Verbos, Adjetivos y Sustanfivos en Inglés

VERBOS,
ADJETIVOS ,
SUSTANTIVOS ,
SUFIJOS,
PREFIJOS,
CONECTORES,
VOZ PASIVA,
CONDICIONALES
PFA
VIOLETA PATRICIA MOLET
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GRAMÁTICA
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VERB TENSES
AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATI- SIGNAL
TENSE USE
VE/QUESTION WORDS
 action in the present taking always, every

Simple A: He speaks.
place once, never or …, never,
Present N: He does not speak.
several times facts normally,
Q: Does he speak?
actions taking place one often, seldom,
after another action set by a sometimes,
timetable or schedule usually
if sentences
type I ( If I talk
,…)
Present A: He is speaking.
 action taking place in the at the
Progressiv N: He is not speaking. moment of speaking action moment, just,
e Q: Is he speaking? taking place only for a just now,
limited period of time Listen!, Look!,
action arranged for the now, right now
future
Simple A: He spoke.
 action in the past taking yesterday, 2
Past N: He did not speak. place once, never or minutes ago,
Q: Did he speak? several times actions in 1990, the
taking place one after other day, last
another action taking place Friday
in the middle of another if sentence
action type II ( If I
talked , … )
Past A: He was speaking.
 action going on at a certain when, while,
Progressiv N: He was not speaking. time in the past actions as long as
e Q: Was he speaking? taking place at the same
time action in the past that
is interrupted by another
action
Present A: He has spoken.

 putting emphasis on the already, ever,
Perfect N: He has not spoken. result action that is still just, never, not
Simple Q: Has he spoken? going on yet, so far, till
 action that stopped now, up to now
recently finished action
that has an influence on the
present action that has
taken place once, never or
several times before the
2
moment of speaking
Present A: He has been speaking.  putting emphasis on the all day, for 4
Perfect N: He has not been course or duration (not the years, since
Progressiv speaking. result) action that recently 1993, how
e Q: Has he been speaking? stopped or is still going on long?, the
 finished action that whole week
influenced the present
Past A: He had spoken.

 action taking place before already, just,
Perfect N: He had not spoken. a certain time in the past never, not yet,
Simple Q: Had he spoken?  sometimes once, until that
interchangeable with past day
perfect progressive if sentence
type III ( If I
 putting emphasis only on
had talked , …
the fact (not the duration)
)
Past A: He had been speaking.  action taking place before for, since, the
Perfect N: He had not been a certain time in the past whole day, all
Progressiv speaking.  sometimes day
e Q: Had he been speaking? interchangeable with past
perfect simple
 putting emphasis on the
duration or course of an
action
Future I A: He will speak.

 action in the future that in a year, next
Simple N: He will not speak. cannot be influenced …, tomorrow
Q: Will he speak?  spontaneous decision If-Satz Typ I (
If you ask her,
 assumption with regard to
she will help
the future
you. )
assumption : I
think,
probably,
perhaps
Future I A: He is going to speak.
 decision made for the in one year,
Simple N: He is not going to speak. future conclusion with next week,
Q: Is he going to speak? regard to the future tomorrow
(going to)
Future I A: He will be speaking.  action that is going on at a in one year,
Progressiv N: He will not be speaking. certain time in the future next week,
e Q: Will he be speaking?  action that is sure to tomorrow
happen in the near future
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Future II A: He will have spoken.
 action that will be finished by Monday, in
Simple N: He will not have spoken. at a certain time in the a week
Q: Will he have spoken? future
 for …, the last

Future II A: He will have been  action taking place before a couple of
Progressiv speaking. certain time in the future hours, all day
e N: He will not have been long
 putting emphasis on the
speaking.
course of an action
Q: Will he have been
speaking?
A: He would speak.
 action that might take if sentences
Conditiona N: He would not speak. place type II
l I Simple Q: Would he speak? ( If I were you,
I would go
home .)
A: He would be speaking.  action that might take
Conditiona N: He would not be place putting emphasis on
l I speaking. the course / duration of the
Progressiv Q: Would he be speaking? action
e
A: He would have spoken. action that might have if sentences
Conditiona N: He would not have taken place in the past type III
l II Simple spoken. ( If I had seen
Q: Would he have spoken? that, I would
have helped .)
A: He would have been  action that might have
Conditiona speaking. taken place in the past puts
l II N: He would not have been emphasis on the course /
Progressiv speaking. duration of the action
Q: Would he have been
e
speaking?
CONDICIONAL FORMS
Conditional type 0 >> ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE PRESENT
Used for scientific facts or general truths (usado para expresar verdades
científicas, hechos que nunca cambian o situaciones que siempre ocurren)
If you heat butter, it melts.
Si calientas manteca, ésta se derrite.
If you put water in a cooler, it freezes.
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Si colocas agua en el congelador, ésta se congela.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Si calientas agua a 100 grados, ésta hierve.
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Si cruzas una línea de tiempo internacional, la hora cambia.
Conditional type I >> FIRST CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future. It is
generally used for things which may happen (utilizado para cosas que pueden
ocurrir en presente o futuro).
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE
If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
Si estudias intensamente aprobarás tus exámenes.
If we do not protect the panda bears, they will soon become extinct.
Si no protegemos a los osos panda, pronto se extinguirán.
Conditional type II >> SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF + SIMPLE PAST + WOULD + INF
Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the
present or the future. It is generally used for things which don't or
won'thappen. It is generally used for things which may happen (utilizado en
presente o futuro para expresar situaciones hipotéticas, que normalmente
son irreales o imposibles).
If the FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons. (Si el
PRIMER verbo de la oración es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)
If I were rich, I would buy a castle.
Si fuera rico, compraría un castillo.
If I were him, I would go and see a doctor.
Si fuera él -en su lugar- consultaría con un médico.
If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly.
Si los elefantes tuvieran alas, podrían volar.
Conditional type III >> THIRD CONDITIONAL

IF + PAST PERFECT + WOULD + HAVE + INF
Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not
happen in the past. (utilizado para expresar situaciones irreales – que nunca
sucedieron – en el pasado y, en general, dentro de un contexto de crítica,
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queja o remordimiento). En español hay una construcción similar por lo cual
este condicional no debería resultar complicado.
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oración es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las
personas)
If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you.
Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habría ido a ver.
The real situation was that I didn't know you were sick. So I say If I had known...
When you are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known)
after IF.
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop.
Si hubieses ahorrado tu dinero, podrías haberte comprado una computadora.
Expressing a wish or a regret: Use of I wish / if only

There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences:
1. Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple
past.
2. Regret with the past perfect.
3. Complaints with would + verb.
Expressing a wish
If only / I wish + simple past
Example:
If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and
I would like to learn how to use it)
Use:
 To express a wish in the present or in the future.
 The simple past here is an unreal past.
 When you use the verb to be the form is “were”.
Example:
I wish I were a millionaire!
Expressing regret
If only / I wish + past perfect
Example:
If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.)
Use:
 To express a regret.
 The action is past.
Complaining
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I wish / if only + would + verb
Example:
I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always
come late and I want you to arrive on time)
Use:
 To complain about a behavior that you disapprove.
 Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a
present action.
VOZ PASIVA
El uso de la pasiva es muy frecuente en inglés. Se forma con el verbo to be +
el participio pasado del verbo principal (3ª columna de los verbos
irregulares).
The exercises are done by everybody
The rooms were cleaned by us
Nota: al pasar una oración a pasiva ponemos el verbo to be en el mismo
tiempo que tenía el verbo principal en activa. A veces en inglés también
añadimos al final el complemento agente con la preposición by.
Usamos la voz pasiva cuando el que realiza la acción, el agente, es obvio o
desconocido, o poco importante.
My house was painted (obviamente por un pintor)
The letters were typed (no importa quién lo hizo)
También utilizamos la voz pasiva del inglés para destacar la acción o el objeto
más que la persona que la hizo, de manera que aparezca como algo más
impersonal.
The room must be cleaned
The tickets were sold
Otro uso es para subrayar el proceso o acontecimiento en lugar del agente
que lo causa, por ejemplo en experimentos científicos, en recetas culinarias,
etc.
Coal is burnt Sugar is added
Cuando de alguna manera queremos ocultar quien realizó la acción. Por
ejemplo para evitar señalar quién es el responsable o bien por modestia.
The boys were punished (no se dice quién los castigó)
Our tickets were lost (evito decir quién los perdió)
Existe una serie de verbos que no pueden ir en pasiva (intransitivos). Son los
que no tienen complemento, es decir, que nadie "recibe" la acción del verbo.
Dentro de este gupo tenemos: arrive, come, die, exist, happen, have, live, etc.
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Tiempo
Verbal de
la oración VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA
en voz
activa
My brother The lesson is
Presente
studies the studied by my
Simple
lesson. brother.
My brother is The lesson is
Presente
studying the being studied by
Continuo
lesson. my brother.
My brother The lesson was
Pasado
studied the studied by my
Simple
lesson. brother.
My brother was The lesson was
Pasado
studying the being studied by
Continuo
lesson. my brother.
My brother will The lesson will be
Futuro
study the studied by my
Simple
lesson. brother.
The lesson is
My brother is
Futuro going to be
going to study
Cercano studied by my
the lesson.
brother.
My brother has The lesson has
Presente
studied the been studied by
Perfecto
lesson. my brother.
My brother had The lesson had
Pasado
studied the been studied by
Perfecto
lesson. my brother.
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THE CAUSATIVE
Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words,
when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do
not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the
sense of causative verbs. Intermediate to advanced level English learners
should study the causative verb as an alternative to the pasive voice.
Causative Verbs
Jack had his house painted.
This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack's house. OR
Jack's house was painted by someone. Causative verbs express the idea of
someone causing something to take place. Causative verbs can be similar in
meaning to passive verbs.
Examples:
My hair was cut. (passive)
I had my hair cut. (causative)
Both 'make' and 'have' can be used as causative verbs.
Make
'Make' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires
another person to do something.
Construction Chart
Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb
Examples:
Peter made her do her homework.
The teacher made the students stay after class.
Have
'Have' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants
something to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when
speaking about various services. There are two forms of the causative verb
'have'.
Construction Chart: Use 1
Subject + Have + Person + Base Form of Verb
Examples:
They had John arrive early.
She had her children cook dinner for her.
Construction Chart: Use 2
Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle
Examples:
I had my hair cut last Saturday.
She had the car washed at the weekend.
Note: This form is similar in meaning to the passive.
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something
without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative
clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain
words.
How to Form Relative Clauses

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend
whether he knows her. You could say:
A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?
That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative
clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the
most important thing – you want to know who the girl is.
Do you know the girl …
As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put
in the additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use „the girl“ only in
the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative
pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun „who“). So the final sentence
is:
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
Relative Pronouns
relative
Use example
pronoun
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman
who lives next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals Do you see the cat which is
and things lying on the roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which
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surprised me.
whose possession for people animals and Do you know the boy whose
things mother is a nurse?
whom object pronoun for people, especially I was invited by the

in non-defining relative clauses (in professor whom I met at
defining relative clauses we the conference.
colloquially prefer who)
that subject or object pronoun for people, I don’t like the table that
animals and things in defining stands in the kitchen.
relative clauses (who or which are
also possible)
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Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who,
which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however,
distinguish them as follows:
If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject
pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
the apple which is lying on the table
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun),

the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped
in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
the apple (which) George lay on the table
Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition.
This often makes the sentence easier to understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.
relative
meaning use example
adverb
when in/on refers to a time expression the day when we met

which him
where in/at refers to a place the place where we

which met him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we

met him
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Defining Relative Clauses
Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive
relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or
expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you
ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines
which of the five girls you mean.
Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences

with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact
Clauses.)
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or
non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but
do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.
Imagine Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other
and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is
non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.
Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?
Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with

that.
Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.
Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.
How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced
with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman
living next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on
the roof?
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REPORTER SPEECH
Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo y indirecto)
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay

dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech (El estilo directo)
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho,

utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se
coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
 Ejemplos:
 I am going to London next week, she said.
"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana

que viene," ella dijo.)
 Do you have a pen I could borrow, he asked.
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo

que puedas prestarme," él preguntó.)
 Alice said, I love to dance.
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
 Chris asked, Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?"
(Chris preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")
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Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no
necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo
indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes una explicación de
los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo

que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se
puede usar "if" o "whether".
Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Simple Past Simple
He's American she said. She said he was American.
"He's American" she said. She said he was American.
Mary said that she was happy to see
I'm happy to see you, Mary said. me.
"I'm happy to see you", Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see
me.
He asked, Are you busy tonight? He asked me if I was busy tonight.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" He asked me if I was busy tonight.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Dan is living in San Francisco, she She said Dan was living in San
said. Francisco.
"Dan is living in San Francisco," she She said Dan was living in San
said. Francisco.
He said, I'm making dinner. He told me that he was making dinner.
He said, "I'm making dinner" He told me that he was making dinner.
Why are you working so hard? They They asked me why I was working so
asked. hard.
"Why are you working so hard?" they They asked me why I was working so
asked. hard.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
We went to the movies last night, he He told me they had gone to the
said. movies last night.
"We went to the movies last night," he He told me they had gone to the
said. movies last night.
Greg said, I didn't go to work Greg said that he hadn't gone to work
yesterday. yesterday.
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Greg said, "I didn't go to work Greg said that he hadn't gone to work
yesterday." yesterday.
Did you buy a new car? she asked.
She asked me if I had bought a new
car.
She asked me if I had bought a new
car.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
I was working late last night, Vicki Vicki told me she'd been working last
said. ight.
"I was working late last night," Vicki Vicki told me she'd been working last
said. night.
They said that they hadn't been
They said, We weren't waiting long. waiting long.
They said, "We weren't waiting long." They said that they hadn't been
waiting long.
He asked, Were you sleeping when I He asked if I'd been sleeping when he
called? called.
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I He asked if I'd been sleeping when he
called?" called.
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Heather told me that she'd already
Heather said, I've already eaten. eaten.
Heather said, "I've already eaten." Heather told me that she'd already
eaten.
We haven't been to China, they said. They said they hadn't been to China.
"We haven't been to China," they said. They said they hadn't been to China.
Have you worked here before? I I asked her whether she'd worked
asked. there before.
"Have you worked here before?" I I asked her whether she'd worked
asked. there before.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
I've been studying English for two He said he'd been studying English for
years, he said. two years.
"I've been studying English for two He said he'd been studying English for
years," he said. two years.
Steve said, We've been dating for over Steve told me that they'd been dating
a year now. for over a year.
Steve said, "We've been dating for Steve told me that they'd been dating
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over a year now." for over a year.
Have you been waiting long? they They asked whether I'd been waiting
asked. long.
"Have you been waiting long?" they They asked whether I'd been waiting
asked. long.
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
I'd been to Chicago before for work, He said that he'd been to Chicago
he said. before for work.
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," He said that he'd been to Chicago
he said. before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous (*NO
Past Perfect Continuous
CHANGE)
She said, I'd been dancing for years She said she'd been dancing for years
before the accident. before the accident.
She said, "I'd been dancing for years She said she'd been dancing for years
before the accident." before the accident.
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o

que es en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
 Ejemplos:
 I'm 30 years old, she said. She said she is 30 years old.
"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
 Dave said, Kelly is sick. Dave said Kelly is sick.
Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.
 We are going to Tokyo next week, they said. They said they are going to
Tokyo next week.
"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are
going to Tokyo next week.
 I'll cut my hair tomorrow, Nina said. Nina said she is cutting her hair
tomorrow.
"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair
tomorrow.
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Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los
verbos modales:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Will Would
I'll go to the movies tomorrow, John John said he would go to the movies
said. tomorrow.
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," John John said he would go to the movies
said. tomorrow.
She asked me if I would help her
Will you help me move? she asked. move.
"Will you help me move?" she asked. She asked me if I would help her
move.
Can Could
Debra said Allen could work
Debra said, Allen can work tomorrow.
tomorrow.
Debra said, "Allen can work
Debra said Allen could work
tomorrow."
tomorrow.
Can you open the window, please? he He asked me if I could open the
asked. window.
"Can you open the window, please?", He asked me if I could open the
he asked. window.
Must Had to
You must wear your seatbelt, mom My mom said I had to wear my
said. seatbelt.
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom My mom said I had to wear my
said. seatbelt.
She said, You must work tomorrow. She said I had to work tomorrow.
She said, "You must work tomorrow." She said I had to work tomorrow.
Shall Should
Shall we go to the beach today? Tom Tom asked if we should go to the
asked. beach today.
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tom Tom asked if we should go to the
asked. beach today.
She asked me what we should do
What shall we do tonight? she asked.
tonight.
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked.
She asked me what we should do
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tonight.
May Might/Could
Jane said, I may not be in class Jane said she might not be in class
tomorrow. tomorrow.
Jane said, "I may not be in class Jane said she might not be in class
tomorrow." tomorrow.
The boy asked if he could use the
May I use the bathroom, please?
bathroom.
"May I use the bathroom, please?" the
boy asked.
bathroom.
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no

cambia.
Say vs. Tell
En español podemos traducir "say"o "tell" como "decir", pero en inglés se

usan estos verbos de maneras distintas. Hay unas reglas que indican el uso
de uno sobre el otro en inglés, aunque en general usamos "say" para "decir
algo" y "tell" para "decir algo a alguien."
Say
Se usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un

objeto personal, necesitamos usar el preposicion "to".
 Ejemplos:
 Estilo directo
 I'm hungry, he said.
"I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," él dijo.)
 I need your help, Glen said to Mike.
"I need your help," Glen said to Mike. ("Necesito tu ayuda," Glen dijo a
Mike.)
 She said, Do you like to dance?
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She said, "Do you like to dance?" (Ella dijo, "¿Te gusta bailar?")
 Estilo indirecto
 He said he was hungry.
He said he was hungry. (Él dijo que tenía hambre.)
 Glen said to Mike that he needed his help.
Glen said to Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que
necesitaba su ayuda.)
 She asked me if I liked to dance.
She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me preguntó si me gustaba bailar.)
Tell
También se puede usar "tell" con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso
con el estilo directo no es tan común. Cuando usamos "tell" necesitamos usar
un objeto indirecto que va detrás del verbo.
 Ejemplos:
 Estilo directo
 He told, I need your help.
He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.")
 Glen told Mike, I need your help.
Glen told Mike, "I need your help." (Glen dijo a Mike, "Necesito to
ayuda.")
 Estilo indirecto
 He told that he was hungry.
He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tenía hambre.)
 Glen told that he needed his help.
Glen told Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba
su ayuda.)
20
Otros usos de "tell":
1. Se usa "tell" con ordenes o instrucciones.

o Ejemplos:
o I told him Stop complaining.
I told him, "Stop complaining." (Le dije, "Deja de quejarte.")
o She told us Stop complaining.
She told us to hurry. (Nos dijo que nos diéramos prisa.)
2. Usamos "tell" cuando damos o pedimos información.

o Ejemplos:
o Can you tell me your name please.
"Can you tell me your name please." ("Díme tu nombre, por

favor.")
o You told him the address of the office?
You told him the address of the office? (¿Le dijiste la dirección de
la oficina?)
3. Se usa "tell" con cuentos o bromas. En esto caso, se puede traducir

"tell" como "contar" en español.
o Ejemplos:
o He told us a great story.
He told us a great story. (Nos contó un cuento maravilloso.)
o Tell me a joke, she said.
"Tell me a joke," she said. ("Cuéntame un chiste," dijo ella.)
4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa "tell."

o Ejemplos:
o Tell me the truth, she said.
"Tell me the truth," she said. ("Dime la verdad," dijo ella.)
o Keith never tells lies.
Keith never tells lies. (Keith nunca miente.)
21
5. Usamos "tell" con el tiempo o la fecha.
o Ejemplos:
o Could you tell me the time, please? she asked.
"Could you tell me the time, please?" she asked. ("Podrías

