Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Background ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Methodology................................................................................................................................................. 4
Demographics of Sample ............................................................................................................................. . 6
Part I: Diversity and Inclusion ..................................................................................................................... 12
Overall Climate at UofL ............................................................................................................... ............ 13
Support for diversity and inclusion ..................................................................................................... 13
Overall image of UofL ......................................................................................................................... 13
Welcoming and belonging at UofL...................................................................................................... 14
Inclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Discriminatory language and behavior ............................................................................................... 16
Climate measures................................................................................................................................ 17
Openness ................................................................................................................................................ 20
Open environment at UofL ................................................................................................................. 20
Diversity in education and work environment ................................................................................... 20
Analyses of groups .................................................................................................................................. 21
Gender .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Race and ethnicity................................................................................................................................... 22
2
Background
In the Spring 2010 academic semester, two surveys designed to measure UofL community members’
perceptions of diversity, inclusion, and work environment were created and administered.
The first of these, the Student Diversity & Inclusion Survey, was designed by the Commission on
Diversity and Racial Equality (CODRE), Campus Environment Team and the Office of Academic Planning
and Accountability (OAPA). Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students were included in this
survey.
The second survey, the Work/Campus Climate Survey, was designed by CODRE, Campus Environment
Team, the Commission on the Status of Women (COSW), the Part‐time Faculty Committee of the Faculty
Senate, the Great Places to For Work Initiative, and OAPA. The Work/Campus Climate Survey was
designed to complement the concurrent The Chronicle’s Great Colleges to Work for Survey, which was
administered by a third party. Faculty/staff who did not receive The Chronicle’s survey received the
internal Work/Campus Climate Survey. The Work/Campus Climate Survey included the same diversity &
inclusion questions asked in the Student Diversity & Inclusion Survey. In addition, a series of specific
questions about UofL’s work environment were asked of faculty and staff. Some questions were asked
only of staff, others only of faculty (full‐time and part‐time/adjunct), and others only of part‐
time/adjunct faculty. These various sections will be detailed in Part II of this report.
The Methodology section details sample sizes and response rates for each survey.
The University of Louisville is committed to fostering a campus climate that respects and encourages
diversity. UofL’s Diversity Vision Statement details this commitment:
The University of Louisville strives to foster and sustain an environment of inclusiveness that empowers
us all to achieve our highest potential without fear of prejudice or bias.
We commit ourselves to building an exemplary educational community that offers a nurturing and
challenging intellectual climate, a respect for the spectrum of human diversity, and a genuine
understanding of the many differences‐including race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual
orientation, age, socioeconomic status, disability, religion, national origin or military status‐that enrich a
vibrant metropolitan research university.
We expect every member of our academic family to embrace the underlying values of this vision and to
demonstrate a strong commitment to attracting, retaining and supporting students, faculty and staff
who reflect the diversity of our larger society.
The goal of conducting these surveys is to assess the state of UofL with regard to difference and diversity
and to make progress towards the President’s charge to the Commission on Diversity and Racial
Equality: “Improve campus climate. Sponsor surveys of campus racial climate and student and
employee satisfaction to determine problem areas and to take steps to address them.” Based on this
report, members of the campus community will be able ascertain the University’s strengths and
weaknesses related to diversity, inclusion, and work environment.
3
Methodology
The Student Diversity & Inclusion Survey was sent by email to 8,517 undergraduate, graduate and
professional students and was administered between January 13 and February 5, 2010. The sample was
representative of the student population by gender and race/ethnicity. The sample was selected from
the preliminary student enrollment files for Spring 2010. 1,456 students responded for a response rate
of 17.1%. Limited marketing efforts were coordinated by the Office of the Vice Provost of Diversity &
International Affairs.
