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The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning in about 1400, and following the Medieval period, also known as the Middle Ages.
The word "Renaissance" comes from an Italian word meaning "rebirth". The reason that the period is called by this name is that, at that time, people
started taking an interest in the learning of ancient times, in particular the learning of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance was seen as a
"rebirth" of that learning. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the "modern age". During the Renaissance, there were many famous
artists, many writers and many philosophers. Many people studied mathematics and different sciences. A person who is clever at a great number of
things is sometimes called a "Renaissance Man". Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, a scientist, a musician and a philosopher, is the most
famous Renaissance Man.

The Renaissance started in Italy but soon spread across the whole of Europe. In Italy the time is divided into three periods:-

•The Early Renaissance.

•The High Renaissance
•The Late Renaissance which is also called the Mannerist period.

Observations: Please list a few things you see in this picture

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Conclusions: Based upon the reading or your prior knowledge:

1. What was the Italian Renaissance?

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2. Based upon the text, what do you think it means to be a Renaissance Man?

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3. What cultures were people interested in during the time of the Renaissance?

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4. What are the three periods of the Renaissance?

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The Vitruvian Man, a drawing by Leonardo DaVinci in which
he attempted to perfectly draw the ideal human form.
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The historical period called the
Renaissance began in Italy in the 1400s,
and for the next three centuries
Renaissance innovations in art,
architecture, science, and religion spread
slowly across the European continent.
The word Renaissance means "rebirth,"
for it was during the Renaissance that
European civilization began to move
away from the somber medieval ideals so
well symbolized by that age's dark castles
and brooding cathedrals, into the light of
a new era. The Renaissance was a unique
historical period, for the leaders of the
Renaissance found much of their
inspiration in the great art and literature
of the ancient civilizations of Greece and
Rome, and here, among these ruins, the
leaders of the Renaissance rediscovered
some wonderful ideas that had been all
but lost for nearly 1000 years.

Observations: Please list a few things you see in this picture (be mature!)
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Conclusions: Based upon the reading or your prior knowledge:

1. What was the Renaissance?

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2. Based upon the text, what cultures were people of the Renaissance inspired by?

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3. On what continent did the Renaissance start?

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4. In what different categories did innovations take place during the Renaissance?

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During the Middle Ages, the greatest
artists painted in a way that emphasized
religious images and symbolism rather
than realism. Most paintings depicted
scenes holy figures and people important
in the Christian religion. Even the most
talented painters of the Middle Ages paid
little attention to making humans and
animals look lifelike, creating natural
looking landscapes, or creating a sense of
depth and space in their paintings.
During the Renaissance, artists began to
make their works look more realistic.
They would include better perspective,
more realistic human figures, and even a
three dimensional quality. This contrasts
sharply from the painting style that was
used during the middle ages that merely
emphasized the subject, and not how real
the subject looked in the drawing.

This is a Medieval Painting from a Science textbook.

Observations: Please list a few things you see in this picture (be mature!)
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Conclusions: Based upon the reading or your prior knowledge:

1. What did Medieval art look like?

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2. What was the subject of most of medieval works of art?

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3. What do you think the picture is of (it is something that happened in the middle ages)?

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4. What is something that is different about Renaissance art compared to medieval art?

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This is a Renaissance perspective machine. The technique of
linear perspective allows artists to simulate or construct the
appearance of three dimensional space on a two dimensional
surface. It is one of the major innovations of European art, with an
extraordinary impact on western visual culture from the 15th to the
19th centuries.
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As the Renaissance spread, the many
advances that were made were spread as
well. At the time of the Renaissance there
were advances made in Painting,
Architecture, Science, Literature, Sculpture,
and many other areas. Long standing beliefs
were tested and the acceptance of
challenging long held beliefs became
acceptable. The scholastic thinking and the
humanistic thinking both led to great
advances and prepared the world for the
thinkers and scientists of the 17th century.
The development of modern science was
born from the Renaissance idea that
humankind rules nature. The concepts of
human freedom and republicanism were
adopted during the Renaissance and English
constitutional theory, as we know it today, is
the result. The form of government in the
United States may well be from political
thought born during the Renaissance.

