occurring between two non-zero digits are significant.

E.g. Number of SF in 1.0605, 106.05; 1.0605 is 5.

3. All the zeros to the right of the decimal point but to the left of the first non zero digit
are not significant.
E.g. Number of SF in 0.0203 is 3

4. All zeros to the right of the last non zero digit in a number after the decimal point are
significant.
E.g. Number of SF in 0.020 is 2.

5. All zeros to the right of the last non zero digit in a number having no decimal point
are not significant
E.g. Number of SF in 2030 is 3.

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