The Work/Campus Climate Survey of faculty and staff was sent by email to 5,408 faculty and staff and
was administered between March 22 and April 30, 2010. The sample was representative of the
faculty/staff population by IPEDS job classification. The sample was selected from the University’s
official employee census file extracted on November 1 of each year. 2,152 individuals responded for a
response rate of 39.7%. Marketing efforts were coordinated by the Office of Communications &
Marketing and OAPA and included targeted letters, reminder emails, and an article in UofL Today.
The responses of any individual who completed more than 50% of the survey were included in the
response rate and data analysis. A total of 3,608 responses were included in the response rate and
analysis.
Both surveys were comprehensive. Faculty, staff, and students who tested the instrument reported that
it took between 15 and 30 minutes to complete their surveys. Note that the faculty/staff survey was
longer, and this may contribute to the noted rates of non‐response in some sections. Demographic
questions were asked last so rates of non‐response may be higher for these questions.
Both surveys were deployed using eXplorance Blue software. This descriptive analysis was performed
using SAS and Microsoft Excel.
Throughout this report, total percentages may not result in 100% due to rounding. Also, “Strongly
agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.” “Strongly disagree” and
“Disagree” have been combined and are reported as “Disagree.” For formatting purposes, many charts
in this report display only positive responses. The reader should not assume that the remaining total
represent have a negative perception as respondents had value neutral options as well.
Survey questions were adapted from campus climate surveys of other institutions as well as materials
available in the literature on assessing issues related to campus diversity. These sources include:
University of Kentucky’s Women’s Work report from their 2006 Work Life Survey
4
Lyons, R. E. (Ed.). (2007). Best Practices for Supporting Adjunct Faculty . Bolton, MA: Anker
Publishing Company.
García, M., Hudgins, C. A., Musil, C. M., Nettles, M. T., Sedlacek, W. E., & Smith, D. G. (2001).
Assessing Campus Diversity Initiatives: A Guide for Campus Practitioners. Washington, D.C.:
Association of American Colleges and Universities.
5
Demographics of Sample
The following section details the demographic data collected from survey respondents. All data are self‐
reported. The data in this section are not from official University files.
Chart 1
Full‐time faculty
Full‐time faculty, 26% Part‐time or adjunct faculty
Staff
Staff, 70%
Part‐time or adjunct
faculty, 5%
Chart 2
professional, 32%
Undergraduate, 68%
6
Chart 3
Gender
Faculty/Staff Students
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
59%
Female
58%
31%
Male
39%
1%
Transgender
1%
10%
Did not answer
3%
Chart 4 NOTE: Participants had the option to select “Do not wish to answer.” On this chart, the number responses of those who selected this
option are combined with the number of individuals who did select any response.
Sexual orientation
Faculty/Staff Students
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1%
Bisexual
3%
3%
Gay or lesbian
4%
80%
Heterosexual
86%
< 1%
Other
1%
15%
Do not wish to answer/Did not answer
6%
7
Chart 5a NOTE: Faculty & staff did not have the option to select “other.”
13%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander < 1%
< 1%
White 75%
69%
2 or more races 2%
6%
Other 4%
Did not answer 11%
3%
Chart 5b
Hispanic or Latino
0% 10% 20% 3 0% Facul4ty0/%
Staff 50S%tudent6s0% 70% 80% 90% 100%
88%
No
93%
2%
Yes
3%
8
Chart 6a
Disability
Faculty/Staff Students
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
85%
No
89%
6%
Yes
6%
10%
Did not answer
5%
Chart 6b Note: Does not include respondents who did not answer or responded “no” to the question “Do you have a disability?”
Type of disability
Faculty/Staff Students
Auditory 14%
2%
Learning or cognition 6%
33%
Mobility 43%
19%
Visual 6%
2%
Other 14%
21%
9
Chart 7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
84%
No
90%
5%
Yes
4%
11%
Did not answer
7%
Chart 8a NOTE: Questions about socioeconomic class and total family income were adapted from the University of California at Davis’ 2008 report
on the University of California Undergraduate Experience Survey.
