Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By: Usamah Al‐Mubaiyedh
1
Rate of Momentum in ‐ Rate of Momentum out + Sum of Forces = Accumulation
Pressure Forces
Μ in Μ out Friction (Stress) Forces Accum.
Body Forces
Recall that the momentum is a vector quantity:
Mass Scaler Velocity Vector
Μ m v
2
Pressure Forces
Μ in Μ out Friction (Stress) Forces Accumulation x
x x
Body Forces x
Mass Scaler Velocity Vector
Μ m v
m v . A v x iˆ, v y ˆj , v z kˆ yz iˆ, xz ˆj , xy kˆ
Μ x v x iˆ, v y ˆj , v z kˆ yz iˆ, xz ˆj , xy kˆ v x
Μ y v x iˆ, v y ˆj , v z kˆ yz iˆ, xz ˆj , xy kˆ v y
Μ m v
m v . A v x iˆ, v y ˆj , v z kˆ yz iˆ, xz ˆj , xy kˆ
Μ x v x iˆ, v y ˆj , v z kˆ yz iˆ, xz ˆj , xy kˆ v x
Μ y v x iˆ, v y ˆj , v z kˆ yz iˆ, xz ˆj , xy kˆ v y
4
Consider the x‐component of the momentum
that enters and leaves
out of the six surfaces of the control volume
vy vx x z vz vx x y
y
vx vx y z
vx vx y z
z
x v v
x x x - vxvx y z
vzvx x y v v x z x x
v v xz
y
y x
z
y x y - v y vx
y y
x v vz x z - vz vx z z
x y
5
Consider the forces that act in the x‐direction
Pressure Forces in the x‐direction
y
P y z
P y z
z
x
y
z
x
6
Stress Tensor
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
xz zy zz
y x
Plane Direction
Stress (Friction) Forces in the x‐direction
yx
zx y
xx
xx
zx
yx xx y z
z xx x x x
xz
y
x
z yx y yx
y y
x
zx z zx z z
x y
8
Consider the forces that act in the x‐direction
Gravity Force in the x‐direction
y
x y z gx
z
x
y
z
x
9
v v
x x x - vx vx x x
yz v v
y x y - v y vx
y y
xz v v
z x z - vz vx z z
xy
xx x xx x x
yz yx y yx
y y
xz zx z zx z z
xy
xyz v x
t
Divide the whole equation by x y z
then take the limit when x y z approaches zero
10
x‐component of the momentum balance
Similarly
y‐component of the momentum balance
v y v y v y v y p xy yy zy
vx vy vz
g y
t x y z y x y z
z‐component of the momentum balance
vz vz v z vz p xz yz zz
vx vy vz
g z
t x y z z x y z
11
Microscopic Continuity and Momentum Balance
Equations in Cartesian Coordinates
We have four (4) equations with ten (10) unknowns!
p, v x , v y , v z , xx , xy , xz , yy , yz , zz
12
Newton’s Law of Viscosity
For a Newtonian fluid (simple fluid without microstructure):
Constant Viscosity
Shear Rate Tensor
v vT
For Newtonian Fluid:
The viscosity is constant and independent of shear rate
13
Cartesian Coordinates
v x v x v y v x v z
xx xy xz 2
x
y x
z
x
v v v y v y v z
yx yy yz y x 2
x y y z y
zx zy zz v z v y
v z v x
v z
2
x z y z z
vx v x v y v x vz
2
xx xy xz x y x z x
v y v x v y v y vz
yx yy yz 2
zx zy zz x y y z y
vz v x v z v y vz
2
x z y z z
14
Cylindrical Coordinates
v r v 1 v r v z v r
rr r rz
2
r
r
r r r
r
z
r z v 1 v r
r
1 v
2
v
2 r
v 1 v z
r r r r r z r
zr z zz v z v r v 1 v z v z
2
r z z r z
v r v 1 v r v z v r
2 r
rr r rz r r r r r z
v 1 v r 1 v vr v 1 v z
r z r 2 2
r r r r r z r
zr z zz
v z v r v 1 v z v z
2
r z z r z
15
Navier Stokes
for Incompressible Newtonian Fluid
(Chartiesian Coordinates)
v x v y v z
0
x y z
v y v y v y v y p 2
v 2
v 2
vy
vx vy vz y
y
g y ,
x z
t x y z y y
2 2 2
v z v z v z v z p 2vz 2vz 2vz
vx vy vz 2 2 g x .
t x y z z x y z
2
16
Navier Stokes
for Incompressible Newtonian Fluid
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
1 rv r 1 rv v z
0
r r r z
17
18
19