Graphs of Circular

Functions and Sine Waves

At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:

1 Sketch the graph of the sin and cos functions

2 Graph sine waves

3 Recognize the graphs of sec, csc, tan and cot

Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

−θ
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) =
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) =
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) = cos(θ)

Thus, f (θ) = sin θ is an odd function

Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?

(cos θ, sin θ)

−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))

Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) = cos(θ)

Thus, f (θ) = sin θ is an odd function while g(θ) = cos θ is even.

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin =
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin =
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin:
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin: kπ, where k ∈ Z
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin: kπ, where k ∈ Z
2 zeros of cos:
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin: kπ, where k ∈ Z
2 zeros of cos: (2k+1)π
2 , where k ∈ Z
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

The graphs above are called sine waves or sinusoids.

One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
Sine Waves

GOAL
Given a, b, c, d ∈ R, give graphs of:

h(x) = a sin b(x − c) + d

j(x) = a cos b(x − c) + d

Sine Waves

GOAL
Given a, b, c, d ∈ R, give graphs of:

h(x) = a sin b(x − c) + d

j(x) = a cos b(x − c) + d

π


Example: What is the graph of f (x) = −2 cos 2 x − 2
+ 2?
Sine Waves

GOAL
Given a, b, c, d ∈ R, give graphs of:

h(x) = a sin b(x − c) + d

j(x) = a cos b(x − c) + d

π


Example: What is the graph of f (x) = −2 cos 2 x − 2
+ 2?

Note: Graphing sine waves is an application of transformations of

graphs of functions.
Amplitude

Consider: f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x

Amplitude

Consider: f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x

|a| = amplitude
Amplitude

Consider: f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x

maximum y-value − minimum y-value
|a| = amplitude =
2
Amplitude

Consider: f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x

maximum y-value − minimum y-value
|a| = amplitude =
2

The amplitude of f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x is |a|.

Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

−2

−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

−2

−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

−2

−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

−2

−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

−2

−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x

amplitude = 3

−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1

−2

−3
Amplitude

1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
Amplitude

1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2
Amplitude

1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude

1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude

1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude

1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude
If a < 0,
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
3

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1

−2

−3
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
3

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1

−2

−3
Period

Consider f (x) = a sin(bx) or f (x) = a cos(bx)

Period

Consider f (x) = a sin(bx) or f (x) = a cos(bx)

First, let b > 0.

Period

Consider f (x) = a sin(bx) or f (x) = a cos(bx)

First, let b > 0. For f to complete one period:

0 ≤ bx ≤ 2π
Period

Consider f (x) = a sin(bx) or f (x) = a cos(bx)

First, let b > 0. For f to complete one period:

0 ≤ bx ≤ 2π
m
2π
0≤x≤
b
Period

Consider f (x) = a sin(bx) or f (x) = a cos(bx)

First, let b > 0. For f to complete one period:

0 ≤ bx ≤ 2π
m
2π
0≤x≤
b

2π
The period of f (x) = sin bx or f (x) = cos bx is given by
|b|
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period =
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1

−2

−3

g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1

−2

−3

g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π

0π π π 3π 2π
4 2 2
−1

−2

−3

g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π

0π π 3π π 3π 2π
4 2 4 2
−1

−2

−3

g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π

0π π 3π π 3π 2π
4 2 4 2
−1

−2

−3

g(x) = 3 sin x f (x) = 3 sin 2x

Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x

amplitude = 3,
period = π

0π π 3π π 3π 2π
4 2 4 2
−1

−2

−3

g(x) = 3 sin x f (x) = 3 sin 2x

 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period =
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π

0 π π 3π 2π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π

0 π π 3π 2π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π

0 π π 3π 2π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π

0 π π 3π 2π 3π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
 1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π

0 π π 3π 2π 3π 4π
2 2
−1
1 1 x
g(x) = cos x f (x) = cos
2 2 2
If b < 0,
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
 x
1 f (x) = 2 sin −
3
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
 x x
1 f (x) = 2 sin − = −2 sin
3 3
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
 x x
1 f (x) = 2 sin − = −2 sin
3 3
2
2 g(x) = cos(−πx)
3
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
 x x
1 f (x) = 2 sin − = −2 sin
3 3
2 2
2 g(x) = cos(−πx) = cos(πx)
3 3
Phase Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)]