Socio‐economic class
Faculty/Staff Students
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Low‐income or poor 2%
11%
Working‐class 22%
27%
Middle‐class 40%
38%
Wealthy 1%
2%
10
Chart 8b NOTE: Participants had the option to select “Do not wish to answer.” On this chart, the number responses of those who selected this
option are combined with the number of individuals who did select any response.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
13%
$20,001‐$40,000 12%
16%
$40,001‐$60,000 15%
14%
$60,001‐‐$80,000 14%
12%
$80,001‐$100,000 13%
10%
$100,001‐$120,000 9%
7%
$120,001‐$150,000 7%
4%
$150,001‐$200,000 4%
3%
11
Part I: Diversity and Inclusion
Questions regarding diversity and inclusion centered on the following themes:
Each of the following sections consists of a brief analysis of faculty, staff, and students’ perceptions of the climate
surrounding each of these themes.
12
Overall Climate at UofL
Questions centered on this theme were designed to measure perceptions of UofL’s support for diversity and inclusion
initiatives, overall image of UofL, community members’ feelings of belonging at UofL, and the climate for various groups
on campus. Six questions directly asked about overall climate. The results of several of these questions follow. The
remaining questions about overall campus climate asked survey participants about their perceptions of climate for
specific groups. Questions about inclusion, discriminatory behavior, and climate measures of friendliness, comfort,
tolerance, and social integration provide information about climate for specific groups.
100%
78%
80% 72%
60%
40%
14% 15%
20% 5% 5% 7%
1% 1% 1%
0%
100%
75%
80%
62%
60%
40%
22% 18%
20% 8% 6% 8%
1% 1% 1%
0%
Agree Disagree Neutral N/A Did not answer
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.” “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” have been combined and are
reported as “Disagree.”
13
Welcoming and belonging at UofL
Chart 11
90%
81%
80% 74%
69%
70% 64%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
"Overall, I am welcomed & encouraged at UofL" "I feel that I belong at UofL"
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
14
Inclusion
Participants were also asked the degree to which they believe UofL promotes and encourages the inclusion of groups
noted in UofL’s Diversity Vision Statement. As the chart below shows, students responded more positively than
faculty/staff for all groups. Tests of significance should be performed to determine whether this difference is
statistically meaningful.
Chart 12
Agree with "I believe that the University promotes and encourages
inclusion of..."
Faculty/Staff Students
Women 76%
86%
Men 77%
87%
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
15
Discriminatory language and behavior
The chart below compares the percentages of faculty/staff and students who have heard or observed discriminatory
language or behavior directed at people of specific groups named in UofL’s Diversity Vision Statement. Students were
more likely than faculty/staff to have heard or witnessed incidences of discrimination across all groups. No more than
26% of faculty/staff reported witnessing discrimination against any of the named groups, and ranged from 5% for
veterans and military personnel to 25% for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and persons of a
particular religious background. The percentage of students who reported such behavior ranged from 9% for veterans
and military personnel to 48% for LGBT people. Tests of significance should be performed to determine whether these
differences are statistically meaningful.
Chart 13
Women 25%
34%
Men 14%
18%
9%
People with disabilities
19%
9%
22%
16
Climate measures
The survey included a series of questions designed to explore the climate for various groups at UofL. Participants were
asked to rate the climate based on how friendly, comfortable, tolerant, and socially integrated they perceived it to be.
Participants were provided the following definitions:
“Friendly” is defined as showing kindness and support.
“Comfortable” is defined as being free from stress and tension.
“Tolerant” is defined as accepting or showing respect for someone with practices or beliefs different from your
own.
“Socially integrated” means that individuals from diverse groups interact with people unlike themselves.
The scale ranged from “Extremely” to “Not at all.” Ratings of “Extremely” or “Very” are considered positive. Although
we asked about perception of climate among select segments of our target population, we believe some individuals did
not answer the question or responded Not Applicable/No basis for judgment if they did not belong to or were not
familiar with the group in question.