decirme la hora, por favor?" me preguntó.)
o Bob told me the date.
Bob told me the date. (Bob me dijo la fecha.)
22
VOCABULARY
23
LISTADO DE VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES
SE ENTIENDE POR VERBOS REGULARES, AQUELLOS VERBOS QUE PARA
FORMAR SU PASADO Y TAMBIEN SU PARTICIPIO SOLO SE LE TENDRA QUE
AGREGAR LA TERMINACION "ED" A SU TIEMPO PRESENTE
A.
PRESENTE PASADO PARTICIPIO SIGNIFICA
ABASE ABASED ABASED HUMILLAR
ABASH ABASHED ABASHED AVERGONZAR
ABANDON ABANDONED ABANDONED ABANDONAR
ABIDE ABODE/ABIDED ABODE SOPORTAR
ABBREVIATE ABBREVIATED ABBREVIATED ABREVIAR
ABDICATE ABDICATED ABDICATED ABDICAR
ABOLISH ABOLISHED ABOLISHED ABOLIR
ABRADE ABRADED ABRADED RASPAR
ABHOR ABHORED ABHORED ABORRECER
ABOARD ABOARDED ABOARDED ABORDAR
ABORT ABORTED ABORTED ABORTAR
ABOMINATE ABOMINATED ABOMINATED ABORRECER
ABOUND ABOUNDED ABOUNDED ABUNDAR
ABSOLVE ABSOLVED ABSOLVED ABSOLVER
ABSORB ABSORBED ABSORBED ABSORBER
ABSTAIN ABSTAINED ABTAINED ABSTENERSE
ABUSE ABUSED ABUSED ABUSAR
ACCEPT ACCEPTED ACCEPTED ACEPTAR
ACCLAIM ACCLAIMED ACCLAIMED ACLAMAR
ACCLIMATIZE ACCLIMATIZED ACCLIMATIZED ACLIMATARSE
ACCOMPANY ACCOMPANIED ACCOMPANIED ACOMPAÑAR
ACCUMULATE ACCUMULATED ACCUMULATED ACUMULAR
ACCUSE ACCUSED ACCUSED ACUSAR
ACQUAINT ACQUAINTED ACQUAINTED FAMILIARIZARSE
ACT ACTED ACTED ACTUAR
ACTIVATE ACTIVATED ACTIVATED ACTIVAR
ADAPT ADAPTED ADAPTED ADAPTAR
ADD ADDED ADDED SUMAR,AÑADIR
ADDRESS ADDRESSED ADDRESSED DIRIGIR
ADJUDGE ADJUDGED ADJUDGE JUZGAR
ADJUST ADJUSTED ADJUSTED AJUSTAR
24
ADMINISTER ADMINISTERED ADMINISTERED ADMINISTRAR
ADMIRE ADMIRED ADMIRED ADMIRAR
ADMIT ADMITTED ADMITTED ADMITIR
ADOPT ADOPTED ADOPTED ADOPTAR
ADORE ADORED ADORED ADORAR
ADORN ADORNED ADORNED ADORNAR
ADULATE ADULATED ADULATED ADULAR
ADULTERATE ADULTERATED ADULTERATED ADULTERAR
ADVERTISE ADVERTISED ADVERTISED ANUNCIAR
ADVISE ADVISED ADVISED ACONSEJAR
AFFECT AFFECTED AFFECTED AFECTAR
AFFORD AFFORDED AFFORDED COSTEAR
AGGRAVATE AGGRAVATED AGGRAVATED AGRAVAR
AGREE AGREED AGREED ACORDAR
AIM AIMED AIMED APUNTAR
ALARM ALARMED ALARMED ALARMAR
ALLOW ALLOWED ALLOWED PERMITIR
ALLOY ALLOYED ALLOYED MEZCLAR
ALLUDE ALLUDED ALLUDED ALUDIR
ALTER ALTERED ALTERED ALTERAR
ALTERCATE ALTERCATED ALTERCATED ALTERCAR
ALTERNATE ALTERNATED ALTERNATED ALTERNAR
AMORTIZE AMORTIZED AMORTIZED AMORTIZAR
AMPUTATE AMPUTATED AMPUTATED AMPUTAR
AMUSE AMUSED AMUSED ENTRETENER
ANALYSE ANALYSED ANALYSED ANALIZAR
ANIMATE ANIMATED ANIMATED ANIMAR
ANNOUNCE ANNOUNCED ANNOUNCED ANUNCIAR
ANNOY ANNOYED ANNOYED FASTIDIAR
ANSWER ANSWERED ANSWERED CONSTESTAR
ANTECEDE ANTECEDED ANTECEDED ANTECEDER
ANTICIPATE ANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED ANTICIPAR
APOLOGIZE APOLOGIZED APOLOGIZED DISCULPARSE
APPALL APPALLED APPALLED ATERRAR
APPEAL APPEALED APPEALED APELAR
APPEAR APPEARED APPEARED APARECER
25
APPLAUD APPLAUDED APPLAUDED APLAUDIR
APPLY APLIED APPLIED APLICAR
APPRAISE APPRAISED APPRAISED TASAR/VALORAR
APPRECIATE APPRECIATED APPRECIATED AGRADECER
APPROACH APPROACHED APPROACHED ACERCARSE
APPROVE APPROVED APPROVED APROBAR
ARGUE ARGUED ARGUED DISCUTIR
ARM ARMED ARMED ARMARSE
ARRIVE ARRIVED ARRIVED ARRIBAR
ARRANGE ARRANGED ARRANGED ARREGLAR
ARREST ARRESTED ARRESTED ARRESTAR/DETENER
ARRIVE ARRIVED ARRIVED ARRIVAR/LLEGAR
ARTICULATE ARTICULATED ARTICULATED ARTICULAR
ASCEND ASCENDED ASCENDED ASCENDER
ASCRIBE ASCRIBED ASCRIBED ATRIBUIR
ASK ASKED ASKED PREGUNTAR
ASPIRE ASPIRED ASPIRED ASPIRAR
ASSAULT ASSAULTED ASSAULTED ASALTAR
ASSIST ASSISTED ASSISTED ASISTIR
ASSOCIATE ASSOCIATED ASSOCIATED ASOCIAR
ASSORT ASSORTED ASSORTED CLASIFICAR
ASSUME ASSUMED ASSUMED ASUMIR
ASSURE ASSURED ASSURED ASEGURAR
ASTONISH ASTONISHED ASTONISHED ASOMBRAR
ASTOUND ASTOUNDED ASTOUNDED ASOMBRAR
ATTACH ATTACHED ATTACHED PEGAR/ADHERIR
ATTACK ATTACKED ATTACKED ATACAR
ATTEMPT ATTEMPTED ATTEMPTED INTENTAR
ATTENUATE ATTENUATED ATTENUATED ATENUAR
ATTEST ATTESTED ATTESTED ATESTIGUAR
ATTRACT ATTRACTED ATTRACTED ATRAER
ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTED ATTRIBUTED ATRIBUIR
AUCTION AUCTIONED AUCTIONED SUBASTAR
AUGUR AUGURED AUGURED AUGURAR
AVOID AVOIDED AVOIDED EVITAR
AWAIT AWAITED AWAITED ESPERAR
26
AWAKE AWOKE<(ED) AWOKE<(ED) DESPERTAR
AWARD AWARDED AWARDED PREMIAR
ABIDE ABODE/...D ABODE/...D SOPORTAR
ARISE AROSE ARISEN LEVANTARSE
B.
BAKE BAKED BAKED HORNEAR
BABLE BABLED BABLED BALBUCEAR
BAIT BAITED BAITED CEBAR/AZUZAR
BALANCE BALANCED BALANCED NIVELAR
BANDAGE BANDAGED BANDAGED VENDAR
BANISH BANISHED BANISHED AHUYENTAR
BAPTIZE BAPTIZED BAPTIZED BAUTIZAR
BARE BARED BARED DESNUDAR
BARK BARKED BARKED LADRAR
BARGAIN BARGAINED BARGAINED REGATEAR
BASTE BASTED BASTED HILVANAR
BASTE BASTED BASTED PRINGAR
BATTLE BATTLED BATTLED BATALLAR
BAT BATTED BATTED BATEAR
BATTER BATTERED BATTERED GOLPEAR
BANISH BANISHED BANISHED DESTERRAR
BEG BEGGED BEGGED ROGAR
BEHAVE BEHAVED BEHAVED COMPORTARSE
BEHEAD BEHEADED BEHEADED DECAPITAR
BELONG BELONGED BELONGED PERTENECER
BEREAVE ...D BEREFT/.D PRIVAR DE
BESTREW BESTREWED BESTREWED ESPARCIR
BIKE BIKED BIKED ANDAR EN BICI
BICYCLE BICYCLED BICYCLED ANDAR EN BICI
BILK BILKED BILKED ESTAFAR
BILL BILLED BILLED FACTURA
BLAB BLABED BLABED DIVULGAR
BLAME BLAMED BLAMED CULPAR
BLAST BLASTED BLASTED EXPLOTAR
BLEACH BLEACHED BLEACHED BLANQUEAR
27
BLEND BLENDED BLENDED MEZCLAR
BLESS BLESSED BLESSED BENDECIR
BLIND BLINDED BLINDED CEGAR
BLINK BLINKED BLINKED PARPADEAR
BLISTER BLISTERED BLISTERED AMPOLLAR
BLOCK BLOCKED BLOCKED BLOQUEAR
BLOOM BLOOMED BLOOMED FLORECER
BLOT BLOTTED BLOTTED MANCHAR
BLUFF BLUFFED BLUFFED ENGAÑAR
BOARD BOARDED BOARDED EMBARCAR
BORROW BORROWED BORROWED PEDIR PRESTADO
BOTHER BOTHERED BOTHERED MOLESTAR
BOTTLE BOTTLED BOTTLED EMBOTELLAR
BOUNCE BOUNCED BOUNCED REBOTAR
BOSS BOSSED BOSSED MANDAR
BRACE BRACED BRACED REFORZAR
BRAID BRAIDED BRAIDED TRENZAR
BRAKE BRAKED BRAKED FRENAR
BRIBE BRIBED BRIBED SOBORNAR
BROADCAST BROADCASTED BROADCASTED TRANSMITIR
BUCKLE BUCKLED BUCKLED ABROCHAR
BURN BURNT/BURNED BURNT/BURNED QUEMAR
BRUSH BRUSHED BRUSHED CEPILLAR
BACKBITE BACKBIT BACKBITTEN MURMURAR
BACKSLIDE BACKSLID BACKSLID RECAER
BE WAS/WERE BEEN SER/ESTAR
BEAR BORE BORN NACER
BEAT BEAT BEATEN PALPITAR/DERROTAR
BECOME BECAME BECOME CONVERTIRSE
BEFALL BEFELL BEFALLEN ACONTECER
BEGIN BEGAN BEGUN EMPEZAR
BEHOLD BEHELD BEHELD CONTEMPLAR
BEND BENT BENT DOBLAR
BESEECH BESOUGHT BESOUGHT SUPLICAR
BESET BESET BESET ACOSAR A
BESPEAK BESPOKE BESPOKEN ENCARGAR A
28
BESTRIDE BESTRODE BESTRIDDEN MONTAR
BET BET BET APOSTAR
BIND BOUND BOUND ATAR/AMARRAR
BITE BIT BITTEN MORDER/PICAR
BLEED BLED BLED SANGRAR
BLOW BLEW BLOWN SOPLAR
BREAK BROKE BROKEN QUEBRAR
BREED BRED BRED CRIAR
BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT TRAER
BUILD BUILT BUILT CONSTRUIR
BURST BURST BURST ESTALLAR
BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT COMPRAR
C.
CALIBRATE CALIBRATED CALIBRATED CALIBRAR
CALL CALLED CALLED LLAMAR
CALM CALMED CALMED CALMAR
CALUMNIATE CALUMNIATED CALUMNIATED CALUMNIAR
CAMOUFLAGE CAMOUFLAGED CAMOUFLAGED CAMUFLAR
CAMP CAMPED CAMPED ACAMPAR
HACER
CAMPAIGN CAMPAIGNED CAMPAIGNED
CAMPAÑA
CANALIZE CANALIZED CANALIZED CANALIZAR
CANCEL CANCELED CANCELED CANCELAR
CAN CANNED CANNED ENLATAR
CARRY CARRIED CARRIED CARGAR
HACER
CASH CASHED CASHED
EFECTIVO
CEASE CEASED CEASED CESAR
CELEBRATE CELEBRATED CELEBRATED CELEBRAR
CENTER CENTERED CENTERED CENTRAR
CERTIFY CERTIFIED CERTIFIED CERTIFICAR
CHAIN CHAINED CHAINED ENCADENAR
CHANGE CHANGED CHANGED CAMBIAR
CHARGE CHARGED CHARGED CARGAR
CHASE CHASED CHASED PERSEGUIR
CHEAT CHEATED CHEATED HACER TRAMPA
29
CHECK CHECKED CHECKED CHEQUEAR
CHOP CHOPPED CHOPPED TAJAR
CIRCLE CIRCLED CIRCLED GIRAR
CIRCULATE CIRCULATED CIRCULATED CIRCULAR
CLAIM CLAIMED CLAIMED RECLAMAR
CLAP CLAPPED CLAPPED APLAUDIR
CLASS CLASSED CLASSED CLASIFICAR
CLASSIFY CLASSIFIED CLASSIFY CLASIFICAR
CLEAN CLEANED CLEANED LIMPIAR
CLEAR CLEARED CLEARED ACLARAR
CLIMB CLIMBED CLIMBED TREPAR
CLOSE CLOSED CLOSED CERRAR
COMB COMBED COMBED PEINAR
COMBINE COMBINED COMBINED COMBINAR
COMMUNICATE COMMUNICATED COMMUNICATED COMUNICAR
COMPARE COMPARED COMPARED COMPARAR
COMPENSATE COMPENSATED COMPENSATED COMPENSAR
COMPLAIN COMPLAINED COMPLAINED QUEJARSE
COMPILE COMPILED COMPILED RECOPILAR
COMPLICATE COMPLICATED COMPLICATED COMPLICAR
COMPOSE COMPOSED COMPOSED COMPONER
COMPREHEND COMPREHENDED COMPREHENDED COMPRENDER
COMPRESS COMPRESSED COMPRESSED COMPRIMIR
COMPROMISE COMPROMISED COMPROMISED COMPROMETER
COMPUTERIZE COMPUTERIZAED COMPUTERIZED COMPUTARIZAR
COMPOUND COMPOUNDED COMPOUNDED COMBINAR
CONCEDE CONCEDED CONCEDED CONCEDER
CONCEIVE CONCEIVED CONCEIVED CONCEBIR
CONCENTRATE CONCENTRATED CONCENTRATED CONCENTRAR
CONCERN CONCERNED CONCERNED CONCERNIR
CONCILIATE CONCILIATED CONCILIATED CONCILIAR
CONCLUDE CONCLUDED CONCLUDED CONCLUIR
CONDEMN CONDEMNED CONDEMNED CONDENAR
CONDENSE CONDENSED CONDENSED CONDENSAR
CONFESS CONFESSED CONFESSED CONFESAR
CONFIRM CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONFIRMAR
30
CONFRONT CONFRONTED CONFRONTED CONFRONTAR
CONFUSE CONFUSED CONFUSED CONFUNDIR
CONGEST CONGESTED CONGESTED CONGESTIONAR
CONGRATULATE ...D ...D FELICITAR
CONGREGATE CONGREGATED CONGREGATED CONGREGAR
CONNECT CONNECTED CONNECTED CONECTAR
CONQUER CONQUERED CONQUERED CONQUISTAR
CONSECRATE CONSECRATED CONSECRATED CONSAGRAR
CONSIDER CONSIDERED CONSIDERED CONSIDERAR
CONSIST CONSISTED CONSISTED CONSISTIR
CONSOLE CONSOLED CONSOLED CONSOLAR
CONSOLIDATE CONSOLIDATED CONSOLIDATED CONSOLIDAR
CONSPIRE CONSPIRED CONSPIRED CONSPIRAR
CONSTIPATE CONSTIPATED CONSTIPATED ESTREÑIR
CONSTITUTE CONSTITUTED CONSTITUTED CONSTITUIR
CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCTED CONSTRUIR
CONSULT CONSULT CONSULT CONSULTAR
CONSUME CONSUMED CONSUMED CONSUMIR
CONSUMMATE CONSUMMATED CONSUMMATED CONSUMAR
CONTACT CONTACTED CONTACTED CONTACTAR
CONTAIN CONTAINED CONTAINED CONTENER
CONTEMPLATE ...D ...D CONTEMPLAR
CONTAMINATE CONTAMINATED CONTAMINATED CONTAMINAR
CONTINUE CONTINUED CONTINUED CONTINUAR
CONTRACT CONTRACTED CONTRACTED CONTRACTAR
CONTRADICT CONTRADICTED CONTRADICTED CONTRADECIR
CONTRAST CONTRASTED CONTRASTED CONTRASTAR
CONTRIBUTE CONTRIBUTED CONTRIBUTED CONTRIBUIR
CONTROL CONTROLLED CONTROLLED CONTROLAR
CONVINCE CONVINCED CONVINCED CONVENCER
CONVOKE CONVOKED CONVOKED CONVOCAR
COOK COOKED COOKED COCINAR
COOL COOLED COOLED ENFRIAR
CO-OPERATE CO-OPERATED CO-OPERATED COOPERAR
CO-ORDINATE CO-ORDINATED CO-ORDINATED COORDINAR
COPY COPIED COPIED COPIAR
31
CORRUPT CORRUPTED CORRUPTED CORROMPER
COUNT COUNTED COUNTED CONTAR
COUNTERFEIT ...ED ...ED FALSIFICAR
COUGH COUGHED COUGHED TOSER
CRASH CRASHED CRASHED ESTRELLARSE
CROWN CROWNED CROWNED CORONAR
CROW CROWED CROWED JACTARSE
CRY CRIED CRIED LLORAR
CUMULATE CUMULATED CUMULATED ACUMULAR
CURE CURED CURED CURAR
CATCH CAUGHT CAUGHT ATAJAR
CHIDE CHID CHID REPRENDER
CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN ESCOGER
CLING CLUNG CLUNG TREPAR
COME CAME COME VENIR
COST COST COST COSTAR
CREEP CREPT CREPT GATEAR
CUT CUT CUT CORTAR
D.
DAMAGE DAMAGED DAMAGED DAÑAR
DANCE DANCED DANCED BAILAR
DAMP DAMPED DAMPED MOJAR
DARN DARNED DARNED REMENDAR
DATE DATED DATED FECHAR
DEBARK DEBARKED DEBARKED DESEMBARCAR
DEBATE DEBATED DEBATED DEBATIR
DEBUNK DEBUNKED DEBUNKED DESENMASCARAR
DECAPITATE DECAPITATED DECAPITATED DECAPITAR
DECAY DECAYED DECAYED DECAER
DECEASE DECEASED DECEASED FALLECER
DECEIVE DECEIVED DECEIVED ENGAÑAR
DECIDE DECIDED DECIDED DECIDIR
DECLAIM DECLAIMED DECLAIMED DECLAMAR
DECOLLATE DECOLLATED DECOLLATED DEGOLLAR
DECREASE DECREASED DECREASED DISMINUIR
32
DECREE DECREED DECREED DECRETAR
DECRY DECRIED DECRIED DESACREDITAR
DEDICATE DEDICATED DEDICATED DEDICAR
DEDUCE DEDUCED DEDUCED DEDUCIR
DEDUCT DEDUCTED DEDUCTED SUSTRAER
DEFEAT DEFEATED DEFEATED DERROTAR
DEFLATE DEFLATED DEFLATED DESINFLAR
DEFORM DEFORMED DEFORMED DEFORMAR
DEFROST DEFROSTED DEFROSTED DESCONGELAR
DELETE DELETED DELETED TACHAR
DELIVER DELIVERED DELIVERED REPARTIR
DEMOLISH DEMOLISHED DEMOLISHED DEMOLER
DEPART DEPARTED DEPARTED PARTIR
DEPEND DEPENDED DEPEDED DEPENDER
DEPORT DEPORTED DEPORTED DEPORTAR
DEPRECIATE DEPRECIATED DEPRECIATED DEPRECIAR
DESCRIBE DESCRIBED DESCRIBED DESCRIBIR
DESIGN DESIGNED DESIGNED DISEÑAR
DESPISE DESPISED DESPISED DESPRECIAR
DESPOIL DESPOILED DESPOILED DESPOJAR
DESTROY DESTROYED DESTROYED DESTRUIR
DETACH DETACHED DETACHED DESPEGAR
DETONATE DETONATED DETONATED DETONAR
DEVALUATE DEVALUATED DEVALUATED DEVALUAR
DETECT DETECTED DETECTED DETECTAR
DEVELOP DEVELOPED DEVELOPED REVELAR/DESARROLLAR
DEVOTE DEVOTED DEVOTED DEDICAR
DIAL DIALED DIALED DISCAR
DIE DIED DIED MORIR
DIGEST DIGESTED DIGESTED DIGERIR
DILUTE DILUTED DILUTED DILUIR
DINE DINED DINED CENAR
DIRT DIRTED DIRTED ENSUCIAR
DISAGREE DISAGREED DISAGREED ESTAR EN DESACUERDO
DISAPPEAR DISAPPEAED DISAPPEARDED DESAPARECER
DISINFECT DISINFECTED DISINFECTED DESINFECTAR
33
DISLOCATE DISLOCATED DISLOCATED DISLOCAR
DISOBEY DISOBEYED DISOBEYED DESOBEDECER
DISSUADE DISSUADED DISSUADED DISUADIR
DISTRIBUTE DISTRIBUTED DISTRIBUTED DISTRIBUIR
DARE DARED DARED ATREVERSE
DEAL DEALT DEALT NEGOCIAR
DIVIDE DIVIDED DIVIDED DIVIDIR
DRAG DRAGGED DRAGGED DRAGAR
DROWN DROWNED DROWNED AHOGAR
DRAIN DRAINED DRAINED DRENAR
DRY DRIED DRIED SECAR
DIG DUG DUG EXCAVAR
DIVE DIVED DIVED BUCEAR
DO DID DONE HACER
DRAW DREW DRAWN DIBUJAR
DREAM DREAMT/ED DREAMT/ED SOÑAR
DRINK DRANK DRUNK BEBER
DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN MANEJAR
DWELL DWELT DWELT RESIDIR
DYE DYED DYED TEÑIR
E.
EARN EARNED EARNED GANAR
EASE EASED EASED ALIVIAR
EJECT EJECTED EJECTED EXPULSAR
ELEVATE ELEVATED ELEVATED ELEVAR
EMANATE EMANATED EMANATED EMANAR
EMBARK EMBARKED EMBARKED EMBARCAR
EMPLOY EMPLOYED EMPLOYED EMPLEAR
ENCASE ENCASED ENCASED ENCAJONAR
ENCLOSE ENCLOSED ENCLOSED INCLUIR/ANEXAR
ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGED ENCOURAGED ANIMAR
END ENDED ENDED FINALIZAR
ENDORSE ENDORSED ENDORSED ENDOSAR
ENLARGE ENLARGED ENLARGED AMPLIAR
ENTERTAIN ENTERTAINED ENTERTAINED ENTRETENER
34
ENVY ENVIED ENVIED ENVIDIAR
EQUIP EQUIPPED EQUIPPED EQUIPAR
ERASE ERASED ERASED BORRAR
ERECT ERECTED ERECTED ERIGIR
ESCORT ESCORTED ESCORTED ESCOLTAR
ESTABLISH ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED ESTABLECER
ESTIMATE ESTIMATED ESTIMATED ESTIMAR
EVACUATE EVACUATED EVACUATED EVACUAR
EVADE EVADED EVADED EVADIR
EVALUATE EVALUATED EVALUATED EVALUAR
EVICT EVICTED EVICTED DESAHUCIAR
EXAGGERATE EXAGGERATED EXAGGERATED EXAGERAR
EXALT EXALTED EXALTED EXALTAR
EXAMINE EXAMINED EXAMINED EXAMINAR
EXCEED EXCEEDED EXCEEDED EXCEDER
EXCHANGE EXCHANGED EXCHANGED INTERCAMBIAR
EXCLUDE EXCLUDED EXCLUDED EXCLUIR
EXERCISE EXERCISED EXERCISED EJERCITAR
EXHORT EXHORTED EXHORTED EXHORTAR
EXHUME EXHUMED EXHUMED EXHUMAR
EXILE EXILED EXILED EXILAR
EXONERATE EXONERATED EXONERATED EXONERAR
EXPAND EXPANDED EXPANDED EXPANDIRSE
EXPECT EXPECTED EXPECTED ESPERAR
EXPEND EXPENDED EXPENDED GASTAR-DINERO
EXPORT EXPORTED EXPORTED EXPORTAR
EXPROPRIATE ...D ...D EXPROPIAR
EXTIRPATE EXTIRPATED EXTIRPATED EXTIRPAR
EXTRACT ECTRACTED EXTRACTED EXTRAER
EAT ATE EATEN COMER
F.
FABRICATE FABRICATED FABRICATED FABRICAR
FACE FACED FACED ENFRENTAR
FADE FADED FADED DECOLORAR
FAIL FAILED FAILED FALLAR
35
FAINT FAINTED FAINTED DESMAYARSE
FAKE FAKED FAKED FINGIR
FALL (down) FELL FALLEN CAER(SE)
FAN FANNED FANNED ABANICAR
FILE FILED FILED ARCHIVAR
FILL FILLED FILLED LLENAR
FILM FILMED FILMED FILMAR
FINANCE FINANCED FINANCED FINANCIAR
FINE FINED FINED MULTAR
FINISH FINISHED FINISHED FINALIZAR
FIRE FIRED FIRED QUEMAR,DESPEDIR
FISH FISHED FISHED PESCAR
QUEDAR
FIT FIT FIT
BIEN(ROPA)
FIX FIXED FIXED FIJAR,REPARAR
FLINCH FLINCHED FLINCHED ACOBARDARSE
FLIP FLIPPED FLIPPED VOLTEAR ALGO
FLIRT FLIRTED FLIRTED COQUETEAR
FLOAT FLOATED FLOATED FLOTAR
FLOOD FLOODED FLOODED INUNDAR
FLOW FLOWED FLOWED FLUIR
FLUCTUATE FLUCTUATED FLUCTUATED FLUCTUAR
FLUNK FLUNKED FLUNKED REPROBAR
FLUTTER FLUTTERED FLUTTERED ALETEAR
FOLLOW FOLLOWED FOLLOWED SEGUIR
FREE FREED FREED LIBERAR
FRY FRIED FRIED FREIR
FRIGHT FRIGHTED FRIGHTED ASUSTAR
FROWN FROWNED FROWNED FRUNCIR EL CEÑO
FRUSTRATE FRUSTRATED FRUSTRATED FRUSTRAR
FURNISH FURNISHED FURNISHED AMOBLAR
FALL FELL FALLEN CAER
FEED FED FED ALIMENTAR
FEEL FELT FELT SENTIR
FIGHT FOUGHT FOUGHT PELEAR
FIND FOUND FOUND ENCONTRAR
36
FLEE FLED FLED HUIR
FLY FLEW FLOWN VOLAR
FORBEAR FORBORE FORBORN ABSTENERSE
FORBID FORBADE FORBIDDEN PROHIBIR
FORECAST FORECASTED FORCASTED TRANSMITIR
FORGET FORGOT FORGOTTEN OLVIDAR
FORGIVE FORGAVE FORGIVEN PERDONAR A
FORSAKE FORSOOH FORSAKEN RENUNCIAR
FREEZE FROZE FROZEN CONGELAR
FULFIL FULFILLED FULFILLED REALIZAR
G.
GAIN GAINED GAINED GANAR(PESO)
GARGLE GARGLED GARGLED HACER GARGARAS
GATHER GATHERED GATHERED REUNIRSE
GEAR GEARED GEARED ENGRANAR
GENERATE GENERATED GENERATED GENERAR
GLANCE GLANCED GLANCED ECHAR UN VISTAZO
GLARE GLARED GLARED MIRAR FURIOSAMENTE
GLAZE GLAZED GLAZED PONER VIDRIOS
GLEAM GLEAMED GLEAMED BRILLAR,RELUCIR
GLIDE GLIDED GLIDED DESLIZARSE,RESBALAR
GLUE GLUED GLUED PEGAR,ENCOLAR
GLUT GLUTTED GLUTTED SACIAR,HARTAR
GNASH GNASHED GNASHED RECHINAR LOS DIENTES
GNAW GNAWED GNAWED ROER,CORROER,CONCOMER
GOSSIP GOSSIPED GOSSIPED CHARLAR,CONTAR CHISTES
GRAB GRABBED GRABBED AGARRAR,ASIR,ARREBATAR
GRAFT GRAFTED GRAFTED INGERTAR,SOBORNAR
GRATE GRATED GRATED RALLAR(queso)
GRAZE GRAZED GRAZED RASPARSE(la piel)
GREASE GREASED GREASED ENGRASAR
GREET GREETED GREETED SALUDAR
GRILL GRILLED GRILLED ASAR A LA PARRILLA
GRIPE GRIPED GRIPED TENER RETORTIJONES
GROAN GROANED GROANED GEMIR,CRUJIR
37
GROUP GROUPED GROUPED AGRUPAR
GROWL GROWLED GROWLED REFUNFUÑAR
GUARANTEE GUARANTEED GUARANTEED GARANTIZAR
GUESS GUESSED GUESSED ADIVINAR
GET GOT GOT/GOTTEN OBTENER
GIVE GAVE GIVEN DAR,ENTREGAR
GO WENT GONE IR
GRIND GRINDED GRINDED MOLER
GROW GREW GROWN CRECER
H.
HALT HALTED HALTED DETENER,PARAR
HAMMER HAMMERED HAMMERED MARTILLAR
HAND HANDED HANDED DAR,PASAR,ENTREGAR
HANDLE HANDLED HANDLED MANIPULAR
HAPPEN HAPPENED HAPPENED SUCEDER,PASAR
HARASS HARASSED HARASSED ACOSAR,HOSTIGAR
HAZE HAZED HAZED INTIMIDAR
HEAD HEADED HEADED DIRIGIR,IR
HEAT HEATED HEATED CALENTAR
HEDGE HEDGED HEDGED CERCAR
HELP HELPED HELPED AYUDAR
HESITATE HESITATED HESITATED TITUBEAR, VACILAR
HIJACK HIJACKED HIJACKED SECUESTRAR(AVION)
HIKE HIKED HIKED CAMINAR(MONTAÑA)
HINT HINTED HINTED INSINUAR
HIRE HIRED HIRED CONTRATAR
HITCHHIKE HITCHHIKED HITCHHIKED PEDIR COLA
HOOK HOOKED HOOKED ENGANCHAR
HUG HUGGED HUGGED ABRAZAR,ESTRECHAR
HUSH HUSHED HUSHED HACER CALLAR
HAMSTRING HAMSTRUNG/ED HAMSTRUNG/ED INUTILIZAR
HANG HUNG/ED HUNG/ED COLGAR
HAVE HAD HAD TENER/HABER
HEAR HEARD HEARD OIR
HEAVE HOVE/ED HOVE/ED IZAR/LEVANTAR
38
HIDE HID HIDDEN OCULTAR/ESCONDER
HIT HIT HIT GOLPEAR
HOLD HELD HELD AGUANTAR/TENER
HURT HURT HURT HERIR/PERJUDICAR
I.
IDLE IDLED IDLED PERDER EL TIEMPO
ILLUMINATE ILLUMINATED ILLUMINATED ILUMINAR
ILLUSTRATE ILLUSTRATED ILLUSTRATED ILUSTRAR
IMAGINE IMAGINED IMAGINED IMAGINAR
IMITATE IMITATED IMITATED IMITAR
IMMIGRATE IMMIGRATED IMMIGRATED IMIGRAR
IMMUNIZE IMMUNIZED IMMUNIZED INMUNIZAR
IMPART IMPARTED IMPARTED IMPARTIR
IMPLANT IMPLANTED IMPLANTED IMPLANTAR/FIJAR
IMPLICATE IMPLICATED IMPLICATED IMPLICAR
IMPLY IMPLIED IMPLIED IMPLICAR
IMPORT IMPORTED IMPORTED IMPORTAR
IMPOSE IMPOSED IMPOSED IMPONER
IMPOUND IMPOUNDED IMPOUNDED CONFISCAR
IMPRECATE IMPRECATED IMPRECATED MALDECIR
IMPRESS IMPRESSED IMPRESSED IMPRESIONAR
IMPUTE IMPUTED IMPUTED IMPUTAR
INCINERATE INCINERATED INCINERATED INCINERAR
INCITE INCITED INCITED INCITAR
INCLINE INCLINED INCLINED INCLINAR
INCUBATE INCUBATED INCUBATED INCUBAR
INCULCATE INCULCATED INCULCATED INCULCAR
INCUR INCURRED INCURRED INCURRIR
INDICATE INDICATED INDICATED INDICAR
INFECT INFECTED INFECTED INFECTAR
INFEST INFESTED INFESTED INFESTAR
INFILTRATE INFILTRATED INFILTRATED INFILTRARSE
INFLATE INFLATED INFLATED INFLAR
INFORM INFORMED INFORMED INFORMAR
INFRINGE INFRINGED INFRINGED INFRINGIR
39
INGEST INGESTED INGESTED INGERIR
INHALE INHALED INHALED INHALAR
INQUIRE INQUIRED INQUIRED INDAGAR
INSPECT INSPECTED INSPECTED INSPECCIONAR
INSPIRE INSPIRED INSPIRED INSPIRAR
INSTALL INSTALLED INSTALLED INSTALAR
INSTIGATE INSTIGATED INSTIGATED INSTIGAR
INSTITUTE INSTITUTED INSTITUTED INSTITUIR
INSTRUCT INSTRUCTED INSTRUCTED INSTRUIR
INTRODUCE INTRODUCED INTRODUCED INTRODUCIR
INTERFERE INTERFERED INTERFERED INTERFERIR
INTERN INTERNED INTERNED INTERNAR
INTERPELLATE ...D ...D INTERPELAR
INTERCEPT INTERCEPTED INTERCEPTED INTERCEPTAR
INTERRUPT INTERRUPTED INTERRUPTED INTERRUMPIR
INTERVENE INTERVENED INTERVENED INTERVENIR
INTERVIEW INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWED ENTREVISTAR
INTIMIDATE INTIMIDATED INTIMIDATED INTIMIDAR
INTRIGUE INTRIGUED INTRIGUED INTRIGAR
INTRODUCE INTRODUCED INTRODUCED INTRODUCIR
INVADE INVADED INVADED INVADIR
INVENT INVENTED INVENTED INVENTAR
INVEST INVESTED INVESTED INVERTIR
INVITE INVITED INVITED INVITAR
INVOICE INVOICED INVOICED FACTURAR
IRON IRONNED IRONNED PLANCHAR
IRRADIATE IRRADIATED IRRADIATED IRRADIAR
ISSUE ISSUED ISSUED EMITIR
ITCH ITCHED ITCHED PICAR(el cuerpo)
J.
GOLPEAR
JAB JABBED JABBED
(codos)
JAIL JAILED JAILED ENCARCELAR
JOKE JOKED JOKED BROMEAR
JUMP JUMPED JUMPED SALTAR
40
K.
KICK KICKED KICKED PATEAR
KIDNAP KIDNAPPED KIDNAPPED SECUESTRAR (per)
KID KIDDED KIDDED BROMEAR/ENGAÑAR
KILL KILLED KILLED MATAR/ANIQUILAR
KISS KISSED KISSED BESAR
KNEAD KNEADED KNEADED AMASAR (harina)
KNEE(1) KNEED KNEED ARRODILLARSE
KNEE(2) KNEED KNEED DAR UN RODILLAZO
KEEP KEPT KEPT MANTENER/DEJAR
KNOCK KNOCKED KNOCKED TOCAR(puerta)
KNEEL KNELT KNELT ARRODILLARSE
KNOW KNEW KNOWN SABER/CONOCER
L.
LACK LACKED LACKED CARECER
LAG LAGGED LAGGED REZAGARSE
LAM LAMMED LAMMED DAR UNA PALIZA A
LAST LASTED LASTED DURAR (tiempo)
LAUGH LAUGHED LAUGHED REIR A CARCAJADAS
LAUNCH LAUNCHED LAUNCHED LANZAR
LEAK LEAKED LEAKED GOTEAR
LEARN LEARNED LEARNED APRENDER
LEASE LEASED LEASED ARRENDAR
LEGISLATE LEGISLATED LEGISLATED LEGISLAR
LIFT LIFTED LIFTED LEVANTAR
LIKE LIKED LIKED QUERER/GUSTAR
LIMIT LIMITED LIMITED LIMITAR
LIMP LIMPED LIMPED COJEAR
LIST LISTED LISTED LISTAR
LISTEN LISTENED LISTENED OIR/ESCUCHAR
LITTER LITTERED LITTERED ENSUCIAR(BASURA)
LIVE LIVED LIVED VIVIR
LOAD LOADED LOADED CARGAR
LOCK LOCKED LOCKED CERRAR CON LLAVE
LODGE LODGED LODGED ALOJARSE
41
LOOK LOOKED LOOKED MIRAR
LOVE LOVED LOVED AMAR
LOW LOWED LOWED BAJAR (algo)
LAY LAID LAID POSAR/DEJAR(ALGO)
LEAD LED LED DIRIGIR
LEAN LEANT/ED LEANT/ED INCLINARSE
LEAP LEAPT/ED LEAPT/ED SALTAR
LEAVE LEFT LEAFT SALIR/DEJAR(lugar)
LEND LENT LENT PRESTAR
LET LET LET PERMITIR
LIE LAY LAIN RECOSTARSE
LIE LIED LAID MENTIR
LIHGT LIT LIT PRENDER/ENCENDER
LOSE LOST LOST PERDER
M.
MAIL MAILED MAILED ENVIAR POR CORREO
MAINTAIN MAINTAINED MAINTAINED MANTENER
MANAGE MANAGED MANAGED DIRIGIR
MANGLE MANGLED MANGLED DESFIGURAR/MUTILAR
MARK MARKED MARKED MARCAR/SEÑALAR
MARRY MARRIED MARRIED CASARSE/UNIRSE
MASSAGE MASSAGED MASSAGED DAR MASAJE
MATCH MATCHED MATCHED COMBINAR
MEASURE MEASURED MEASURED MEDIR
MEDDLE MEDDLED MEDDLED ENTROMETERSE
MELT MELTED MELTED DERRETIR/FUNDIR
MEND MENDED MENDED REMENDAR / ZURCIR
MENTION MENTIONED MENTIONED MENCIONAR
MESS MESSED MESSED DESORDENAR
MINCE MINCED MINCED DESMENUZAR
MIND MINDED MINDED IMPORTAR(importancia)
MINGLE MINGLED MINGLED MEZCLARSE CON
MINT MINTED MINTED ACUÑAR(MONEDA)
MISMANAGE MISMANGED MISMANAGED MAL ADMINISTRAR
MISS MISSED MISSED EXTRAÑAR
42
MISS MISSED MISSEED ERRAR/FALLAR
MISS MISSED MISSED PERDER (tren, cole)
MISTRUST MISTRUSTED MISTRUSTED DESCONFIAR
MISUNDERSTAN D ...STOOD ...STOOD MAL ENTERDER
MIX MIXED MIXED MEZCLAR
MODERN MODERNED MODERNED MODERNIZAR
MOTIVATE MOTIVATED MOTIVATED MOTIVAR
MOVE MOVED MOVED MOVER
MURDER MURDERED MURDERED ASESINAR
MURMUR MURMURED MURMURED MURMURAR
MAKE MADE MADE HACER
MEAN MEANT MEANT SIGNIFICAR
MEET MET MET CONOCER
MISDEAL MISDEALT MISDEALT DAR MAL(cartas)
MISTAKE MISTOOK MISTAKEN ERRAR/EQUIVOCAR
MISPLACE MISPLACED MISPLACED COLOCAR MAL
MOW MOWED MOWN SEGAR/CORTAR
N.
NAIL NAILED NAILED CLAVAR
NAME NAMED NAMED NOMBRAR
NARRATE NARRATED NARRATED NARRAR
NEED NEEEDED NEEDED NECESITAR
NEGATE NEGATED NEGATED NEGAR
NEGLECT NEGLECTED NEGLECTED DESCUIDAR
NEGOTIATE NEGOTIATED NEGOTIATED NEGOCIAR
NEST NESTED NESTED ANIDAR
NIGGLE NIGGLED NIGGLED PERDER EL TIEMPO
NOD NODDED NODDED DECIR SI CON LA CABEZA
43
O.
OBEY OBEYED OBEYED OBEDECER
OBJECT OBJECTED OBJECTED OBJETAR
OBLIGATE OBLIGATED OBLIGATED OBLIGAR
OBSERVE OBSERVED OBSERVED OBSERVAR
OBTAIN OBTAINED OBTAINED OBTENER
OBVIATE OBVIATED OBVIATED OBVIAR
OBSESS OBSESSED OBSESSED OBSESIONAR
OBSTRUCT OBSTRUCTED OBSTRUCTED OBSTRUIR
OCCUPY OCCUPIED OCCUPIED OCUPAR
OCCUR OCCURED OCCURED OCURRIR
OFFEND OFFENDED OFFENDED OFENDER
OFFER OFFERED OFFERED OFRECER
OPINE OPINED OPINED OPINAR
ORDER ORDERED ORDERED ORDENAR/PEDIR
OUTRAGE OUTRAGED OUTRAGED ATROPELLAR
OVEREAT OVERATE OVEREATTEN HARTARSE
OWE OWED OWED DEBER(DINERO/ALGO)
OWN OWNED OWNED POSEER(SOMETHING)
P.
PACK PACKED PACKED EMPACAR
PAINT PAINTED PAINTED PINTAR
PALE PALED PALED PALIDECER
PALL PALLED PALLED PERDER SU ENCANTO
PAMPER PAMPERED PAMPERED MIMAR/CONSENTIR
PANIC PANICED PANICED ATERRAR
PAT PATTED PATTED ACARICIAR (ANIMAL)
PARACHUTE ...ED ...ED LANZARSE(PARACAIDAS)
PARDON PARDONED PARDONED PERDONAR
PARE PARED PARED PELAR (FRUTAS)
PARK PARKED PARKED ESTACIONAR
PARRY PARRIED PARRIED PARAR (GOLPE)
PARTICIPATE ...D ...D PARTICIPAR
PATCH PATCHED PATCHED REMENDAR
PAUSE PAUSED PAUSED PAUSAR
44
PAVE PAVED PAVED PAVIMENTAR
PAY PAID PAID PAGAR
PECK PECKED PECKED PICOTEAR
PAWWN PAWNED PAWNED EMPEÑAR (OBJETO)
PEDAL PEDALED PADALED PEDALEAR
PEE PEED PEED ORINAR
PEEL PEELED PEELED PELAR
PEEVE PEEVED PEEVED IRRITAR
PERFORM PERFORMED PERFORMED REALIZAR/ACTUAR
PERFUME PERFUMED PERFUMED PERFUMAR
PERSUADE PERSUADED PERSUADED PERSUADIR
PERVERT PERVERTED PERVERTED PERVERTIR
PHONE PHONED PHONED LLAMAR POR TEL
PHOTOCOPY PHOTOCOPIED PHOTOCOPIED FOTOCOPIAR
PICK PICKED PICKED ESCOGER
PICKLE PICKLED PICKLED ESCABECHAR/ENCURTIR
PICTURE PICTURED PICTURED IMAGINAR/PINTAR
PILE PILED PILED AMONTONAR/APILAR
PILOT PILOTED PILOTED PILOTEAR
PINCH PINCHED PINCHED PELLIZCAR/PINCHAR
PITCH PITCHED PITCHED LANZAR/TIRAR
PISS PISSED PISSED ORINAR/MEAR
PLACE PLACED PLACED COLOCAR
PLAN PLANNED PLANNED PLANEAR
PLANE PLANED PLANED PLANEAR EN UN AVION
PLANT PLANTED PLANTED PLANTAR (PLANTA)
PLASH PLASHED PLASHED CHAPOTEAR
PLAY PLAYED PLAYED JUGAR/TOCAR(PIANO)
PLEAD PLEADED PLEADED DECLARAR (DERECHO)
PLEASE PLEASED PLEASED COMPLACER
POISON POISINED POISONED ENVENENAR
POLISH POLISHED POLISHED SACAR BRILLO
POLLUTE POLLUTED POLLUTED CONTAMINAR
PLOT PLOTTED PLOTTED TRAMAR
PLUCK PLUCKED PLUCKED DESPLUMAR
PLUG PLUGGED PLUGGED TAPONEAR
45
PLUG IN ,, IN ,, IN ENCHUFAR
PLUNDER PLUNDERED PLUNDERED SAQUEAR
POISON POISONED POISONED ENVENENAR
POLISH POLISHED POLISHED SACAR BRILLO
POLLUTE POLLUTED POLLUTED CONTAMINAR
POSE POSED POSED POSAR
POSSESS POSSESSED POSSESSED POSEER
POUR POURED POURED VERTIR/ECHAR
POST POSTED POSTED ANUNCIAR/ENVIAR
PRAISE PRAISED PRAISED ELOGIAR/ALABAR
PRAY PRAYED PRAYED REZAR/SUPLICAR
PRECEDE PRECEDED PRECEDED PRECEDER
PREDICT PREDICTED PREDICTED PREDECIR
PREFACE PREFACED PREFACED PONER UN PROLOGO
PREFER PREFERED PREFERED PREFERIR
PREHEAT PREHEATED PREHEATED RECALENTAR
PREPARE PREPARED PREPARED PREPARAR
PREPAY PREPAID PREPAID PAGAR ADELANTADO
PRESAGE PRESAGED PRESAGED PRESAGIAR
PRESCRIBE PRESCRIBED PRESCRIBED PRESCRIBIR
PRESIDE PRESIDED PRESIDED PRESIDIR
PRESS PRESSED PRESSED APRETAR
PRETEND PRETENDED PRETENDED PRETENDER
PREVAIL PREVAILED PREVAILED PREVALECER
PREVENT PREVENTED PREVENTED PREVENIR
PROCEED PROCEEDED PROCEEDED PROSEGUIR
PROCESS PROCESSED PROCESSED PROCESAR
PROCRASTINATE ...D ...D DILATAR
PROCREATE PROCREATED PROCREATED PROCREAR
PRODUCE PRODUCED PRODUCED PRODUCIR
PROFANE PROFANED PROFANED PROFANAR
PROHIBIT PROHIBITED PROHIBITED PROHIBIR
PROGRESS PROGRESSED PROGRESSED PROGRESAR
PROJECT PROJECTED PROJECTED PROYECTAR
PROLONG PROLONGED PROLONGED PROLONGAR
PROMENADE PROMENADED PROMENADED PASEAR
46
PROMISE PROMISED PROMISED PROMETER
PROMOTE PROMOTED PROMOTED ASCENDER DE
PROMULGATE PROMULGATED PROMULGATED PROMULGAR
PRONOUNCE PRONOUNCED PRONOUNCED PRONUNCIAR
PROPAGATE PROPAGATED PROPAGATED PROPAGAR
PROPOSE PROPOSED PROPOSED PROPONER
PROTECT PROTECTED PROTECTED PROTEGER
PROTEST PROTESTED PROTESTED PROTESTAR
PROVE PROVED PROVED COMPROBAR
PROVIDE PROVIDED PROVIDED SUMINISTRAR
PROWL PROWLED PROWLED RONDAR
PRY PRIED PRIED CURIOSAR
PULL PULLED PULLED HALAR
PULSE PULSED PULSED PULSAR
PUMP PUMPED PUMPED BOMBEAR
PUNCH PUNCHED PUNCHED DAR PUÑETAZOS
PUNCTUATE ...ED ...ED PUNTUALIZAR
PURCHASE PURCHASED PURCHASED COMPRAR
PUSH PUSHED PUSHED EMPUJAR
PUZZLE PUZZLED PUZZLED DEJAR PERPLEJO
PAY PAID PAID PAGAR
PUT PUT PUT PONER
Q.
QUAIL QUAILED QUAILED ACOBARDARSE
QUAKE QUAKED QUAKED TEMBLAR
QUALIFY QUALIFIED QUALIFIED CALIFICAR
QUARREL QUARRELED QUARRELED REÑIR/DISPUTAR
QUESTION QUESTIONED QUESTIONED INTERROGAR
QUOTE QUOTED QUOTED CITAR
QUIT QUIT QUIT DESISTIR
R.
RACE RACED RACED COMPETIR
RADIO RADIOED RADIOED RADIAR
RAFFLE RAFFLED RAFFLED RIFAR
RAIN RAINED RAINED LLOVER
47
RAISE RAISED RAISED LEVANTAR
RAPE RAPED RAPED VIOLAR
RATE RATED RATED ESTIMAR
REACH REACHED REACHED ALCANZAR
REACT REACTED REACTED REACCIONAR
REALIZE REALIZED REALIZED DARSE CUENTA DE
REAP REAPED REAPED COSECHAR
REAPPLY REAPPLIED REAPPLIED VOLVER A APLICAR
RECALL RECALLED RECALLED RECORDAR
RECLINE RECLINED RECLINED RECLINARSE
RECOGNIZE RECOGNIZED RECOGNIZED RECONOCER
RECOMMEND RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED RECOMENDAR
RECOMPENSE RECOMPENSED RECOMPENSED RECOMPENSAR
RECONCILE RECONCILED RECONCILED RECONCILIAR
RECONSIDER RECONSIDERED RECONSIDERED RECONSIDERAR
RECONSTITUTE ...D ...D RECONSTITUIR
RECONSTRUCT ...ED ...ED RECONSTRUIR
RECORD RECORDED RECORDED GRABAR
RECOUNT RECOUNTED RECOUNTED RECONTAR
RECOVER RECOVERED RECOVERED RECOBRARSE
RECREATE RECREATED RECREATED RECREARSE
RECRIMINATE ...D ...D RECRIMINAR
RECRUIT RECRUITED RECRUITED RECLUTAR
RECTIFY RECTIFIED RECTIFIED RECTIFICAR
RECUPERATE RECUPERATED RECUPERATED RECUPERAR
RECYCLE RECYCLED RECYCLED RECICLAR
REDOUBLE REDOUBLED REDOUBLED REDOBLAR
REDUCE REDUCED REDUCED REDUCIR
REELECT REELECTED REELECTED REELEGIR
REFILL REFILLED REFILLED LLENAR DE NUEVO
REFINANCE REFINANCED REFINANCED REFINANCIAR
REFINE REFINED REFINED REFINAR
REFORM REFORMED REFORMED REFORMAR
REFRESH REFRESHED REFRESHED REFRESCARSE
REFRIGERATE ...ED .....ED REFRIGERAR
REFUSE REFUSED REFUSED REHUSAR
48
REGARD REGARDED REGARDED CONSIDERAR
REGISTER REGISTERED REGISTERED INSCRIBIRSE
REGRET REGRETTED REGRETTED ARREPENTIRSE
REGULATE REGULATED REGULATED REGULAR
REHABILITATE ...ED .....ED REHABILITAR
REHASH REHASHED REHASHED FUNDIR DE NUEVO
REHEARSE REHEARSED REHEARSED ENSAYAR
REJECT REJECTED REJECTED REHUSAR
RELATE RELATED RELATED RELACIONAR
RELAX RELAXED RELAXED RELAJARSE
RELEASE RELEASED RELEASED SOLTAR/LIBERAR
RELIEVE RELIEVED RELIEVED ALIVIAR
RELOAD RELOADED RELOADED RECARGAR
REMAIN REMAINED REMAINED PERMANECER
REMEMBER REMEMBERED REMEMBERED RECORDAR
REMIND REMINDED REMINDED RECORDAR A
RENEW RENEWED RENEWED RENOVAR
RENOUNCE RENOUNCED RENOUNCED RENUNCIAR
RENOVATE RENOVATED RENOVATED RENOVAR
RENT RENTED RENTED ALQUILAR
REPAIR REPAIRED REPAIRED REPARAR
REPEAL REPEALED REPEALED REVOCAR/ABOLIR
REPEAT REPEATED REPEATED REPETIR
REPEL REPELLED REPELLED RECHAZAR/REPELER
REPLACE REPLACED REPLACED REEMPLAZAR
REPORT REPORTED REPORTED REPORTAR
REPRESENT REPRESENTED REPRESENTED REPRESENTAR
REPRESS REPRESSED REPRESSED REPRIMIR
REPRODUCE REPRODUCED REPRODUCED REPRODUCIR
REPUDIATE REPUDIATED REPUDIATED REPUDIAR
REQUEST REQUESTED REQUESTED SOLICITAR
REQUIRE REQUIRED REQUIRED REQUERIR
RESIGN RESIGNED RESIGNED RENUNCIAR
RESIST RESISTED RESISTED RESISTIR
RESOLVE RESOLVED RESOLVED RESOLVER
RESPECT RESPECTED RESPECTED RESPETAR
49
RESPOND RESPONDED RESPONDED RESPONDER
REST RESTED RESTED DESCANSAR
RESTRICT RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRINGIR
RESUME RESUMED RESUMED RESUMIR
RESUSCITATE ....D ...D RESUCITAR
RETAIL RETAILED RETAILED VENDER(MENOR)
RETAIN RETAINED RETAINED RETENER
RETIRE RETIRED RETIRED JUBILARSE
RETRACT RETRACTED RETRACTED RETRACTAR
RETREAT RETREATED RETREATED RETIRARSE
RETRIEVE RETRIEVED RETRIEVED RECUPERAR
RETURN RETURNED RETURNED REGRESAR
REVEAL REVEALED REVEALED REVELAR
REVENGE REVENGED REVENGED VENGARSE
REVIEW REVIEWED REVIEWED REVISAR
REVILE REVILED REVILED INJURIAR
REVISE REVISED REVISED REVISAR
REVOKE REVOKED REVOKED REVOCAR
REVOLT REVOLTED REVOLTED REBELARSE
REWARD REWARDED REWARDED PREMIAR
RHYME RHYMED RHYMED RIMAR
RINSE RINSED RINSED ENJUAGAR
RIPE RIPED RIPED MADURAR
ROAR ROARED ROARED RUGIR
ROAST ROASTED ROASTED ASAR
ROLL ROLLED ROLLED RODAR
ROOF ROOFED ROOFED TECHAR
ROW ROWED ROWED REMAR
RUIN RUINED RUINED ARRUINAR
RULE RULED RULED GOBERNAR/MANDAR
RUSH RUSHED RUSHED APRESURARSE
RUST RUSTED RUSTED OXIDARSE
READ READ READ LEER
RIDE RODE RIDDEN ANDAR EN BICI
RING RANG RUNG TIMBRAR
RISE ROSE RISSEN LEVANTAR
50
RIVE RIVED RIVEN RAJAR/HENDER
RUN RAN RUN CORRER
S.
SADDLE SADDLED SADLLED ENSILLAR
SAVE SAVED SAVED SALVAR
SCAN SCANNED SCANNED EXPLORAR
SCHEDULE SCHEDULED SCHEDULED PROGRAMAR
SCORN SCORNED SCORNED DESPRECIAR
SCRABBLE SCRABBLED SCRABBLED HACER GARABATOS
SCRAPE SCRAPED SCRAPED RASGUÑAR
SCREAM SCREAMED SCREAMED GRITAR
SCRAPE SCRAPPED SCRAPPED RASPARSE/RAER
SCRATCH SCRATCHED SCRATCHED ARAÑAR/RASPAR
SCREW SCREWED SCREWED ATORNILLAR
SEAL SEALED SEALED SELLAR
SEAT SEATED SEATED SENTARSE
SECLUDE SECLUDED SECLUDED RECLUIR/AISLAR
SEDUCE SEDUCED SEDUCED SEDUCIR
SEED SEEDED SEEDED GRANAR
SEEM SEEMED SEEMED PARECER
SEEP SEEPED SEEPED FILTRARSE
SEGREGATE ...D ...D SEGREGAR
SEIZE ...D ...D AGARRAR
SELECT SELECTED SELECTED SELECCIONAR
SENSITIZE ...D ...D SENSIBILIZAR
SENTENCE SENTENCED SENTENCED SENTENCIAR
SEPARATE ...D ...D SEPARAR
SERVE SERVED SERVED SERVIR
SETTLE SETTLED SETTLED ESTABLECERSE
SHAPE SHAPED SHAPED MODELAR/IDEAR
SHARE SHARED SHARED COMPARTIR/PARTIR
SHARPEN SHARPENED SHARPENED AFILAR/AGUZAR
SHATTER SHATTERED SHATTERED HACER AÑICOS
SHEET SHEETED SHEETED CUBRIR CON SABANA
SHELTER SHELTERED SHELTERED OCULTARSE
51
SHELVE SHELVED SHELVED ARRINCONAR
SHIELD SHIELDED SHIELDED ESCONDER/AMPARAR
SHIFT SHIFTED SHIFTED TRANSFERIR/CAMBIAR
SHINE SHINED SHINED BRILLAR/RELUCIR
SHIP SHIPPED SHIPPED EMBARCAR
SHIVER SHIVERED SHIVED TEMBLAR(FRIO)
SHOCK SHOCKED SHOCKED SOBRESALTAR
SHOUT SHOUTED SHOUTED GRITAR
SHOVE SHOVED SHOVED EMPUJAR
SHOVEL SHOVELLED SHOVELLED PALEAR CON PALA
SHOW SHOWED SHOWED MOSTRAR/ENSEÑAR
SHRUG SHRUGGED SHRUGGED ENCOGERSE DE HOMBROS
SHUFFLE SHUFFLED SHUFFLED BARAJAR/MEZCLAR
SIGH SIGHED SIGHED SUSPIRAR
SIGN SIGNED SIGNED FIRMAR
SIGNAL SIGNALED SIGNALED HACER UNA SEÑAL
SIN SINNED SINNED PECAR
SITE SITED SITED LOCALIZAR/SITUAR
SKATE SKATED SKATED PATINAR
SKECTH SKECTHED SKECTHED ESBOZAR(BOSQUEJO)
SKI SKIED SKIED ESQUIAR
SKID SKIDDED SKIDDED PATINAR
SKIM SKIMMED SKIMMED DESCREMAR
SKIMP SKIMPED SKIMPED ESCATIMAR
SKIN SKINNED SKINNED PELAR/DESPELLEJAR
SKIP SKIPPED SKIPPED OMITIR/SALTAR
SLAM SLAMMED SLAMMED TIRAR, GOLPEAR PUERTA
SLAP SLAPPED SLAPPED ABOFETEAR
SLASH SLASHED SLASHED ACUCHILLAR
SLIP SLIPPED SLIPPED RESBALAR
SLOUCH SLOUCHED SLOUCHED IR CABIZBAJO
SLOW DOWN SLOWED SLOWED IR DESPACIO
SMASH SMASHED SMASHED APORREAR/TRITURAR
SMUGGLE SMUGGLED SMUGGLED CONTRABANDEAR
SNAP SNAPPED SNAPPED SONAR(DEDOS)CERRAR
SNEAK SNEAKED SNEAKED ANDAR SIGILOSAMENTE
52
SNEEZE SNEEZED SNEEZED ESTORNUDAR
SNIFF SNIFFED SNIFFED OLFATEAR
SNIVEL SNIVELLED SNIVELLED LLORIQUEAR
SNOW SNOWED SNOWED NEVAR
SOLDER SOLDERED SOLDERED SOLDAR
SOLVE SOLVED SOLVED RESOLVER
SOUND SOUNDED SOUNDED SONAR
SOUSE SOUSED SOUSED ESCABECHAR
SPANK SPANKED SPANKED DAR NALGADAS(AZOTE)
SPARK SPARKED SPARKED ECHAR CHISPA
SPAY SPAYED SPAYED CASTRAR(HEMBRA)
SPECULATE ...D ...D ESPECULAR
SPICE SPICED SPICED CONDIMENTAR/SAZONAR
SPIRT SPIRTED SPIRTED SALIR A CHORROS
SPITE SPITED SPITED IRRITAR
SPLASH SPLASHED SPLASHED SALPICAR(LIQUIDO)
SPLICE SPLICED SPLICED EMPALMAR/UNIR
SPRAIN SPRAINED SPRAINED TORCERSE
SPRAWL SPRAWLED SPRAWLED ESTIRAR BRAZOS
SPRAY SPRAYED SPRAYED ROCIAR
SPRINKLE SPRINKLED SPRINKLED ESPARCIR/ROCIAR
SPROUT SPROUTED SPROUTED RETOÑAR/GERMINAR
SPUR SPURED SPURED PONER ESPUELAS
SPURN SPURNED SPURNED MENOSPRECIAR
SPY SPIED SPIED ESPIAR
SQUARE SQUARED SQUARED CUADRAR/AJUSTAR
SQUEEZE SQUEEZED SQUEEZED EXPRIMIR
SQUIRM SQUIRMED SQUIRMED RETORCERSE
SQUIRT SQUIRTED SQUIRTED SALIR A CHORROS
STABILIZE STABILIZED STABILIZED ESTABILIZAR
STACK STACKED STACKED APILAR/AMONTONAR
STAFF STAFFED STAFFED DOTAR DE PERSONAL
STAGE STAGED STAGED PONER EN ESCENA
STAIN STAINED STAINED MANCHAR/TEÑIR
STAMP STAMPED STAMPED PONER ESTAMPILLA
STARCH STARCHED STARCHED ALMIDONAR
53
STARE AT STARED STARED MIRAR FIJAMENTE
START STARTED STARTED EMPEZAR/COMENZAR
STARVE STARVED STARVED MORIR DE HAMBRE
STATE STATED STATED DECLARAR/EXPRESAR
STATION STATIONED STATIONED SITUAR/COLOCAR
STAY STAYED STAYED QUEDARSE
STEAM STEAMED STEAMED HUMEAR VAPOR
STEEP STEEPED STEEPED REMOJAR
STEW STEWED STEWED ESTOFAR/GUISAR
STITCH STITCHED STITCHED COSER(DE SUTURA)
STONE STONED STONED EMPEDRAR/APEDREAR
STOP STOPPED STOPPED PARAR/DETENER
STORAGE STORAGED STORAGED ALMACENAR
STRAIN STRAINED STRAINED TENSAR/ESTIRAR
STRANGLE STRANGLED STRANGLED ESTRANGULAR
STRUGGLE STRUGGLED STRUGGLED LUCHAR/ESFORZARSE
STUDY STUDIED STUDIED ESTUDIAR
SUBDUE SUBDUED SUBDUED DOMINAR/VENCER
SUBLEASE SUBLEASED SUBLEASED SUBARRENDAR
SUBLIMATE SUBLIMATED SUBLIMATED SUBLIMAR
SUBMERGE SUBMERGED SUBMERGED SUMERGIRSE
SUBORN SUBORNED SUBORNED SOBORNAR
SUBSCRIBE SUBSCRIBED SUBSCRIBED SUSCRIBIR
SUBSIDIZE ...D ...D SUBSIDIAR
SUBSTITUTE ...D ...D SUSTITUIR
SUBTRACT SUBTRACTED SUBTRACTED SUSTRER
SUCCEED SUCCEEDED SUCCEEDED TENER ÉXITO
SUCK SUCKED SUCKED CHUPAR/MAMAR
SUE SUED SUED DEMANDAR
SUFFER SUFFERED SUFFERED SUFRIR
SUFFOCATE ...D ...D ASFIXIARSE
SUGGEST ...ED ...ED SUGERIR / PROPONER
SUIT SUITED SUITED SATISFACER/CONVENIR
SUPERVISE SUPERVISED SUPERVISED SUPERVISAR
SUPPLANT SUPPLANTED SUPPLANTED SUPLANTAR
SUPLLY SUPPLIED SUPPLIED SUPLIR/SUMINISTRAR
54
SUPPORT SUPPORTED SUPPORTED APOYAR/SOSTENER
SUPPOSE SUPPOSED SUPPOSED SUPONER
SUPPRESS SUPPRESSED SUPPRESSED SUPRIMIR
SURNAME SURNAMED SURNAMED APELLIDAR
SURPRISE SURPRISED SURPRISED SORPRENDER
SURRENDERE
SURRENDER SURRENDERED RENDIRSE
D
SURROUND SURROUNDED SURROUNDED RODEAR
SURVIVE SURVIVED SURVIVED SOBREVIVIR
SUSPECT SUSPECTED SUSPECTED SOSPECHAR
SUSTAIN SUSTAINED SUSTAINED SOSTENER
SWALLOW SWALLOWED SWALLOWED TRAGAR/DEGLUTIR
SWAP SWAPPED SWAPPED INTERCAMBIAR
SWARM SWARMED SWARMED TREPAR(POR)
SWASH SWASHED SWASHED CHAPOTEAR
SWEAT SWEATED SWEATED SUDAR
SAW SAWED SAWED/SAWN ASERRAR
SAY SAID SAID DECIR
SEE SAW SEEN VER
SEEK SOUGHT SOUGHT BUSCAR
SELL SOLD SOLD VENDER
SEND SENT SENT ENVIAR
SET SET SET COLOCAR/PONER
SEW SEWED SEWED COSER
SEW UP SEWED UP SEWED UP ZURCIR/REMENDAR
SHAKE SHOOK SHAKEN BATIR/SACUDIR
SHAKE
,, HANDS ,, HANDS DARSE LAS MANOS
HANDS
SHAVE SHAVED SHAVED AFEITARSE
SHEAR SHORE SHORN CORTAR(PELO) (OVEJA)
DERRAMAR(SANGRE,LAGR
SHED SHED SHED
IMAS)
SHINE SHONE SHONE BRILLAR
SHOE SHOD SHOD CALZARSE
SHOOT SHOT SHOT DISPARAR
SHOW SHOWED SHOWN PRESENTAR
SHRED SHREDED SHREDED DESMENUZAR/PELAR
55
SHRINK SHRANK SHRUNK ENCOGERSE/ARRUGAR
SHRIVE SHROVE/...D SHRIVEN/..D CONFESAR A/ABSOLVER
SHUT SHUT SHUT CERRAR VIOLENTAMENTE
SING SANG SUNG CANTAR
SINK SANK SUNK HUNDIR
SIT SAT SAT SENTARSE
SLAY SLEW SLAIN ASESINAR/MATAR
SLEEP SLEPT SLEPT DORMIR
SLIDE SLID SLID DESLIZAR
SLING SLUNG SLUNG LANZAR/ARROJAR
SLINK SLUNK SLUNK ABORTAR
SLIT SLIT SLIT RAJARSE/HENDERSE
SMELL SMELT SMELT OLER
SOW SOWED SOWN SEMBRAR(CONCIENCIA)
SPEAK SPOKE SPOKEN HABLAR
SPEED SPEEDED SPPEDED ANDAR VELOZMENTE
SPELL SPELT SPELT DELETREAR
SPEND SPENT SPENT GASTAR(TIEMPO,DINERO)
SPILL SPILT SPILT DERRAMAR/VERTER
SPIN SPUN/SPAN SPUN GIRAR
SPIT SPAT SPAT ESCUPIR
SPLIT SPLIT SPLIT SEPARAR/PARTIR
SPOIL SPOILED SPOILED ARRUINAR/ESTROPEAR
SPREAD SPREAD SPREAD REGAR(NOTICIAS)
SPRING SPRANG SPRUNG BRINCAR
STAND STOOD STOOD PARARSE
STEAL STOLE STOLEN ROBAR/HURTAR
STICK STUCK STUCK PAGAR/ADHERIR
STING STUNG STUNG PINCHAR/PICAR
STINK STANK STUNK OLER MAL/HEDER
STREW STREWED STREWN ESPARCIR/DESPARRAMAR
STRIDE STRODE STRIDDEN ANDAR A PASOS LARGOS
STRIKE STRUCK STRUCK GOLPEAR/PEGAR
STRING STRUNG STRUNG ATAR/AMARRAR
STRIVE STROVE STRIVEN ESFORZARSE
SWEAR SWORE SWORN JURAR
56
SWEEP SWEPT SWEPT BARRER
SWELL SWELLED SWELLED HINCHAR
SWIM SWAM SWAM NADAR
SWING SWANG SWUNG BALANCEAR/MECER
T.
PONER SOBRE EL
TABLE TABLED TABLED
TAPETE
TABULATE TABULATED TABULATED TABULAR
CLAVAR CON
TACK TACKED TACKED
TACHUELA
TAG TAGGED TAGGED ETIQUETAR
CONFECCIONAR(TRAJE
TAILOR TAILORED TAILORED
)
TALKED TALKED TALKED HABLAR/CONVERSAR
TAME TAMED TAMED DOMAR/DOMESTICAR
TAN TANNED TANNED BRONCEARSE
TAP TAPPED TAPPED DAR GOLPECITOS
TAUNT TAUNTED TAUNTED VILIPENDIAR
TEASE TEASED TEASED BROMEAR
TELEGRAPH TELEGRAPHED TELEGRAPHED TELEGRAFIAR
TEST TESTED TESTED PONER A PRUEBA
TICKET TICKETED TICKETED ROTULAR/ETIQUETAR
TICKLE TICKLED TICKLED HACER COSQUILLAS
TIE TIED TIED ATAR
TIP TIPPED TIPPED DAR PROPINA
TIRE TIRED TIRED CANSAR/FATIGAR
TITLE TITLED TITLED TITULAR
TOAST TOASTED TOASTED BRINDAR/TOSTAR PAN
TOPPLE TOPPLED TOPPLED DERRIBAR/VOLCAR
TORTURE TORTURED TORTURED TORTURAR
TOW TOWED TOWED REMOLCAR
TRACE TRACED TRACED SEGUIR EL RASTRO
TRACK TRACKED TRACKED SEGUIE LAS HUELLAS
TRADE TRADED TRADED INTERCAMBIAR
TRADUCE TRADUCED TRADUCED DIFAMAR/CALUMNIAR
TRANSCRIBE TRANSCRIBED TRANCRIBED TRANSCRIBIR
57
TRANSFER TRANSFERED TRANSFERED TRANSFERIR
TRANSFUGURAT
...D ...D TRANSFIGURAR
E
TRANSFORM TRANSFORMED TRANSFORMED TRANSFORMAR
TRANSFUSE TRANSFUDED TRANSFUSED TRANSFUNDIR
TRANSGRESSE TRANSGRESSE
TRANSGRESS INFRINGIR
D D
TRANSLATE TRANSLATED TRANSLATED TRADUCIR
TRANSMIT TRANSMITTED TRANSMITTED TRANSMITIR
TRANSPLANTE TRANSPLANTE
TRANSPLANT TRANSPLANTAR
D D
TRANSPORT TRANSPORTED TRANSPORTED TRANSPORTAR
TRAP TRAPPED TRAPPED ATRAPAR
TRAVEL TRAVELLED TRAVELLED VIAJAR
TREAT TREATED TREATED TRATAR(BIEN,MAL)
TREND TRENDED TRENDED TENDER A
TRESPASS TRESPASSED TRESPASSED TRASPASAR(FINCA)
TRICK TRICKED TRICKED ENGAÑAR/BURLARSE
TRIPLE TRIPLED TRIPLED TRIPLICAR
TRITURATE ...D ...D TRITURAR
TROT TROTTED TROTTED TROTAR
TROUBLE TROUBLED TROUBLED INQUIETAR/MOLESTAR
TRUST TRUSTED TRUSTED CONFIAR
TRY TRIED TRIED TRATAR/INTENTAR
TUMBLE TUMBLED TUMBLED DERRIBAR/TUMBAR
TUNE TUNED TUNED AFINAR
TURN TURNED TURNED GIRAR
TWEAK TWEAKED TWEAKED PELLIZCAR (FUERTE)
PARPADEAR/CENTELLA
TWINKLE TWINKLED TWINKLED
R
TWIST TWISTED TWISTED TORCER(SE)
TYPE TYPED TYPED TIPIAR
TAKE TOOK TAKEN TOMAR/AGARRAR
TEACH TAUGHT TAUGHT ENSEÑAR
TEAR TORE TORN ROMPER/RASGAR
TELL TOLD TOLD CONTAR/DECIR A
THINK THOUGHT THOUGHT PENSAR
58
THRIVE THROVE THRIVEN PROSPERAR/IR BIEN
THROW THREW THROWN LANZAR/TIRAR
THRUST THRUSTED THRUSTED EMPUJAR CON FUERZA
TREAD TROD TRODDEN PISAR/PISOTEAR
U.
UMPIRE UMPIRED UMPIRED ARBITRAR
UNDERTAKE UNDERTOOK UNDERTAKEN COMPROMETRESE
UNDO UNDID UNDONE DESATAR(PAQUETE)
UNITE UNITED UNITED UNIR/JUNTAR
UNPLUG UNPLUGGED UNPLUGGED DESENCHUFAR
UNTIE UNTIED UNTIED DESATAR
UPGRADE UPGRADED UPGRADED ASCENDER
USE USED USED USAR
UNBEND UNBENT UNBENT ENDEREZAR
UNDERSTAND UNDERSTOOD UNDERSTOOD ENTENDER
V.
VACCINATE VACCINATED VACCINATED VACUNAR
VALIDATE VALIDATED VALIDATED VALIDAR
VALUE VALUED VALUED VALORAR
VANISH VANISHED VANISHED ESFUMARSE
VARY VARIED VARIED VARIAR/CAMBIAR
VENTILATE VENTILATED VENTILATED VENTILAR
VENTURE VENTURED VENTURED AVENTURAR
VIBRATE VIBRATED VIBRATED VIBRAR
VIOLATE VIOLATED VIOLATED VIOLAR
VOID VOIDED VOIDED ANULAR
W.
WAIT WAITED WAITED ESPERAR
WALK WALKED WALKED CAMINAR
WANT WANTED WANTED QUERER/DESEAR
WARM UP WARMED WARMED CALENTAR/ANIMAR
WARN WARNED WARNED PREVENIR/AVISAR
WARRANT WARRANTED WARRANTED AUTORIZAR
WASH WASHED WASHED LAVAR
59
WASTE WASTED WASTED PERDER TIEMPO
WATCH WATCHED WATCHED OBSERVAR/MIRAR
WAVE AT WAVED AT WAVED AT AGITAR(MANOS)
WAX WAXED WAXED ENCERAR
WEAN
WEANED WEANED DESTETAR/APARTAR DE
FROM
WEIGH WEIGHED WEIGHED PESAR
WELCOME WELCOMED WELCOMED DAR LA BIENVENIDA
WELD WELDED WELDED SOLDAR
WENCH WENCHED WENCHED PUTEAR
WHIP WHIPPED WHIPPED AZOTAR/FUSTIGAR
WHISPER WHISPERED WHISPERED SUSURRAR
WHISTLE WHISTLED WHISTLED SILBAR
WIELD WIELDED WIELDED EMPUÑAR(ARMA)
WILL WILLED WILLED DESEAR
WIND UP WINDED UP WINDED UP LLEGAR A PARAR
WINK WINKED WINKED GUIÑAR EL OJO
WIPE WIPED WIPED SECAR/LIMPIAR
WIRE WIRED WIRED PONER UN TELEGRAMA
WISH WISHED WISHED DESEAR/ANHELAR
WITCH WITCHED WITCHED EMBRUJAR
WONDER WONDERED WONDERED SENTIR CURIOSIDAD
WORK WORKED WORKED TRABAJAR
WORRY WORRIED WORRIED PREOCUPARSE
WRAP WRAPPED WRAPPED ENVOLVER/ENROLLAR
WRECK WRECKED WRECKED NAUFRAGAR/CHOCAR
WREST WRESTED WRESTED ESTIRAR BRUSCAMENTE
WRESTLE WRESTLED WRESTLED LUCHAR
WRINKLE WRINKLED WRINKLED ARRUGARSE
WAKE WOKE WOKE/WOKEN LEVANTARSE
WEAR WORE WORN USAR(ROPA)DESGASTAR
WEAVE WOVE WOVEN TEJER
WEEP WEPT WEPT LLORAR
WIN WON WON GANAR
WIND WOUND WOUND ENROLLAR/OVILLAR
WITHDRAW WITHDREW WITHDRAWN SACAR(DINERO)
60
WRING WRUNG WRUNG RETORCER
WRITE WROTE WRITTEN ESCRIBIR
X.
X-RAY X-RAYED X-RAYED RADIOGRAFIAR
XEROXCOPY XEROXCOPIED XEROXCOPIED FOTOCOPIAR
Y.
YELL YELLED YELLED GRITAR
YIELD YIELDED YIELDED CEDER EL PASO
Z.
ZIP ZIPPED ZIPPED CERRAR CON CIERRE
ZOOM ZOOMED ZOOMED ZUMBAR/DISPARARSE
61
VERBOS IRREGULARES
El participio
Verbo Pasado Simple
pasado
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
B
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became became
begin began begun
bend bent bent
beset beset beset
bet bet/betted bet
bid bid bid
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
C
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
62
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forego/forgo forewent foregone
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
foretell foretold foretold
freeze froze frozen
get got got/gotten (AmE)

