Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Large transient overvoltages can be caused by the switching operation of vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs)
Received 30 October 2013 during disconnection of induction motors. In this paper VCBs, cables, generators, busbars, induction
Received in revised form 20 January 2014 motors and surge arresters are modeled by making use of ATP-EMTP. Switching transient overvoltages
Accepted 22 January 2014
of four typical induction motors under the starting, the full load and the light load working conditions in
Available online 21 February 2014
the power system of the selected floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel are analyzed. A
suitable protection against the switching transient overvoltage is proposed and the results are presented
Keywords:
accordingly.
Switching transient overvoltage
ATP-EMTP © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FPSO
VCBs
Induction motor
Surge protection
Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel is a The simplified layout of 11 kV power systems is illustrated in
floating unit used by the offshore petroleum industry for the pro- Fig. 1. The motors are supplied with electricity from three main
cessing of hydrocarbons and for oil storage. The 11 kV electrical generators connected to the same busbar. Some induction motors
power system of FPSO vessel is very compact. Thirteen induction and transformers, which have the rated power around 1–4 MW are
motors ranging from 0.8 MW to 10.9 MW are working together not shown in Fig. 1. The 11 kV network is with the isolated neutral
to provide power to different machines such as compressors and point. Four typical induction motors under starting, full and light
pumps for supplying continued process of oil and gas produc- load conditions are analyzed: the 10.2 MW main gas compressor
tion. Each motor is equipped with a vacuum circuit breaker or A motor (T711) connected by 180 m cable to a VCB; the 10.2 MW
a fused vacuum contactor, depending on the rated motor power. main gas compressor B motor (T713) connected by 300 m cable to a
During motor switching, overvoltages could take place, and when VCB; the 5.5 MW water injection pump motor (T261) connected by
the overvoltage reaches the motor’s basic insulation level (BIL), the a 160 m cable to a VCB; the 1.25 MW refrigerant compressor motor
insulation may be damaged and might fail. Consequently, the total (T794) connected by 240 m cable to a VCB.
reliability and the security of electrical power system in the FPSO
vessel are decreased.
3. System modeling
The major contribution of this work is to check the possible
switching transient overvoltages that may occur for four typical
3.1. Vacuum circuit breaker modeling
induction motors, and if the overvoltage exceeds the motor’s BIL, a
suitable solution to mitigate the overvoltage should be proposed.
In order to perform transient analysis in power system, the
correct model of vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) is very impor-
tant. The VCB model takes into account the stochastic behavior
and requires chopping currents, dielectric recovery strength and
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 (0)15 278 6219; fax: +31 (0)15 278 1182.
quenching capabilities at high frequencies. The applied method of
E-mail addresses: Haoyanxue1987@gmail.com (H. Xue), M.Popov@tudelft.nl
modeling is fully described in [1–3]. In this study, a Cu/Cr (75/25)
(M. Popov). contact material is assumed, which is normally used for modern
1
Tel.: +86 (0)18295109767. VCBs. Hence, the mean value of current chopping is 5 A [3]. The
0378-7796/$ – see front matter © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.01.021
4 H. Xue, M. Popov / Electric Power Systems Research 115 (2014) 3–10
Table 1
Dielectric parameters and quenching capability parameters.
A (kV/ms) 20–30
B (V) 0
C (A/s2 ) 0
D (kA/s) 0.5–0.7
with the defined mean value and 15% standard deviation. When a
reignition occurs, the high frequency (HF) current is superimposed
on the power frequency current through the arc. The HF current has
several current zero crossing points and the VCB can clear the HF
current in one of those current zero points. The value is the linear
relationship between the changing rate of current and the time. The
typical equation is shown below [1],
di
= C(t − topen ) + D (2)
dt
where di/dt is the current slope, C, D are constants and topen is the
opening time of VCB. The mean value of quenching capability is
calculated by (2) and the statistical value is calculated by using
normal distribution with the defined mean value and 15% standard
deviation. If the changing rate of HF current in the zero point is
smaller than di/dt, the HF current will be extinguished. Here, the
values of A, B, C and D for a Siemens medium voltage VCB are used
and shown in Table 1.