Questions were designed to make a distinction between the climate for women and in terms of gender relations, which
gauges the climate for all genders.
These questions were adapted from Assessing Campus Diversity Initiatives: A Guide for Practitioners by Mildred Garcia et
al (2001).
17
Chart 14a
90%
80%
70%
60%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Socially
Friendly Comfortable Tolerant
Integrated
Gender Relations 73% 72% 70% 70%
Women 78% 73% 76% 77%
Race/Ethnicity 65% 60% 68% 45%
LGBT 45% 37% 43% 38%
Disabilities 67% 60% 67% 53%
Non‐traditional Students 63% 58% 63% 48%
Veterans and Military Personnel 62% 62% 63% 57%
International Students and
67% 63% 66% 55%
Faculty/Staff
Religion 56% 53% 57% 52%
Economic Class 57% 52% 58% 53%
18
Chart 14b
90%
80%
70%
60%
Percent of faculty/staff
who rated climate as 50%
positive
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Socially
Friendly Comfortable Tolerant
Integrated
Gender Relations 55% 51% 53% 51%
Women 61% 55% 58% 59%
Race/Ethnicity 55% 46% 55% 41%
LGBT 39% 33% 38% 33%
Disabilities 53% 47% 52% 43%
Non‐traditional Students 51% 47% 50% 42%
Veterans and Military Personnel 48% 46% 48% 43%
International Students and
56% 51% 53% 46%
Faculty/Staff
Religion 47% 44% 45% 40%
Economic Class 46% 42% 45% 39%
For both faculty/staff and students, climate was perceived as least positive for LGBT people and most positive for
women.
19
Openness
Questions about openness focus on the degree to which community members feel as though they can express
themselves and on community members’ perceptions of openness to diversity. Five questions were designed to
measure respondents’ perceptions of UofL’s openness. The responses to a few of those questions are highlighted
below.
100%
79%
80%
60%
60%
40%
21%
20% 11% 14%
6% 8%
1% 1% 1%
0%
100%
84%
80% 74%
60%
40%
20% 12% 9% 8%
5% 6%
1% 0% 1%
0%
20
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.” “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” have been combined and are
reported as “Disagree.”
21
Overall, UofL community members agreed that learning about people from diverse backgrounds is an important part of
their education or work environment. Students were presented with this statement: “I believe that learning about
people from a variety of different cultures is an important part of my college education.” Faculty and staff were
presented with this statement: “I believe that learning about people from a variety of different cultures is an important
part of my work environment.”
Analyses of groups
Gender
Nine questions were asked about gender relations generally, and women and men specifically. Comparisons of
responses about gender with other groups are available in the Overall Climate at UofL section of this report.
Four questions were asked about gender and diversity within the classroom. Only faculty and students were asked
about gender and diversity within the classroom. Staff were not asked about gender and diversity within the classroom.
Chart 17
100%
90%
80%
70% 66%
60%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20% 17%
10% 6%
0%
"I/my professors present contributions of women in course "My students/my professors have set expectations based
material & readings" on my gender"
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
21
Race and ethnicity
Eight questions were asked about the general racial climate at UofL. Comparisons of responses about race/ethnicity
with other groups are available in the Overall Climate at UofL section of this report. In addition our analysis of questions
that were asked of all groups, we have provided some detail on additional questions asked about race and ethnicity.
Chart 18a
100%
80%
60%
38%
40%
26%
16%
20%
7%
0%
"My social interactions on campus are largely with people "I have been a target of racial/ethnic stereotyping"
of my own race/ethnicity"
Six questions were asked about race/ethnicity and diversity within the classroom. Only faculty and students were asked
about race/ethnicity and diversity within the classroom. Staff were not asked about race/ethnicity and diversity within
the classroom.