give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung hung

hang hanged hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
63
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid laid

lead led led
lean leant/leaned lean/leaned
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made

mean meant meant
meet met met
misspell misspelt/misspelled misspelt/misspelled
mistake mistook mistaken
mow mowed mown/mowed
overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
pay paid paid
plead pleaded/plead pleaded/plead
prove proved proved/proven
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
rid rid rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
64
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shear sheared sheared/shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown/showed
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slay slew slayed/slain
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slit slit slit
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
spin spun spun
spit spat spat
split split split
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
stride strode stridden
strike struck struck
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swelled/swollen
swim swam
65
swing swung swum
take took
teach taught taken
tear tore taught
tell told torn
think thought told
thrive thrived/throve thought
throw threw thrived
thrust thrust thrown
tread trod thrust
understand understood trodden
uphold upheld understood
upset upset upheld
upset
wake woke/waked
wear wore woken/waked
weave wove/weaved worn
wed wedded/wed woven/weaved
weep wept wedded/wed
win won wept
wind wound won
withdraw withdrew wound
withhold withheld withdrawn
withstand withstood withheld
wring wrung withstood
write wrote wrung
written
66
PHRASAL VERBS
EXAMPLES / TRANSLATION
PHRASAL MEANING
If you decide to do it, you'll have to abide
abide by keep to rules, decisions,
by their strict rules.
promises or agreements
Si decides hacerlo tendrás que acatar
sus estrictas normas.
The storm accounts for the plane crash.
account for explain, give a good reason
La tormenta explica el accidente aéreo.
for something
Herbert is acting like a fool today.
act like behave in a specific way
Herbert se está comportando como un
tonto hoy.
Both kids have been acting up all day
act up misbehave
long.
Los dos chicos se estuvieron portando
mal todo el día.
Please add Macarena in: she would like
add in include
to go on the picnic tomorrow with you
all.
Por favor, incluyan a Macarena: ella
quisiera ir al picnic de mañana con
todos ustedes.
1) You made a mistake when you were
add up 1) find the total of numbers
adding the bill up.
Cometió un error cuando sumó la
cuenta.
2) "I can't understand this. It doesn't add
2) to have sense
up".
"No entiendo esto. No le encuentro
sentido".
lt all adds up to this: she is entirely
add up to result in, total
untrustworthy.
Todo se puede resumir así: ella no es
para nada confiable.
All hunters allow for the possibility of
allow for take into consideration,
boar bites.
take into account
Todo cazador tiene en cuenta las
mordeduras de los jabalíes.
Don't answer back when your parents
answer back answer a reproof impudently,
talk to you.
retort (colloquial)
No contestes mal a tus padres cuando te
están hablando
Jane answered up when the visitor
answer up reply clearly and without
addressed her.
any delay
Jane respondió rápidamente cuando el
visitante se dirigió a ella.
His wife answered up to every question
answer up to have a ready reply (to)
67
the police asked her.
Su esposa respondió a cada pregunta
que la policía le hizo.
One hundred subscribers have applied
apply for ask for something
for a scholarship to study our new OM
COMPANY Business Course online.
Cien suscriptores han solicitado una
beca para realizar por Internet nuestro
nuevo Curso de Negocios OM
COMPANY.
Lucy has asked after your mom.
ask after ask about a person,
Lucy ha preguntado por la salud de tu
someone his health, etc.
mamá.
They asked me down to talk to them.
ask down invite (a person) to come
Me pidieron que bajara a hablar con
downstairs
ellos.
The sales manager asked for a new
ask for request
extension.
El gerente de ventas solicitó un nuevo
interno.
Ask your new friend in; we would all like
ask in invite (a person) into a house
to meet him.
(usually separated)
Haz pasar a tu nuevo amigo; todos
queremos conocerlo.
Barbara's friends always ask her out.
ask out invite (a person) to any form
Los amigos de Bárbara siempre la
of entertainment.
invitan a salir.
The invalid asked Ann up to talk to her.
ask up invite (a person) to come
La inválida le pidió a Ann que subiera a
upstairs
hablar con ella
The robbers backed away when they

back away move back slowly
saw the fierced dog.
(in the face of danger)
Los ladrones retrocieron cuando vieron
el perro enfurecido.
The claimant backed down and was
back down give up a claim
content to take his share.
El reclamante se echó atrás y quedó
satisfecho con su parte.
The new president never backs down
back down withdraw, avoid
from a challenge.
from
El nuevo presidente jamás se echa atrás
ante un desafío.
She backed off when I insisted on paying
back off not follow a threat,
for the damages.
give up a claim
Se retractó cuando insistí en pagar los
daños.
Kevin promised me a trip, but he finally
back out break a promise
backed out of his promise.
68
Kevin me prometió un viaje pero al
finalmente rompió su promesa.
He had to back out of the deal owing to
back out of withdraw from
his recent misfortunes.
Debió retirarse del acuerdo debido a sus
últimas desgracias.
1) All of us will back you up at the
back up 1) support (a claim or a
election.
person), confirm
Todos te apoyaremos en las elecciones.
2) Could you please back up your car a
2) move in reverse,
little?
reverse a car
¿Podría retroceder (dar marcha atrás a)
su auto un poco?
Before my computer crashed, I could
3) make a protection copy
back all my files up.
Antes de que mi computadora fallara
pude proteger (hacer una copia de
seguridad de) todos mis archivos.
1) If your son runs into difficulties, who
bail out 1) rescue
will bail him out?
Si tu hijo se mete en aprietos, ¿quién lo
va a salvar?
2) A rich friend soon came and bailed
2) provide money for a
Joe out.
person's release from prison
Enseguida apareció un amigo rico de
Joe y pagó su fianza.
1) The pilot baled out when the aircraft
bale out 1) escape from an aeroplane
fell in flames.
by parachute
El piloto saltó en paracaídas cuando el
avión se incendió.
2) We baled out for several hours until
2) remove water from a vessel
the boat was safe.
Sacamos agua durante varias horas
hasta que el bote estuvo a salvo.
I don't like to hear my secrets being
bandy about discuss lightly or jokingly
bandied about.
No me gusta que se anden revelando
mis secretos.
We all are banking on good weather next
bank on depend on
Monday.
Todos dependemos de que haga buen
tiempo el próximo lunes.
We were at a private meeting when she
barge in intrude (slang)
barged in.
Estábamos en reunión privada cuando
ella se entrometió.
She barked out the salesman, "Why
bark out say petulantly
don't you leave?"
Le espetó al vendedor, "¿Por qué no se
69
va de una vez?".
He is about to leave for Costa Rica.

be about to be on the point of
Está por salir para Costa Rica.
(doing something)
I am after the truth of this problem.
be after search for,want (slang)
Busco (Estoy detrás de) la verdad de
este problema.
I'm against buying everything they offer
be against be opposed to
you.
Estoy en contra de comprar todo lo que
te ofrecen.
I'm afraid Sheila is away for the
be away be far from home, from this
weekend.
place (for at least a night)
Me temo que Sheila se fue por el fin de
semana.
Mr. Barter will be back in half an hour.
be back have returned after a long or
El Sr. Barter regresará en media hora.
short absence
You are already behind with your rent.
be behind with be late with
Ya te atrasaste con el alquiler.
Are you down for the OM Personal final
be down for have one's name written
examinations?
down or entered for
¿Te anotaste para los exámenes finales de OM
Personal?
Poor Mary is down in French and Maths.
be down in have failed in (slang)
Pobre Mary, le fue mal (la reprobaron) en Francés
y Matemáticas.
I'm for doing nothing till the police arrive.
be for be in favour of
Estoy a favor de no hacer nada hasta que llegue la
policía.
I want to see Mr. Delaware. Is he in?
be in be at home, be here or
Necesito ver al Sr. Delaware. ¿Se encuentra aquí?
there in this or that
building
The pilot has just said that we are in for a bumpy
be in for be about to have or
flight.
experience (usually
El piloto acaba de anunciar que vamos a tener un
something unpleasant)
vuelo movido.
His father is in with the manager.
be in with be friendly with
Su padre anda bien (tiene buena relación) con el
gerente.
1) She is off now. Call her later.
be off 1) go away (colloquial)
No se encuentra ahora. Llámela más tarde.
2) This milk is off; throw it away.
2) have gone bad
Esta leche está mal; tírala.
(colloquial)
3) He promised to see me when she was off.
3) be free from duty
Prometió venir a verme cuando no esté ocupado.
4) The meeting scheduled for tonight is now off.
4) be cancelled
70
(colloquial) La reunión programada para esta noche está
cancelada.
5) The movie is off now!
5) start
¡Ya comienza la película!
1) They are on from 2 pm to 6 pm
be on 1) be on duty (colloquial)
Están ocupados desde las 2 hasta las 6 de la tarde.
2) We are swimming soon. Are you on?
2) agree (colloquial)
Pronto vamos a ir a nadar. ¿Estás de acuerdo?
Mrs. Dennys is out at the moment.
be out 1) be away from home
La Sra. Dennys está afuera en estos momentos.
(for a short time, not
overnight)
2) The accountant was out in his budget.
2) be mistaken, be
El contador se equivocó en el presupuesto.
wrong
3) Her book is already out.
3) be published
Ya se ha publicado su libro.
4) Is the fire out?
4) be no longer burning
¿Ya apagaron el incendio?
5) I'm so busy that even a short holiday is out.
5) be beyond
Estoy tan ocupado que hasta una corta vacación
consideration
es imposible.
(colloquial)
Sheila is out for a good time.
be out for be seeking (colloquial)
Sheila está buscando pasarla bien.
1) He is out of Buenos Aires at the present.
be out of 1) be away from
No se encuentra en Buenos Aires actualmente.
2) I am out of sugar and coffee.
2) have finished, have
Me quedé sin azúcar y café.
exhausted the supply of
The storm is over now. We can go on.
be over be finished
Terminó la tormenta. Podemos seguir.
I am through with you for good and all.
be throughhave finished with
Para bien o para mal he terminado contigo.
with (colloquial)
1) She won't be up till 11 am today.
be up 1) have risen, be out of
No se va a levantar hasta las 11 de la mañana hoy.
bed
2) What's up? Why did you scream?
2) be happening
¿Qué ocurrió? ¿Por qué gritaste?
3) Your time is up. You must return now.
3) be finished
Tu tiempo se acabó. Debes regresar ahora.
(used only of time)
Mankind is always up against Nature.
be upcompete against, be
La Humanidad compite permanentemente con la
against facing,
Naturaleza.
be opposite
be up and be out of bed and Mr Rivers is much better now: he is already up

about active, and about.
be convalescent (from El Sr. Rivers se encuentra mucho mejor ahora:
71
illness) ya anda por allí.
be up to 1) be doing, be busy 1) Martha is very quiet. Go and see what she is

with up to.
Martha está muy silenciosa. Anda a ver en qué
está haciendo.
2) feel able to, be fit for 2) My doctor said that I was not up to making
such a long flight.
El médico me dijo que no estoy en condiciones
de hacer un vuelo tan largo.
3) be someone's3) It is up to you to teach your children manners.

responsibility Es tu responsabilidad enseñarles buenos
modales a tus hijos.
be well up be well versed in, know He is well up in movie business: ask him about
in thoroughly this film.
Conoce muy bien el negocio del cine:
pregúntale sobre esta película.
bear away win Our team bore away the championship.

Nuestro equipo ganó el campeonato.
bear out confirm This report bears out my theory about the
murder.
Este informe confirma mi teoría acerca del
asesinato.
bear up support bad news, Try to bear up even if you feel sick.
not despair Trata de aguantar aunque te sientas enfermo.
bear with be patient with Please, kindly bear with the delay.
Por favor, tenga paciencia con la demora.
beat down force someone to lower He asked me $1000 for the tree, but I beat him
his prices down to $600.
Me pidió $1000 por el árbol pero logré
hacérselo bajar a $600.
beat off repel The villagers could beat off (back) several
beat back attackes in the past.
Los pobladores lograron rechazar varios
ataques en el pasado.
beat up 1) strike so. severely 1) This fellow has beat up several boys at
school.
Este tipo ya le pegó a varios muchachos en la
escuela.
72
2) mix thoroughly 2) Beat up the ingredients and then boil
everything.
Mezcla bien todos los ingredientes y luego
hierve todo.
beg off decline, ask to be Marly begged off from her engagement to come
excused to the party.
Marly pidó que disculpáramos su compromiso
de venir a la fiesta.
block up obstruct so as to make Bank deposits in Argentina were blocked up in

access impossible December 2001.
Los depósitos bancarios de Argentina fueron
bloqueados en Diciembre de 2001.
blow out extinguish, put out a The wind blew out the candle (or The wind blew
flame the candle out).
by blowing El viento apagó la vela.
blow over pass All these troubles will soon blow over.
Todos estos problemas pronto pasarán.
blow up 1) destroy by 1) Suddenly the whole barrel blew up.

explosion, explode El barril explotó repentinamente.
2) fill with air, inflate,2) Laura's father blew up all the balloons for
pump up the party.
El padre de Laura infló todos los globos para
la fiesta.
3) become angry 3) He blew up when his seceretary told him

about the mistake.
Estalló cuando su secretaria le comentó
acerca del error.
4) arise 4) A storm suddenly blew up in the

Caribbean.
De pronto estalló una tormenta en el Caribe.
boil away 1) continue boiling 1) The water has been boiling away for the
last ten minutes.
Hace diez minutos que está hirviendo el
agua.
2) boil until all liquid2) The milk has all boiled away.
has evaporated Se ha evaporado toda la leche.
boil down to can be reduced to All his ideas boil down to imaginary thoughts.
(colloquial) Todas sus ideas pueden reducirse a
pensamientos imaginarios.
73
boil over boil and flow over the The milk boiled over and there was a horrible
sides smell of burning.
of the container Se derramó la leche hervida y había un
espantoso olor a quemado.
border on be near, be next to Their excitement bordered on dangerous

hysteria.
Su excitación estaba al límite de una
peligrosa histeria.
bounce back recover Helen's husband bounced back from his

defeat.
El esposo de Helen se recuperó de su
frustración.
bow out of withdraw They finally bowed out of the car race.
Finalmente abandonaron la carrera de autos.
branch out begin or develop a Our company branched out and has two
new business agencies in Brazil.
Nuestra empresa se expandió y tiene dos
sucursales en Brasil.
break down 1) smash, demolish 1) The thieves broke down the front door.
Los ladrones derribaron la puerta de entrada.
2) stop functioning,2) The engine has broken down.

stop working El motor ha dejado de funcionar (se ha
averiado).
3) collapse through ill-3) When she heard the news, she broke down
health and wept.
or great emotion, loseCuando supo las noticias se derrumbó y se
control largó a llorar.
4) analyse 4) Could you break down these information

into age-groups?
¿Podrías distribuir estos datos por edad
grupal?
break in 1) enter by force 1) Two thieves broke in and stole the car.
(also break into) Entraron dos ladrones y robaron el auto.
2) interrupt someone2) I was telling Paul about Venice when she

(colloquial) broke in.
Le estaba contando a Paul sobre Venecia
cuando ella interrumpió.
3) tame, train for use.3) It took many men to break in that wild
train to labour horse.
74
Domesticar a ese caballo salvaje ocupó a
varios hombres.
break off 1) separate by 1) He took the chocolate and broke off a

breaking piece.
Tomó el chocolate y cortó un trozo.
2) stop, disrupt 2) Before the war some countries broke off

diplomatic relations.
Antes de la guerra muchas naciones
rompieron sus relaciones diplomáticas.
break out 1) escape by using 1) Several prisoners managed to break out of

force prison.
Varios prisioneros se ingeniaron para
escapar de la cárcel.
2) suddenly begin2) War broke out in 1939.

wars, La guerra comenzó en 1939.
fires, epidemics
3) appear suddenly 3) The sun finally broke out and the rain
stopped.
Finalmente salió el sol y dejó de llover.
4) utter, exclaim 4) Suddenly he broke out into terrible curses.

