Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STATION 10(20)/0.4 kV
COMPONENTS
Pavle Filko MSEE, Croatian Power Company, HEP, Osijek, Srete Nikolovski PhD, Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, Osijek
Abstract-- This paper provides an analysis of the Gathering information on TS 10(20)/0.4 kV grounding
reliability of components and of the grounding system of the systems is the biggest problem because there is no such
municipal TS 10(20)/0.4 kV. The aim of the paper was to systematized information. Consequently, the first task was
show the values of the reliability indicators of individual to gather, systematize and construct data bases on
grounding components, and of the grounding system in
whole. The information on failures was collected and grounding and ground faults over 200 TS in the city of
analyzed in the real network of TS 10(20)/0.4 kV of the city Osijek. An analysis of the reliability of grounding system
of Osijek, Republic of Croatia. components and the overall system was done afterwards.
Index Terms-- grounding system, reliability, reliability
indicators, transformer stations,
II. RELIABILITY OF GROUNDING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
I. INTRODUCTION AND SYSTEM
Execution of the municipal TS 10(20)/0.4 kV
grounding system depends on the way of grounding of The term of reliability comprises the description of all
feeding TS 10(20)/0.4 kV neutral point, i.e. on the limited abilities of a system, most frequently expressed by
current of the single-pole short circuit. In our case, it is a mathematical probability, for a concrete system to
300 A current. Such a grounding system of the municipal function satisfactorily at given working conditions in
TS 10(20)/0.4 kV can be presented, in general, as a anticipated time. There is a probability that the system
triangle (Fig. 1). Its sides are individual grounding will behave according to expectation. Conclusions about
conductors, i.e. the main grounding conductor of TS the system reliability can be made through components
itself, (working and protective grounding conductors), reliability.
then the contribution of the TS grounding system through Components reliability, i.e. probability of satisfactory
the high voltage feeding cables sheaths, and the third side component operation, is generally defined as a statistical
- contribution to the TS grounding system by neutral
probability since the component failures are random
conductors and/or low voltage cable sheaths or the TS incidents. Thus we could determine the component
power outlets. reliability, i.e. probability that the component operates
properly within a certain period (time). We would leave
CONTRIUTION CONTIUTO the component to work, recording the time flow until the
OFHV OUTLET OFLVOUTLT
moment of component failure. Then we would repair the
component and repeat the procedure.
Since the time duration, that means time to component
US
WORKING AND PR0FW7TJE
Xon failure, can theoretically take any value bigger than zero
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR and lesser than infinite, we accept that the time to
Fig. 1. TS 10(20)/0.4 kV grounding system component failure is a continuous random variable. If we
could determine the distribution function of a random
variable t, which is the time to component failure, we
2
would obtain the probability of component failure before The average time duration of proper operation (until
time t runs out, i.e. component unreliability. failure) m follows out of it:
Q(t)=P{r.t } n
Em1
Then we could determine the probability of proper
component operation through time t, i.e. component m=- i=1
reliability: n
During the lifetime of a renewable component
R(t)=1-Q(t)=P{r>t } (grounding system), operation and repair periods are
Where: t time through which the component operates random values with their own distribution functions. On
properly. the basis of these distribution functions, anticipated
The expression R(t) + Q(t) = 1 is logical, because the average duration of operation and system repair equal the
component operates either within time t or it fails before previously mentioned expressions.
time t runs out. Literature [2] gives the following expression for
Besides the mentioned values, there are some other stationary availability of components:
values characterizing the component. These are m
A1 -
1 rr2 mr3
A -
+A+ N(t) N( °°)
a n
(t)
ri 0 m
r3 Fig. 3. Function of component availability and unavailability
0-
0 time (t)
Fig. 2. Function of component operation
The assumption is that time duration of proper A. Model ofA three-component system (TS
operation is a random value with a known distribution grounding system)
function and that the time duration of repair is also a
random value. Elements of a power system appertain to a The reliability determination can be applied on any
group of renewable components (e.g. elements of a number of independent components, which are connected
grounding system etc.) at which the term of availability into any functional system of a known structure, and
function is introduced. whose operation can be fully presented by a range of
Stationary availability A(t) represents a mathematical conditions in the state space or with a model of conditions
probability that the component or system will operate at and transition between these states. In addition, the only
the moment of observation. Function of such a renewable remaining condition is that the values of stationary
component is shown in Figure 2. Periods of operation, availability or unavailability of components are known,
represented by time of proper operation mi, with regard to depending on the component conditions, and on the
fault periods presented by repair time ri, are emphasized. combination or group of the system conditions, which, in
3
0 P5,
0
unavailability, f - failure 7
IV, 0 0 Pp NAN2N -f1N2N3 +f2A.N3 +f3AAN2
8~ "-7 0 AI N2 N3 f1N2N3 +f2N1 +fNIN2
frequency of component, m - 7. -7-
* 1 -ompc ont in up;; 0 -ompont in failure conditn
average duration of system
failure, r - average duration of system repair.
