Lecture Note on

Oscillations and waves

Abstract
This
of a book
waves)
to 6 note
[in is
(Oscillations
1-6 written
Japanese]
references 7 for on
the1 the
and basis
written
writing by
this note.
description
in the Quantum
by D. Bohm. .
onThere
the is
Theory
wavean excellent
written
packet
CONTENT
1. Longitudinal waves
1.1. N = 1 longitudinal wave
1.2 N = 2 longitudinal wave
1.3. N = 3 longitudinal wave
1.4 N = 4 longitudinal wave
1.5 N = 5 longitudinal wave
1.6. Longitudinal wave for N
masses
2. Double pendulum (another
example)
3 Transverse waves
3.1 N = 1 transverse wave
3.2 N = 2 transverse wave
3.3 N = 3 transverse wave
3.4 N = 4 transverse wave
3.5 N = 5 transverse wave
4. Continuous chain for the
longitudinal and transverse
waves
4.1 Wave equation
4.2 Solution of the wave
function (1)
4.3 General solution using the
Fourier transform:
5 Modes of the oscillation in the
string
5.1 Wave function of the mode
5.2 General solution for the
oscillation
6. Wave packet
6.1 Traveling wave
6.2 Wave packet for the

dispersion
k
relation kv


6.3 Wave packet for the

dispersion relation
m
k k 
E
 2


CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A. Variational method
using Mathematica
A.1 Definition of VariationalD
(Mathematica program)
A.2 Definition of EulerEquations
(Mathematica program)
A.3 Definition of FirstIntegral
(Mathematica program)
B Wave traveling in the string
(transverse wave)
B.1 Simple model
B.2 General case
1. Longitudinal waves in chains
Longitudinal waves are waves
that have same direction of
oscillations or vibrations along
or
1.1. N = 1 longitudinal wave

Fig.1 A system with a mass m

(located at x = x1) and two
springs with a spring constant k.
a])(2[
11is1is2islength
xthe
along
distance Lthe
0the of un-stretched
position
chain.
. Both sidesThe
ofare
the
total spring.
mass
fixed.
where
stretched
total a
length is the
spring
of length
theand 2Lof
system.
tkxtkxkLtxm 

un-
is the
The
)()(2)(
atxLkatxktxmL
 1101 
)0
0

In x
1 equilibrium
. (1.2) (
 , we have
220 kLkx 
Lx 
1
,
1
xxy 
 . (1.4) ti .
. (1.3)
]Re[

 , (1.5)

m
 2


uequal
1=1
We
th
and for
2).make
function
1, nof
Here
2–th a=we
1. assume
plot
the of u1 as
position
components
to zero. au (n
that
of n. the
is= 0-
0,
1
Fig.2 Plot of u1 as a function of n
(n = 0, 1, and 2).

1.2 N = 2 longitudinal wave

Fig.3 A system with two masses

(m) (located at x = x1 and x2)
and threeis
constant
stretched
distance
fixed. springs
k.spring.
3L with
a is0. the
The a spring
length
Both total
sides ofare
un-
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