A single phase test circuit of a VCB is shown in Fig. 2. The
basic structure consists of a voltage source Un = 6.35 kV, a source
side inductance and a capacitance of Ln = 5 mH and Cn = 100 nF
respectively. The cable is represented by a resistance and an induc-
tance of R = 2 and L = 0.04 mH respectively. The capacitance
of the load and the cable is CL = 10 nF. The cable ends up with an
ohmic-inductive load of RL = 10 k and LL = 120 mH. A damping
resistance of RS = 50 , an inductance of LS = 0.5 nH and a capac-
itance CS = 0.2 nF represent the VCB gap. The values of different
elements are taken from [2].
After the contacts of the VCB are opened, the dielectric strength
of the vacuum gap will increase with the time. When the increase
of the transient recovery voltage (TRV) is faster than the increase
Fig. 1. Simplified layout of 11 kV power system in FPSO vessel.
of the dielectric strength, a reignition takes place. When the rate
of rise of the HF current is lower than the quenching capability of
statistical characteristics of current chopping are represented by the VCB in one of its zero points, the HF current is interrupted and
normal distribution with mean value 5 A and 15% standard devi- the TRV appears again, as shown in Fig. 3. After multiple reignitions
ation. The cold gap breakdown is considered in this work, the have occurred, the TRV is built to a high level, while the dielectric
dielectric strength is according to [1] and represented by (1), strength of the vacuum gap is also increased due to the contact
movement. Once the dielectric strength could withstand the TRV
U = A(t − topen ) + B (1)
peak, the load current will be successfully interrupted.
where U is the value of the dielectric strength, A, B are constants During VCB restrikes 4 dominant frequency oscillations nor-
and topen is the opening time of the contacts. The mean value of mally take place. The first one is a frequency oscillation that
dielectric strength is calculated by (1). The statistical characteristics results from the current chopping. It depends
on the cable induc-
of dielectric strength are represented by using normal distribution tance and gap capacitance (f1 = 1/2 L Cs ≈ 1.7 MHz). The
Table 2
Comparison of parameters from different methods.
25 Table 3
Comparison of characteristics of T711 motor under full load condition between
simulation and test report.
0
Item Results of Results of Tolerance
simulation test report [14,15]
-25
Peak value of phase 9015.1 9010 +6% to −10%
voltage (V)
-50 Peak value of phase 878.1 876.4 –
current (A)
Power factor under 0.9 0.89 Maximum
-75 [s]
full load absolute value:
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 *10 -3 10
condition 0.07
Mechanical speed 187.1 187.07 −20% to +20%
Fig. 6. Simulated three phase voltage in the terminal of T711 motor. (Red trace:
(rad/s)
phase A; Green trace: phase B; Blue trace: phase C.) (For interpretation of the refer-
Slip (%) 0.74 0.76 −20% to +20%
ences to color in this text, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
H. Xue, M. Popov / Electric Power Systems Research 115 (2014) 3–10 7
[V] Table 4
40 U–I characteristic of 11.3 kV surge arrester.
*10 3
30 U (kV) I (A) U (kV) I (A)
-30
3.4. Surge arrester
-40 [s]
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 *10 -3 7.0 3.4.1. Surge arrester modeling
An 11.3 kV ABB metal oxide surge arrester is modeled and
Fig. 8. Simulated three phase voltage in the terminal of T711 motor. (Red trace:
phase A; Green trace: phase B; Blue trace: phase C.) (For interpretation of the refer- applied to protect the electrical equipment of the power system
ences to color in this text, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.) of the FPSO vessel. The measured volt–ampere characteristic of
11.3 kV surge arrester is shown in Table 4. The modeling proce-
dure of the surge arrester is fully described [1], and the model is
shown in Fig. 10.
reignitions occur in the VCB gap and the HF current easily causes
R(i) is a current dependent resistance, which is extracted from
virtual current chopping.
the non-linear volt–ampere characteristic of metal oxide surge
Unlike the motor switching during start-up, the amplitude and
arrester. Ca is a capacitance of the surge arrester block, Ra and La
the rate of rise of TRV is much lower for the motor under full load
represent the physical characteristics of Zn O grains.
conditions. The overvoltage due to multiple reignitions and virtual
The parameters of surge arrester are estimated as Ra = 0.06 ,
current chopping does not reach the BIL level.