All conditions of state space and transitions can be Expression for stationary availability of the system is:
shown in the following figure: A(oo) = A1 (cc)A2(oo)A3 (oo) PP12P3
(/8 + PI )(A2 + P2 )(/3 + P3 )
Failure frequency of such a system is:
rljr2r3 1
r1r2+r2r3+rlr3 PI1+P/2+P/3
4
Frequencies of individual conditions can be seen in Stationary unavailability (failure probability) is:
Table 1, and the duration of reside in every condition is:
N =1- A = 1- 0.993151 = 6.849*10-3
1 1 Repair intensity of a HV cable:
m = T,0,,
Al+ 2+ A3 2+2A3
if-T,1,,
PI1 +
,C10=
N
04= -5= 3.5253
0.007
(1lyear)
1
P2 + Al + 13 /3 + A +22
2) Reliability of the component 3 - grounding
1 via neutral conductors and low voltage cable
T1,4,, =-
1
T15 sheaths
1I + /2 +23 /11 + /13 + 2
INPUT VALUES:
1 -1953 LV cables, total length of 488 km (N),
'16+/
= r = T7T =
-36 failures (complete raptures) per year (n), regarding
Al +P2 +P3 P1 + /2 + 3
only cables head, tread, construction damage or another
similar failure with the consequence of LV cable
complete raptures,
B. Accounting of characteristic values of -average failure duration is 72 hours per year on each
probability LV cable in Osijek.
1) Reliability of the component 2 - grounding via high If the number of failures (n) (ruptures) of all LV cables
voltage cable sheaths is averagely 36, then the intensity of such failures is
INPUT VALUES: 36/4.88=7.38 per 100 km on LV distribution cable
-279 of KTS in Osijek, network in Osijek per year.
-497 of 10 kV conductors (N), total length of 182km, The failure frequency is calculated according the
-12 failures per year (n), regarding only cables head, expression:
tread, construction damage or another similar failure with
the consequence of HV cable complete raptures, f = NnT = 1953
-n
36 36
=1.8433 102 (]lyear)
2
1
-average failure duration is 60 hours per year on each
Average failure duration (r) is on average 72 hours per
HV cable in Osijek.
year, so that the number of operation (average duration of
If the number of failures (n) (ruptures) of all HV
proper operation) is m=8760-72=8688 per year.
cables is averagely 12, then the intensity of such failures
Stationary availability (propriety probability) of a LV
is 12/1.82=6.59 per 100 km on HV distribution cable
component is:
network in Osijek per year.
A= m
88 = 0.991781
_8688_
The failure frequency is calculated according the m+r 8760
expression: Failure intensity of a LV cable:
N aT
ni 12
1
497 1
=2.4145 102 (]lyear)
2 0.018433 =
1.8586 10 2 (1lyear)
A 0.991781
Average failure duration (r) is on average 60 hours per Stationary unavailability:
year, so that the number of operation (average duration of
proper operation) is m=8760-60=8700 per year.
N = 1 A =1
- - 0.991781 = 8.219*10-3
Stationary availability (propriety probability) of a HV Repair intensity of a single LV cable:
component: = = 0018433= 2.24273
(]lyear)
A mm
_8700
8760 = 0.993151 N 0.008219
m +r 8760
Hence the failure intensity of a single HV cable as a
3) Reliability of component 1 - working and
component of the grounding system is: protective TS grounding system
INPUT VALUES:
f 0.024145
,A = 0.024312 (]lyear) -279 of KTS in the city of Osijek (N)
A 0.993151 -0.3 primary TS grounding connector failures per year
(n), grounding stripe break, connection on ring as the
5