Observations: Please list a few things you see in this picture (be mature!)
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Conclusions: Based upon the reading or your prior knowledge:

1. What were some areas where advances took place during the Renaissance?

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2. How has the Renaissance affected us in the United States?

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3. According to thinking in the Renaissance, who rules nature?

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4. What does it mean to test a long standing belief? Give an example.

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In the early days of the sixteenth century, when Florence was the
center of the political, cultural and artistic spheres of Italy, there
resided within its walls two prominent men of arts. One was
Leonardo da Vinci, a self assured and highly honored artist, still
straight-backed and strong although he was in his fifties. The other
was Michelangelo Buonarotti, a grumpy, unpredictable minor
nobleman, just beginning his artistic career, yet already recognized
as a rising star and a genius.

In 1503, a major Florence city leader asked both artists to decorate

the walls of the newly built council walls. Each artist would be
painting on the walls different scenes from different famous battles
that Florence participated in. Michelangelo would draw the Battle
of Cascina (top) and Leonardo was to paint the Battle of Anghiari
(bottom). Neither artist ever finished the works. Leonardo
progressed further than Michelangelo did; he at least managed to
put up the cartoon, or the initial drawings, on the walls of the hall.

What the finished works would have been like will never be known,
but from the cartoons and studies both artists prepared, the final
forms can be guessed — and they would have been magnificent.
There was little similarity between the works: the styles of the two
masters were as different as night and day. Leonardo was known for
the shadowy softness and ambiguity of his work; Michelangelo was
rapidly becoming known for imbuing his work with a sense of
vibrant energy and dynamism. These sketches were the first
representations of war from either artist, and were arresting for the
way they captured the emotions of the figures portrayed.
Leonardo’s sketches captured the unbearable heat of the battle, in a
horrific clash of desperate men and screaming horses;
Michelangelo’s drawings showed the bizarre ordinariness and chaos
swirling around the edges of the battle, as complacent soldiers were
caught by the attacking enemy while bathing in a stream.
Contemporary artists were astounded and proclaimed that both
works would be masterpieces — when completed.

Observations: Please list a few things you see in this picture

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Conclusions: Based upon the reading or your prior knowledge:

1. How were Michelangelo and Leonardo different in personality?

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2. What two battles were to be drawn by the two artists??

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3. Why do you think they had such a large rivalry?

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4. What do you notice about the two pictures? How are they similar/different?

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Art in the Renaissance changed the way that we view art
forever. There were different types of art in the
Renaissance: poetry, books, stories, drawings,
architecture, painting, & sculpture. The most famous were
painters and sculptors. Most of the artists knew they were
important for the economy of the local town and city state
where they worked. If they created great works of art,
people would want to visit their city-state. City-states
fought over who had the best artists. One of the best, most
famous, artists was Michelangelo. He was most famous
for his unique paintings and sculptures. He is famous for
his painting on the ceiling and altar wall of the Sistine
Chapel. Michelangelo was positioned, his back to the
scaffold, more than 50 feet above the floor of the chapel.
He said, "My beard points to Heaven... my paint brush all
the day does drop a rich mosaic on my face." He painted
200 figures, more or less, on the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel.

Michelangelo's full name is Michelangelo Buonarotti.

Another one of the things he is also famous for his
sculpture the Pieta`, a sculpture of the dead Christ in his
mother's arms. Michelangelo thought of himself as a
sculptor not a painter. Michelangelo had a unique way to
his sculpting. He made the figures very large and
muscular. He also added some motion and emotion to the
people in his sculptures.

Observations: Please list a few things you see in this picture

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Conclusions: Based upon the reading or your prior knowledge:

1. Why did city states argue over artists?

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2. What was unique about the way that Michelangelo sculpted?

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3. What do you think the quote about the Sistine chapel means?

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4. Who is in the sculpture, The Peita?

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There are many different

religions in the world. There
is Islam, Judaism, Shinto,
Buddhism, and Christianity
just to name a few. Some
people don’t believe in god,
and these people call
themselves atheists, while
others, who don’t know if
there is a god or not, are
called “agnostic”. The chart
on the left shows the largest
belief systems in the world.
What do you believe about
the religion?