Chart 18b
100%
80% 65%
58%
60%
40%
20% 14%
7%
0%
"I/my professors present contributions of racial/ethnic "My students/my professors have set expectations based
minorities in course material & readings" on my race or ethnicity"
Several classroom‐related questions were asked only of students. Seventy‐nine (79%) of students report that they have
learned from other students who are from a different race or ethnicity than their own and 78% agree that their
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
22
professors are fair to all students regardless of their racial or ethnic background.
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
23
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues
Nine questions were asked about the climate for LGBT people at UofL. Comparisons of responses about sexual
orientation and gender identity with other groups are available in the Overall Climate at UofL section of this report. In
addition to the questions that were asked of all groups, the survey included the following question:
Chart 19
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
45% 48%
50%
40% 30% 30%
30%
20% 12%
9% 8% 9% 8%
10% 1%
0%
Agree Disagee Neutral N/A Did not answer
Disabilities
Seven questions were asked about the climate at UofL for people with disabilities. Comparisons of responses about
disabilities with other groups are available in the Overall Climate at UofL section of this report. In addition our analysis
of questions that were asked of all groups, we have provided some detail on an additional question asked about
accessibility at UofL.
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.” “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” have been combined and are
reported as “Disagree.”
23
Chart 20
100%
90%
80% 74%
70%
61%
60%
50%
40%
30%
19%
20% 14%
8% 6% 8%
10% 4% 5%
1%
0%
Agree Disagee Neutral N/A Did not answer
Other groups
Six questions were asked about the climate at UofL each of the remaining groups: people of all ages and non‐traditional
students; veterans and military personnel; people of different nationalities, including international faculty, staff, and
students; people of all religions; and people who are low‐income or working class.
Responses to questions of these groups are reported in the comparison charts in the Overall Climate at UofL section of
this report.
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.” “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” have been combined and are
reported as “Disagree.”
24
Part II: Work Environment
Faculty and staff were surveyed about their perceptions of UofL’s work environment. These questions were designed to
correlate with themes covered in The Chronicle’s Great Colleges to Work for Survey.
Employment at UofL
o Length of employment
o Plans for future
Faculty/Staff Work Climate
o Perceptions of value
o Compensation, benefits, & recognition
o Work environment
o Administration & communication
o Work/Life balance
o Overall
Faculty
o Faculty & governance
o Feeling valued for teaching, service, & research
Part‐time Faculty & Adjuncts
o Situation & background
o Recognition & respect
o Work environment
o Participation & activities
Staff
25
Employment at UofL
Length of employment
Chart 21
26
Faculty/Staff Work Climate
Perceptions of value
Chart 23
100%
84% 87%
90% 83% 80% 83%
75% 75% 78%
80% 73% 74% 72%
70%
70% 61%
60%
44% 47%
50% 43%
39% 37%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Co‐workers Students University‐wide Supervisor or chair Faculty members Staff members
administration
100%
90%
80% 75%
70% 66%
60% 53%
49% 46%
50% 42% 44%
38% 39%
40% 34%
27% 24%
30%
20%
10%
0%
fairly compensated benefits meet needs offered opportunity for recognized for contributions
advancement
27
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
28
Work environment
Chart 25a
100%
90% 84%
76% 74%
80%
67% 70% 72%
70% 62% 60% 61%
60% 53%
44% 47%
50%
33% 36% 38% 35% 35%
40%
30%
17%
20%
10%
0%
Asked to perform Working conditions at Department is Job makes good use Encouraged to offer Encouraged to be
duties not in job UofL have improved adequately staffed to of my skills and suggestions innovative in my
description over the last five cover the regular abilities teaching or my work
years workload
Chart 25b
100%
90%
80% 74% 75%
70% 69%
70% 65% 63%
62% 61% 61% 60%
60% 56% 55%
52% 54% 50%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Physical facilities Campus grounds and Have the proper Work area/building is Feel safe on campus
adequate facilities are well‐ equipment, supplies, and well‐maintained
maintained instruments necessary to