De pronto estalló en terribles maldiciones.
break up 1) break into pieces 1) The old ship was broken up by the waves.
El viejo barco fue desintegrado por las olas.
2) stop, finish 2) Classes broke up and students went back

home.
Terminaron las clases y los estudiantes
regresaron a sus hogares.
3) depart, disperse3) The police managed to break the angry

(separable whencrowd up.
transitive) La policía se arregló para dispersar a la
multitud enojada.
4) break a relationship 4) Mary and James broke up their

engagement.
Mary y James rompieron su compromiso.
breathe in inhale We went out to the garden and breathed in

the fresh air.
Salimos al jardín y respiramos el aire puro.
breathe out exhale Jane breathed out a sigh of relief when she
saw her son was in.
75
Jane exhaló un suspiro cuando vio que su hijo
estaba adentro.
bring about cause to happen What has brought about all this disaster?
¿Qué ocasionó este desastre?
bring around 1) persuade someone 1) Finally I brought him around to my point of

to view.
agree with one's Finalmente pude convencerlo acerca de mi
proposal opinión.
2) restore to2) This medicine will soon bring her around.

consciousness Este medicamento la revivirá (hará volver en
sí) pronto.
3) bring to your house 3) I'll bring your book around tonight.

Esta noche te llevo el libro a tu casa.
bring back 1) recall (usually not 1) He always brings back his trip to Paris.
separated with a Siempre añora (le viene a la mente) su viaje a
noun) París.
2) return 2) She brought back her four library books.

Ella devolvió los cuatro libros a la biblioteca.
bring down lower, reduce Finally the artist brought his price down.
Finalmente el artista redujo el precio.
bring forward 1) introduce, propose 1) Who brought this matter forward?

¿Quién sacó (trajo a colación) este tema?
2) carry figures to2) You must bring forward last month's total
the next page on to page 25.
Tienes que trasladar los totales del mes
pasado a la página 25.
bring in 1) introduce 1) The foreigners brought in many customs.

Los inmigrantes introdujeron muchas
costumbres.
2) produce as profit,2) The sale has brought in an interesting sum.

yield La venta rindió una suma interesante.
3) earn 3) His business brings in a lot of money every

month.
Su negocio produce mucho dinero
mensualmente.
4) pronounce a verdict 4) The jury brought in a verdict of not guilty.

El jurado se pronunció con un veredicto de
76
no culpable.
bring off accomplish I thought Doris couldn't pass the FCE but she
something brought it off.
very difficult Pensé que Doris no podría aprobar el FCE
pero lo logró.
bring out publish When are you bringing out your next novel?
¿Cuando publicarás tu próxima novela?
bring up 1) educate, raise, rear 1) Bringing up children is never easy.

Educar a los niños nunca es fácil.
2) mention as a topic2) We decided to bring the matter up at the

of discussion next meeting.
Decidimos mencionar el tema en la próxima
reunión.
brush up polish, revise I'm trying to brush my English up.

Estoy intentando mejorar (pulir) mi Inglés.
brush up on refresh knowledge of, I'm traveling to Canada soon. I must brush up
review on my French.
Pronto viajaré a Canadá. Tengo que refrescar
mis conocimientos de Francés.
buckle down work seriously You may fail your TOEFL exam if you don't
buckle down.
Puedes fracasar en tu examen TOEFL si no te
pones a estudiar en serio.
build on develop from The new manager wants to build on the

company success.
El nuevo gerente quiere tomar como base el
éxito de la compañía.
add an extensionWhen the new extension is built on, the
to a building factory will be huge.
Cuando se construya la nueva ampliación la
fábrica será enorme.
burn down destroy by fire The rebels burnt down all the cottages.
(used of buildings) Los rebeldes incendiaron todas las casas.
burn up 1) become 1) Her pictures burned up when the apartment

destroyed by fire set on fire.
Sus cuadros se quemaron cuando el
departamento se incendió.
2) cause someone2) It burns me up when people is so rude!!

to become very angry ¡¡Me saca de quicio cuando la gente es tan
77
grosera!!
burst into suddenly enter Four thieves burst into the meeting room last
night.
Anoche cuatro ladrones irrumpieron en la
sala de reuniones.
burst out suddenly show He burst out laughing at the end of the
emotion speech.
Se largó a reír al final del discurso.
butt in interrupt impolitely Sheila butts in all the time so you cannot talk
a conversation with comfort.
Sheila interrumpe todo el tiempo y no puedes
hablar con comodidad.
butter up flatter, praise We buttered him up to see if he would agree

dishonestly to our proposal.
Lo adulamos para ver si aceptaba nuestra
propuesta.
button up fasten with buttons He buttoned his jacket up easily.

Se abotonó el saco con facilidad.
buy up buy everything He brought up the entire stock of Argentine

wines.
Se compró toda la existencia de vinos
argentinos
call at visit a place for a shortI called at the bank to transfer some money.
time Pasé por el banco para transferir algo de
dinero.
call for 1) visit a place to collect1) Tom is calling for me at 8 pm.

someone or something Tom me pasa a buscar a las 8 de la noche.
2) require, demand 2) This situation calls for tact and a deep

investigation.
Esta situación requiere tacto y una
investigación a fondo.
call in send for someone toIt was too late to call in an electrician.
come Era demasiado tarde para llamar (hacer
ask to assist venir) a un electricista.
call off 1) cancel something that1) The couple decided to call off the
has been scheduled, notwedding.
started Los jóvenes decidieron cancelar el
casamiento.
78
2) divert, distract 2) Please, call off your dog at once !!
¡¡Por favor distraiga ya a su perro!!.
call on 1) ask someone to do1) The president called on his people to

something make some sacrifices.
El presidente convocó a su gente a hacer
algún sacrificio.
2) visit 2) Call on me if you have any problems.

Venga a verme si tiene problemas.
call out 1) shout, cry, exclaim 1) They called my name out.

Me gritaron (llamaron a los gritos) por mi
nombre.
2) summon troops for2) The Fire Brigade was called out twice
action during the night.
La Brigada de Incendios fue citada dos
veces durante la noche.
call up 1) remember, recollect 1) The old man is calling up many

memories.
El anciano se la pasa recordando el
pasado.
2) summon for military2) Here men are called up at 18.

service Aquí llaman a los hombres para el servicio
militar a los 18 años.
3) telephone someone 3) I called Tom up and told him the news.

Lo llamé por telefóno a Tom para
comentarle las novedades.
call upon visit someone for a shortYesterday they called upon the
time ambassador.
Ayer visitaron al embajador.
calm down become less agitated Veronica is really upset. I'll try to calm her
down.
Verónica está absolutamente disgustada.
Trataré de calmarla.
care about be concerned about This movie star cares about his reputation.
A esta estrella de cine le preocupa su fama.
care for 1) like, want 1) He doesn't care for films about war.
No le interesan las películas de guerra.
2) look after, take care2) This house looks well cared for.
of Esta casa se ve bien cuidada (en buenas
79
condiciones)..
carry on 1) continue 1) The widow carried on as if nothing had

happened.
La viuda continuó como si nada hubiese
ocurrido.
2) continue with 2) Both brothers carried on with their

boring conversation.
Los dos hermanos continuaron con su
aburrida conversación.
carry out perform, put in practice It is not easy to carry out this task.
No es fácil poner en práctica esta tarea.
cast up calculate, add The accountant will cast up all the figures in
this book.
El contador sumará todas las cifras en este
libro.
catch on 1) become popular; be1) The fashion of wearing bow ties is

widely accepted catching on.
Se está poniendo de moda usar moños de
corbata.
2) understand (slang) 2) He saw the old lady and suddenly caught

on.
Vio a la anciana y comprendió de
inmediato.
catch up with overtake but not pass,I started last but I soon caught up with the
stop being behind others.
Arranqué último pero pronto alcancé (me
puse a la altura de) los demás.
cater for provide with thingsOur company caters for every kind of food
desired for planes.
Nuestra empresa provee todo tipo de
alimentos para aviones
check in register one's arrival You must check in at the front desk.
Tienes que registrarte en la recepción.
check off make a mark on a list toShe checked off all the things she had
indicate completedpacked up.
things Ella tildó (marcó) todas las cosas que había
empacado.
check out 1) register one's1) Please, leave the key here when you
departure check out.
Tenga a bien dejar aquí la llave cuando se
80
retire.
2) verify, investigate 2) Can you check out this information?

¿Podrías verificar esta información?
cheer on cheer, encourage She promised to be there to cheer us on.

Prometió estar allí para darnos ánimo.
cheer up help someone feel lessCheer up! Everything will be all right.
worried or happier ¡Alégrate! Todo va a andar bien.
chew out scold someone severely His father chewed him out when he arrived
so late.
Su padre lo reprendió severamente cuando
llegó tan tarde.
chicken out lose the courage orI was going to ask him for a job, but I
confidence chickened out.
to do something Estaba por pedirle un trabajo pero no tuve
el coraje.
chip in contribute, donateMy mother is collecting donations for the

(usually money) cause. I'm sure you want to chip in.
Mi madre está juntando fondos para la
causa. Estoy seguro que quieres contribuir.
chop down fell; cut down byThey finally chopped down the old oak tree.
delivering Finalmente talaron (derribaron) el antiguo
a blow roble.
chop up cut into small pieces She chopped the meat up for the stew.
Cortó la carne en pedacitos para el guiso.
clam up refuse to talk aboutWhen I try to talk about her divorce, Mary
something just clams up.
Cuando intento hablar de su divorcio, Mary
enmudece (rehusa hablar).
clean down brush or wask a wall,He spent all day cleaning my car down.
car, etc. Me pasé el día limpiando el auto.
clean out make clean and tidy The maid will soon clean out the cupboard.
La mucama enseguida ordenará (dejará
ordenado) el aparador.
clean up tidy This painters always clean up when they've

finished.
Estos pintores siempre dejan todo
ordenado después de pintar.
81
clean up after tidy for She spent half a day cleaning up after the
children.
Se pasó medio día ordenando lo que
dejaron los niños.
clear away 1) remove or get rid of1) He cleared away (off, out) the old
clear off articles records.
clear out (in order to make space) Se deshizo de (tiró) los discos viejos.
2) disperse 2) "You clear away (off, out) immediately",

shouted the farmer.
El granjero gritó, "¡Salga de aquí
inmediatamente!".
clear up 1) become finer or bright 1) When the weather clears up, we'll go to
the movies.
Cuando mejore el tiempo iremos al cine.
2) tidy up 2) Please, clear up all this mess.

Por favor, despeja (ordena) todo este lío de
cosas.
3) finish 3) I have some letters to be cleared up

before I leave.
Tengo algunas cartas para terminar antes
de irme.
4) solve a mystery 4) The detective finally cleared up the

mystery.
El detective finalmente resolvió el misterio.
5) used when5) You must clear up Customs when you

introducing come from abroad.
import goods Tienes que pasar por Aduana cuando
llegas de otro país.
clock in register one's arrival in aThe workmen here clock in from 6 am to

clock 6.30 am.
(in factories) Aquí los obreros marcan su entrada de 6 a
6.30 de la mañana.
clock off register one's departureOur workmen clock off (out) at 3 pm.
clock out in a clock (in factories) Nuestros operarios marcan su salida a las
3 de la tarde.
close down shut permanently Trade here is so bad that many shops close
down.
El comercio aquí es tan pobre que muchos
negocios cierran definitivamente.
82
close in come nearer, approach As the mist was closing in (on) we decided
close on from to stay there.
all sides, surround Como la niebla se aproximaba decidimos
quedarnos allí mismo.
close up 1) close completely,1) The old road has been closed up.
block Han clausurado la vieja ruta.
2) come nearer to one2) Please children, close up a bit for

another another boy on this seat.
Por favor niños, júntense un poco para
hacer lugar a otro.
cloud over become overcast Although it clouded over (up) in the

cloud up afternoon, the rain stayed away and we
could play in the garden.
Aunque se nubló por la tarde, la lluvia se
mantuvo alejada y pudimos jugar en el
jardín.
come about happen It came about that we both left Spain on the
same plane.
Ocurrió que los dos salimos de España en
el mismo avión.
come across 1) meet accidentally 1) I met across several old friends at the
meeting.
En la reunión me encontré con varios viejos
amigos.
2) find unexpectedly,2) I will tell you if I come across the book

by chance you are looking for.
Te avisaré si encuentro el libro que estás
buscando.
come along 1) progress 1) How is your new novel coming along?

¿Cómo anda tu novela nueva?
2) hurry 2) Come along now, or we'll be late.

Vamos ya o llegaremos tarde.
come away 1) leave 1) Come away now. It's time to go home.

Salgamos ya. Es hora de ir a casa.
2) become detached 2) The knob of the CD player came away in

my hands.
La perilla del reproductor de CDs se salió
(cayó en mis manos).
come back return I shall be waiting for you when you come
83
back.
Te estaré esperando cuando regreses.
come down descend Mrs. Blair will come down in five minutes.
La Sra. Blair bajará en cinco minutos.
come down to can be reduced to Your choices come down just to these two
alternatives.
Tus posibilidades de elección ser reducen
a dos alternativas.
come down with become ill with My wife came down with the flu.
Mi esposa cayó engripada.
come in 1) enter 1) Come into my garden and I shall show

come into you my new roses.
Ven al jardín que te mostraré mis nuevas
rosas.
2) become fashionable 2) Short skirts have come in this year.

Este año se han puesto de moda las
polleras cortas.
come off 1) be detached 1) The minute hand of my watch has come

off.
Se salió la aguja minutera de mi reloj.
2) be successful 2) Your plan has come off after all.

Después de todo tu plan dió buenos
resultados.
3) take place 3) When is the wedding coming off? Next

month?
¿Cuándo es el casamiento? ¿El mes
próximo?
4) be taken off,4) This play is coming off next week.

stop functioning Esta obra de teatro deja de representarse
la semana que viene.
come out 1) be revealed 1) The whole truth finally came out.

Finalmente se supo toda la verdad.
2) be published 2) Her new book will come out next week.

Su nuevo libro será publicado la semana
próxima.
3) disappear 3) Tomato stains do not usually come out.

Las manchas de tomate no salen
fácilmente.
84
4) result 4) Everything has come out as we wanted.
Todo salió como deseábamos.
come over come to one's house,Come over and have tea with us.
visit casually Ven a tomar el té con nosotros.
come round 1) recover1) The cyclist came round after two hours.
consciousness El ciclista volvió en sí después de dos
horas.
2) come to my house 2) I could come round tonight if you are not

busy.
Podría pasar por tu casa esta noche si no
estás ocupado.
3) finally accept 3) Lina refused to study abroad but she

came round in the end.
Lina no quería estudiar en el extranjero
pero al final aceptó.
come to 1) regain consciousness 1) After he fainted he came to himself very

quickly.
Después de desmayarse volvió en si
rápidamente.
2) total Your purchase comes to $60. Will you pay

with a credit card?
Su compra asciende a $60. ¿Va a pagar
con tarjeta de crédito?
come up 1) ascend, rise to the1) Come up and take a look at the bedroom.
surface Subir a ver el dormitorio.
2) be mentioned, arise 2) The question of my salary came up at the

meeting.
En la reunión se mencionó el tema de mi
sueldo.
3) approach 3) The stranger came up and asked me the

time.
El extraño se acercó y me preguntó la hora.
come up against meet an obstacle They have come up against many

difficulties lately.
Ellos han tropezado con muchas
dificultades últimamente.
come upon Discover We finally came upon a small lake near the
Andes.
Finalmente descubrimos un pequeño lago
85
cercano a los Andes.
come up to 1) be equal to 1) His work does not come up to Mary's.

Su trabajo no se compara con el de Mary.
2) come close2) The policeman came up to me and said, "You

enough to talk,can't park here. Please, park over there".
approach El agente se me acercó y dijo, "No puede estacionar
aquí.
Por favor estacione más allá".
come up produce OM Personal comes up with many alternatives to the

with Spanish speakers who need to learn English.
OM Personal ofrece muchas alternativas para los
hispano-parlantes que necesitan aprender inglés.
confide in share a secret The two friends have always confided in each other.
Los dos amigos se han confiado siempre sus
secretos.
cook up concoct (slang) How did you mnage to cook up such a fantastic
excuse?
¿Cómo te las ingeniaste para tramar semejante
excusa?
cool down become cool orThey could cool down the angry parent after some
calm minutes.
Después de unos minutos lograron calmar al padre
enojado.
cope with deal with problems He could cope with that difficult situation.
Pudo hacer frente a esa difícil situación.
cordon off block The police cordoned off this area.

La policía clausuró (bloqueó) esta zona.
count in include (usuallyYou can count me in for the picnic.

separated) Pueden incluirme para el picnic.
count on rely on, depend on You can count on me; I won't fail you.
Puedes contar conmigo; no te voy a fallar.
count out exclude (usuallyPlease, count me out for the birthday present.
separated) Por favor, no me incluyas para el regalo de
cumpleaños.
count up add up figures Count these figures up once more.

Suma estos números una vez más.
creep up on approach Old age tends to creep up on one.
86
undetected Los años aparecen en ti sin darte cuenta.
crop up appear All sort of difficulties have cropped up in our

unexpectedly country.
En nuestro país han aparecido (surgido) todo tipo de
dificultades.
cross out show thatHe spent all the morning crossing out his students'
something writtenmistakes.
is wrong bySe pasó la mañana tachando los errores de sus
crossing it with anestudiantes.
X
cry out shout out He cried out that he was innocent.

Gritó que era inocente.
cry out for urgently require The education system in Argentina is crying out for
improvement.
El sistema educativo de Argentina reclama urgentes
mejoras.
cut across use a short route If you want to arrive earlier, cut across the parking
lot.
Si quieres llegar más rápido, atraviesa el (toma un
atajo a través del) estacionamiento.
cut back on 1) reduce1) She is a little overweight. She should cut back on
consumption fat.
Está excedida de peso. Tendría que reducir el
consumo de grasa.
2) reduce expenses 2) The government has cut back spending. (Where

was it?)
El gobierno ha reducido los gastos. (¿Dónde ha
ocurrido?)
cut down 1) fell 1) Finally they cut down the huge oak tree.
Finalmente talaron (cortaron) el viejo roble gigante.
2) reduce in size or2) Try to cut down your expenses.

amount Trata de reducir (recortar) tus gastos.
cut in pass one car whenNever try to cut in during rush hours. It's really
there dangerous.
isn't room to do itNo trates de adelantarte a otros en horas pico. Es
safely muy peligroso.
cut off 1) separate by1) She cut off a piece of cake for me.
cutting Cortó un pedazo de torta para mí.
87
2) disconnect 2) I was cut off in the middle of my phone
conversation.
Me cortaron en medio de la conversación telefónica.
3)discontinue 3) The company has cut off our electricity supply.

supply(gas, La empresa nos cortó el servicio de electricidad.
electricity, etc)
4) disinherit 4) His father cut him off without a penny.

Su padre lo dejó sin un centavo de herencia.
5) isolate, intercept 5) You will be cut off if you go to live in that small
village.
Vas a quedar aisaldo si te vas a vivir a ese pueblito.
cut out 1) remove by1) Julia is cutting out a photograph of her favourite
cutting film star.
Julia está recortando una foto de su estrella de cine
favorita.
2) omit, leave out 2) If you want to get thin you must cut out sugar.
Si quieres adelgazar debes eliminar el azúcar.
3) stop 3) Cut those jokes out, please !!!

¡¡¡Terminen con esas bromas, por favor!!!
cut out for be suitable for,He is cut out for a teacher.

have the qualitiesTiene las cualidades perfectas para ser educador.
for
cut up cut into pieces She cut the cake up and gave each of us a piece.
Cortó la torta en pedazos y nos dio un trozo a cada
uno.
dawn on begin to appear;After reading her letter the truth began to dawn on
begin to grow clearme.
to the mind Después de leer su carta la verdad empezó a
aclarar en mí.
deal in stock, sell Jennifer's husband deals in gold and jewels.

El esposo de Jennier comercia oro y joyas.
deal with handle She is really lucky, so she can deal with this
successfully situation.
Es muy afortunada, por lo tanto puede manejar esta
situación.
decide on settle on About sales they have already decided on a course

of action.
Acerca de las ventas ya han definido una línea de
88
acción.
die away become graduallyThe prisoners waited till the sound of the warder
faintier, died away.
disappear Los prisioneros aguardaron hasta que los pasos del
guardia se extinguieron (desaparecieron).
die down become graduallyWhen the excitement had died down the shop was
calmer, reopened.
become less Cuando se calmó la excitación se reabrió la tienda.
die out become extinct Blue whales could die out in a few years.
La ballena azul podría extinguirse en pocos años.
dig up remove from theThe pirates are digging up the treasure.

ground Los piratas están desenterrando el tesoro.
by digging
dispense proceed without The chairman dispensed with formalities and took
with off his tie.
El presidente prescindió de toda formalidad y se
quitó la corbata.
dispose of get rid of, remove,If my parents move, they will have to dispose of their
do away with furniture.
Si mis padres se mudan tendrán que deshacerse de
sus muebles.
do away with remove, destroy, Modern civilisation has down away with
abolish slavery.
La civilización moderna ha abolido
(desterrado) la esclavitud.
do in 1) cause to become 1) I slept long hours as the work in the

very tired garden had done me in.
(generally used in the Dormí mucho porque el trabajo en el jardín
passive) me había extenuado.
2) kill, murder 2) The old woman had been done in at

midnight in the park.
La anciana había sido asesinada a
medianoche en el parque.
do over do something again This report is full of mistakes. You'll have to

do it over.
Este informe está lleno de errores. Tendrás
que rehacerlo.
do up 1) fasten (shoe laces, 1) She did up the zip on her dress and went
zippers, etc.) out.
89
Subió el cierre de su vestido y se fue.
2) redecorate, restore 2) When I do this room up I will paint the

walls in stripes.
Cuando redecore esta habitación pintaré
las paredes a rayas.
do without manage in the absence They did without food and fresh water.
of Sobrevivieron (se arreglaron) sin alimentos
ni agua fresca.
double up bend over When we saw her costume we were

doubled up with laughter.
Cuando vimos su disfraz nos
descostillamos de la risa.
drag into involve unwillingly Please, don't drag me into this discussion
once again!!
¡¡Por favor, no me involucren en esta
discusión otra vez!!
drag on continue tediously The sermon dragged on for over an hour.

El sermón duró (resultó interminable por)
más de una hora.
draw back retire, retreat It's too late to draw back now; the plans are
all made.
Es tarde para volverse atrás; todos los
planes están hechos.
draw into involve gradually They managed to draw me into the

conversation.
Se la arreglaron para ir involucrándome en
la conversación.
draw near approach As the dentist drew near, several

frightened children ran away.
Cuando el dentista se acercó varios niños
huyeron atemorizados.
draw out prolong something The speaker was so boring that he drew his
speech out for over three hours.
El orador era tan aburrido que estiró su
discurso durante más de tres horas.
take money out of anThe accountant drew out an equivalent sum

account at a bank of cash with the company cheque.
El contador extrajo (retiró) una suma
equivalente de dinero mediante el cheque
de la empresa.
90
draw up 1) stop (of vehicles) 1) The car drew up and the driver got out.
El auto se detuvo y el conductor descendió.
2) make a written plan. 2) My solicitor drew up the lease yesterday.

compose a formal Ayer mi abogado redactó el contrato de
document alquiler.
dream about dream of (persons, He always dreams about (of) going to

dream of things) Venice.
Siempre sueña con ir a Venecia.
dress up dress elaborately Alan dressed up for the ceremony.

Alan se puso de punta en blanco para la
ceremonia.
drink up drink all of Drink your milk up before you go to be.

Bebe toda la leche antes de irte a la cama.
drive away go away in a car She waved and drove away.

Saludó y se fue (conduciendo) su auto.
drive up arrive in a car He drove up in a large American car.

Llegó en un enorme auto americano.
drop behind leave behind The athlete soon dropped the other runners
behind.
El atleta enseguida dejó atrás a los demás
corredores.
drop by visit informally I'd love to see you. Please try to drop by our
house.
Me encantaría verte. Por favor pasa por casa.
drop in on visit casually He dropped in on us to tell me something

(unannounced visit) about the office.
Pasó por casa (Nos hizo una visita de pasada)
para decirme algo acerca de la oficina.
drop off 1) fall 1) In autumn leaves begin to drop off.

En otoño comienzan a caer las hojas.
2) fall asleep 2) Many people dropped off during the long

lecture.
Mucha gente se quedó dormida durante la
larga conferencia.
3) deliver something 3) Please, drop these off as you leave the

office.
Por favor despacha estas cartas cuando te
vayas de la oficina.
91
4) give someone a 4) When Ana moves close to me I'll be glad to
ride drop her off.
Cuando Ana se mude cerca de casa será un
placer acercarla en mi automóvil.
drop out withdraw One runner twisted his foot in the race and
dropped out.
Un corredor se torció el pie durante la
carrera y abandonó.
drum into teach by repetition In order to improve their conversational

skills, OM Personal drums all sort of
dialogues into the students.
A fin de mejorar la comprensión oral, OM
Personal machaca a sus estudiantes con
todo tipo de diálogos.
drum up raise Veronica has drummed up support for her

marketing plan.
Verónica ha conseguido apoyo para su plan
de mercadeo.
dry up 1) become completely 1) The streams all dried up during the hot
dry summer.
Todos los arroyos se secaron durante el
tórrrido verano.
2) make dry 2) Please, dry these glasses up.

Seca estos vasos, por favor.
dwell on emphasize My boss dwelt on the risks involved in this

new plan.
Mi jefe recalcó los riesgos involucrados en
este nuevo plan
ease off become less painful My headache has now eased off a little.
or troublesome El dolor de cabeza se ha atenuado un poco
ahora.
eat in eat at home We are all going to eat in tonight, so please

prepare a big meal.
Todos cenaremos en casa esta noche, de
modo que prepara una buena cantidad de
comida.
eat out eat away from home There was no food in the house, so we
(in a decided to eat out.
restaurant or at a No quedaba comida en la casa, por lo tanto
friend's decidimos comer afuera
house, etc.)
92
eat up eat all of, eat "Eat up your dinner and then you will grow
completely into a big boy."
(separable) "Come toda tu cena y te convertirás en un
muchacho grandote".
egg on encourage, persuade His friends egg him on until he finally agreed
to the plan.
Sus amigos lo persuadieron hasta que
finalmente aceptó la propuesta.
eke out make a living by doing The poor teacher gave private music lessons
something extra in order to eke out his low salary.
(separable El pobre profesor daba clases privadas de
but often not música para compensar sus bajos ingresos.
separated)
empty out remove what is inside The maid found the missing keys when she
something emptied out both drawers in the bedroom.
La mucama encontró las llaves que faltaban
cuando vació los dos cajones del dormitorio.
end off finish Sheila ended off her speech with some
amusing stories.
Sheila finalizó su discurso con algunas
entretenidas historias.
end up reach an end If you continue to act like this, you will end in
prison.
Si continúas manejándote así, terminarás en
la cárcel.
enlarge on say more about Please enlarge on your proposal.

Por favor, amplía (explica con más detalles)
tu propuesta.
enter into 1) begin, commence 1) Finally the sisters entered into an

agreement.
Finalmente las hermanas se pusieron de
acuerdo.
2) be connected with 2) What he wants doesn't enter into our

relationship.
Lo que él quiera no tiene nada que ver con
nuestra relación.
enter up keep a written record The clerk forgot to enter up the figures for the
of accounts, etc. sales on Tuesday.
(separable) El empleado olvidó ingresar los importes de
las ventas del martes.
93
even up make even or equal The last goal has now evened up the score
(separable when and the match will probably end in a draw.
transitive) El último gol acaba de emparejar los
resultados y el partido probablemente
finalice empatado.
expand on say more about Please expand on what you have just
mentioned.
Por favor, amplía (explica con más detalles)
lo que acabas de mencionar.
explain away remove uncertainty Why did you behave so rudely to our guest?
by showing why one Explain that away.
should not be blamed ¿Por qué se comportó tan groseramente con
for a fault, mistake, nuestro invitado? Explíquese.
etc.
1) The explorers faced up to terrible

experiences.
Los exploradores se enfrentaron con
1) withstand terribles experiencias.
face up to
2) Learn to face up to the truth no matter how
2) accept and deal much it hurts.
with, Aprende a aceptar la verdad por más que
admit to ésta duela.
The sound gradually faded away when they

become weaker or appeared.
fainter, El sonido desapareció gradualmente cuando
fade away disappear aparecieron.
The long journey has fagged me out.

fag out exhaust (slang) El largo viaje me ha dejado agotado.
fall back recede, retreat As soon as the enemy fell back, the soldiers
returned to their homes in Spain.
Apenas el enemigo retrocedió, lo soldados
regresaron a sus hogares en España.
fall back on turn to for help, makeBecause of unexpected expenses, we had

use ofto fall back on
in an emergency our savings.
A causa de gastos imprevistos tuvimos que
hacer uso de nuestros ahorros.
fall behind be passed by others Our runner seems to have fallen behind.
Parece que nuestro corredor se ha
atrasado (quedado atrás).
94
fall behind with fail to pay a sum ofJones fell behind with his payments for the
money car and had to borrow money.
which is due Jones se atrasó con los pagos del
automóvil y tuvo que pedir dinero prestado.
fall down lose one's balance Charles tripped over a stone and fell down.
Carlos tropezó con una piedra y se cayó.
1) Robert soon fell for the beautiful Monica.

1) be attracted by the Roberto enseguida se sintió atraído por la
charms of (slang) bella Mónica.
fall for
2) He always falls for every lie his friends tell
2) succumb to a trick him.
or Se cree (traga) cualquier mentira que le
suggestion cuentan sus amigos.
The student fell in with some young girls and

went to the movies with them.
fall in with come across,
El estudiante se encontró de casualidad con
meet by chance
algunas chicas y fue al cine con ellas.
Attendance at the concerts has been falling

off lately.
La concurrencia a los conciertos ha estado
fall off become less, decrease
decayendo últimamente.
Mrs. Davidson fell out with her neighbor Miss.

Roolings.
La Sra Davidson se peleó con su vecina la
fall out with quarrel with Srta. Roolings.
A brilliant plan for a new bridge fell through

not happen, fail a plan, after a year.
miscarry, not be Después de un año fracasó un brillante plan
fall through
accomplished para un nuevo puente.
I'm fed up with my present job. What about

bored, tired you?
fed up with (past participle only) Estoy harto de mi trabajo. ¿Y tú?
Those turkeys have been fed up specially for

Christmas.
Esos pavos han sido engordados
feed up fatten especialmente para Navidad.
I don't feel like going to the movies tonight.

feel like be willing to No tengo ganas de ir al cine esta noche.
feel up to
feel able or strong Do you feel up to making that long and
95
enough exhausting journey?
to do something ¿Te sientes capaz de hacer ese largo y
agotador viaje?
The goalkeeper fended off most attacks but

we could win.
El arquero rechazó la mayoría de los ataques
fend off repel
pero pudimos ganar.
It was really hard but we managed to ferret

out the information.
search out, Fue realmente difícil pero nos arreglamos
ferret out
find with difficulty para obtener la información.
You will be late if you fiddle about with your

hair any longer.
fiddle about waste time, fail to use Llegarás tarde si sigues perdiendo el tiempo
with an opportunity con tu pelo.
I can't figure out what happened yesterday at

the office.
No logro entender qué ocurrió ayer en la
figure out solve, understand oficina.
Can you figure the total cost up?

figure up calculate, compute ¿Puedes calcular el costo total?
The locksmith filed down my key so that it

would fit the lock.
smooth or wear by El cerrajero limó mi llave para que entrara en
file down filing la cerradura.
add information, Please fill in this form by tomorrow.

fill in complete (forms, etc) Por favor llene este formulario para mañana.
substitute for,
temporarily Doris said she would fill in for me if I was sick.
do someone else's Doris dijo que me reemplazaría si me sentía
fill in for work mareado.
I couldn't go to the English class yesterday.

Could you fill me
in on what they taught?
No pude ir a la clase de inglés ayer. ¿Podrías
fill in on supply information that
comentarme
someone doesn't know
qué enseñaron?
fill out 1) complete (forms, 1) I filled out the form with all my personal
etc) by data.
adding required Completé el formulario con todos mis datos
96
information personales.
Maria used to be thinner, but lately she has

2) become less thin, begun to fill out.
plump María solía ser más delgada pero
or fat, gain weight últimamente ha subido de peso (engordado).
1) Fill up this form according with the

instructions.
1) make full (forms, Complete este formulario de acuerdo con las
fill up
etc) instrucciones.
2) Fill up the glasses with Argentine wine and

2) fill completely, make
let us toast the birthday girl!!
completely full (a
¡¡Llenemos las copas con vino argentino y
container)
brindemos por la cumpleañera!!.
The news of Pauline's divorce soon filtered

out.
become public Las noticias del divorcio de Pauline
filter out
(by rumour, etc) enseguida se hicieron públicas.
Have you found out the title of the novel yet?

find out discover, learn ¿Ya averiguaste el título de la novela?
I found about his situation a minute ago.

find out about get information about Me enteré de su situación hace un minuto.
1) The meeting finished up with a concerto in

the garden.
1) end (separable La reunión finalizó con un concierto en el
when transitive) jardín.
finish up
2) Father finished up by becoming Director of
Education.
Papá terminó (su carrera) siendo Director de
2) end one's career Educación.
Sandra fired up when her brother told her to

leave.
become angry Sandra enfureció cuando su hermano le dijo
fire up (colloquial) que se retirara.
be suited to, be
suitable, She doesn't fit in with our group.
fit in with be congenial Ella no encaja en nuestro grupo.
1) The mechanic soon fixed up the car.

fix up
1) repair El mecánico reparó enseguida el automóvil.
97
2) We must fix up the next meeting before we
leave.
2) arrange, organise in Tenemos que arreglar la próxima reunión
a suitable manner antes de irnos.
burst suddenly into The fire flamed out when the wind arose.
flame out flame El fuego estalló cuando se levantó viento.
Twenty villagers were flooded out yesterday.

force to leave because Veinte habitantes del pueblo fueron
flood out of flooding evacuados ayer.
They will fly back on Saturday afternoon.

fly back return by air Volarán de regreso el sábado por la tarde.
After many invitations, my parents finally

accepted and flew over to spend some time
fly to where someone
with us.
fly over is
Después de muchas invitaciones, mis padres
finalmente aceptaron y volaron hasta aquí
para pasar un tiempo con nosotros..
Please fold up the newspaper after reading it.

bend or lay so that one Por favor dobla (pliega) el diario después de
fold up part covers the other leerlo.
Please go ahead. We will follow on when we

have rested.
follow after an interval Por favor continuen. Nosotros seguiremos
follow on
(usually intransitive) cuando hayamos descansado.
pursue to a Diana followed up my recommendations and

conclusion, passed the exam.
bring to a successful Diana siguió hasta el final mis indicaciones y
follow up issue pasó el examen.
He likes to fool around in cybercafes all day.

not be serious, Le gusta pasar el tiempo en los cibercafés
fool around with have as a hobby todo el día.
The little girl frightened her brother into

obeying her.
La niña asustaba a su hermano obligándolo a
frighten into control by fear obedecerla.
Absenteeism is frowned on in most

companies.
El ausentismo es desaprobado en la mayoría
frown on disapprove of de las empresas.
98
He fumbled about for his key but it wasn't in
his pocket.
fumble about feel about uncertainly Hurgó en busca de su llave pero no estaba en
for with one's hands su bolsillo
Although she is over eighty, Mrs. Ballon still

gets about.
Aunque tiene más de ochenta años, la Sra.
move from place to Ballon todavía se moviliza de un lado para el
get about place, circulate otro..
The American comedian found it difficult to

get his jokes across to the audience of
make understood, Argentinians.
communicate Al comediante norteamericano le resultó
get across something difícil hacer entender sus chistes al público
understandably de argentinos.
If he has an aptitude for that job, he is sure to

get ahead.
advance, prosper, Si tiene condiciones para ese trabajo, seguro
get ahead make progress que prosperará.
The store was so crowded, it was hard to get

at the food.
La tienda estaba tan atestada que fue
get at reach imposible acercarse la comida.
Pablo insists that my dog doesn't get along

with his cat.
have a friendly Pablo insiste que mi perro no se lleva bien
get along with relationship con su gato.
get around
1) He is too old to get around now.
1) circulate. move Ya está demasiado anciano para circular por
about ahí.
2) She always gets around that topic about

2) evade, avoid doing politics.
something Ella siempre rehuye ese tema de política.
I hooked a fish, but it got away.

get away escape Enganché un pescado pero escapó.
do without being He got away with being late for school.

caught Se quedó sin castigo (Se salvó) por sus
get away with or punished llegadas tarde a la escuela.
99
get back
1) When did you get back from Japan?

