ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY

One Dimensional Rate of Consolidation Deformation

Consider an element of soil of constant area dx . dy and thickness dz, free to drain in the z
direction only. Let the element be subjected to an increment of total stress ∆σ, instantaneously
applied and held constant. Assuming Darcy’s Law to be valid, then the rate of flow of water into
the element is given by;

∂h
v z dx dy = -k dx dy (1.1)
∂z

Then the net rate of flow from the element is

∂  ∂h  ∂2h
 -k dx dy

dz = -k dx dy dz (1.2)
∂z  ∂z ∂z 2

Recall that the soil is assumed saturated and all water is contained within the void volume,
where, the relationship between void volume Vv and total volume V0 at the beginning of the load
increment is given by:

1D Consolidation 1/8 Derek Gay February 2014

 Vv
Vv Vv Vs e Vv 1
= = = = (1.3)
V0 Vs + Vv0 Vs Vv0 1 + e0 Vs 1+ e0
Vs + Vs

e  dx dy dz 
Vv = V0 =  e (1.4)
1 + e0  1+ e 0 

 dx dy dz 
where, Vs =  a constant value on the assumption of grain incompressibility
 1+ e 0 
Since the soil is assumed saturated and soil grains incompressible (at the typical consolidation
stress level), the rate of reduction of the void volume must be equal to the rate of water out-flow
from the element, hence,

∂Vv ∂2h  dx dy dz  ∂e
= k dx dy dz =  (1.5)
∂t ∂z 2  1+ e0  ∂t
∂2h 1 ∂e
k 2 = (1.6)
∂z 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall that the total pressure head h is given by (elevation head + hydrostatic pressure head +
excess pore pressure head due to changes in total stress):

h = z + u h γ w + u γ w , where uh = hw γw (1.7)

∂2h ∂2 u 1
= (1.8)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 γ w

Upon substituting (2.8) into (2.6) we obtain;

k ∂2u 1 ∂e
= (1.9)
γ w ∂z 2 1+ e0 ∂t

Recall the definition for mv equation (1.4), recognizing that e decreases w.r.t. ∆σ/

1 de
mv = -
1+ e0 dσ ′
(1.10)
1 ∂ e ∂t
= -
1+ e0 ∂σ ′ ∂t

Upon substituting (2.10) into (2.9) we obtain;

k ∂2u ∂σ ′
= − mv (1.11)
γ w ∂z 2 ∂t

Invoking the principle of effective stress, we obtain;

σ′ = σ - u h - u
∂σ ′ ∂σ ∂u h ∂u (1.12)
= - -
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Then through substitution of (2.12) into (2.11) we obtain an expression that describes the rate of
consolidation, in terms of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure (u) over time (t) and
space (z).

∂2u ∂u ∂σ
cv 2 = - (1.13)
∂z ∂t ∂t

1D Consolidation 2/8 Derek Gay February 2014

If we assume that the applied total stress is kept constant over time,

∂2 u ∂u
cv = (1.14)
∂z 2 ∂t

Where cv the coefficient of consolidation is given by;

k
cv = (1.15)
γw mv

This partial differential equation (Equation (2.14)) is of parabolic type, where analytical
solutions can be obtained for different boundary conditions. In this context the boundary
conditions shall refer to the values of excess pore water pressure u (the value of the porewater
pressure at time t and depth z). Solutions exist for various pore water pressure ratios from the
top to the bottom of the layer (these shall be illustrated further in the lectures).

In the solution that follows we shall assume that a compressible saturated clay layer is bounded
at its upper and lower boundaries with “free draining” granular soils (the permeability of the
soils at these boundaries being very high, such that the boundary conditions at any time t after
the application of ∆σ are: u = 0, at z = 0, z = 2d for t > 0

The solution for u is given by:

1
n=∞
nπz    n 2 π2cv t 
2d
nπz 
u (z, t) = ∑  ∫ u 0 sin dz   sin  exp  -  (1.16)
n=1 d  0 2d  2d   4d 2 

Where,
d = drainage path length
u0 = initial excess pore water pressure

For the particular case in which u0 is constant throughout the layer

n=∞
2u 0  nπz   n 2 π2cv t 
u (z, t) = ∑ (1- cos n π ) sin  exp -  (1.17)
n=1 nπ  2d   4d 2 

when n is even (1 – cos nπ) = 0 and when n is odd (1 – cos nπ) = 2. Hence only odd values need
be considered, making these substitutions;

n = 2m + 1, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ∞
π
M = ( 2m +1)
2
cv t
Tv =
d2

where, Tv is the Time factor

m=∞
 Mz 
u (z, t) = ∑
2u 0
M
 sin
 d
( 2
 exp - M Tv

) (1.18)
m=0

The degree of consolidation at depth z and time t is given by:

u0 - u u
Uz = = 1- (1.19)
u0 u0

Hence, by substitution for u in the above we obtain:

m= ∞
2  Mz 
Uz = 1− ∑ M  sin d 
( 2
 exp - M Tv ) (1.20)
m=0

In practical field problems it is the average degree of consolidation over the depth of the layer
that is typically of interest, the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U

1D Consolidation 3/8 Derek Gay February 2014

and the final settlement (equations, (1.6), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10)). The average degree of
consolidation is given by integrating (2.20) over the depth of the layer to obtain:

m= ∞
U = 1− ∑M
2
2 (
exp - M 2 Tv ) (1.21)
m=0

The resulting relationship between U and Tv from the above equation is illustrated in Fig. 7.18
(Craig 1997).

1D Consolidation 4/8 Derek Gay February 2014