Phase Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)]

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin bx or f (x) = a cos bx is:

Phase Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)]

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin bx or f (x) = a cos bx is:

1 shifted |c| units to the right, if c > 0
Phase Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)]

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin bx or f (x) = a cos bx is:

1 shifted |c| units to the right, if c > 0
2 shifted |c| units to the left, if c < 0
Phase Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)]

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin bx or f (x) = a cos bx is:

1 shifted |c| units to the right, if c > 0
2 shifted |c| units to the left, if c < 0
|c| is called the phase shift or horizontal shift
  π
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x +
2
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3

f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3

f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3

f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3

f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3

f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3

f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
  π h  π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3

− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1

−2

−3
h  π i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x f (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
Vertical Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d

Vertical Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or

f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] is:
Vertical Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or

f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] is:
1 shifted |d| units upward, if d > 0
Vertical Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or

f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] is:
1 shifted |d| units upward, if d > 0
2 shifted |d| units downward, if d < 0
Vertical Shift

Consider f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] or

f (x) = a cos[b(x − c)] is:
1 shifted |d| units upward, if d > 0
2 shifted |d| units downward, if d < 0

|d| is called the vertical shift

  π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
2
  π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4
  π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4

amplitude = 3
  π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4

amplitude = 3
period = π
  π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4

amplitude = 3
period = π
π
phase shift: units left
4
  π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4

amplitude = 3
period = π
π
phase shift: units left
4
vertical shift: 2 units up
  π 5
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i 4
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4 3

amplitude = 3 2 h  π i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
period = π 4
1
π
phase shift: units left
4 − π4 0π π 3π π
vertical shift: 2 units up −1
4 2 4

−2

−3
  π 5
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h  2 π i 4
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2 h  π i
4 3 f (x) = 3 sin 2 x + +2
4

amplitude = 3 2 h  π i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
period = π 4
1
π
phase shift: units left
4 − π4 0π π 3π π
vertical shift: 2 units up −1
4 2 4

−2

−3
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions

1 dom sec = R
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions

1 dom sec = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom csc = R
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions

1 dom sec = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom csc = R \ { multiples of π}

3 ran sec = ran csc = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞)

4 No zeros

5 sec is an even function, while csc is odd

6 period: 2π
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x g(x) = cos x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = csc x g(x) = sin x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R \ { multiples of π}
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R \ { multiples of π}
3 ran tan = ran cot = R
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R \ { multiples of π}
3 ran tan = ran cot = R
4 tan and cot are odd functions
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R \ { multiples of π}
3 ran tan = ran cot = R
4 tan and cot are odd functions
5 period: π
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R \ { multiples of π}
3 ran tan = ran cot = R
4 tan and cot are odd functions
5 period: π
6 zeros of tan: multiples of π
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

1 dom tan = R \ { odd multiples of π2 }

2 dom cot = R \ { multiples of π}
3 ran tan = ran cot = R
4 tan and cot are odd functions
5 period: π
6 zeros of tan: multiples of π
7 zeros of cot: odd multiples of π2
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x and g(x) = cot x

− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
Recap:

1 Sketch the graph of the sin and cos functions

2 Graph sine waves

3 Recognize the graphs of sec, csc, tan and cot

Exercises:
1 For the following functions, give (i) how many cycles are there in
its graph, (ii) over what intervals of x is the graph increasing,
(iii) their zeros, (iv) the minimum and maximum y-values of
their graphs
1 f (x) = cos 2x, − π2 ≤ x ≤ 7π 2
2 f (x) = 13 sin x2 , x ∈ (−3π, 6π)
{(x, y) | y = 21 cos 2 x + π3 ; −

π
3

2 ≤ x ≤ 2π}
4 {(x, y) | y = 3 − 2 sin 3x − π4 ; − π2 ≤ x ≤ 2π}
2 Write the equation of a sine wave (also called sine curve) that
has the given amplitude, period, phase shift, vertical shift
respectively
1 2, π2 , π8 , 1
2 4, 3, 2, −1
3 4, π, − π3 , 0