Observations: Please list a few things you notice about this chart:

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Conclusions: Based upon the chart or your prior knowledge:

1. What is the first largest religion in the world?

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2. What is the second largest religion in the world?

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3. Do you have a religion? If so, what is it?

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4. Do you believe in God? Why or why not? What percentage of people are
nonreligious?
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The Protestant Reformation is what people call a

series of events that happened in the 16th century.
Some people saw a need to change the way the
Catholic church worked. The central points of
criticism were the following:

• The church sold letters of absolution

(forgiveness) from sins for money. This
suggested that the rich could buy their way
into Heaven while the poor could not -
quite the opposite of what the Bible says.
• Most people did not understand the
sermon, because it was in Latin. The
sermon is what priests tell in church.
Different priests told different things. Some
of those things had little to do with what
was written in the Bible (The Holy Book of
Christianity).

People like Martin Luther and John Calvin saw

this, and acted against it. This led to a split of the
church, into Catholic church (what was there
before) and a number of Protestant churches.

Conclusions: Based upon the chart or your prior knowledge:

1. List the different Christian denominations that existed after the Reformation:

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2. Name two people that were important in starting the Reformation

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3. What church did reformers split off of?

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4. What were two major arguments that reformers had with the Catholic Church?

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To King Henry VII of England, a second son, Prince
Henry,was born at the Greenwich Palace, London, on June
28, 1491. After Arthur, his older brother, died, Henry was
left heir to the throne. He went on to become the most
formidable and famous king who ever reigned in England.
His handsome physical appearance; very tall with broad
shoulders, strong athletic limbs, and fair skin; added to his
popularity. Throughout his reign King Henry VIII was
married six different times. He married for both political and
formal reasons.

Henry married his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, in June,

1509. Anne Boleyn became his second wife in secret in
January, 1533. When Henry could not be divorced by the
Church, because the Pope refused, he decided to declare
himself rightful leader of the Catholic Church in England.
He made all lords and important people swear allegiance to
him, and most did so. Some were put to death for refusing to
declare him leader of the Church in England. One of the
most famous of these was a man named Sir Thomas Moore.
He eventually got divorced and remarried. Jane Seymour,
Henry's third wife, provided him the much desired heir to the
throne in October, 1537. Henry married Anne of Cleves, his
fourth wife, under political terms with Western Germany in
1540. Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was Anne of
Cleves's maid of honor. She married Henry in 1540 also.
Finally, Catherine Parr helped to bring his family together
when they married in July, 1543. Catherine Parr outlived
King Henry VIII when his glorious reign ended with his
death on January 28, 1547.

Conclusions: Based upon the chart or your prior knowledge:

1. What were the two main reasons that Henry VIII was married 6 times?

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2. What did Henry VIII do when the Pope would not grant him a divorce?

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3. Which wife provided Henry’s heir to the English throne?

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4. Why were people like Sir Thomas Moore put to death?

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The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a
strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic
Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, in reaction to the
growth of Protestantism. Catholics who wanted to change the
church but stay catholic participated.

Even before the posting of Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses in

1517, there had been evidence of change within the Church,
combating the things that Luther and others didn’t like. These
people had demands to change the doctrine and structure of the
Medieval Church and even contributed to anti priest ideas of
figures such as John Huss and John Wycliffe in the late
fourteenth century. The Catholic Reformation, aimed at
correcting the sources of the Reformation, and pronounced since
the pontificate of Pope Paul III, was both a reaction, committed to
protecting Catholic institutions and practices from heresy and
Protestantism, but also a way to change, committed to reform the
Church from within to stem the growing appeal of Protestantism.
Broadly speaking, the Catholic Reformation, which climaxed in
the Council of Trent—once of only two of such Councils held
(the other convening quite recently under Pope John XXIII in the
late 1950s) represented a three-sided strategy: an autocratic
church at the top liked to the individual by the parish church. The
Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine
and structure of the Medieval Church, presiding over reforms that
would improve its effectiveness.

Inferences: List three things you can see in this picture

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Conclusions: Based upon the chart or your prior knowledge:

1. What was the counter reformation

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2. What kind of person participated in the Counter Reformation?

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3. What was the name of the council at the end of the Counter Reformation?

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4. What did the Council of Trent accomplish?

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