1) return home ¿Cuándo regresaste de Japón?
2) I haven't got my old back yet.

Aún no he recuperado (no me han devuelto)
2) obtain back mi antiguo libro.
get by
1) She studied just hard enough to get by.

1) barely succeed Estudió apenas lo necesario para aprobar.
2) The whole family had to get by on the

mother's salary.
2) manage, survive Toda la familia se tuvo que arreglar con el
financially sueldo de la madre.
make you feel Don't let this horrible weather get you down.
depressed No permitas que este tiempo espantoso te
get down (colloquial) deprima.
After a delicious meal both men got down to

begin dealing seriously business.
with, Después de una comida deliciosa los dos
get down to become serious about hombres se concentraron en los negocios.
get in 1) arrive, enter (at a

station, 1) What time does the bus from Montevideo
at an air- terminal, at a get in?
port) ¿A qué hora llega el ómnibus de Montevideo?
2) We got in the taxi and the driver started the

engine.
2) enter or board Nos metimos en el taxi y el conductor
a small vehicle arrancó el motor.
I would love to get in on the decoration for

your new house.
manage to participate Me encantaría participar de la decoración de
get in on in tu nueva casa.
I don't want to get into any argument with

you.
No deseo involucrarme en ninguna discusión
get into become involved with contigo.
get off 1) leave a horse, a

bicycle or public 1) They got off the train at 5 pm.
100
transportation (bus, Se bajaron del tren a las cinco de la tarde.
train)
2) My school got Valentine's Day off. Can you

believe it?
Mi escuela dio feriado por San Valentín.
2) be excused for duty ¿Puedes creerlo?
3) He's a terrible lawyer. He got the murderer

off.
3) avoid punishment Es un abogado fatal. Consiguió la inocencia
for someone del asesino.
get on
1) board a big vehicle 1) They got on the bus as soon as it arrived.

(bus, train) Subieron al ómnibus tan pronto como llegó.
2) How is your sister getting on?

2) manage ¿Cómo le van las cosas a tu hermana?
3) mount (a horse, a 3) Here is your bike: get on and let's go.

bike) Aquí está tu bicicleta: súbete y vayámonos.
4) Ann is getting on. She must be at least 70.

Ana está envejeciendo. Debe tener más o
4) grow older menos 70.
1) Get out of your car and open the garage

door.
1) leave a small vehicle Baja de tu auto y abre la puerta de la
(car, taxi) cochera.
get out of
2) I was really but I could get out of giving my
class today.
Estaba realmente cansada hoy pero pude
2) escape having a
escapar (a mi obligación) de dictar mi clase
duty
hoy.
101
I hate dentists' offices, so if I must visit one, I
prefer to get it over with as soon as possible.
Odio los consultorios de los dentistas, de
get over with undergo, finish
modo que si tengo que ir a ver a uno prefiero
(usually separated)
terminar con esto lo antes posible.
My wife has not got over the flu yet.

Mi esposa no se ha recuperado de su gripe
1) recover from todavía.
get over
Her English classes get over at 6 pm.
Sus clases de inglés terminan a las seis de la
2) finish tarde.
"Why don't you get rid of these old papers

and books?"
"¿Por qué no te sacas de encima estos
1) throw away diarios y libros?"
get rid of
The manager will soon get rid of her. She
talks too much.
El gerente pronto se la sacará de encima.
2) dismiss, fire Ella habla mucho.
I won't be able to get through with my project

until May.
get through survive, finish No podré terminar mi proyecto hasta Mayo.
be in or establish Have you got through to Mr. Morrison yet?

get through to communication with ¿Ya te has comunicado con el Sr. Morrison?
Our family used to get together to celebrate

Christmas.
meet for a social Nuestra familia solía reunirse para celebrar
get together purpose Navidad.
1) My grandfather used to get up at six every

day.
Mi abuelo solia levantarse a las seis todos los
1) arise from bed días.
get up
2) Everyone got up when she entered the
room.
Todos se pusieron de pie cuando ella ingresó
2) rise to one's feet a la habitación.
1) give freely 1) Before dying he gave all his money away.

give away
(separable) Antes de morir regaló todo su dinero.
102
2) OM Personal gives away prizes every
month.
OM Personal entrega premios todos los
2) distribute meses.
3) Although I had asked Luis not to do it, he

gave away my secret during the meeting.
3) reveal
Aunque le había pedido a Luis que no lo
hiciera, reveló mi secreto durante la reunión.
4) The secret agent was given away by a co-

worker.
El agente secreto fue traicionado por un
4) betray colaborador.
Today I gave back the bicycle I had

borrowed.
return something to its Hoy devolví la bicileta que había pedido
give back owner prestada.
1) The thief finally went to the Police and

gave in.
1) admit defeat, Finalmente el ladrón fue a la Policía y se
surrender entregó.
give in
2) hand papers,
exams, 2) "Please, give in your examination papers
books to another now".
person "Por favor, entreguen sus exámenes ahora".
Boiled cabbage gives off an unpleasant odor.

El repollo hervido desprende un olor
give off send out, emit desagradable.
Who will help me to give all these books out?

¿Quién me va a ayudar a distribuir todos
give out distribute estos libros?
1) The prisoners gave themselves up.

give up 1) surrender Los prisioneros se entregaron.
2) The electrician gave up his job to become

a priest.
El electricista dejó su trabajo para
2) resign convertirse en sacerdote.
3) Try to give up cigarettes and alcohol.

3) abandon Trata de dejar los cigarrillos y el alcohol.
give up on stop trying

Helen has given up on such a terrible
103
situation.
Elena ha abandonado la lucha en tan mala
situación.
Don't go against the rules. You must obey

them.
No vayas en contra de las normas. Tienes
go against oppose que respetarlas.
I'm willing to go along with your idea. It looks

great!!
Estoy de acuerdo con tu idea. ¡¡Es
go along with agree, not resist fantástica!!
Captain Meyer decided to go back to Miami

this summer.
El Capitán Meyer decidió regresar a Miami
go back return este verano.
He never goes back on his word.

break a promise, Nunca se retracta de la palabra
go back on fail to keep one's word comprometida.
1) The price of cameras has gone down

recently.
1) decrease, get El precio de las cámaras ha disminuído
smaller recientemente.
2) The Titanic went down after hitting an

go down
iceberg.
El Titanic se hundió luego de chocar contra
2) sink un témpano.
3) The sun went down at 7 pm.

3) sunset El sol se puso a las 19 horas.
4) He went down for armed robbery.

4) be sent to prison Fue enviado a la cárcel por robo armado.
5) The boxer went down in the second round.

El boxeador fue derribado en la segunda
5) fall to the ground vuelta.
6) The computer system went down for an

hour.
6) stop working El sistema de computación se cayó durante
(especially computers) una hora.
Mother really goes for black chocolate.

go for like a great deal
A mamá le encanta realmente el chocolate
104
negro.
1) He preferred to go in for civil engineering.

El se interesó por (se especializó en)
1) be interested in ingeniería civil.
go in for
2) Over 50,000 subscribers are going in for
OM Personal courses and tutorials.
Más de 50.000 suscriptores se encuentran
2) participate in
participando de los cursos y tutoriales de OM
Personal.
1) She went off without saying goodbye.

1) depart, leave Se fue sin decir adiós.
2) Luckily the time-bomb went off outside the

go off
station.
Por suerte la bomba de tiempo estalló fuera
2) explode de la estación.
3) The wedding party seemed to go off very

well.
3) be successful Parece que la fiesta de bodas tuvo mucho
(parties) éxito.
1) Please go on. Don't let me interrupt you.

Por favor, continúa. No dejes que te
go on
1) continue interrumpa.
2) What's going on in this room today?

2) happen ¿Qué está pasando en esta habitación hoy?
1) I felt lonely after my parents had gone out.

1) leave (a building, a Me sentí solo después que mis padres se
room) habían ido.
go out
2) The fire soon went out after we threw
water on it.
El fuego pronto se apagó luego de haberle
2) cease burning arrojado agua.
3) Long dresses have gone out this year.

3) cease to be Los vestidos largos pasaron de moda este
fashionable año.
4) All the operators wet out on strike last

week.
Todos los operadores hicieron huelga la
4) go on strike semana pasada.
105
5) The tide is going out.
5) recede La marea está retrocediendo.
Monica went out with Carlos and Julie for

New Year.
Mónica salió con Carlos y Julie para Año
go out with have a date with Nuevo.
I would like to go over the report again.

go over review Me gustaría revisar el informe nuevamente.
Have you gone through the January report?

¿Has examinado en detalle el informe de
go through examine in detail enero?
The architect went through with his

controversial rounded design for a new bank.
fulfill, carry out,
El arquitecto continuó hasta el final con su
go through with continue
controvertido diseño redondeado para un
until the end
nuevo banco.
1) We all watched the tourists going up the

mountain.
Todos observamos a los turistas ascender la
1) ascend montaña.
2) Rents have gone up greatly in the past two

go up
years.
Los alquileres han subido muchísimo en los
2) increase in price últimos dos años.
3) Many factories have gone up in the last

decade.
Se han construido muchas fábricas en la
3) be built última década.
1) Those leather shoes don't go with your

1) match, harmonize sports outfit.
go with
with, Esos zapatos de cuero no quedan bien con tu
look good with conjunto deportivo.
2) Susana is going with Robert, isn't she?

2) date regularly Susana sale con Robert, ¿no es cierto?
I will have to go without any vacation next

summer.
Tendré que pasar sin vacaciones el próximo
go without abstain from verano.
106
I'm going to goof off all the afternoon.
goof off be lazy Voy a hacer fiaca (pereza) toda la tarde.
I'm sure the idea of a Brazilian tour will grow

on you.
become more Estoy seguro que la idea de una excursión
grow on attractive to por Brasil te atraerá.
grow out of become too big for My son has grown out of most of his clothes.
1) become an adult, 1) He wants to be a pilot when he grows up.

mature Quiere ser piloto cuando madure.
grow up
2) arise, develop 2) And so the legend of Santa Claus grew up.
(legends, traditions, Y así fue como se desarrolló la leyenda de
customs) Santa Claus.
North American people guarded against

possible attacks.
Los norteamericanos tomaron precauciones
guard against take precautions
ante eventuales ataques.
These traditions are handed down from

father to son.
Estas tradiciones son transmitidas de padres
hand down leave as an inheritance
a hijos.
Yesterday my boss handed in his resignation

submit assignment or
to Dr. Shofer,
homework, give in by
the company's president..
hand in hand to the proper
Ayer mi jefe entregó en mano su renuncia al
person or authority
Dr. Shofer, presidente de la compañía.
Will you please hand on this message to

Miguel?
Por favor, ¿puedes entregarle este mensaje a
hand on give to someone else
Miguel?
I enjoy handing out gifts to my relatives on

Christmas Day.
Me encanta repartir regalos entre mis
hand out distribute
parientes en Navidad.
Strange to say, the enemy finally handed over

the town to its inhabitants.
hand over transfer
Por extraño que parezca, finalmente el
enemigo entregó la ciudad a sus habitantes.
hand round show round Robert handed round the letter he had just
received.
107
Roberto hizo circular la carta que acababa
de recibir.
There are lots of men hanging about at street

hang about (US) remain idly in the
corners for the pubs to open.
hang around vicinity of
Hay muchos hombres dando vueltas en las
(UK)
esquinas esperando que abran los boliches..
When Mr. Kell asked for two volunteers, Ana

hang back.
be reluctant, hesitate
Cuando el Sr. Kell pidió dos voluntarios, Ana
hang back to act
se mostró reacia.
continue to do
"Can you hang on while I change my
something
clothes?".
(in connection with
"¿Podrías seguir en el puesto mientras me
hang on waiting)
cambio de ropa?"
I would hang on to that old briefcase if I were

you. It might prove to be very useful.
hang on to keep, retain
En tu lugar, yo me quedaría con ese antiguo
portafolios. Podría resultar muy útil.
Can you see that car? Is that a dog hanging

out?
lean forwards or
¿Ves ese auto? ¿No es un perro colgando de
hang out downwards
él?
hang up
1) Sorry for being late. I was hung up in a
1) delay (generally
traffic jam.
used
Discúlpame por llegar tarde. Quedé atascado
in passive)
en un embotellamiento.
2) finish a telephone
2) After receiving a busy signal, I hung up the
call
phone.
by hanging up the
Después de recibir señal de ocupado colgué
receiver
el teléfono
The Greens had the doctor in to see their

son.
Los Green hicieron pasar al médico para que
have in invite someone in viera a su hijo.
He had his best suit on.

have on wear, be dressed in Llevaba puesto su mejor traje.
My tooth was aching so much that I had to

have out take out
have it out.
108
El diente me dolía tanto que tuve que hacerlo
extraer.
This new section has to do with the use of

Phrasal Verbs.
Esta nueva sección trata sobre el uso de los
have to do with be about Verbos Frasales.
He heaped up great wealth while he was

abroad.
Amasó una gran fortuna mientras estaba en
heap up put in a heap, amass el exterior.
We just heard from Lucy when she arrived in

receive a Boston.
communication Recién supimos de Lucy cuando llegó a
hear from from someone Boston.
Actress Lorna Keller? I've never heard of her.

¿La actriz Lorna Keller? Jamás escuché
hear of learn about hablar acerca de ella.
listen to someone until Don't make any decision yet: please, hear me
he has finished out.
(usually No tomes ninguna decisión todavía: por
hear out
separated) favor, escúchame sin interrumpir.
1) Thanks messages help OM Personal on

day after day.
Los mensajes de agradecimiento estimulan
help on 1) encourage
(alientan) a OM Personal día tras día.
2) I helped Mariana on with the heavy coat

she had bought
2) help someone to put the day before.
something on (usually Le ayudé a Mariana a vestirse el pesado
separated) abrigo que había comprado el día anterior.
help someone Please, help me out with the dishes.

help out (usually separated) Por favor, ayúdame con los platos.
This trip hinges on my wife's decision.

Este viaje depende de la decisión de mi
hinge on depend on esposa.
There are some comedians who can hit off

many film-stars perfectly.
Hay algunos comediantes que logran imitar a
hit off imitate, mimic
la perfección
a muchas estrellas de cine.
109
He hit on a plan for making money easily.
Descubrió un método para hacer dinero
hit on discover accidentally fácilmente.
Please don't hold all my mistakes against me.

Por favor, no me eches la culpa de todos mis
hold against blame for errores.
1) He was so impatient that I couldn't hold

him back.
1) restrain Era tan impaciente que no logré contenerlo.
hold back
2) I am sure he is holding something back.
2) conceal Estoy seguro que él está ocultando algo.
3) Many people held back when the man

asked for volunteers.
Mucha gente vaciló cuando el hombre
3) hesitate solicitó voluntarios.
He held his head down in shame.

hold down keep down Mantuvo la cabeza baja por vergüenza.
The President held off his departure until

next Saturday.
delay in doing El Presidente demoró su partida hasta el
hold off something próximo sábado.
1) wait while 1) Hold on a moment, please.

hold on telephoning Aguarde un momento en línea, por favor.
2) The export of cotton held on for many

years after the war.
La exportación de algodón se mantuvo
2) continue, proceed durante muchos años después de la guerra.
3) Please, hold on this glass while I fill it up.

Por favor, sostén firme esta copa mientras la
3) grasp tightly lleno.
Although Manuela lives in Korea now, she still

holds on to her Argentinian customs.
Aunque Manuela vive en Corea ahora,
hold on to adhere, keep
todavía se mantiene fiel a sus hábitos
argentinos.
hold out 1) The survivors will not be able to hold out

much longer.
1) persist
Los sobrevivientes no lograrán resistir
110
mucho tiempo más.
2) Their rations will not hold out for more than

two days.
2) last Sus raciones no durarán más de dos días.
1) raise, keep up, lift to

a
higher-than-normal 1) Hold up your left arm.
position Levante su brazo izquierdo.
hold up 2) The train was held up on account of the

floods.
El tren fue demorado debido a las
2) delay inundaciones.
3) The robbers held the bus up.

3) stop and rob (bus, Los ladrones detuvieron el ómnibus para
train) robar.
The Police attempted to hunt down the

criminals.
hunt down persecute La Policía intentó perseguir a los criminales.
Hurry up!! Our train is leaving in ten minutes.

hurry up act quickly ¡¡Apúrate!! Nuestro tren sale en diez minutos.
The actor tried to hush up the scandal but he

couldn't.
keep an affair secret El actor intentó ocultar el escándalo pero no
hush up by being silent lo logró
idle away waste (time, etc.) in Ken idled away his time until he got a job in
idleness the plant.
Ken se la pasó perdiendo el tiempo hasta
que consiguió un trabajo en la fábrica.
inquire about ask for information Before the race many people inquired
about about the horses.
Antes de la carrera mucha gente averiguó
(consultó, buscó información) sobre los
caballos.
inquire after ask about somebody's Nobody inquired after the child's health in
health, welfare, etc. all his years.
Nadie preguntó por la salud del pequeño en
todos estos años.
inquire into investigate Every student will have to inquire into a

variety of grammar topics for this final
111
exam.
Para este examen final los estudiantes
tendrán que investigar una serie de temas
gramaticales.
inquire of seek information about The detective tried to inquire of Dr.

Dalmon's murder.
El detective trató de buscar información
sobre el asesinato del Dr. Dalmon.
invite in ask someone into one's He invited the stranger in and gave him a
house, a room, etc. meal.
Hizo pasar al extraño y le ofreció comida.
invite out ask someone to go out We have been invited out to Luciana's
to a party, a meal, birthday.
movies, etc. Hemos sido invitados al cumpleaños de
Luciana.
iron out remove, make smooth Finally, husband and wife ironed out their
(problems, difficulties) problems together.
Finalmente, marido y mujer resolvieron
juntos sus problemas
jack up lift with a jack Herbert jacked up the car and changed
wheels.
Herbert levantó el auto (con el cric) y
cambió la rueda.
jog along proceed quietly and Tom is not brilliant. He just jogs along in his
slowly work.
Tomás no es brillante. Simplemente se
toma su tiempo para realizar su trabajo.
join in with share with I decided to join in with them when they
said they were going to buy a yacht.
Decidí compartir el gasto con ellos cuando
dijeron que iban a comprar un yate.
join up enlist in the Army, When they were very young, Manuel and his
Navy brother decided to join up and fight for their
or Air Force country.
Cuando eran muy jóvenes, Manuel y su
hermano decidieron alistarse para pelear
por su patria.
keep at persevere at Keep at it! Persist in what you are doing!

¡Dale! (¡Persevera!) ¡Continúa en lo que
estás haciendo!
112
keep away from avoid coming near, The angry woman shouted the thief to keep
stay away from away from her.
La mujer enojada le gritó al ladrón que se
alejara de ella.
keep back 1) conceal 1) They discovered that the boy was

keeping something back.
Detectaron que el muchacho estaba
ocultando algo.
2) restrain, hinder 2) An urgent meeting at the office kept me

back.
Me retuvo una reunión urgente en la
oficina.
3) not come forward, 3) Please, try to keep back. This fire is

stay back dangerous.
Por favor, quédate atrás. Este fuego es
peligroso.
keep back from stay away from Keep back from the edge of the platform.
The train is coming.
Aléjate del borde de la plataforma. Está
llegando el tren.
keep down 1) lie low, crouch 1) Keep down or they will see you.
Agáchate (quédate abajo) o te verán.
2) subject, repress 2) This country has been kept down for

several decades.
Este país ha permanecido sometido
durante varias décadas.
keep in 1) confine, detain 1) The teacher kept him in for two hours
after school.
El profesor lo retuvo durante dos horas
después de la escuela.
2) allow to continue 2) Keep the fire in until I return.

burning Mantén el fuego encendido hasta que
regrese.
keep in with continue on good It's advisable to keep in with your boss.
terms Es aconsejable andar bien con tu jefe.
113
with someone
keep off 1) stay away 1) Keep off from the grass.

Manténgase alejado del césped (No pise el
césped).
2) stay at a distance, 2) If the rain keeps off we could play in the

not near garden.
Si la lluvia se mantiene alejada podríamos
jugar en el jardín
Helen kept on changing the topic of our

persist in, continue conversation.
(followed by an ing Helen insistió en cambiar el tema de nuestra
keep on verb) charla.
Why do you persist in keeping on at Fernando

so much? He has not hurt you.
keep on at worry, snag,
¿Por qué insistes tanto en reprender a
scold someone
Fernando? No te ha dañado.
1) The janitor in our building is good at

1) prevent people or keeping strangers out.
things El encargado de nuestro edificio es bueno
keep out
from entering para mantener alejados a los intrusos.
2) Keep out!! Can't you read the sign on the

door?
2) stay outside ¡Aléjate!! ¿No lees el cartel sobre la puerta?
This train always keeps to the schedule.

Este tren siempre cumple (respeta) el
keep to adhere to horario.
1) Please, walk more slowly. I can't keep up

with you.
1) go forward at an Por favor, camina más despacio. No puedo
equal pace alcanzarte.
keep up with 2) Herbert can't keek up with the rest of the

class.
Herbert no puede emparejarse con (ponerse
2) learn as much as al mismo nivel que) el resto de la clase.
3) We are not trying to keep up with the

3) compete with Joneses.
(as indicating social No estamos tratando de competir con la
status) familia Jones.
114
OM Personal visitors are always keyed up for
interesting prizes at our OM Lucky section.
Los visitantes de OM Personal siempre se
key up excite, stimulate
estimulan con los interesantes premios de
nuestra sección OM Lucky.
Our team kicked off at 3 pm.

start a game by giving Nuestro equipo dio el puntapié inicial a las
kick off the first kick tres de la tarde.
fire, expel, dismiss, Yesterday the manager kicked the salesclerk

force someone to out.
kick out leave Ayer el gerente despidió (echó) al vendedor.
She kicked such a fuss when her husband

cause a noise or
returned home so late at night.
kick up disturbance
Ella hizo gran escándalo cuando su esposo
regresó tan tarde de noche.
This new insecticide kills off all the pests.

exterminate, get rid of Este nuevo insecticida mata todos los
kill off in large numbers insectos.
I hope we can knit the old partnership up: it

would be a pity to separate now.
Espero que podamos restablecer (recuperar)
knit up restore, repair
la vieja sociedad: sería una pena separarnos
ahora.
The tourist said he had knocked about all
over the world.
El turista dijo que había andado por todo el
wander mundo.
The new furniture was knocked about during
knock about
transportation.
hit again and again; Los muebles nuevos fueron golpeados
treat roughly durante el transporte.
1) knock someone to 1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent

knock down the down.
ground El boxeador pronto derribó a su adversario.
2) The architects have started to knock the

old house down.
Los arquitectos han comenzado a derribar la
2) destroy vieja casa.
3) force someone
to lower a price 3) I wanted 3,000 dollars for my car, but the
customer knocked me down to 2,500 dollars.
115
Yo quería 3.000 dólares por mi automóvil
pero el cliente me lo hizo bajar a 2.500
dólares.
The auctioneer knocked down the old china

vase to me when the bidding had reached
sell something to
only one hundred dollars.
someone
El rematador me vendió el antiguo florero de
knock down to who has bid in an
porcelana cuando las ofertas apenas habían
auction
alcanzado los cien dólares.
Knock this nail in, please. I want to hang this

picture.
Coloca este clavo, por favor. Quiero colgar
knock in hit something este cuadro.
1) The workmen knocked off at five o'clock.

1) stop working Los obreros dejaron de trabajar a las cinco
(colloquial) en punto.
knock off 2) Lorena knocked the poem off in ten

minutes.
Lorena compuso el poema en apenas diez
2) compose hastily minutos.
3) Martha asked the shopkeeper if he could

knock off ten dollars from the list price.
Martha le preguntó al vendedor si podría
3) deduct descontarle (hacerle una rebaja de) diez
dólares sobre el precio del lista.
I knocked Joe Burlington out in the fifth

work much harder round.
knock oneself than Lo dejé nocaut a Joe Burlington en la quinta
out expected vuelta.
I knocked Joe Burlington out in the fifth

round.
make someone Lo dejé nocaut a Joe Burlington en la quinta
knock out unconscious vuelta.
The cat knocked over our expensive flower

vase.
knock over turn over El gato volteó nuestro costoso florero.
The hikers were knocked up after their long

walk in the Alps.
Los mochileros quedaron agotados después
knock up exhaust
de su larga caminata en los Alpes.
116
We really knuckled down but the new paint in
knuckle down
the kitchen looks great now.
to work very hard
Realmente trabajamos duro pero la nueva
pintura de la cocina luce fantástica.
The mayor had knuckle under to the authority

in government.
knuckle under El alcalde tuvo que ceder ante la autoridad
to submit to, yield to gubernamental.
1) The public lapped up the story.
lap up 1) accept eagerly El público se tragó la historia.
2) The cat lapped up all the milk in the

2) take up with the saucer.
tongue El gato lamió toda la leche del plato.
Don't laugh at my son!, the woman shouted at

us.
laugh at mock, make fun of ¡No ser rían de mi hijo!, nos gritó la mujer.
He launched into a very long explanation.

Empezó vigorosamente a dar una larga
launch into start with vigor explicación.
We will lay the evidence before the court.

lay before present to Expondremos la evidencia ante la corte.
Many of the farmers laid in provisions for a

bad winter.
Muchos de los granjeros almacenaron
provisiones para un
lay in store up for future use
mal invierno.
This Japanese company laid off six hundred

fire, dismiss, put out of workers last month because of lack of work.
lay off work Esta empresa japonesa despidió a
because of lack of seiscientos operarios el mesa pasado debido
work or money a la falta de trabajo.
1) She laid out her clothes for the ceremony.

lay out 1) lay out in a line, Ella ordenó (dispuso) sus ropas para la
arrange ceremonia.
2) The assistant laid out the tools for the

2) get ready for a surgery.
particular purpose or El asistente preparó el instrumental para la
event operación.
3) provide a detailed 3) She laid out her plans for a rock garden in
117
plan the house.
or design Ella realizó los diseños de un jardín de rocas
para de la casa.
The first chapters of his book lead up to the

full story.
Los primeros capítulos de su libro anticipan
lead up to be a preparation for toda la historia.
Sheila leafed idly through the big volume.

leaf through turn the pages Sheila hojeó sin apuro el enorme volumen.
not bring, go away

without, It's raining and I left my umbrella behind!!
leave behind leave ¡¡Llueve y olvidé traer mi paraguas!!
They had left my name out in the

examinations list.
Habían omitido mi nombre en la lista de
leave out omit, forget exámenes.
George let me down when he refused to lend

me the money.
disappoint or fail George me decepcionó cuando rehusó
let down someone prestarme dinero.
We let them in although it was very late.

Los dejamos entrar a pesar de que era muy
let in admit, allow to enter tarde.
reveal, share a secret Unknowingly she let them in on the secret.

let in on (always separated) Sin darse cuenta ella les reveló el secreto.
Shall we let you parents into the secret?

let into allow to share ¿Les revelaremos el secreto a tus padres?
1) The magistrate let the boy off with a

serious warning..
1) allow to leave El magistrado dejó ir al muchacho con una
without punishment seria advertencia.
let off
2) Argentinians love to let off fireworks on
Christmas season.
A los argentinos les encanta explotar fuegos
2) explode
artificiales para la época de Navidad.
1) Norma let her kid out on such a nice day.

let out
Norma permitió salir a su chico con un día
1) allow to go out tan agradable.
118
2) Why did you let the secret out?
2) divulgue, disclose ¿Por qué divulgaste el secreto?
3) The tailor let out the dress as it was too

tight.
El sastre ensanchó el vestido porque era muy
3) extend, loosen ajustado.
1) The pain has let up since I began to take

1) diminish, become these tablets.
less intense El dolor comenzó a ceder desde que tomo
(colloquial) estos comprimidos.
let up
2) The teacher asked the boys not to let up
until the exam.
2) make less effort
El profesor les pidio a los muchachos que no
(colloquial)
aflojaran hasta el examen.
Prices finally have leveled off.

level off stop rising Finalmente los precios se han estabilizado.
Go home and lie down on the bed until you

feel better.
assume a reclining Véte a casa y recuéstate en la cama hasta
lie down position que sentirte mejor.
How did the actress manage to live down the

scandal that surrounded all her life?
live down live so that past faults
¿Cómo hizo la actriz para sobrellevar el
are forgotten
escándalo que rodeó toda su vida?
What did you live on?

live on survive using ¿De qué vives?
She has lived up to her reputation as a

singer.
Ella ha vivido de acuerdo con su fama de
live up to maintain a standard cantante.
The system was overloaded, so I had to log

off.
break contact with El sistema estaba sobrecargado, por lo
log off
a computer system tanto tuve que salir de sesión.
She logged on to the new system.

log on to contact a computer Ella entró en sesión con el nuevo sistema.
Do you know how to log on?

log on contact a computer ¿Sabes cómo entrar en sesión?
119
Mrs. Reston, thanks for looking after my baby
tonight.
Sra. Reston, gracias por cuidar a mi bebé
look after watch, take care of esta noche.
The old man looked back on the days of his

recall, remember, youth.
look back on reflect on El anciano recordó los días de su juventud.
Martin is an arrogant professor. He always

looks down on the students who don't catch
on immediately.
Martin es un profesor arrogante. Siempre
look down on regard as inferior,
menosprecia a los estudiantes que no
look with disdain
entienden rápidamente.
I'm looking for a new job. Any good

advertisements today?
try to locate or Estoy buscando un nuevo trabajo. ¿Hay
look for discover algún buen aviso hoy?
I'm looking forward to my holidays.

anticipate with Estoy esperando (ansiosamente) mis
look forward to pleasure vacaciones.
Jenny has just come back from Europe. I'm

going to look in on her today to see how
visit to check
happy she is.
look in on something
Jenny acaba de regresar de Europa. Voy a
pasar por su casa para ver lo feliz que está.
He promised us to look into this difficult

situation.
investigate, get more Nos prometió investigar esta complicada
look into details situación.
Does the new baby look like Helen or Robert?

resemble in ¿Se parece el nuevo bebé a Helen o a
look like appearance Robert?
Look out for fallen branches and snakes in

this area.
Ten cuidado con las ramas caídas y las
look out for watch for víboras en esta zona.
There may be some mistakes in my report.

Could you look it over?
look over check, review
Puede haber algunos errores en mi informe
¿Podrías echarle una ojeada (revisarlo)?
120
They looked through the magazines while
they were waiting.
look through examine quickly Hojeaban las revistas mientras esperaban.
We looked up the new word in a dictionary.

Buscamos la nueva palabra en un
look up find information diccionario.
At OM Personal we look up to our visitors'

effort to learn or improve their English day
after day.
En OM Personal valoramos el esfuerzo de
look up to admire, respect
nuestros visitantes por aprender o mejorar
su inglés día tras día.
I was worried because I wasn't well prepared

to take my TOEFL but finally I lucked out
because the exam was cancelled.
Yo estaba preocupado porque no estaba bien
preparado para rendir mi TOEFL pero
luck out be unexpectedly lucky
finalmente me salvé (tuve una suerte
inesperada) cuando el examen fue
cancelado.
While the others were arguing I made away

on my bike.
Mientras los otros seguían discutiendo me fui
make away hurry away en mi bicicleta.
1) The thieves made away with some valuable
jewels.
make away with
1) steal Los ladrones robaron algunas joyas valiosas.
2) The boy made away with the broken vase
before his mother came back home.
2) hide
El muchacho ocultó el florero roto antes que
su madre regresara a casa.
3) The unhappy old lady tried to make away
with herself.
La desdichada anciana intentó terminar
3) kill consigo.
1) It's late. We'd better turn and make for

make for home.
Es tarde. Mejor demos vuelta y vayamos en
1) go in the direction of dirección a casa.
2) attack, go for, 2) When I was halfway across the field a bull

rush violently at made for me and I had to run.
Cuando me encontraba en medio del campo
121
a toro me atacó y tuve que correr.
They hurt her feelings when they made fun of

her.
make unkind jokes La hirieron cuando se burlaron (mofaron) de
make fun of about ella.
Can you make anything of this message?

make of understand ¿Puedes entender algo de este mensaje?
While I was bathing, someone made off with

all my clothes.
Mientras me estaba bañando alguien escapó
make off with run away with
con todas mis ropas.
1) My father made out a cheque for me to buy

the camera.
Mi padre me extendió un cheque para
1) draw up a document comprar la cámara.
2) I can't make out what he is trying to say.

No logro entender qué está tratando de
make out
2) understand decirnos.
3) Someone is coming down the mountain,

but I can't make
out who it is.
3) see, distinguish,
Alguien está descendiendo de la montaña
recognise
pero no puedo distinguir de quién se trata.
4) How did the children make out while their

mother was out?
¿Cómo se arreglaron los chicos mientras su
4) manage (colloquial) madre no estuvo?
5) Several people tried to make out that

Martin was a traitor.
Algunos dieron a entender que Martin era un
5) imply traidor.
6) They were always asking for money and

making out that they were broke.
6) pretend
Siempre estaban pidiendo dinero y fingiendo
que estaban sin un centavo.
They made over all their property to their son

in Italy.
Le transfirieron todas sus propiedades a su
make over transfer formally hijo en Italia
122
1) He made up an incredible story about his
vacation.
1) invent, create Inventó una increíble historia sobre sus
imaginary information vacaciones.
2) Sandra made up very carefully before

meeting her boyfriend.
Sandra se maquilló muy cuidadosamente
2) apply cosmetics
antes de encontrarse con su novio.
make up
3) I couldn't come for the test. May I make it
up today?.
No pude venir para el examen. ¿Puedo
3) compensate compensarlo hoy?
4) They quarrel every morning and make it up

every evening.
4) end a quarrel or Se pelean por la mañana y se amigan por la
misunderstanding tarde.
She tried to make up for her past mistakes

but it was too late.
Trató de compensar sus errores del pasado
make up for compensate for pero ya era tarde.
Tom used to make up to his sister whenever

flatter, make friendly he needed money.
approaches to Tom solía adular a su hermana cuando
make up to (colloquial) necesitaba dinero.
After the misunderstanding, Luis made up

re-establish a with Raquel.
relationship Luego del malentendido, Luis hizo se
make up with end a quarrel reconcilió con Raquel.
1) OM Personal CDs have been marked down

1) mark goods at a by 30%.
lower price, Los CDs de OM Personal han sido rebajados
reduce the price en un 30%.
mark down
2) Mark this number down: 431-2568. It's
Kim's phone number.
2) make a note of in Anota este número: 431-2568. Es el teléfono
writing de Kim.
They will mark off the playing field tomorrow.

Mañana marcarán las divisiones en el campo
mark off separate by marking de juego.
123
Bill and Edwin have already marked out the
mark lines showing tennis courts.
limits Bill y Edwin ya han marcado las canchas de
mark out or boundaries tenis.
Liza is doing a lot of money. She buys

inexpensive dresses
in Taiwan and then marks them up.
increase the price for
Liza está haciendo mucho dibnero. Compra
mark up resale
vestidos a bajo precio en Taiwan y liego los
remarca (sube de precio).
The student answered the questions

correctly, but missed out the sixth one.
miss out omit
El estudiante respondió correctamente las
preguntas pero omitió la sexta.
This boy always tries to mix up the teacher by

asking irrelevant questions.
mix up confuse
Este muchacho siempre trata de confundir al
profesor haciendo preguntas irrelevantes.
Molly, please!! Mop up that pool of water in

the bathroom.
¡¡Por favor, Molly!! Seca (pasa un trapo de
mop up wipe up
piso a) ese charco de agua en el baño.
Our bills soon mounted up at that expensive

hotel.
Nuestras cuentas enseguida subieron en un
mount up rise hotel tan caro.
"Move along, please", said the bus driver.

move farther in the "Córranse, por favor", dijo el conductor del
move along direction indicated ómnibus.
When are you moving in to your new

apartment?
take possession of ¿Cuándo te vas a mudar a tu nuevo
move in living quarters departamento?
A policeman moved on my car.