perform their jobs
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
28
effectively
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
29
Administration and communication
Chart 26a
100%
90%
80% 76%
70% 63% 65% 62% 64% 64% 66% 64% 61% 63%
59% 62%
60% 54%
49% 49% 50%
50% 42%
40% 35%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Supervisor or chair Well‐informed about Administration Good Policies are clearly Policies are easy to
shares key policies & issues shares info with communication and defined find online
information campus community coordination
between academic
and non‐academic
personnel in their
department
Chart 26b
100%
90% 79%
80% 73% 72%
64% 67% 67% 66% 64% 66% 65%
70% 62%
57%
60% 49% 53% 52% 54% 54% 54% 51%
50% 46% 45%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
UofL is well run Administration Co‐workers in Other Job duties are Supervisor or Policies are
cares about the their department departments are clearly defined chair is consistent administered well‐
being of work well willing to and fair fairly and equally
faculty & staff together as a collaborate with
team them to help
them do their job
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
29
Work/Life balance
Chart 27
100%
90% 79%
80%
67% 65%
70%
60% 54% 56% 53%
52%
50%
37% 39% 39%
35% 37%
40%
30%
20% 10% 7% 10%
10%
0%
Difficult to balance At end of day, often There are adequate Supervisor or chair UofL's policies &
needs of work & family feel exhausted childcare facilities understanding of procedures help
family situations balance work & home
life
Overall
Chart 28
100%
90% 84% 83% 82% 83%
78% 79% 75%
80% 71% 73% 73%
69% 68% 67%
70% 64%
60% 50%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Proud to be part of UofL is a good place to Would recommend Would want family or Satisfied with their job
UofL work UofL as place of friends to attend
employment
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
30
Faculty
Several questions were asked only of full‐time and part‐time/adjunct faculty. Questions asked of faculty center around
several themes:
Faculty agree that they feel valued by UofL for the following...
Teaching 57%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Generally, female faculty are less likely than male faculty to agree or strongly agree that they feel valued for all items.
Part‐time and adjunct faculty are less likely than full‐time faculty to agree or strongly agree that they feel valued for
their research and scholarship, service to the University, and service to the community, but are more like to agree or
strongly agree that they feel valued for their teaching. Future analysis will gauge the statistical significance of these
apparent differences.
31
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.”
32
Part‐time Faculty & Adjuncts
Several questions were asked only of part‐time and adjunct faculty. Questions asked of this group center around
several themes:
27% 26%
30%
19% 17%
20%
10%
10% 1%
0%
I am already an I am a freelancer and I am an aspiring I have recently Other Did not answer
expert or I teach part‐time in academic who is in retired or am in the
professional, have addition to other the process of process of retiring
full‐time employment finishing or has from full‐time
employment recently finished the employment
elsewhere and teach terminal degree in
part‐time as a way to my field and teach
network with others part‐time in
preparation for a
full‐time academic
position
33
Work environment
Greater than 60% of the adjunct and part‐time faculty who responded agreed with the following:
Less than 50% of the adjunct and part‐time faculty surveyed agreed with the following:
their assigned classroom and/or lab space enables them to teach effectively
their assigned office space is adequate for meeting with students
Between 25% and 40% of the adjunct and part‐time faculty who responded agreed with the following:
Less than 20% of respondents agreed that they often or very often serve on faculty committees
Staff
Two questions were asked only of staff.
35% of staff agree that staff have a voice in the direction of UofL; 35% also agreed that they were satisfied with the role
Staff Senate plays in decision‐making at UofL.
Next Steps
This report will be presented to our partners and other key constituent groups. Based on their feedback, we will
conduct additional analysis and/or more advanced statistical analyses to produce a final report.
“Strongly agree” and “Agree” have been combined and are reported as “Agree.” “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” have been combined and are
reported as “Disagree.”
34