La = 0.5 H and Ca = 0.14 nF based on [1]. In this way, the surge
arrester is modeled as a frequency dependent, which provides
correct residual voltages for a front of wave 0.5 s, and impulses
3.3.3. Induction motor modeling under light load condition
8/20 s and 30/60 s [1].
The modeling of an induction motor under light load condi-
tion is performed by adjusting the slip and the load torque in the
3.4.2. Protective effect of surge arrester
ATP’s UM3 model. Based on the requirements of different driven
As shown in Fig. 6, the switching overvoltage of T711 motor
machines, the phase current of light load motor is set to 20% rated
under starting condition with 350 s arcing time is the worst case
phase current for a compressor and 15% rated phase current for a
scenario. Therefore, the surge arrester is connected to its terminals,
pump. In this case, the output power of T711 motor is decreased to
and the effect of the surge arrester for this case is checked.
17.65% rated power to approach the motor that is working under
Fig. 11 shows that the switching overvoltage is clearly mitigated
light load conditions. The parameters are the same with the motor
when applying a surge arrester at the load terminals. The phase
under full load conditions besides the load torque and the slip.
voltage peak value is limited to approximately 28.7 kV, which is
The typical switching operation with around 50 s arcing time
below the motor’s BIL.
is shown in Fig. 9. The level of switching overvoltage is much lower
than that of the starting and the full load conditions. The switching
overvoltage appears in phase B with the peak value around 9.4 kV. 4. Statistical results for four different loads
The multiple reignitions and the virtual current chopping do not
occur in this case. 4.1. Results of switching operation of motor under starting
condition
As shown in Fig. 12 through Fig. 15, four typical loads are dis-
[V]
10.0 connected by the VCB and the relationship between cumulative
*10 3 probability and maximum phase voltage is recorded. The modeling
7.5
procedure is fully described in [1].
5.0
2.5
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
-7.5
-10.0
[s]
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 *10 -3 18
Fig. 9. Simulated three phase voltage in the terminal of T711 motor. (Red trace:
phase A; Green trace: phase B; Blue trace: phase C.) (For interpretation of the refer-
ences to color in this text, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.) Fig. 10. Frequency-dependent surge arrester model.
8 H. Xue, M. Popov / Electric Power Systems Research 115 (2014) 3–10
[V]
30
*10 3
20
10
-10
Fig. 14. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T261
motor under starting condition without a surge arrester connected.
-20
-30 [s]
3 4 5 6 7 *10 -3 8
Fig. 11. Simulated three phase voltage in the terminal of T711 motor with a surge
arrester connected at the terminal, the arcing time is 350 s. (Red trace: phase A;
Green trace: phase B; Blue trace: phase C.) (For interpretation of the references to
color in this text, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
Fig. 15. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T794
motor under starting condition without a surge arrester connected.
Table 5
Comparison of reignition characteristics for T711, T261 and T794 motors.
Fig. 13. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T713 Fig. 16. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T711
motor under starting condition without a surge arrester connected. motor under starting condition with a surge arrester connected.
H. Xue, M. Popov / Electric Power Systems Research 115 (2014) 3–10 9
Fig. 17. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T713 Fig. 21. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T713
motor under starting condition with a surge arrester connected. motor under full load condition without a surge arrester connected.
Fig. 18. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T261 Fig. 22. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T261
motor under starting condition with a surge arrester connected. motor under full load condition without a surge arrester connected.
Fig. 23. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T794
Fig. 19. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T794 motor under full load condition without a surge arrester connected.
motor under starting condition with a surge arrester connected.
3.5 p.u and 4.5 p.u. Although the phase overvoltage due to multiple
reignitions and virtual current chopping may reach a high value of
4.2 p.u for the T711 motor and the T794 motor, such overvoltage is
still below the BIL of the 11 kV motor. Therefore, the use of surge
arresters is not really needed in this case (Figs. 21, 22, 24–27).
The simulations performed for four motors show high multiple Fig. 24. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T711
reignitions, voltage escalations and virtual current chopping are not motor under light load condition without a surge arrester connected.
Fig. 25. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T713
Fig. 20. Cumulative probability of maximum phase voltage in the terminal of T711
motor under light load condition without a surge arrester connected.
motor under full load condition without a surge arrester connected.
10 H. Xue, M. Popov / Electric Power Systems Research 115 (2014) 3–10
References