Un agente de policía movió (cambió de lugar)
move on move to another place mi automóvil.
Leila moved out yesterday and she is really

exhausted now.
give up possession of Leila se mudó ayer y ahora está realmente
move out living quarters agotada.
124
I'm all muddled up now after your attempt to
explain Passive Voice and Reported Speech
to me.
Estoy totalmente confundido ahora luego de
muddle up mix up
tu intento de explicarme Voz Pasiva y
Lenguaje Indirecto.
You will have to muster up all your courage

for this hard task.
collect, gather Tendrás que juntar coraje para realizar esta
muster up together difícil tarea.
The suspects now have been narrowed down

to three.
Ahora los sospechosos han sido reducidos a
narrow down reduce tres.
The small car nipped along at sixty miles an

hour.
El pequeño automóvil se movía a sesenta
nip along hurry (colloquial) millas por hora.
When he saw the door open, Henry's cat

enter quickly before nipped in.
someone else Cuando vio la puerta abierta el gato de Henry
nip in (colloquial) se metió.
I'm really sorry but I will have to nip off soon.

leave, go away Lo siento realmente pero pronto tendré que
nip off (colloquial) irme.
We all decided to nip out for fresh air.

go out for a short time Todos decidimos salir en busca de un poco
nip out (colloquial) de aire fresco.
Half the bus passengers were nodding off.

La mitad de los pasajeros en el ómnibus
nod off fall sleep estaban dormitando.
Mrs. Ferling nosed out the cause of the

find out, ascertain rumour.
nose out (colloquial) La Sra. Ferling averiguó la causa del rumor.
The boys numbered off from left to right.

call out a number: Los muchachos cantaron los números de
number off one, two, three, etc. izquierda a derecha
The priest offered up prayers for rain.

present to God (usually
offer up El sacerdote elevó plegarias por la lluvia.
not separated with a
125
noun)
1) When we arrived Martha opened out a blue

tablecloth and spread it on the grass.
Cuando llegamos, Marta desenvolvió un
open out 1) lay open, unfold mantel azul y lo desplegó sobre el césped.
2) This land has been opened out

considerably; it is full of factories and houses
now.
Esta tierra ha progresado
considerablemente; está repleta de fábricas
2) develop y casas ahora.
3) After a few minutes the stranger opened

up and began to tell us all about his life in
Russia.
Después de unos minutos el extraño tomó
confianza y comenzó a contarnos toda su
3) begin to be talkative vida en Rusia.
1) The surgeon opened up the man's arm and

1) lay open, throw removed the bullet.
open, El cirujano abrió el brazo del hombre y
open up cut open, etc. extrajo la bala.
2) This small village has been opened up to

tourists thanks to the new highway.
Este pequeño pueblo es accesible a los
2) make accessible turistas gracias a la nueva autopista.
give someone a lot of I'm tired of Billy always ordering us about.

orders Estoy cansado de que Billy nos esté dando
order about compulsively órdenes todo el tiempo.
command someone to She ordered her son in at once.

order in enter De inmediato le ordenó a su hijo que entrara.
command someone to
leave He ordered the stranger out.
order out a room, a house, etc. Le ordenó al extraño que se retirara.
The maid owned up and said she had broken

the lamp accidentally.
La mucama admitió y dijo que había roto la
own up admit, confess lámpara accidentalmente.
pack up 1) put things away, get Helen has already packed everything up for
things ready for a her rip.
126
journey, a holiday Helen ya ha empacado todo para su viaje.
It's time we packed up and went home.

2) stop work Es hora de dejar de trabajar (guardar todo) e
(colloquial) irnos a casa.
The car engine seems to have packed up.

3) stop functioning, Parece que el motor del automóil ha dejado
break down de funcionar.
Some of the students paired off after meeting

one another at Burbon College.
pair off marry (colloquial
Algunos estudiantes se casaron después de
and intransitive)
haberse conocido en la Universidad Burbon.
Annie has already palled up with Joan and

become friendly with Sylvia.
pal up with (slang) Annie ya se ha hecho amiga de Joan y Sylvia.
get rid of a useless He palmed off his old radio on me.

palm off object Me regaló (por inservible) su vieja radio.
The new system seems to have panned out

well.
pan out result (colloquial) El nuevo sistema parece haber salido bueno.
They attempted to paper over their

differences.
paper over repair superficially Ellos intentaron reparar sus diferencias.
Your books are occupying too much space.

You'll have to part with them.
Tus libros están ocupando demasiado
part with give up reluctantly
espacio. Aunque no te guste, vas a tener que
deshacerte de ellos.
circulate, pass to Pass this notice along, please.

pass along people Haz circular este aviso, por favor.
The old man passed away last week.

pass away die El anciano falleció la semana pasada.
Pass the book back when you have finished

with it.
Devuelve el libro cuando hayas terminado
pass back return con él.
When I was passing by I heard a crash.

pass by
1) move towards Justo cuando pasaba escuché un choque.
127
He passed that point by in his lecture.
Omitió (Se salteó) ese tema en su
2) omit, disregard conferencia.
Her performance passed off quite

successfully.
pass off
1) happen Su actuación fue realmente exitosa.
Has your toothache passed off yet?

2) fade, decrease ¿Ya se te pasó el dolor de muelas?
faint, become It was so hot, I almost passed out.

pass out unconscious Hizo tanto calor que casi me desmayo.
She couldn't pass up such an opportunity and

left today.
miss a chance, No podía dejar pasar semejante oportunidad
pass up not take advantage y se fue hoy.
He has not paid the two hundred dollars

back.
Todavía no ha devuelto los doscientos
pay back
1) return what is owing dólares.
I shall pay him back for all he said about me.

Me vengaré (Le pagaré con la misma
2) take revenge on
moneda) por todo lo que dijo de mí.
deposit money with a The auditor has found that more was drawn
bank out from the bank than was paid in.
pay in
to one's own or El auditor ha detectado que se ha extraído
another's account más dinero del banco del que fue depositado.
Nice company!! He was pensioned off at the

age of fifty.
¡¡Bonita empresa!! Lo jubilaron a la edad de
pension off dismiss with a pension cincuenta años.
The new program will be phased in over the

next six months.
El nuevo programa será presentado
phase in introduce gradually
progresivamente en los próximos seis meses.
The old program will gradually be phased

out.
El viejo programa será retirado
phase out cease gradually gradualmente.
choose someone for Because he was the youngest, the other boys
pick on
kidding, picked on him.
128
be unkind to Por ser el más joven los otros muchachos se
metían con él.
She picked out the most expensive pair of

shoes.
1) choose, select Escogió el par de zapatos más costoso.
pick out
I can't pick you out on this old school
photograph!!
¡¡No logro reconocerte en esta vieja
2) distinguish fotografía escolar!!
Please, pick up your feet. I'm cleaning the

floor.
1) lift up from the Por favor levanta los pies. Estoy limpiando el
ground piso.
My wife is going to pick up some Concord

grapes..
Mi esposa pasará a recoger algunas uvas
2) collect Concord.
pick up
Our business is picking up.
Nuestro negocio está mejorando
3) improve (progresando).
I picked this information up while waiting in

the line to pay.
Me enteré por casualidad de esta
4) learn casually
información mientras hacía cola para pagar.
5) collect someone or
something in a car, We can pick you up at six.
boat, etc. Podemos pasar a buscarte a la seis.
The patient has picked up considerably

during this month.
6) recover one's El paciente se ha recuperado
strength considerablemente este mes.
The survivors were picked up near South

Africa.
Los sobrevivientes fueron rescatados cerca
7) rescue de Sudáfrica.
The Police tried to pin the boy down to details

about the death.
La Policía intentó poner al muchacho contra
la pared en busca de los antecedentes de la
pin down get a commitment
muerte.
129
If everyone pitches in, the work will be done
help, set to work in a few minutes.
energetically Si todos colaborar, este trabajo se puede
pitch in (colloquial) hacer en minutos.
Let's play along until we find out what his

plans are.
Finjamos estar de acuerdo hasta que
play along pretend to agree
averigüemos cuáles son sus planes.
make or cause to
appear He played down the importance of the news.
play down less important Le dio muy poca importancia a las noticias.
Very cleverly Maria played one boyfriend off

against the other.
Muy astutamente, María puso a un novio en
play off against encourage to fight contra del otro.
For his own advantage, he always plays up to

his boss.
Para ventaja propia, él siempre adula a su
play up to flatter (colloquial) jefe.
draw attention to, She pointed out the advantages of the

show, proposal.
point out indicate Ella destacó las ventajas de la propuesta.
We polished off the rest of the apple pie.

Terminamos (Liquidamos) el resto del pastel
polish off finish (colloquial) de manzanas.
1) Brown bears prey on fish.

prey on
1) hunt and eat Los osos pardos pescan y devoran peces.
2) This idea preys on my mind.

2) disturb Esta idea agobia mi mente.
In our company we have provided for any

emergency.
En nuestra empresa estamos preparados
provide for prepare for para emergencias.
Many old buildings are pulled down to make

way for new ones.
Muchos edificios antiguos se están
pull down demolish
demoliendo para hacer lugar a los nuevos.
pull in vehicle arrives

The bus pulled in next to the curb.
130
El ómnibus paró junto al cordón de la vereda.
Do you think she can pull off her new plan?

¿Crees que puede tener éxito con su nuevo
pull off win, succeed in plan?
a vehicle leaves a The train pulled out of the station.

pull out of place El tren salió de la estación.
The train pulled out at ten o'clock.

pull out a vehicle leaves El tren salió a las diez en punto.
The policeman ordered me to pull over.

drive to the side of the El policía ordenó detenerme al costado de la
pull over road carretera.
The gardener was pulling up weeds all the

morning.
remove (weeds, etc) El jardinero estuvo desmalezando toda la
pull up by pulling mañana.
The doctor thinks his wife will pull through.

pull through recover El doctor piensa que su esposa va a mejorar.
I must push on with my work.

Debo continuar con (dándole fuerte a) mi
push on with go ahead, continue trabajo.
put things tidily in their It is time to put the toys away.

put away place Es hora de guardar estos juguetes.
return to original Please put these books back on the shelf.

put back location Por favor devuelve estos libros al estante.
We put his bad temper down to fatigue and

work stress.
Atribuimos su mal carácter al cansancio y
put down to attribute to estrés laboral.
We cannot put off the meeting again.

No podemos postergar nuevamente la
put off postpone reunión.
1) dress oneself in, I put on my old clothes for the journey.

put on
put clothes on Me puse mi ropa vieja para el viaje.
Has she put any weight on?

¿Ha subido ella algo de peso? (¿Engordó
2) gain, increase algo?)
131
Put the light on, please.
3) switch on Enciende la luz, por favor.
1) place outside, expel, Have you put out the cat?

drive out ¿Has sacado el gato?
He put out his hand for me to shake.

2) extend, hold out El extendió su mano para estrechar la mía.
put out
3) begin a voyage, set Their tiny vessel put out to sea.
sail Su diminuta embarcación se hizo a la mar.
The six firemen soon put out the fire.

Los seis bomberos extinguieron pronto el
4) extinguish incendio.
Put out the lamp now, please.

Desconecte (Apague) la lámpara ahora, por
5) switch off favor.
I was put out by his aggressive attitude to

6) annoy (usually used me.
in the passive) Me molestó su actitud agresiva hacia mí.
He said he did not want to put us out by

accepting our dinner.
7) inconvenience, Dijo que no quería incomodarnos al aceptar
trouble nuestra cena.
I must have put my shoulder out while I was

playing tennis.
Debo haberme dislocado el hombro mientras
8) dislocate jugaba tenis.
Dr. Wise has just put out a book on

education.
El Dr. Wise acaba de publicar un libro sobre
9) publish educación.
The new plan has been put through

successfully.
El nuevo plan ha sido llevado a cabo con
1) carry out éxito.
put through
2) connect by
telephone Please, put me through to Extension 106.
(usually separated) Por favor, comuníqueme con el Interno 106.
1) raise, hold up
put up Please help me to put this ladder up.
132
Por favor ayúdame a levantar esta escalera.
Bread has been put up to 4 dollars a kilo.

El pan ha sido incrementado a 4 dólares el
2) raise (prices) kilo.
We decided to put the deck chairs up for this

3) pack away, put winter.
aside, Decidimos guardar las sillas de jardín por
lay away este invierno.
I've put a shed up at the end of my garden.

He construido un galpón en el fondo de mi
4) build, erect jardín
5) provide lodging and We can put you up for the weekend.

food Podemos alojarte durante el fin de semana.
We put up for the night at Werton Lodge.

Nos hospedamos por la noche en la Posada
6) lodge Werton.
7) propose for The party put up Mr. Reno as their candidate.

election, El partido propuso como candidato al Sr.
nominate Reno.
Three valuable pictures were put up for

tomorrow's auction.
8) offer for sale by Para el remate de mañana se colocaron tres
auction valiosos cuadros.
Mariana's father put up the money for her

dental clinic.
9) provide for a El padre de Mariana puso el dinero para su
business purpose clínica dental.
The priest put up a prayer for safety in Spain.

El sacerdote elevó una plegaria por la
10) offer a prayer seguridad en España.
instigate, urge to do She put me up to playing a trick on the

wrong teacher.
put up to (usually separated) Me incitó a hacerle una broma al profesor.
When he lived in Buenos Aires and Santiago

he had to put up with crowded buses.
Cuando vivía en Buenos Aires y Santiago
put up with endure, tolerate, suffer
tuvo que soportar ómnibus saturados de
gente.
133
The city quieted down after the political
disturbances.
La ciudad se calmó después de los disturbios
quiet down become quiet
políticos.
They had to queue up for two hours in order

form a line to enter a
to buy the tickets for The Phantom of the
theatre,
Opera.
get on a bus or buy
Tuvieron que hacer una cola de dos horas
something (British
para poder comprar las entradas para El
queue up English).
Fantasma de la Opera.
He read off the names of the places he had

visited.
Leyó rapidamente la lista de lugares que
read off read quicky or fluently
había visitado.
You are reading too much into her remarks.

Le estás dando demasiada importancia a sus
read into find other meanings
comentarios.
"Read on, please", said Mr. Puentes.

"Continúa leyendo, por favor", dijo el Sr.
read on continue reading
Puentes.
Everybody listened as Walter read his report

out.
read aloud, in a loud
Todos escuchaban mientras Walter leía su
read out voice
informe en voz alta.
He read my short story over and gave me his

opinion.
examine thoroughly
Leyó con atención mi cuento corto y me dio
read over by reading
su opinión.
Whenever we travel, my wife and I like to

read up on the places we are going to visit.
Cada vez que viajamos, a mi esposa y a mí
read up on read about, study
nos gusta leer anticipadamente acerca de los
lugares que vamos a visitar.
I cannot reason out an answer to this

problem.
reach a result by
Me cuesta encontrar una respuesta a este
reason out reasoning (separable)
problema.
It is really hard to reason with an angry

reason with try to persuade person.
Es muy difícil tratar de convencer a una
134
persona enojada.
When I was counting up the money I had

spent, I forgot to reckon in the three books I
had bought the day before.
Cuando estaba verificando el dinero que
reckon in include
había gastado, olvidé incluir tres libros que
había comprado el día anterior.
I hadn't reckoned on being the center of

attention in your party.
No estaba en mis cálculos ser el centro de
reckon on calculate on
atención de tu fiesta.
He quickly reckoned up the bill and wrote a

cheque.
count up, find the total
Rápidamente calculó la cuenta y extendió un
reckon up number or amount of
cheque.
The student reeled off the names of twenty

say quickly and
famous scientists.
without effort,
El estudiante recitó los nombres de veinte
reel off recite a long list
cientificos famosos
You can rely on us to help you pass your

exam.
depend on with
rely on Puedes confiar en nosotros para ayudarte a
confidence
rely upon pasar tu examen.
The noblemen had to render up their lands to

the conqueror.
Los nobles tuvieron que entregar sus tierras
render up give up al conquistador.
Helen suddenly rang off in the middle of the

conversation.
put down the
De repente Helen cortó la comunicación
ring off telephone
telefónica en medio de la conversación.
Ring me up at six o'clock.

ring up telephone Llámame por teléfono a las seis.
1) She ripped the coat cover off but saw

nothing underneath.
Ella desgarró el forro de la chaqueta pero no
1) tear off quickly halló nada dentro.
rip off 2) "Don't buy anything at Kacharol. They'll rip

2) cheat, take you off".
advantage of, "No compres nada en Kacharol. Te estafan
135
steal, rob (high prices) (con los precios)".
Rising above his circumstances, he studied

at OM Personal for free and he managed to
succeed.
Superando su situación, estudió en OM
rise above be superior to
Personal gratuitamente y logró alcanzar el
éxito.
persuade to help, We roped in everyone we could to help with

induce this good cause.
someone to join a Persuadimos a todos los que pudimos para
rope in
cause ayudar en esta noble causa.
1) He rounded off his speech by thanking

everyone who assisted him in his project.
Finalizó (redondeó) su discurso
1) complete with
agradeciendo a todos los que lo habían
round off a suitable ending
ayudado en su proyecto.
2) The grocer rounded $102, 70 off to

$103,00.
2) express as a round El almacenero redondeó dólares 102,70 a
number dólares 103,00.
She rubbed the soot off easily with this new

product.
remove a mark by Quitó todo hollín fácilmente frotando con este
rub off rubbing producto nuevo.
Some of his enthusiasm has rubbed off on

me.
He adquirido (se me ha pegado) algo de su
rub off on acquire from someone entusiasmo.
Be sure to rub out all the pencil marks.

Asegúrate de borrar todas las marcas de
rub out erase lápiz.
1) He asked the goldsmith to rub up the ring.

rub up
1) polish up Le solicitó al joyero que puliera su anillo.
2) Miguel started visiting OM Personal two

years ago as he wanted to rub up his English.
2) revise
Miguel comenzó a visitar OM Personal hace
dos años porque quería repasar su inglés.
rule out exclude, remove from The reporter said that none of the
consideration possibilities mentioned can be ruled out yet.
El reportero comunicó que ninguna de las
136
posibilidades mencionadas pueden ser
descartadas todavía.
Thelma ran across some interesting

information.
find accidentally, Thelma encontró por casualidad una
run across find by chance información interesante.
Some men ran after the cyclist who had

stolen them.
Algunos hombres persiguieron al ciclista que
run after pursue los había robado.
The thieves managed to run away with all the

jewels.
Los ladrones se arreglaron para huir con
run away escape todas las joyas.
1) overtake and 1) The police ran down the thief in the woods.
run down capture La policía capturó al ladrón en los bosques.
2) John is contantly running down his boss.

John está permanentemente descalificando
2) disparage, express a (hablando mal
a negative opinion of de) su jefe.
3) The battery in my watch has run down.

3) stop functioning La batería de mi reloj pulsera se ha agotado.
drive slowly, not to I'm still running my car in.

damage Todavía estoy conduciendo mi auto a baja
run in the new engine velocidad.
1) I ran into my cousin downtown today.

1) meet accidentally, Hoy me encontré por casualidad con mi
meet by chance primo en el centro.
run into
2) A big bus ran into our car yesterday.
Un enorme ómnibus chocó nuestro automóvil
2) colllide with ayer.
The policeman told me that that my licence

had run out.
El agente de policia me dijo que mi permiso
run out expire
de conducir había vencido.
finish, become
"We have run out of coffee. Why don't you
exhausted,
buy some, honey?"
run out of use the last of
"Nos quedamos sin café, ¿Por qué no
137
compras algo, querida?"
1) He was driving at high speed and ran over

a dog.
Conducía a alta velocidad y atropelló a un
run over
1) injured by a vehicle perro.
2) The water ran over and flooded the

bathroom because Monica left the faucet on.
2) overflow
El agua corrió inundando el baño porque
Mónica dejó la canilla abierta.
When you travel you run up against different

kinds of people.
Cuando viajas te topas con diferentes clases
run up against meet de personas
Rogelio saved up enough money to buy a car.

spend sparingly, avoid Rogelio ahorró el suficiente dinero para
save up the waste of comprar un automóvil.
He has already sawn the branch up.

cut into pieces with a Acaba de aserrar (cortar con un serrucho) la
saw up saw rama.
Because of lack of funds, we had to scale

down our plan.
A raíz de la falta de fondos tuvimos que
scale down reduce reducir nuestro plan.
For five years we scraped along on my small

pension.
manage to exist in Durante cinco años nos arreglamos con mi
scrape along spite of difficulties reducida pensión.
scrape off remove mud, grease, She scraped out the sticky saucepan.
scrape out paint Ella le quitó la grasa a la sucia sartén.
Although their father was out of work, they

scratched along.
Aunque su padre estaba sin trabajo se
scratch along manage to live (slang) ingenieron para vivir.
Scratch my name out, please: I don't want to

participate.
Borra mi nombre por favor: no quiero
scratch out erase participar.
1) tighten by turning a
screw up He screwed up the door handle which was
screw
loose.
138
Atornilló la manija de la puerta que estaba
suelta.
She screwed the letter up and threw it into

the wastepaper basket very angrily.
Ella retorció la carta y la arrojó al papelero
2) twist up
muy fastidiada.
Janet screwed up her nose to show her

disapproval.
Janet retorció su nariz para mostrar su
3) make tight, contract desaprobación.
I screwed up my courage and spoke to my

wife.
4) gather up courage Junté coraje y le hablé a mi esposa.
Did she manage to scrub out the purple

mark?
¿Se las arregló para quitar la mancha
scrub out remove by scrubbing violácea?
The first thing I did was to search out for my

brother.
Lo primero que hice fue salir a buscar a mi
search out seek and find hermano.
She organized the party and I saw about

getting the food.
Ella organizó la fiesta y yo me ocupé de
see about be busy with conseguir la comida.
welcome in They all waited to see the New Year in.

see in (usually separated) Todos esperaron para recibir el Año Nuevo.
We all saw through them.

Todos supimos qué clase de personas era
see through not be deceived by realmente.
Finally we decided to sell off all the furniture.

sell a stock of goods Finalmente nos decidimos por liquidar todos
sell off very cheaply los muebles.
Yesterday Mr. Rams sent Dolly away.

send away dismiss, fire Ayer el Sr. Rams la echó (despidió) a Dolly.
We sent away for a new digital camera.

Compramos por correo una nueva cámara
send away for order by mail digital.
139
You will have to send for your CD-ROMs.
send for ask to be sent Tendrás que mandar a buscar los CD-ROMs.
She loves comments sent in by visitors.

A ella le encanta los mensajes enviados por
send in mail in, email in los visitantes.
OM Personal sends off almost 400 emails

every day.
OM Personal despacha casi 400 correos
send off dispatch electrónicos por día.
send ahead or in We have sent on our luggage by train.

send on advance Hemos enviado nuestro equipaje por tren.
The circulars have all been sent out.

Todas las circulares han sido distribuidas
send out distribute (repartidas).
She served up a delicious orange cake.

serve up prepare, cook a meal Ella preparó una torta de naranjas exquisita.
She likes to set people against one another.

A ella le gusta poner en contra a las
set against make antagonistic personas.
She set aside her winter coat and took out

her summer dress.
1) put on one side Puso a un costado su abrigo de invierno y
for use later on sacó su vestido veraniego.
set aside
The hotel manager set two pleasant rooms
aside for us.
El gerente del hotel nos reservó dos
2) reserve agradables habitaciones.
This situation will set back the project by

many years.
Esta situación retrasará el proyecto por
set back delay varios años.
deposit people, allow a The bus stopped to set down an old lady..
passenger to get down El autobus se detuvo para dejar bajar a una
set down or out señora mayor.
When the fall (autumn) sets in, leaves turn

reddish.
Cuando comienza el otoño, las hojas se
set in begin vuelven rojizas.
140
1) start on a journey, What time did they set off?
leave ¿A qué hora se fueron (de viaje)?
The unpopular law set off a series of

set off
protests.
2) start a chain of La impopular ley desencadenó una serie de
events protestas.
3) start someone doing The comedian set everyone off laughing.

something El comediante empezó haciendo reir a todos.
The pink wall helps to set off those green

curtains.
4) contrast with, La pared rosada ayuda a destacar esas
embellish cortinas verdes.
Who set the firework off?

5) explode ¿Quién hizo estallar los fuegos de artificio?
We will set our dogs on any intruders.

Prepararemos a nuestros perros para atacar
set on order to attack
a cualquier intruso.
We set out at daybreak yesterday.

set out start on a journey Partimos al alba ayer.
They have set up a statue to Lennon in the

park.
1) place in position, Han colocado un monumento a Lennon en el
erect parque.
set up
He set up a special group of soldiers to guard
him.
Estableció un grupo especial de soldados
2) establish para protegerlo.
become contented The family soon settled down in India..

settle down in a new job or place La familia se adaptó pronto a la India.
Since there were no strawberries, we had to

settle for grapes.
Visto que no había fresas nos tuvimos que
settle for reluctantly accept contentar con uvas.
We will come to visit you after you have both

settled in.
move in and become Iremos a visitarlos después que se hayan
settle in used to adaptado.
141
Mario won the lottery and was able to settle
up all his debts.
Mario ganó la lotería y pudo pagar todas sus
settle up pay one's debts to deuda.
She picked up the blanket and shook the dust

remove dust or dirt out.
shake out by shaking Levantó la frazada y le sacudió el polvo.
The crowd shouted the speaker down.

stop from speaking La multitud gritó para que no se escuchara al
shout down by shouting orador.
The hostess showed off her china dishes to

the guests.
La anfitriona mostró su vajilla de porcelana a
show off
1) display los invitados.
Don't show off so much. Try to be modest.

2) act ostentatiously No te mandes la parte. Trata de ser modesto.
I waited for him till noon and he showed up at

3 pm.
Lo esperé hasta el mediodía y apareció a las
show up arrive tres de la tarde.
They attempted to shrug off their mistake.

Intentaron hacer pasar desapercibido su
shrug off dismiss as unimportant error.
"Shut up and listen to your father", Paul's

mother said.
"Cállate y escucha a tu padre", dijo la madre
shut up stop talking (slang) de Paul.
That was unfair. Why did you side with him?

Eso no estuvo bien. ¿Por qué te pusiste de su
side with support in a dispute lado?
You have been singled out for a vacation in

Barcelona.
Ha sido seleccionado para unas vacaciones
single out select from others en Barcelona.
I had to sit out (sit through) the lecture

without falling asleep.
sit out Tuve que soportar sentado la conferencia sin
sit through sit and endure dormirme.
142
I sat up all night waiting for you to come
back.
Pasé en vela toda la noche esperando que
sit up not go to bed regresaras.
I quickly sized up his financial situation.

Rápidamente estimé (calculé) su situación
size up assess financiera.
I'm sorry I'm late. I slept in.

Siento llegar tarde. Dormí más de lo
sleep in sleep later than usual acostumbrado.
She slept on after the phone had rung.

Ella continuó durmiendo después que sonó el
sleep on continue sleeping teléfono.
The baker sliced up the loaf.

slice up cut into slices El panadero cortó en rebanadas el pan.
The party was so boring that Mirtha and I

slipped away when nobody was watching.
slip away go or move quietly
La fiesta fue tan aburrida que Mirta y yo nos
or quickly
escabullimos cuando nadie miraba.
reduce speed, go more

slowly The driver slowed down at the roundabout.
(separable when El conductor redujo la velocidad en la
slow down transitive) rotonda.
We all tried to smooth over the difficult

improve, get rid of situation.
smooth over difficulties, problems Todos intentamos mejorar la difícil situación.
The big sponge soaked up all the water on

the floor.
La esponja grande absorbió todo el agua del
soak up absorb piso.
organize, arrange or
order
by classes or It will take some time to sort out this mess.
sort out categories Llevará cierto tiempo poner en orden este lío.
We attempted to sound him out.

try to learn someone's Intentamos tantearlo para conocer su
sound out opinions and intentions opinión.
Speak up!! We cannot hear you at the back of

speak loudly, clearly
speak out the room.
143
speak up ¡¡Hable más fuerte!! No le escuchamos en el
fondo de la sala.
increase speed, He speeded up when he saw that he was

accelerate, being followed.
speed up move faster Aceleró cuando vio que lo perseguían.
say or write each letter Will you please spell your last name out?
spell out of a word ¿Puede deletrear su apellido?
speak louder, tell Spit it out and let us know the truth.
spit it out everything (slang) Dilo de una vez y cuéntanos la verdad.
OM Personal megaportal is split up into over

100 bilingual courses and tutorials.
split up divide
El megaportal de OM Personal está dividido
en más de 100 cursos y tutoriales bilingües.
He spied out the land and decided it was safe

to proceed.
Espió el terreno y decidió que era seguro
spy out discover by spying para avanzar.
They stammered out their apologies.

stammer, speak not Tartamudearon al disculparse. (Se
stammer out fluently disculparon tartamudeando).
I hope you will stand by me in case I need

support, be ready to your help.
help Espero que me apoyes en caso de necesitar
stand by or to act tu ayuda.
The President voluntarily stood down in favor

resign from an
of the new candidate.
stand down important position,
El Presidente renunció voluntariamente en
retire
favor del nuevo candidato.
What does OM stand for? O stands for

Orlando and M stands for Moure, the first and
last names of this megaportal's owner.
¿Qué significa OM? O significa Orlando y M
stand for represent
representa Moure, el nombre y apellido del
dueño de este megaportal.
to substitute for
someone;
to do someone’s job Your teacher is sick today, so I’m standing in
for them for her.
stand in for when they are not Vuestra maestra está enferma hoy, por ello la
(someone) there: estoy reemplazando.
144
Lucila is really smart and se always stands
out in class..
Lucila es realmente lista y siempre se
stand out be prominent destaca en clase.
We all stood up when the ladies came into the

club.
Todos nos pusimos de pie cuando las damas
stand up rise to one's feet entraron al club.
My boss criticized Eliana and nobody stood

up for her.
Mi jefe criticó a Eliana y nadie salió a
stand up for support defenderla.
She will have to be brave and stand up to that

situation.
1) face bravely (with Tendrá que ser fuerte y hacer frente a la
people) situación.
stand up to
This car will stand up to all kinds of strains.
2) withstand (with Este automóvil soportará todo tipo de
things) esfuerzos.
I'm staying in this evening. I have a lot of

work to do.
Me voy a quedar en casa esta noche, Tengo
stay in remain at home mucho por hacer.
Diana stayed up all night reading my book.

Diana se quedó levantada toda la noche
stay up remain out of bed leyendo mi libro.
quit, resign, give up Mr. Ronson stepped down for health reasons.
or retire from a El Sr. Ronson se retiró (renunció) por
step down position razones de salud.
The government had to step in to save the

business.
El gobierno tuvo que intervenir para salvar el
step in intervene negocio.
The men stuck out for better conditions of

employment.
insist on Los hombres insistieron en mejores
stick out for (colloquial) condiciones laborales.
The architect said that he would stick to the

original plan.
stick to adhere to
El arquitecto dijo que se ajustaría al plano
145
original.
defend, support Will you stick up for me at the trial?

stick up for (colloquial) ¿Me defenderás (apoyarás) en el juicio?
She stirred up the jam with a wooden spoon.

Ella revolvió la mermelada con una cuchara
stir up mix, move around de madera.
We should stock up on every sort of exotic

fruits.
Deberíamos abastecernos de todo tipo de
stock up on lay in supplies frutas exóticas.
strike off Who struck my name off (out)?

strike out cross out ¿Quién tachó mi nombre?
The explorers stumbled across an interesting

fossil.
Los exploradores hallaron (descubrieron) un
stumble across find accidentally interesante fósil.
The director summed up the interview in a

few words.
El director resumió la entrevista en unas
sum up summarize pocas palabras.
She attempted to summon up her courage

and spoke.
Ella trató de juntar (hacerse de) coraje y
summon up gather together habló.
During last summer, they had to survive on

vegetables.
Durante el verano pasado tuvieron que vivir
survive on survive using comiendo fruta.
prevent electricity,
etc. from
flowing by turning a Switch the lights off, please.
switch off switch Apaga las luces , por favor.
allow electricity, etc.

to flow by turning a She switched on the ceiling fan.
switch on switch Ella encendió el ventilador de techo
We were taken aback by the news of his

departure.
Nos quedamos sorprendidos con la noticia
take aback surprise de su partida.
146
Paul takes after his grandfather.
take after resemble an ancestor Paul se parece a su abuelo.
I took my sister along to the party.

take along escort Acompañé a mi hermana a la fiesta.
If you have to repair this PC, you have to take

it apart first.
dismantle, divide into Si quieres reparar esta PC tienes que
take apart its constituent pieces desmontarla primero.
He has locked the room and taken the key

away.
take away remove Ha cerrado la habitación y se llevó la llave.
Take this book back. We don't need it now.

take back return Devuelve este libro. No lo necesitamos..
Roger takes care his father's business these

days.
Roger está a cargo de los negocios de su
take care of be in charge of padre estos dias.
He went to the shelf and took down a book of

poems.
Se dirigió al estante y bajó un libro de
take down
1) take to a lower place poemas.
2) pull down, pull to Take down your model railway before tea.
pieces Desarma tu tren de juguete antes del té.
3) write down, make a The reporters took down the speech.

note of Los reporteros tomaron nota del discurso.
4) humble, lower the

pride That fellow needs to be taken down.
of someone A ese tipo hay que bajarle los humos.
She told me that my son had taken her

take in
explanation in.
Me dijo que mi hijo había comprendido su
1) understand explicación.
2) escort inside a He took me in and offered me a cup of coffee.

house Me hizo pasar y me ofreció una taza de café.
3) admit or receive as
guests This woman takes in lodgers at home.
or lodgers Esta mujer recibe huéspedes en su casa.
147
I was completely taken in by Monica's
disguise.
4) deceive, cheat El disfraz de Mónica me engañó totalmente.
The tailor took in the suit at the waist.

5) make smaller El sastre achicó el traje en la cintura.
I have just started to take in the OM Personal

free newsletter.
6) subscribe to, buy Acabo de suscribirme al boletín gratuito de
regularly OM Personal.
Please take off your hat.

1) remove Por favor quítate el sombrero.
take off
He took fifteen dollars off because I am a
good customer.
Me descontó quince dólares porque soy un
2) deduct buen cliente.
He is excellent at taking off famous stars.

3) mimic Es excelente imitando artistas famosos..
Your flight is scheduled to take off at 3.00 pm.

4) leave the ground, Tu vuelo está programado para despegar a
rise into the air las 15:00 horas.
She was glad to take on the responsibility of

looking after Marina's kids.
Estaba contenta de asumir la
take on 1) undertake work or
responsabilidad de cuidar los chicos de
responsibilites
Marina.
Sunrise Ltd. took on twenty additional people

for the construction of the new bridge.
Sunrise Ltd. tomó veinte personas
2) engage to work
adicionales para la construcción del nuevo
puente.
OM Personal takes their CD parcels out and

take out
1) carry outside a post them.
house, OM Personal sale a franquear los paquetes
a room or a building de sus CDs.
He took the dog out for two hours.

2) escort outside Sacó al perro por dos horas.
How many teeth did the dentist take you out?

3) remove, extract ¿Cuantos dientes te extrajo el dentista?
148
4) obtain a legal right
or He took out a patent on his new invention.
a document Obtuvo una patente de su nueva invención.
5) accompany out,
invite out to John took Patricia out to have dinner at
a party, a restaurant, a Lola's last night.
dance Anoche John llevó a Patricia a cenar a Lola.
The new manager will take over at the

beginning of June.
El nuevo gerente asumirá el cargo a
take over assume control principios de junio.
Take the carpet up before you move the

furniture.
Levanta la alfombra antes de mover los
1) raise, pick up muebles.
My job takes up most of my time.

take up
2) occupy space, one's Mi trabajo ocupa la mayor parte de mi
time, one's energies tiempo.
3) begin to follow a The medical student decided to take up

profession, surgery.
a hobby, a sport, a way El estudiante de medicina decidió emprender
of life cirugía.
I need to take this dress up at the bottom.

4) shorten Necesito acortar el ruedo de este vestido.
He was taken up by the police for

drunkenness.
5) arrest La policía lo arrestó por borrachera.
I need a car so I would like to take you up on

your offer.
Necesito un auto de modo que me gustaría
take up on accept an offer aceptar tu oferta.
Molly took up with Robert after he had saved

her life in Miami.
Molly se hizo amiga de Robert después que él
take up with become friendly with
le había salvado la vida en Miami.
She talked away for over two hours and told

me all her troubles.
continue talking
Habló sin parar durante más de dos horas y
talk away incessantly
me contó todos sus problemas.
149
Don't talk back to your father: listen to what
he says.
No contestes mal a tu padre: escucha lo que
talk back to argue rudely with dice.
I tried to argue with her, but she talked me

down.
silence a person by Traté de discutir con ella pero no me dejó
talk down talking hablar.
He always talks down to people younger than

he is.
Siempre trata como tontos a la personas más
1) speak patronizingly jóvenes que él.
talk down to
She is unpopular because she often talks
down to people.
2) talk in a disdainful No es apreciada porque a menudo haba mal
way to de la gente.
Can you talk Mabel into changing her strict

point of view?
¿No puedes persuadir a Mabel para que
talk into persuade
cambie su estricto punto de vista?
We tried to talk him out of quitting jis job.

Tratamos de disuadirlo de renunciar a su
talk out of dissuade from trabajo.
Let us talk it over before we decide.

Conversémoslo (Discutámoslo) antes de
talk over discuss decidir.
Did you manage to talk your father round into

persuade someone by
lending us some money for the apartment?.
talk round talking
¿Lograste persuadir a tu padre para que nos
(usually separated)
preste algo de dinero para el departamento?
Someone has tampered with the lock.

Alguien ha alterado (modificado) la
tamper with interfere with cerradura.
He tore the paper off and opened his

Christmas gift.
separate or remove Arrancó el papel y abrió su regalo de
tear off by tearing Navidad.
pull out or remove Neil tore a page out and gave it to me.
tear out by tearing Neil arrancó una página y me la entregó.
150
destroy by tearing, She tore up her husband's letter.
tear up tear into pieces Hizo pedazos la carta de su marido.
Betty's boss told her off for being late.

tell off reprove, scold El jefe de Betty la reprendió por llegar tarde.
I need some time to think your proposal out

(over).
think out Necesito algo de tiempo para analizar tu
think over consider propuesta.
What will they think up next?

think up invent ¿Qué inventarán la próxima vez?
throw away I must throw all this rubbish away (out).

throw out get rid of Tengo que tirar toda esta basura.
He threw over his old frineds when when his

father died.
Abandonó a sus viejos amigos cuando murió
throw over abandon su padre.
They threw up their hands in utter

amazement.
Levantaron las manos totalmente
1) raise sorprendidos.
She threw up her job because of her failing

throw up
health.
Renunció a su trabajo debido a su debilitada
2) resign, quit salud.
He ate too much and threw up at night.

3) vomit Comió en exceso y vomitó de noche.
He threw up his previous plan of going to

Paris for his vacation.
Abandonó su plan inicial de ir a París de
4) reject, abandon vacaciones.
They thrust the responsibility upon the

manager.
thrust on Obligaron al gerente a aceptar su
thrust upon force upon responsabilidad..
She ticked off all the things she had packed

up.
Ella tildó (marcó) todas las cosas que había
tick off mark with a tick empacado.
151
You must tidy up your room before the visitor
arrives.
Tienes que ordenar la habitación antes que
tidy up put in order llegue el visitante.
The thief tied up his victim.

1) bind up El ladrón ató a su víctima.
tie up
I cannot see you tonight as I will be tied up all
evening.
2) be busy, not free No puedo verte esta noche porque estaré
(usually in the passive) tapado (lleno de trabajo) toda la tarde.
The long journey tired us all out.

tire out completely exhaust El largo viaje nos dejó exhaustos a todos.
The cashier totalled up the value of both

cheques.
add up in number El cajero totalizó (sumó) el valor de ambos
total up and quantity cheques.
The plane touched down at 9 am.

touch down land (of planes) El avión bajó (aterrizó) a las 9 de la mañana.
She touched on many important subjects in

class.
Ella tocó (mencionó) muchos temas
touch on mention importantes en clase.
The detective finally tracked him down at the

library.
capture by tracking, El detective finalmente lo localizó en la
track down search for and find biblioteca.
Why don't you trade in your old car for a new

one?
¿Por qué no canjeas tu viejo auto por uno
trade in give as part payment nuevo?
Don't triffle away your time on parties and

waste time, money, dances.
triffle away opportunities No desperdicies el tiempo en fiestas y bailes.
Walter put his foot out and stripped his sister

up.
Walter estiró su pie e hizo tropezar a su
trip up cause to stumble hermana.
Helen tried on the new dress, but it didn't fit

try on
test clothes by putting her.
152
them on Helen se probó el vestido nuevo pero no le
iba bien.
Let's try out this new computer before buying

it.
Probemos esta computadora antes de
try out test by using comprarla.
find a station on the

radio We tuned in to listen to the B.B.C. program.
(separable when Sintonizamos la radio para escuchar el
tune in transitive) programa de la B.B.C.
She turned away because the sight of the

accident was too much for her to bear.
Ella se dio vuelta (apartó la vista) porque la
turn away 1) turn or look in a
visión del accidente era demasiado fuerte
different direction
para que soportarlo.
The stadium was full so many people had to

be turned away.
2) refuse admission,
El estadio estaba lleno y a mucha gente se le
dismiss
rechazó el ingreso.
We decided to turn back when we saw all the

turn in a reverse or cows in the middle of the road.
contrary direction Decidimos dar vuelta (regresar) cuando
turn back
(separable when vimos todas las vacas en el medio de la
transitive) carretera.
He turned down the collar of his coat.

1) put down, fold over Bajó el cuello de su abrigo..
turn down
She turned the radio down when the
2) reduce or make telephone rang.
lower by turning (a Redujo el volumen de la radio cuando sonó el
switch, a faucet) teléfono.
We decided to turn in early after our long

journey.
Decidimos ir a la cama temprano luego de
turn in go to bed (colloquial) nuestro largo viaje.
He turned all his pockets inside out but he

couldn't find his key.
reverse (usually Dio vuelta todos los bolsillos pero no pudo
turn inside out separated) encontrar su llave.
Our sofa can be turned into a double bed.

turn into change into
Nuestro sillón puede ser convertido en una
153
cama doble.
prevent water, electric

current
from flowing by using a Turn the lights off before you go to bed.
turn off switch Apaga las luces antes de irte a la cama.
allow water, electric

current
to flow by using a She turned on the television and sat down.
turn on switch Encendió el televisor y se sentó.
Everything turned out all right in the end.

1) prove to be Todo resultó bien al final.
The factory turns out twenty cars each day.

turn out
La fábrica produce veinte automóviles por
2) produce día.
The police asked everyone to turn out their

pockets.
La policía le pidió a todos que vaciaran sus
3) empty bolsillos.
Turn out the gas now: we've finished cooking.

4) extinguish by Apaga el gas ahora: hemos terminado de
turning cocinar.
Several friends of mine turned up at the

meeting.
1) appear, arrive Varios amigos míos aparecieron en la
(colloquial) reunión.
They turned the volume up and a neighbor

2) raise or make higher knocked at the door.
turn up
by turning (a switch, a Subieron el volumen y un vecino golpeó a la
faucet) puerta.
She turned the whole house upside down

turn upside
when she tried to find the missing key.
down disturbe, disarrange
Ella dio vuelta la casa cuando trató de
(usually separated)
encontrar la llave que faltaba.
We have used up all the printing paper. We

need to buy more.
exhaust the supply of,
Hemos consumido todo el papel de
use up consume
impresión. Tenemos que comprar más.
usher into lead, conduct The maid ushered us into the modern living-
room.
154
La mucama nos condujo hasta la moderna
sala de estar
Her husband's behavior always verges on

rudeness.
El comportamiento de su marido siempre
verge on approach
raya en la grosería.
When I was younger I volunteered to teach

English for free.
Cuando era más joven me ofrecí para
volunteer to do a task
enseñar inglés gratis
We had to wade through a pile of documents.

Tuvimos que recorrer lentamente una pila de
wade through slowly peruse
documentos.
Two salesgirls are waiting on the customer.

wait on attend, assist, help
Dos vendedoras están atendiendo al cliente.
He waited up for the news of his daughter.

wait up for stay out of bed for
Aguardó despierto las noticias de su hija.
He wakes up at six every day.

wake up stop sleeping
Se despierta a las seis todos los días.
Before our flight back we spent a pleasant

hour walking about the Buenos Aires
Botanical Garden.
Antes de nuestro vuelo de regreso pasamos
walk about stroll
una agradable hora paseando por el Jardín
Botánico de Buenos Aires.
They walked away with all the prizes.

win easily, steal,
Arrasaron con (Se robaron) todos los
walk away with take away
premios.
My sister is sad because her boyfriend

walked out on her.
Mi hermana está apenada porque su novio la
walk out on leave, abandon
dejó.
Jane is walking out with an old friend of hers.

walk out with court
Jane está saliendo con un viejo amigo suyo.
warm up 1) become or make

warmer
(separable when
1) The small fire warmed up all the room..
transitive)
El pequeño fuego calento toda la habitación.
155
2) He warmed up when he saw his brother
again.
2) become more
Se reanimó cuando vio a su hermano
animated
nuevamente.
The guard warned the intruder off not to

enter.
inform in advance
El guardia le advirtió al intruso que no
warn off of what may happen
entrara.
The crew spent two days washing the ship

clean a car, a ship by
down.
using
La tripulación se pasó dos dias baldeando el
wash down a stream or jet of water
barco.
wash off remove a stain by

She was able to wash the dirty mark out.
wash out washing
Ella pudo eliminar la marca de suciedad.
clean dishes after a

meal
(separable when
Who is washing up tonight?
wash up transitive)
¿Quién va a lavar los platos esta noche?
If you go into the jungle, watch out for tigers

and snakes.
beware of, be careful
Si entras en la selva ten cuidado con los
watch out for with
tigres y las víboras.
Watch out! The roads are icy today.

¡Ten cuidado! Las carreteras están
watch out beware, be careful
resbaladizas hoy.
The shepherd watched over the sheep.

watch over guard
El pastor vigilaba las ovejas.
This soup has been watered down.

water down dilute
Esta sopa se ha aguado.
gradually reduce the

The soles of his shoes were worn away.
wear away height
Las suelas de sus zapatos estaban
wear down by constant wearing
desgastadas.
diminish, cease or
My toothache has now worn off.
wear off disappear gradually
Mi dolor de muelas ya ha desaparecido.
The night wore on and still he could not

wear on pass slowly on sleep.
Transcurría la noche y aún así no se podía
156
dormir.
wear out
1) My jacket is wearing out, although it is only
a year old.
1) gradually destroy
Mi chaqueta se está gastando aunque
by wearing or using
apenas tiene un año.
2) exhaust (separable
2) I felt worn out after the long flight to
but
Australia.
usually used in the
Me sentía agotado después del largo vuelo a
passive)
Australia
The manager insisted that they had to weed

out all the unsuitable candidates as they had
to weed out their gardens.
weed out remove weeds or
El gerente insistió que tenían que eliminar los
what is unwanted
postulantes inadecuados como tenían que
eliminar la maleza de sus jardines.
The greengrocer weighed out a kilo of

strawberries for Molly.
estimate how heavy it El verdulero calculó un kilo de fresas para
weigh out is Molly.
He weighed up his chances of promotion

before quitting..
El analizó sus oportunidades de ascenso
weigh up consider carefully antes de renunciar.
We whiled away the whole afternoon at the

spend some time exhibition.
while away pleasantly Pasamos toda la tarde en la exposición.
This priest won over many people to

Christianity.
Este sacerdote convirtió mucha gente al
win over convert Cristianismo.
Despite all the hardships, he won through.

win through survive, recover Sobrevivió a pesar de todas las privaciones.
1) turn the spring of a 1) I forgot to wind up my cuckoo clock last

machine or a clock to night.
make it go Anoche olvidé darle cuerda a mi reloj cucú.
wind up
2) end a meeting or 2) The meeting will wind up with a few English
speech songs.
(separable when La reunion finalizará con algunas canciones
transitive) inglesas.
157
A town near Miami was wiped out by the
tornado.
Un pueblo próximo a Miami fue aniquilada
wipe out destroy, annihilate por el tornado.
He rushed to wipe up the pool of coffee on

take up liquid by the wooden floor.
wiping Corrió a secar el charco de café sobre el piso
wipe up usually with a mop de madera.
Some flowers soon wither up under the rays

of the sun.
become dry, faded or Algunas flores se marchitan pronto bajo los
wither up dead rayos del sol.
The author worked in a few lines about his

own life in Africa.
El autor introdujo algunas líneas sobre su
work in introduce vida en Africa.
His ideas for a new factory did not work in

with those of his employers and he was fired.
work in with fit in with
Sus ideas de una nueva planta no encajaron
con las de sus empleadores y fue despedido.
He worked off his depression by visiting

Menem's properties.
Superó su depresión visitando las
work off get rid of, get over propiedades de Menem.
1) plan, solve by 1) Can you work this puzzle out?

careful study ¿Puedes resolver este acertijo?
2) The old coal mine has already been

worked out.
La antigua mina de carbón ya ha sido
2) exhaust by working agotada.
work out
3) The restaurant bill worked out at 20 dollars
each.
La cuenta del restaurante resultó a 20
3) be calculated at dólares por persona.
4) Their plan did not work out and the

robbers were caught.
4) produce the desired Su plan no funcionó y los ladrones fueron
result capturados.
work up 1) The dictator worked up the emotions of the

1) excite, arouse
crowd.
158
El dictador despertó las emociones de la
multitud.
2) She told us to work up 300 Phrasal Verbs

for the exam.
2) study more
Nos indicó que estudiáramos en detalle 300
thoroughly
Verbos Frasales para el examen.
His novel works up to a thrilling climax.

Su novela avanza gradualmente hacia un
work up to progress gradually to final apasionante.
find out by devious

means Don't let worm out your secret so easily.
find our without No permitas que te sonsaquen tu secreto con
worm out scruples tanta facilidad.
1) It was very cold so I wrapped myself up in

a blanket.
1) cover, put round, Estaba muy frío de modo que me envolví en
roll up una manta.
wrap up
2) She wrapped up the gift in a beautiful
silver paper.
2) wind or fold as Envolvió el regalo en un hermoso papel
a covering plateado.
Amanda always tries to wriggle out of her

responsibilities.
Amanda siempre trata de evitar sus
wriggle out of avoid responsabilidades.
He wrinkled up his face and admitted he was

to get wrinkles in puzzled.
wrinkle up perplexity Frunció el ceño y aceptó estar esconcertado.
I wrote down the instructions.

write down make a note Tomé nota de las instrucciones.
The terms were written into the lease.

Se agregaron por escrito las condiciones a la
write into add to in writing locación.
They were forced to write off several

irretrievable debts.
Nos vimos forzados a dar de baja varias
write off cancel, regard as deudas incobrables.
write oneself The novelist appears to have written himself

out exhaust one's ideas out because nothing new has emerged from
159
in writing his pen since 2000.
El novelista parece haber agotado sus ideas
porque nada nuevo ha salido de su pluma
desde el año 2000.
The witness wrote out his account of the

acident.
El testigo pasó en limpio su versión del
write out write in full accidente.
I used my notes to write up the report.

write up compose in writing Usé mis notas para redactar el informe.
Helen yearned after the sight of the old,

familiar house.
yearn after desire strongly Helen añoraba ver la vieja casa familiar.
Both brothers yearn for their native land in

Spain.
have affection for; Los dos hermanos añoran su tierra natal en
yearn for feel tenderness for España
Phrasal verbs for small talk

Imagina que tienes una reunión con un cliente y estáis tomando previamente un café. Algunos
phasal verbs que puedes escuhar son:
I was called in (= asked to do something) by my boss.
I need to catch up (=do something that should be done) with my emails.
We are putting in (give) hours and hours.
They won’t give up (=abandon) their demands.
We shouldn’t give in (=surrender) to bully tactics.
Do you think they picked up (=receive) the message?
I will need to get back to you (=reply) on that.
Can we work something out (=agree) here?
I agreed to step in (=take their place)for my boss.
You need to run this by (=tell) the client.
Who set this up (=arranged)?
My colleague said they would put in a good word (=say something positive) for me .
That team always stick up for (=support) each other.
I don’t know who to turn to (=get help from).
You can always count on (=depend on) me.
160
Phrasal verbs for business meetings
Ahora veremos otros phrsal verbs comunes para reuniones, en este caso planteamos un texto en
el que podrás enocntrarlos todos “encadenados”:
The date and time is set and they put it (= schedule it) in your diary.They need to bring forward
(=make it earlier) the time of the meeting to suit everyone.
They then get a call from a colleague to say that something has come up (=happened)and they
decide the meeting has to be put back (=postponed) to another day. No problem. In a way they’re
quite relieved because they have a mountain of things to do and they were worried that they might
have had to call off (=cancel) the meeting anyway.
During the meeting, they have a number of issues they need to raise and deal with (=manage).
They may have outlined the items in an agenda that they’ve circulated to everyone beforehand.
With some issues, they may have to weigh up (=think carefully about) their advantages and
disadvantages before taking action. This could take a while and they might encourage their
colleagues to join in (=participate) the discussion.
Sometimes they need to look into (=to investigate/research) a matter before taking a final decision.
If that’s the case, they might note down (=write) all the points raised during the meeting to help
themselves.
Some people don’t like to be interrupted when they’re talking, while others don’t mind if
someone steps in (=interrupt) with their point of view. I have had times when I’ve had to cut in
(=interrupt) especially when I thought that a colleague was going on (=continuing without
stopping) about something truly unimportant.
There is always someone in a meeting who just keeps rabbiting on (=talking too much about
something that’s uninteresting) about some subject that no one else is interested in. So, I often tell
my colleagues that we need to press on (=continue) with the other items in the agenda. After all,
there’s nothing worse than having a meeting that drags on (=continues for far too long), is there?!
161
Modals verbs
1) can
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the present
I can speak English.
(substitute form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the present
Can I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
request Can you wait a moment, please?
offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Can we visit Grandma at the
suggestion
weekend?
possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
2) could
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute
I could speak English.
form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the past
I could go to the cinema.
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
Could we visit Grandma at the
polite suggestion *
weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.
3) may
Use Examples
possibility It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present
May I go to the cinema?
162
polite suggestion May I help you?
4) might
Use Examples
possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * Might I help you?
5) must
Use Examples
force, necessity (=HAVE TO) I must go to the supermarket today.
Possibility You must be tired.
You must see the new film with Brad
advice, recommendation
Pitt.
6) must not/may not
Use Examples
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
prohibition
You may not work on dad's computer.
7) need not
Use Examples
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're
not necessary (= HAVE TO)
going to the restaurant tonight.
8) ought to
Use Examples
You ought to drive carefully in bad
advice
weather.
You ought to switch off the light when
obligation
you leave the room.
9) shall (instead of will in the 1st person)
163
Use Examples
suggestion Shall I carry your bag?
10) should
Use Examples
You should drive carefully in bad
advice
weather.
You should switch off the light when
obligation
you leave the room.
11) will
Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less
Will you please shut the door?
polite than would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
promise I will stop smoking.
Can somebody drive me to the
spontaneous decision
station? - I will.
She's strange, she'll sit for hours
habits
without talking.
12) would
Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
Sometimes he would bring me some
habits in the past
flowers.
164
P er f ec t M od al V er b s
modal verb + have + past participle
Perfect Modal sentence
could have _____

The boy could have
couldn't have done the dishes himself,
_____ but his father decided to
help.
past ability
should have ____ The girl shouldn't have

spun around so many
shouldn't have times. She fell down.
____
spin: turn around many
times.
You did or didn't do
something that
was a good idea. spin / spun / spun
would have ____
wouldn't have This house of cards

____ would have fallen over if
the person who built it
past condition / hadn't been so careful.
past situation
may have _____

My grandfather may
may not have have used this camera
_____ when he was a young
man, but I'm not sure.
past possibility
might have
______
Her mother might have
put mustard on her
might not have
sandwich. She hopes
_____ not.
past possibility
must have ____
must not have They must have

___ practiced a lot because
they're very good
past probability. musicians.
This indicates that
165
something
probably
happened in the
past.
166
All modal perfect auxiliary verbs refer to the past.
FORM: modal + have (infinitive) + Past participle

1. must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past
 Jane wasn't feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold.
 Bill didn't answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen
asleep.
2. can't have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past
 She can't have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your
address.
 They can't have gone to bed late. They were very tired.
3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in

the past but we aren't sure.
 Laura hasn't arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus.
 I didn't see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.
4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not
do it.
 You could have told us about the new project!

 She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.
5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we
didn't do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn't.
 You should have told him the truth.

 They ought to have received the cheque by now.
6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn't do it in the

end.
 They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday.
 I would have bought that DVD but I didn't have enough money.
7. needn't have done = it wasn't necessary to do something but we did it.
167
 You needn't have gone to the supermarket. I've already done the
shopping.
 The weather was warm and sunny. I needn't have taken an umbrella
168
169
ADJETIVOS EN INGLÉS
170
ASPECTO FÍSICO
Bold calvo, calva
Fat gordo
Handsome, good-looking, attractive guapo, guapa, atractivo, atractiva
Plump gordito
Slim esbelto
Strong fuerte
Tall alto, alta
Thin Delgado
Weak débil
PERSONALIDAD
absent-minded distraído
ambitious ambicioso
amusing divertido
anxious preocupado – inquieto
bad-tempered de mal genio
brave valiente
calm tranquilo
annoying pesado
argumentative discutidor
bad-tempered malhumorado
big-headed creído, engreído
bitchy de mala leche, venenoso;
brave valiente
cantankerous cascarrabias
carefree despreocupado
careless descuidado, poco cuidadoso
cautious prudente, cauteloso, cauto;
charming encantador
cheerful alegre
clever listo
crazy loco
cruel cruel
decisive decisivo
enthusiastic / entusiasta
friendly / amable
funny / divertido
generous / generoso
gentle / tierno – dulce
good-natured / bonachón
171
intelligent / inteligente
kind / amable
lazy / perezoso
mean / mezquino – agarrado
modest / modesto
nasty / sucio – obsceno
naughty / travieso – pícaro
nervous / nervioso
nice / simpático
optimistic / optimista
pessimistic / pesimista
polite / educado
quiet / tranquilo
rude / maleducado – grosero
self-confident / seguro de sí mismo
sensible / sensato
sensitive / sensible
serious / serio
shy / tímido
silly / tonto
stupid / estúpido
sweet / amable – dulce
well-behaved / de buen comportamiento
wicked / malvado, malo
charming encantador
cheerful alegre, jovial;
conceited, full of oneself presumido
conservative conservador
conventional convencional
cowardly cobarde
crazy, nuts loco, chiflado
cruel cruel
dull, boring soso, aburrido
flirtatious coqueta
friendly amigable, simpático, agradable
generous generoso
hard-working trabajador
honest honesto
kind amable
laid-back tranquilo, relajado
lazy- perezoso, vago
loyal fiel
172
mean tacaño
modest modesto
moody de humor cambiante
naive ingenuo, inocentón
narrow-minded, de mentalidad cerrada, intolerante
naughty malo, travieso (niños)
open-minded de actitud abierta, sin prejuicios
polite cortés, educado
proud orgulloso
quarrelsome discutidor
reliable fiable, confiable
self-confident, to be self-confident: seguro de sí mismo, tener confianza en sí
mismo
selfish egoísta
sensible sensato, prudente
sensitive sensible
shy - introverted tímido, vergonzoso - introvertido
strict estricto, severo, riguroso
stubborn terco, testarudo, tozudo
sympathetic comprensivo
talkative conversador, hablador
trustworthy digno de confianza
two-faced falso
weird raro, extraño
COLORES
black negro
gray gris
violet violeta
white blanco
green verde
orange naranja
red rojo
brown marrón
sky blue celeste
blue azul
yellow amarillo
pink rosa
purple púrpura
beige – beige
turquoise turquesa
173
TAMAÑO/MEDIDA
big grande
large grande
huge enorme
small pequeño
tiny diminuto
heavy pesado
light liviano
thick grueso
thin delgado
wide ancho
high elevado,alto
low bajo
tall alto
short bajo, corto
long largo
medium medio
narrow angosto
deep profundo
shallow superficial, poco profundo
broad – ancho
FORMA
square cuadrado
round redondo
rectangular rectangular
triangular triangular
oval oval
conical cónico
spherical esférico
cubical cúbico
cylindrical cilíndrico
straight recto
curved curvo
crooked torcido
broad ancho
narrow angosto
flat plano
steep empinado
hollow hueco
solid sólido
174
EDAD/TIEMPO
old viejo
young joven
new nuevo
modern modern
ancient antiguo
old anticuado
updated actualizado
outdated desactualizado
fast rápido
quick rápido
slow lento
senior mayor
junior muy joven,principiante
current actual
past pasado
future futuro
CLIMA
rainy lluvioso
stormy tormentoso
sunny soleado
windy ventoso
snowy con nieve
damp húmedo
dry seco
icy con hielo
foggy con niebla
overcast nublado
cloudy nuboso
clear – despejado
mild – templado
chilly – frío
TEMPERATURA
freezing – helado
chilly frío
cold frío
cool fresco
lukewarm tibio
boiling hirviendo
muggy caluroso
175
hot caluroso
warm cálido
pleasant agradable
TEXTURA
hard duro
soft blando
rough áspero, rugoso
smooth suave
solid sólido
liquid líquido
wet mojado
dry seco
slippery resbaladizo
sticky pegajoso
even llano, liso
uneven desigual
sharp afilado
blunt desafilado
clean limpio
dirty sucio
tight apretado
loose holgado
MATERIALES
iron de hierro
steel de acero
rubber de goma
paper de papel
woolen de lana
plastic de plástico
stone de piedra
wooden de madera
glass de vidrio
leather de cuero
silver de plata
gold de oro
tin de lata
cotton - de algodón
FACIAL FEATURES RASGOS
176
she has a thin face tiene la/una cara delgada
an oval face una cara ovalada
a round face una cara redonda
clean-shaven bien afeitado
a bloated face una cara

hinchada/abotagada
a cherubic face una cara angelical
a chubby face una cara regordete
chubby-cheeked mofletudo
a chubby/podgy face una cara rechoncha,

regordete, gordinflona
he had a weather-beaten tenía un rostro curtido

face
a face lift un lifting, un estiramiento

facial
she has freckles tiene pecas, es pecosa
spots/pimples Granos
Blackheads Espinillas
Moles Lunares
Warts Verrugas
Wrinkles Arugas
rosy cheeks mejillas sonrosadas
Acné Acné
a birthmark un antojo/una mancha de

nacimiento
a double chin una papada
177
hollow cheeks las mejillas hundidas
a dimple un hoyuelo
smooth-cheeked/smooth- Lampiño
faced
a deadpan face una cara de póquer/de palo
a doleful face una cara compungida
a sad face una cara triste
a serious face una cara seria
a smiling face una cara sonriente
a happy face una cara alegre
smooth-cheeked/smooth- Lampiño
faced
to go red in the face (with ponerse colorado/rojo

anger/heat)
to go red/to blush (with sonrojarse/ruborizarse

embarassment)
he looks worried parece preocupado
Frightened Asustado
Surprised sorprendido
a smile una sonrisa
a smirk una sonrisita
a frown el ceño fruncido
NOSE = LA NARIZ
a bulbous nose una nariz protuberante
a hooked nose una nariz aguileña
a big nose una nariz grande
178
a turned-up/snub nose una nariz respingona
a pointed nose una nariz puntiaguda
a flat nose/a pug nose una nariz chata
a lopsided nose una nariz ladeada/torcida
a hooter/conk (colloquial Br. una napia

Eng.)
a schnozzle (colloquial Am.
Eng.)
to flare your nostrils/to snort resoplar/bufar
eyes = los ojos
she has brown eyes tiene los ojos marrones
hazel color avellana
he has beady eyes tiene los ojos redondos y

brillantes como cuentas
a black eye un ojo morado
red eyes ojos rojizos
bloodshot eyes ojos

sanguinolentos/injectados
de sangre
to wink guiñar el ojo
to blink pestañear/parpadear
she is cross-eyed es bizca
a squint una bizquera, un

estrabismo
she's blind es ciega
he's blind in one eye es tuerto
to go blind quedarse ciego
179
crow's feet patas de gallo
sunken eyes ojos hundidos
piggy eyes ojitos redondos y brillantes
bulging eyes ojos saltones
slit/slanting eyes ojos achinados
a stye un orzuelo
shifty eyes ojos furtivos
EYEBROWS = LAS CEJAS
arched eyebrows cejas arqueadas
bushy eyebrows cejas tupidas
thick eyebrows cejas pobladas
to raise your eyebrows arquear las cejas
eyelashes = las pestañas
false eyelashes pestañas postizas
mouth
harelip labio leporino
chapped lips labios agrietados
buckteeth dientes de conejo/dientes

salidos
false teeth dentadura postiza
front teeth paletas/dientes de adelante
wisdom teeth muelas del juicio
to chatter (teeth) castañetear
my teeth are chattering me castañetean los dientes
180
HAIR = EL PELO/CABELLO
she has blond hair tiene el pelo rubio
Auburn castaño rojizo
she has grey hair es canosa, tiene el pelo

canoso, tiene canas
mousy hair el pelo castaño desvaído
she's red-haired/red-headed es pelirrojo
a brunette una morena
Streaks Mechones
Highlights mechitas/reflejos/claritos
dyed hair el pelo teñido
long hair el pelo largo
short hair el pelo corto
shoulder-length hair el pelo hasta los hombros
curly hair el pelo rizado
wavy hair el pelo ondulado
frizzy hair el pelo crespo
spiky hair el pelo de punta
she has permed hair se ha hecho un permanente
crimped hair pelo rizado con tenacillas
straight hair el pelo liso
a fringe un flequillo
a parting una raya
a pigtail una trenza
181
a ponytail una cola
Bunches Coletas
a bun un moño
lank hair el pelo lacio
Dull sin brillo
greasy hair el pelo graso/grasoso
Fine Fino
she has thick hair tiene mucho pelo/tiene el

pelo grueso
Dry Seco
shiny hair el pelo brillante
split ends las puntas abiertas
Dandruff la caspa
a pageboy un peinado/corte a lo paje
a bob una melena
a hairdo un peinado
a crew cut un pelo cortado al rape
Sideburns Patillas
a wig una peluca
a toupée un peluquín, un tupé
Bald Calvo
a bald patch una calva/una pelada
he's balding se está quedando calvo
BUILD = COMPLEXIÓN
182
thin Delgado
she’s got a very good figure tiene una figura estupenda
plump (a nicer way of Gordito

saying fat)
Slim Esbelto
Fat Gordo
a beer belly una panza
Chubby regordete/gordinflón/rellenito
Strong Fuerte
Weak Flojo
Short Bajo
Tall Alto
a hunchback un jorobado
he walks with a limp Cojea
medium height de estatura media
medium build de talla media
he's a large man es un hombre corpulento
183
PREFIJOS Y SUFIJOS
184
FORMACIÓN DE LOS ADJETIVOS, SUSTANTIVOS Y VERBOS: PREFIJOS Y
SUFIJOS
Los prefijos dis-, un-, in-, im-, il- e -ir se añaden a determinados adjetivos para
formar sus opuestos.
Credit (crédito) Discredit (desacreditar)
Fair (justo) unfair (injusto)
Numerable (contable) Innumerable
El prefijo im- se pone delante de adjetivos que comienzan por m p o b

Patient (paciente) Impatient (impaciente)
El prefijo il- se coloca delante de los adjetivos que comienzan por l.

Logical (lógico) Illogical (ilógico)
El prefijo -ir se coloca delante de r

Replaceable (sustituible) Irreplaceable (insustituible)
Sufijos para formar nombres

Los sufijos los añadimos a la raíz de la palabra para formar nombres a partir
de verbos y son: -tion; -sion -ment -er e -ing
Drive (conducir) Driver (conductor)
Educate (educar) Education (educación)
Eat (comer) The eating (la comida)
Agree (acordar) Agreement (acuerdo)
Decide (decidir) Decision (Decisión)
Sufijos para formar Adjetivos
-able Fashion (moda) Fashionable (de moda)
-ful Wonder (asombro) Wonderful (maravilloso)
-ish Spain (españa) spanish (español)
-less Harm (daño) Harmless (dañino)
-ous Generosity (generosidad) Generous (generoso)
-ian Sect (secta) Sectarian ( sectario)
Sufijos para formar verbos
-en Short (corto) Shorten (acortar)
-ify Notion (nota) Notify (notificar)
-ize Fertile (fértil) Fertilize (fertilizar)
Sufijos para formar sustantivos partir de adjetivos
-hood Father (padre) Fatherhood (paternidad)
-dom Star (estrella) Stardom (estrellato)
-ness Cheerful (jovial) Cheerfulness (jovialidad)
-ship Friend (amigo) Friendship (amistad)
185
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN -ED O -ING
Nos sentimos………..ED porque algo es….ING
Los adjetivos terminados en -ED se refieren a lo que el sujeto siente o
experimenta, mientras que los terminados en -ING describen el efecto que
produce el nombre al que acompaña
 con cosas: siempre pones un adjetivo terminado en -ing
 con personas si es una cualidad ( ser) adjetivo terminado en -ed
Si es algo temporal ( estar) adjetivo terminado en –ing.
Los adverbios de modo se forman añadiendo -ly al adjetivo: easy: easily

PREFIJOS
•Prefijos que se añaden a adjetivos para formar otros adjetivos.
1. IN-: independent, incredible...
2. im- (delante de p y m): imposible, immoral
3. ir- (delante de r): irregular, irracional...
4. il- (delante de l): illegal, illogical...
5. DIS-: dishonest, disagreable...
6. UN-: unhappy, unlikely...
•Prefijos que se añaden a verbos para formar otros verbos.
1. UN-: undo, uncover...
2. DIS-: disapprove, dislike...
3. DE-: decode, defrost...
4. MIS-: mislead, misunderstand...
5. MAL-: maltreat, malfunction...
6. OVER-: overdo, overcook...
7. UNDER-: underpay, undercharge...
8. FORE-: forego, foretell...
9. EN-: enrich, encourage…
EM- (delante de p y b): empower, embitter…
SUFIJOS
•Sufijos que se añaden a verbos y nombres para indicar quién realiza la
acción.
ER: writer, runner...
OR: actor, director...
AR: beggar, liar...
ANT: informant, applicant...
IST: artist, typist...
EE (el que recibe la acción): employee,refugee
EER: mountaineer, engineer...
•Sufijos que se añaden a un verbo o adjetivos para formar un nombre .
1. -TION: attention, description...
186
2. -ATION: justification, information…
3. -ING: saving, mailing...
4. -AL: arrival, disposal...
5. -ITY: similarity, curiosity…
6. -ACY: accuracy, privacy…
•Sufijos que se añaden a un nombre para formar un adjetivo.

1. -FUL: beautiful, useful...
2. -LESS: careless, breathless...
3. -Y: hairy, crunchy...
4. -LY: friendly, brotherly...
5. -ISH: reddish, girlish...
6. -LIKE: childlike, lifelike…
•Sufijos que se añaden a adjetivos para hacer nombres abstractos .
1. -NESS: friendliness, usefulness...
2. -HOOD: neigbourhood, childhood...
3. -SHIP: friendship, township...
4. -DOM: kingdom, freedom...
•Sufijos que se añaden a nombres o verbos para formar adjetivos.
OUS: dangerous, famous...
IOUS: ambitious, furious…
ADJETIVOS VERBALES
-ED (participio de pasado como adjetivo verbal; sufre la acción del verbo):
bored, tired...
-ING (participio de presente como adjetivo verbal; causa la acción del verbo):
boring, tiring, loving…
Para formar verbos:

-ize, (AmE) -ise (BrE): stabilize, symbolise, etc. Generalmente se traduce
como -izar. Ejemplo: estabilizar, simbolizar
-ate: liquidate, duplicate. Generalmente se traduce como la terminación -ar.
Ejemplo: liquidar, duplicar.
-fy: classify, simplify. Generalmente se traduce como -ficar. Ej. clasificar,
simplificar, justificar, etc.
-en: fasten, shorten. (abrochar, acortar).
Para formar sustantivos:

-tion / -sion: Indica acción o el estado. Ej. complication, expansion. La mayoría
de las veces se traduce como -ción / -sión: complicación, expansión.
-er: Indica la persona que hace la acción que se describe en el verbo raíz. -
Painter, dancer, geographer. - pintor, bailarín(a), geógrafo.
187
-ment: Indica la acción o el resultado de algo. Ej: development, punishment. -
desarrollo, castigo.
-ant / -ent: Indica la persona o cosa que hace algo. Ej: assistant, student. -
asistente, estudiante.
-al: Indica un proceso o estado de algo. Ej. proposal, dismissal. - propuesta,
despido.
-ence / -ance: Indica acción o estado. Ej. assistance, preference - asistencia,
preferencia.
-ship: Indica estado, cualidad o habilidad. Ej: friendship, citizenship - amistad,
ciudadanía
-dom: Indica condición o estado. Ej: freedom – libertad
-cy: Estado o calidad de. Ej: urgency, efficiency - urgencia, eficiencia.
-ness: Estado o cualidad de. Ej: darkness, sadness - oscuridad, tristeza.
Para formar adjetivos:

-al: Indica conexión o relación: central, political, national - central, político,
nacional
-ent: que es o hace algo: different, excellent - diferente, excelente.
-ive: Que tiende a, que tiene la naturaleza de...: attractive, interactive -
atractivo, interactivo. Suele traducirse como la terminación -ivo, -iva.
-ous: Que tiene la naturaleza o cualidad de..: dangerous, famous - peligroso,
famoso - Suele traducirse con la terminación -oso, -osa.
-ful: Lleno de, teniendo las cualidades de: wonder (maravilla) + ful = wonderful
(maravilloso). Beauty (hermosura) + ful = beautiful (hermoso). Color (color) +
ful = colorful = colorido.
-less: Sin algo. Ej: endless (sin fin), careless (descuidado)
-able: Que tiene la habilidad de: drinkable (bebible), countable (contable).
Para formar adverbios:

Sin duda, el más usado y conocido de todos es -ly. Y equivale al sufijo español
-mente. Indica la manera en que se hace algo.
Ejemplos:
sadly – tristemente
fortunalely – afortunadamente
quickly – rápidamente
slowly – lentamente
También se da que a veces, un sufijo + ly se juntan, y forman adverbios . Fíjate.
Success (sustantivo: éxito)
Successful (adjetivo: exitoso)
Successfully (adverbio: exitosamente)
Wonder (sustantivo: maravilla)
188
Wonderful (adjetivo: maravilloso)
Wonderfully (adverbio: maravillosamente)
Origin (sustantivo: origen)
Original (adjetivo: original)
Originally (adverbio: originalmente)
ALGUNOS SUSTANTIVOS AGRUPADOS POR TERMINACIONES

acy conspiracy, democracy, intimacy, legacy, …
ade barricade, crusade, grenade, lemonade, …
age advantage, veberage, damage, language, …
al approval, arrival, burial, denial, refusal, …
ality abnormality, brutality, fatality, immortality, …
ance abundance, entrance, importance, repentance, …
ancy constancy, infancy, pregnancy, vacancy, …
ant accountant, assistant, immigrant, servant, …
archy anarchy, hierarchy, oligarchy, monarchy, …
ary itinerary, dictionary, library, glossary, …
bility availability, possibility, probability, stability, …
cide fraticide, homicide, genocide, suicide, …
city atrocity, audacity, capacity, elasticity, …
dom boredom, freedom, kingdom, wisdom, …
dy comedy, custody, remedy, tragedy, …
ee employee, nominee, refugee, trainee, …
ence absence, confidence, silence, violence, …
ency clemency, consistency, efficiency, frequency, …
er driver, explorer, painter, worker, writer, …
ery adultery, artillery, delivery, machinery, …
ess access, congress, process, progress, …
hood adulthood, brotherhood, neighborhood, …
ian comedian, electrician, musician, politician, …
ics athletics, economics, politics, statistics, …
ing beginning, feeling, learning, understanding, …
ism capitalism, communism, nationalism, racism, …
ist capitalist, communist, nationalist, racist, …
it credit, debit, habit, limit, permit, spirit, …
ity ability, adversity, clarity, creativity, eternity, …
ization centralization, colonization, globalization, …
logy astrology, ecology, sociology, psychology, …
man businessman, fireman, mailman, policeman, …
189
ment agreement, improvement, investment, payment, …
meter centimeter, kilometer, diameter, perimeter, …
ness darkness, greatness, madness, unhappiness, …
ocracy aristocracy, autocracy, democracy, theocracy, …
ony agony, antagony, harmony, irony, monotony, …
or actor, author, competitor, creator, debtor, …
ory laboratory, conservatory, oratory, reformatory, …
phone earphone, megaphone, microphone, telephone, …
scope kaleidoscope, microscope, telescope, periscope, …
ship championship, citizenship, dictatorship, friendship, …
sion conclusion, confusion, decision, explosion, …
th growth, wealth, death, health, depth, strength, …
tion adoption, connection, creation, inspiration, …
tude altitude, aptitude, attitude, longitude, magnitude, …
ty beauty, cruelty, honesty, loyalty, liberty, …
um auditorium, maximum, planetarium, stadium, …
ure adventure, culture, gesture, literature, …
us census, circus, exodus, status, stimulus, …
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Grados de los Adjetivos
Los adjetivos tienen tres grados de comparación: Grado positivo, grado
comparativo, grado superlativo:
tall taller the tallest
alto más alto el más alto
big bigger the biggest
grande más grande el más grande
intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
inteligente más inteligente el más inteligente
expensive more expensive the most expensive
caro más caro el más caro
Adjetivos Monosílabos - Formación del Comparativo y Superlativo
Monosílabos Comparativo Superlativo the +
adj + er est
small smaller the smallest
pequeño más pequeño el más pequeño
tall taller the tallest
alto más alto el más alto
190
young younger the youngest
joven más joven el más joven
old older the oldest
viejo más viejo el más viejo
new newer the newest
nuevo más nuevo el más nuevo
long longer the longest
largo más largo el más largo
short shorter the shortest
corto más corto el más corto
big bigger the biggest
grande más grande el más grande
fat fatter the fattest
gordo más gordo el más gordo
Adjetivos Bisílabos - Formación del Comparativo y Superlativo

Bisílabos terminados en: -y, -er, -le, -ow, (y otros muy conocidos)
Bisílabos Comparativo Superlativo
adj + er adj + iest
easy easier the easiest
fácil más fácil el más fácil
happy happier the happiest
feliz más feliz el más feliz
crazy crazier the craziest
loco más loco el más loco
clever cleverer the cleverest
inteligente más inteligente el más inteligente
tender tenderer the tenderest
tierno más tierno el más tierno
humble humbler the humblest
humilde más humilde más humilde
gentle gentler the gentlest
suave más suave el más suave
narrow narrower the narrowest
angosto más angosto el más angosto
polite politer the politest
amable más amable el más amable
191
Adjetivos Largos - Formación del Comparativo y Superlativo
Adjetivos Comparativo Superlativo

Largos more + adj the most + adj
expensive more the most expensive
caro expensive el más caro
más caro
modern more modern the most modern
moderno más moderno el más moderno
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
hermoso más hermoso el más hermoso
elegant more elegant the most elegant
elegante más elegante el más elegante
interesting more the most interesting
interesante interesting el más interesante
más
interesante
dangerous more the most dangerous
peligroso dangerous el más peligroso
más peligroso
Formación irregular de comparativos y superlativos

Adjetivo o Comparativo Superlativo
Adverbio
good better the best
bueno mejor el mejor
well better the best
bien mejor de la mejor forma
bad worse the worst
malo peor el peor
badly worse the worst
mal peor de la peor forma
much more the most
mucho más la mayor parte
many more the most
muchos más la mayoría
little less the least
poco menos el menos
192
far farther the farthest
lejos más lejos el más lejano
far further the furthest
lejos más lejos el más lejano
*further también significa "adicional" > further information: información
adicional
ROPA DE HOMBRE
anorak - campera de esquiar
belt – cinturón
boots – botas
bow-tie - moño
briefs – calzoncillos
cap – gorra
cardigan - pulóver abierto
coat - abrigo
collar - cuello de camisa
cuff - puño de camisa
denim jacket - campera de jean
gloves - guantes
handkerchief - pañuelo de bolsillo
hat – sombrero
jacket - saco sport, chaqueta
jeans - pantalón vaquero
leather jacket - campera de cuero
neckerchief - pañuelo de cuello
overalls - mameluco, overol
overcoat - abrigo, sobretodo
pajamas - piyama
pants - pantalones
pullover - pulóver
raincoat - impermeable
scarf - bufanda
shirt - camisa
shoes – zapatos
shorts - pantalón corto
slacks - pantalones informales
slippers – pantuflas
sneakers - zapatillas
socks - calcetines, medias
sportswear - ropa deportiva
193
suit - traje de vestir
suspenders – tiradores
sweater - pulóver
sweatshirt - sudadera, buzo
swimming trunks - traje de baño, malla
T-shirt - camiseta, remera
tennis shoes - zapatillas deportivas
tie - corbata
trousers – pantalones
tuxedo - esmoquin
umbrella - paraguas
underpants - calzoncillos
undershirt - camiseta
underwear - ropa interior
vest - chaleco
wallet - billetera
ROPA DE MUJER
bag - bolso
bathrobe - bata de baño
belt – cinturón
beret - boina
bikini – bikini
blouse - blusa
boots - botas
bra - corpiño, sostén
bracelet - pulsera, brazalete
cloak - capa
coat - abrigo
corset (kórsit) - faja, corsé
dress - vestido
earring - aro, pendiente
fan - abanico
flip-flops - ojotas, chancletas
fur coat - saco de piel
garter belt - liguero
gloves - guantes
handkerchief - pañuelo de bolsillo
jeans - pantalones vaqueros
knickers - bragas, bombacha
lapel - solapa
leggings calzas deportivas
194
miniskirt - minifalda
neckerchief - pañuelo de cuello
necklace – collar
nightgown - camisón
pajamas – piyama
panties - bragas, bombacha
pullover - pullover
purse - cartera
raincoat - impermeable, gabardina
sandals – sandalias
scarf - bufanda
shawl - chal
shoes - zapatos
shorts - pantalón corto
skirt - falda
slip - combinación, enagua
slippers - pantuflas
socks - calcetines, medias
stockings - medias
sunglasses - gafas de sol
sweater - suéter
tennis shoes - zapatillas
tights - medias bombacha
trousers - pantalón
umbrella – paraguas
vest – chaleco
195
CONECTORES LINGÜÍSTICOS EN INGLÉS
POR CATEGORÍAS
Hablando sobre el presente, la actualidad
 Hoy en día: Nowadays
 Actualmente: Currently, at present, at the present time, now, these
days, in this day and age
Hablando sobre el pasado
 Hace mucho tiempo: A long time ago
 En la antiguedad: In ancient times
 Hace poco tiempo: Not long ago
 En tiempos pasados: In former times
 Antiguamente: Formerly
 En los viejos tiempos: In the old days
Dando un ejemplo o una razón adicional
 Además: in addition, what’s more, besides, furthermore, moreover
 Además de esto: Besides this
 También: Also, besides
 Es más: Moreover
 Lo que es más: What’s more
Diciendo la verdad
 Para decir la verdad, para ser sincero: To tell the truth
 En realidad, a decir verdad: In fact
 Realmente, en realidad: Actually*
*NOTA: Actually no debe confundirse con “actualmente”. Para tal fin es más
común utilizar los ejemplos del apartado 2.1.
Dando información en contra de las expectativas
 Sin embargo, no obstante: However, nevertheless, all the same, still
 Aún así: Even so
 A pesar de que, a pesar de todo: notwithstanding, all the same, still,
regardless
Mostrando el lado positivo y negativo de un asunto
 Afortunadamente, por fortuna: Fortunately, happily
 Felizmente, alegremente: Happily
 Desafortunadamente, desgraciadamente: Unfortunately, sadly
 Tristemente: Sadly
Aportando similitudes y diferencias
 Igualmente: Likewise
 Del mismo modo: In the same way, similarly
 Por otra parte, por otro lado: On the other hand, in contrast
 De todos modos: Anyway
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Declarando que algo es cierto o probablemente cierto
 Obviamente, evidentemente: Obviously
 Indudablemente: Undoubtedly
 Seguramente: Surely
 Verdaderamente, en realidad, en efecto: Indeed
 Claramente, aparenetemente, al parecer: Apparently
 Posiblemente: Possibly
Mostrando una conclusión, consecuencia o un resultado directo
 Por lo tanto, por consiguiente: Therefore
 Consecuentemente, por consiguiente: Consequently
 En consecuencia, así: Thus, as a resultmás frases o dos palabras
dentro de la
CONECTORES POR CLASES

Los conectores copulativos son aquellos que unen algo a lo ya mencionado.
Algunos de ellos son: and / not only ... but also ... / both ... and .../ no sooner ...
than.
and - y
He played the guitar and sang wonderful songs. El tocó la guitarra y cantó
maravillosas canciones.
not only...but also... - no solo...sino también...

Mary plays not only the guitar but also the violin. Mary no solo toca la guitarra
sino también el violín.
not only...but...as well - no solo...sino...también

She is not only beautiful but very intelligent as well. Ella no solo es hermosa
sino que es muy inteligente también.
both...and... - tanto...como... / ambas cosas

Many politicians desire both money and power. Muchos políticos desean tanto
dinero como poder.
no sooner...than... - apenas...cuando...
The baker had no sooner turned off the oven than the last customers arrived.
El panadero apenas había apagado el horno cuando llegaron los últimos
clientes.
Los conectores disyuntivos indican elección, separan o diferencian dos

términos. En inglés, algunos de ellos son: or, either ... or .../ neither ... nor
.../else / otherwise.
or - o
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We'd better leave right now or we'll miss our bus.
Es mejor que nos vayamos ahora o perderemos el autobús.
either...or... - o...o...
Either you shut your mouth and listen or you leave the class.
O te callas la boca y escuchas, o te vas de la clase.
neither...nor... - no...ni...
The musician neither played the piano well nor sang good songs.
El músico no tocó bien el piano ni cantó buenas canciones.
whether...or... - si...o...
We must decide whether to go there today or tomorrow.
Debemos decidir si ir allí hoy o mañana.
or else... - o sino...
We have to hurry up, or else we'll miss our bus.
Tenemos que apurarnos o de lo contrario perderemos el autobús.
otherwise - de otro modo

You'll have to hurry up, otherwise you'll be late.
Tendrás que darte prisa, o de otro modo llegarás tarde.
Los conectores condicionales son aquellos que indican condición para la

realización de algo. Algunos de ellos son: if, whether, unless, provided, as
long as, in case, in case of.
if - si
What shall we do, if they don't accept the offer?
¿Qué haremos si ellos no aceptan la oferta?
whether - si
I don't know whether they will agree on that subject.
No sé si ellos estarán de acuerdo en ese tema.
unless - a menos que

You won't pass the exam unless you study harder.
No pasarás el exámen a menos que estudies más duro.
provided / providing - siempre que, mientras

We'll go fishing this afternoon, provided it doesn't rain.
Iremos a pescar esta tarde, siempre que no llueva.
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as long as - siempre que, mientras
You can stay here as long as you work hard.
Te puedes quedar aquí mientras trabajes duro.
in case - en caso de que

Call this phone number in case you get lost.
Llama a este número de teléfono en caso de que te pierdas.
Los conectores concesivos se utilizan para señalar una objeción o reparo a lo

dicho anteriormente. Entre otros encontramos: although, even if, despite, in
spite of, regardless of.
although / though / even though - aunque
Although Jack is not very tall, he is excellent at basketball.
Aunque Jack no es muy alto, es excelente en el baloncesto.
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even if - incluso si
Even if he’s right, that doesn’t give him the right to be arrogant.
Incluso si él tiene razón, eso no le da el derecho de ser arrogante.
not even if - ni siquiera si

He will not do that work, even if he is paid for it.
El no hará ese trabajo, ni siquiera si se le paga por ello.
despite / in spite of - a pesar de

Despite his bad reputation, the politician won the elections.
A pesar de su mala reputación, el político ganó las elecciones.
regardless of - sin importar, sin que importe

A patriot will defend his nation, regardless of the consequences.
Un patriota defenderá a su nación, sin importar las consecuencias.
Los conectores conclusivos reflejan la consecuencia de lo dicho en el texto.

En inglés, algunos de ellos son: therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently.
therefore - por lo tanto
I don't know her phone number, therefore I can't call her.
No sé su número de teléfono, por lo tanto no puedo llamarla.
hence - de ahí
Frank was raised in a farm, hence his ability to ride horses.
Frank fue criado en una granja, de ahí su capacidad de montar a caballo.
thus - por lo tanto, de esta forma

She hadn't eaten for days and thus felt very weak.
Ella no había comido por días y por lo tanto se sentía muy débil.
so - entonces, por lo tanto

His car broke down, so he took it to a garage.
Su coche se descompuso, entonces lo llevó a un taller mecánico.
consequently - por lo tanto, en consecuencia

They argued all the time, consequently they eventually got divorced.
Ellos discutían todo el tiempo, por lo tanto, finalmente se divorciaron.
Los conectores adversativos añaden una negación a la frase anteriormente

mencionada, una frase opuesta a la otra. Por ejemplo: but, however, yet, still,
instead, on the contrary.
but - pero
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He spoke clearly, but I didn't understand him.
Habló claramente pero no lo entendí
however - sin embargo, de la forma/como...

They were not having fun; however they stayed until the party was over.
Ellos no se estaban divirtiendo; sin embargo se quedaron hasta que la fiesta
terminó.
However you want.
Como tú quieras.
nonetheless / nevertheless - sin embargo

It was very stormy; nevertheless we went fishing.
Estaba muy tormentoso; sin embargo fuimos de pesca.
She had no experience; nonetheless she got the job.
Ella no tenía experiencia; sin embargo consiguió el trabajo.
yet / even so - sin embargo, aun así

He was a very good swimmer; even so, he drowned.
El era un muy buen nadador; aún así, se ahogó.
He wanted to reply to that accusation, yet he didn't.
El quer ía contestar a esa acusación; sin embargo no lo hizo.
still - sin embargo

He can not speak very well; still he understands everything.
No puede hablar muy bien, sin embargo, entiende todo.
instead - en su lugar, en lugar de ello

I was invited to a party on Saturday, but went to bed instead.
Fui invitado a una fiesta el sábado, pero me fui a dormir en lugar de ello.
on the contrary - por el contrario, al contrario

The boy is not dumb; on the contrary, he's very smart for his age.
El muchacho no es tonto; al contrario él es muy inteligente para su edad.
Los conectores casuales introducen causas a nivel del texto cuando una
oración cumple la función de ser causa de otra. Algunos conectores son: for,
because of, due to, since, as.
because - porque
The baby is crying because he is hungry.
El bebé está llorando porque tiene hambre.
for - porque
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She turned on the lights, for she was afraid of the dark.
Encendió las luces porque tenía miedo a la oscuridad.
because of - debido a
They stayed in because of the bad weather.
Ellos se quedaron en casa debido al mal tiempo.
since - puesto que, ya que

They decided to go to sleep, since it was very late.
Decidieron irse a dormir, puesto que era muy tarde.
as - puesto que, ya que

She failed to pass the exam, as she made many mistakes.
No pudo pasar el examen, puesto que cometi ó muchos errores.
due to / owing to - debido a

The unemployment was high due/owing to the economic crisis.
El desempleo era alto debido a la crisis económica.
Los conectores comparativos se utilizan cuando una o más oraciones

expresan grados de comparación por semejanza o diferencia. As/ as ... as .../
not as ... as .../ as if/ as though.
as - como
He performed the operation exactly as he was told.
El ejecutó la operación exactamente como se le dijo.
as...as - tan...como
not as...as - no tan..como
His car is as fast as mine.
Su auto es tan veloz como el mío.
They are not as good as you think.
Ellos no son tan buenos como tu piensas.
not so...as - no tan...como

She was not so beautiful as her mother.
Ella no era tan bonita como su madre.
as if / as though - como si
They treat me as if they didn't know me.
Me tratan como si no me conocieran.
than - que
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Learning English is more difficult than most people think.
Aprender inglés es más dificil que lo que la mayoría cree.
Utilizamos los conectores funcionales para expresar un fin, objetivo o

propósito. En inglés algunos de ellos son: so, so that, so as to, in order to.
so - entonces
So, tell me what you think about my new dress!
Entonces, dime que piensas acerca de mi nuevo vestido!
so that - para que

He gave her a present so that she would feel better.
El le dió un regalo para que ella se sintiera mejor.
so as to/so as not to - para que, de manera que/para no

We moved the table so as to have more space for dancing.
Mudamos la mesa para tener más espacio para bailar.
She wrote down his address so as not to forget it.
Ella anotó su dirección para no olvidarla.
in order to - para
They left early in order to arrive in time for the movie.
Ellos salieron temprano para llegar a tiempo para la película.
Se usan los conectores continuativos para dar continuación a la idea que se

está expresando. Son algunos ejemplos: then, moreover, furthermore,
besides, in addition to.
then - entonces
If it is not here, then it's lost.
Si no está aquí, entonces está perdido.
moreover - además
Soccer is a good sport; moreover, it is very easy to learn.
El fútbol es un buen deporte; además es muy fácil aprenderlo.
furthermore - es más
I dont want stay here; furthermore, I have things to do.
No quiero quedarme aquí; además, tengo cosas que hacer.
besides - además
I don't want to sell my car; besides, I need it for my job.
No quiero vender mi auto; además lo necesito pra mi trabajo.
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in addition to - además de
In addition to being a great person, the physician was an excellent
professional.
Además de ser una gran persona, el médico era un excelente profesional.
PREPOSICIONES
Es una partícula invariable que sirve para enlazar elementos sintácticos que
cumplen distintas funciones, principalmente, un sustantivo o equivalente, con
el que forma un complemento de otro sustantivo, o de un verbo, She is at
work, I´m go to home, the ball is under the table, etc. También puede decirse
que es la palabra que relaciona un nombre o un pronombre con otra palabra
de la que es complemento.
Por su forma, las preposiciones pueden ser propias e impropias. Las
preposiciones propias están constituidas por una sola palabra, son: of, in, at,
on, from, to, under, off, down, out, into, for, etc..
Las preposiciones impropias son adjetivos, adverbios y participios que
funcionan como preposiciones. Ejemplo: In front of, Next to, On top of, Out of,
etc.
Los valores y usos de las preposiciones son: movimiento, lugar y tiempo en
que sucede algo, proximidad en el espacio o tiempo, modo, distribución,
precio, situación, costumbre.
TIPOS DE PROPOSICIONES
MOVEMENT MOVIMIENTO
About por (alguna parte)
Along a lo largo de
(a)round alrededor de
(away) from lejos de, distante de
back from de regreso de
Between entre (dos objetos o personas)
By en, por medio de
Down hacia abajo
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in(to) en, dentro de
Off a cierta distancia de
on(to) en, sobre, a
out of fuera de
Over por encima, durante, al otro lado
To a, hacia
Under debajo de
Up Arriba
PLACE OR POSICION LUGAR O POSICIÓN
About sobre, acerca de
Above por encima de, más arriba de
(a)round alrededor
At En
Before antes de
Behind detrás de
Below debajo de
Beside al lado de
Between entre (2 cosas o personas)
In en, dentro de
in front of delante de, ante
inside of (US) dentro de
Near cerca de
next to al lado de, junto a
Off de, separado de
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On Sobre
TIME TIEMPO
After después de
Before antes de
By para (fecha)
During durante
On el ... (día, fecha)
Since Desde
To Hasta
until / till Hasta
For Para
Of De
With Con
Without Sin
PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO "AT, ON, IN"

 Se utiliza la preposición "at" para referirnos a horas y a momentos puntuales
del día: Ejemplo:
At 10 o'clock I´m sleeping
o La preposición "on" se utiliza con días de la semana y con fechas:

On Monday is my birthday
 La preposición "in" se utiliza con meses, con las estaciones del año, con
periodos más largos de tiempo, y con algunas expresiones temporales que
se refieren a periodos del día (salvo con "night"):
In January I will buy a car
In summer I traveled to the beach
In the 60's I´m was a young
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In the morning I like study
Entre otras preposiciones de tiempo que se utilizan en inglés
destacamos: Before, After, For, During, Since, From
 La preposición "before" se utiliza para indicar que la acción se ha
desarrollado antes del momento indicado:
Finish your report before Sunday.
 Mientras que la preposición "after" indica, por el contrario, que la
acción tiene lugar después del momento señalado:
After I went to Caracas, I started my studies.
 La preposición "for" se utiliza para indicar la duración de una acción:
She studied in the university for 5 years.
 "During" se utiliza, en cambio, para indicar el periodo de tiempo
durante el cual se desarrolla la acción:
During the summer, I like to play sports.
 Con la preposición "since" se indica el comienzo de una acción que en
el momento de la oración aún no ha terminado:
Since 1992 I worked in this company

 La preposición "from" se utiliza acompañada de las preposiciones "to"
o "till / untill", indistintamente, para indicar el comienzo y el término de
una acción:
I lived in Paris from 1980 to 1984.
 Si sólo se indica el final de la acción, se utiliza "till / untill" (nunca "to"):
Yesterday I worked until midnight.
PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR
En inglés se utilizan diversas preposiciones para referirse a un lugar; entre
las más frecuentes destacamos:
 La preposición "in" indica dentro de un lugar:
I´m In my room
 Se suele utilizar también cuando nos referimos a países o ciudades:

The concert is in Barcelona
 "On" indica sobre un lugar:

On the table, there is a cup
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 Hay expresiones muy usuales que se construyen con "on":
Turn on the left
 La preposición "at" se utiliza normalmente para indicar "junto a, al lado de":

My chair is at the bed
 Pero hay una serie de lugares que suelen ir acompañados de la preposición

"at", incluso cuando estamos dentro de los mismos:
Now I´m at home
PREPOSICIONES DE MOVIMIENTO
 Con la preposición "from" se indica el punto de partida o el lugar de origen:
She is from Germany.
 Para indicar que vamos hacia un lugar, utilizamos la preposición "to":

We go to the beach.
o Si decimos que ya hemos llegado al lugar, utilizamos la preposición "in" con

ciudades y países, y "at" con otros lugares (excepción: "home" no lleva
preposición):
She arrived in Venezuela
He arrived at School
 Para indicar que entramos en un lugar, utilizamos la preposición "into":

Come into my house.
PREPOSICIONES SEGÚN EL MEDIO DE TRANSPORTE

En inglés, dependiendo del medio de transporte que se utilice, se emplean
distintas preposiciones. Cuando subimos a un transporte utilizamos el verbo
"to get", acompañado de las siguientes preposiciones:
 "On en las expresiones:
To get on a bicycle
ð "In en las expresiones:

To get in the car
 Si nos referimos al tipo de transporte que empleamos, utilizamos "by", salvo

en la expresión "on foot" (andando):
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To go by bus
 Pero si especificamos el vehículo concreto que estamos empleando,

entonces utilizamos las preposiciones "on" o "in", según el medio de
transporte:
To go in my car
To go on the bicycle
 "Out of" en las expresiones:

To get out of the taxi
 "Off" en las expresiones:

To get off the bus
El inglés fundamentalmente contiene 850 palabras básicas, que incluyen 600
nombres (de cosas y sucesos), 150 adjetivos y 100 palabras operadores, es
decir, preposiciones y verbos.
De acuerdo a las preposiciones expuestas anteriormente encontramos de
varios tipos, tales como:
 De lugar: “In” (dentro de un lugar) “On" (sobre un lugar) "At" (junto a, al lado
de, lugares, o dentro de los mismos)
 De Tiempo: "At" (horas), "On" (días de la semana y con fechas), "In" (meses,
las estaciones del año, etc)
 De Movimiento: “From” (punto de partida o lugar de origen), “To” (que vamos
hacia un lugar) "In" (con ciudades y países) y "At" (con otros lugares).
 Para los diferentes medios de transporte también usamos proposiciones.
Cuando subimos a un transporte utilizamos el verbo "to get", acompañado
de preposiciones como “On”, “In”, "By", Cuando bajamos del trasporte
tambien usamos el verbo “To get” acompañado de proposiciones como "Out
of", "Off".
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VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA
Tom writes a letter A letter is written by Tom

Tom is writing a letter A letter is being written by Tom
Tom was writing a letter A letter was being written by Tom
Tom wrote a letter A letter was written by Tom
Tom has written a letter A letter has been written by Tom
Tom had written a letter A letter had been written by Tom
Tom will write a letter A letter will be written by Tom
Tom is going to write a letter A letter is going to be written by Tom
Tom can write a letter A letter can be written by Tom
Tom could write a letter A letter could be written by Tom
Tom must write a letter A letter must be written by Tom
Tom may write a letter A letter may be written...
Tom might write a letter A letter might be written...
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PASSIVE VOICE FOR ALL TENSES RULES
 The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive

voice.
 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive
voice.
 Auxiliary verbs for each tense are given below in the table.
Present Simple Tense (passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am/is/are
Active voice: Passive voice:
He sings a song. A song is sung by him.
Present Continuous Tense (passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am being/is being/are being
I am writing a letter A letter is being written by me.
Present Perfect Tense (passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: has been/have been
She has finished his work. Her work has been finished by her.
Past Simple Tense (passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was/were
I killed a snake A snake was killed by me.
Past Continuous Tense (Passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was being/were being
He was driving a car. A car was being driven by him.
Past Perfect Tense (Passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: had been
They had completed the The assignment had been completed by
assignment. them.
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212
Future Simple Tense (Passive Voice)
Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will be
She will buy a car. A car will be bought by her.
Future Perfect Tense (passive Voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will have been
You will have started the job. The job will have been started by you.
Passive voice for Present/Future Modals

“CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”
Auxiliary verb in passive voice: be
Active voice: CAN Passive voice: CAN BE
She can play a violin. A violin can be played by her.
Active voice: MAY Active voice: MAY BE
I may buy the computer. The computer may be bought by me.
Active voice: MIGHT Active voice: MIGHT BE
Guests might play chess. Chess might be played by guests.
Active voice: SHOULD BE
Active voice: SHOULD
All lessons should be studied by
Students should study all lessons.
students.
Active voice: MUST Active voice: MUST BE
You must learn the test-taking Test-taking strategies must be learnt
strategies. by you.
Active voice: OUGHT TO Active voice: OUGHT TO BE
They ought to take the examination. The examination ought to be taken by
them.
Passive voice for Past Modals
“MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE”
 The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive

voice.
 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive
voice.
 To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb
 “been” is added after modal in sentence.
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Passive voice for Present/Future Modals
“MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT HAVE TO”
Auxiliary verb in passive voice: been
Active voice: MAY HAVE Passive voice: MAY HAVE BEEN
You may have availed the The opportunity may have been
opportunity. availed by you.
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE Passive voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN
He might have eaten meal. Meal might have been eaten by him.
Passive voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE
The book should have been studied
You should have studied the book.
by you.
Active voice: MUST HAVE Passive voice: MUST HAVE BEEN
He must have started job. Job must have been started by you.
Passive voice: OUGHT TO HAVE
Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE
BEEN
You ought to have helped him.
He ought to have been helped by you
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REPORTER SPEECH
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser
palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A
continuación tienes una explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la
otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTER SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
"He's American," she said. She said he was American.
"I'm happy to see you," Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" He asked me if I was busy that night.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Dan is living in San Francisco," she said. She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
He said, "I'm making dinner." He told me that he was making dinner.
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked. They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
He told me they had gone to the movies the
"We went to the movies last night," he said.
night before.
Greg said that he hadn't gone to work the day
"Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday."
before.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Vicki told me she'd been working late the
"I was working late last night," Vicki said.
night before.
They said, "we weren't waiting long." They said that they hadn't been waitinglong.
" He asked, "were you sleeping when I
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
called?"
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
"Heather said, "I've already eaten." Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
"We haven't been to China," they said. They said they hadn't been to China.
I asked her whether she'd
"Have you worked here before?" I asked.
worked therebefore.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two years,"he He said he'd been studying English for two
said. years.
" Steve said, "we've been dating for over a Steve told me that they'd been dating for over
year now." a year.
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked. They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said.
work.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
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She said, "I'd been dancing for years before She said she'd been dancing for years before
the accident." the accident.
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (que sigue siendo cierto) o de algo en el
futuro, no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.
"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next
week.
"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)

El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales.
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.
Will Would
"I'll go to the movies John said he would go to the
tomorrow," John said. movies the next day.
"Will you help me move?" she She asked me if I would help her
asked. move.
Can Could
Debra said, "Allen can Debra said Allen could work the
work tomorrow." next day.
"Can you open the window, He asked me if I could open the
please?", he asked. window.
Must Had to
"You must wear your My mom said I had to wear my
seatbelt," mom said. seatbelt.
She said, "You must She said I had to work the next
work tomorrow." day.
Shall Should
"Shall we go to the beach Tom asked if we should go to the
today?" Tom asked. beach that day.
"What shall we do tonight?" she She asked me what we should
asked. dothat night.
May Might/Could
Jane said, "I may not be in class Jane said she might not be in
tomorrow." classthe next day.
The boy asked. "May I use the
bathroom, please?" the boy
bathroom.
asked.
Nota: A continuación tienes una tabla donde puedes observar los cambios que sufren las
expresiones de tiempo cuando usamos el estilo indirecto.
216
today that day
tonight that night
this week/month/year that week/month/year
tomorrow the next day
the following
next week/month/year
week/month/year
the day before/the previous
yesterday
day
the day/month/year before o
last week/month/year the previous
day/month/year
now then/at that moment
here there
RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without
starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text
becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.
How to Form Relative Clauses
Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend
whether he knows her. You could say:
A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?
That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause:
you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important
thing – you want to know who the girl is.
Do you know the girl …
As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the
additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use the girl only in the first part of
the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use
the relative pronoun who). So the final sentence is:
Relative Pronouns
relative
use example
pronoun
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the
woman who lives next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals and Do you see the cat which is
things lying on the roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t
read which surprised me.
whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the
boy whose mother is a nurse?
217
whom object pronoun for people, especially in I was invited by the
non-defining relative clauses (in defining professor whom I met at the
relative clauses we colloquially preferwho) conference.
that subject or object pronoun for people, I don’t like the
animals and things in defining relative table that stands in the
clauses (who or which are also possible) kitchen.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which,
that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them
as follows:
If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject
pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
the apple which is lying on the table
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the
relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining
relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
the apple (which) George lay on the table
Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This
often makes the sentence easier to understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
This is the shop where I bought my bike.
relative
meaning use example
adverb
when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him
where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him
Defining Relative Clauses
Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive
relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask
somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the
five girls you mean.
Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.
A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a
relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-
restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not
define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.
218
Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and
you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-
defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.
Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?
Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.
Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.
Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.
How to Shorten Relative Clauses?
Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with
a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the
woman living next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?
PALABRAS COMPUESTAS EN INGLÉS
Palabras con a
adulthood - edad adulta
airport - aeropuerto
airline - aerolínea
allright - todo bien
anymore - no más
anything - lo que sea
anywhere - donde sea
anyway - de todas maneras
applesauce - salsa de manzana
artwork - trabajos o piezas de arte
autobiography - autobiografía
Palabras con b
babysitter - niñera
backache - dolor de espalda
background - fondo, antecedentes
backpack - mochila
219
baseball - béisbol
basketball - baloncesto
bathroom - baño, lavabo, cuarto de aseo
bathtub - bañera
bedroom - dormitorio
birthday - cumpleaños
blackberry - mora
blackboard - pizarrón (se usa tiza o gis)
bookshop - librería
bookshelf - estantería
briefcase - maletín, portafolio
businessman - empresario, hombre de negocios
butterfly - mariposa
Palabras con c
cardboard - cartón
carpet - alfombra
caveman - cavernícola
cellphone - teléfono celular o móvil
cheerleader - porrista o animadora
cheesecake - pastel de queso
childproof - a prueba de niños
chopstick - palillo
classmate - compañero de clase
classroom - salón de clases
clockwise - en dirección de las manecillas del reloj
220
copyright - con derechos de autor
courtyard - patio
cowboy - vaquero
crossword - crucigrama
cupboard - armario
Palabras con d
daydream - soñar despierto
daylight - luz del día
daytime - de día
desktop - computadora u ordenador de sobremesa, no laptop o portátil.
dishwasher - lavaplatos
doorbell - timbre
download - descargar
downstairs - en la planta/ piso de abajo
downtown - en el centro del pueblo
dragonfly - libélula
drugstore - farmacia
Palabras con e
earphone - audífono
earrings - aretes, pendientes
earthquake - terremoto
easygoing - tranquilo, relajado
eggshell - cáscara de huevo
egocentric - egocéntrico
evergreen - perenne
221
everybody - todo el mundo
everyday - todos los días
eyeball - globo ocular
eyelids - párpados
Palabras con f
fairytale - cuento de hadas
fearless - persona sin miedo
fearsome - temeroso
feedback - reacción, respuesta
fingernail - uña
fingerprint - huella digital
firefighter - bombero
fireman - bombero
fireplace - chimenea
fireworks - fuegos artificiales
fisherman - pescador
football - fútbol
footprint - pisada, huella de pie
forecast - predicción, pronóstico
forehead - frente
foresee - prever
forever - para siempre
forget - olvidar
forgive - perdonar
friendship - amistad
222
Palabras con g
gentleman - caballero
girlfriend - novia
goldfish - pez naranja pequeño típico de las peceras
godfather - padrino
goodbye - adios
grandfather - abuelo
grandmother - abuela
grapefruit - toronja, pomelo
grasshopper - saltamontes
graveyard - cementerio
greenhouse - invernadero
grownup - adulto
guidebook - guía (libro)
Palabras con h
hairband - cinta del pelo
hairspray - spray de pelo
hallway - pasillo, corredor
halftime - medio tiempo
handbag - bolsa de mano
handcuffs - esposas (para prisioneros o arrestados)
handmade - hecho a mano
handout - repartir
handshake - darse la mano
handsome - guapo
223
handwriting - letra (ej. "No entiendo lo que escribió Pablo, tiene muy mala letra")
handwritten - escrito a mano
hangman - ahorcado (juego de adivinar una palabra)
harmless - inofensivo
headache - dolor de cabeza (partes del cuerpo en inglés)
headlight - faro
headmaster - director de escuela o colegio
headphones - audífonos, auriculares
healthcare - asistencia médica
heartbeat - palpitación
heartbroken - con el corazón roto
herself - ella misma/ sí misma
highlighter - plumón o rotulador fosforescente para subrayar
highway - carretera
himself - él mismo/ sí mismo
hitchhike - pedir ride, aventón, viajar a dedo
homeless - sin hogar
homemade - hecho en casa
homeschool - no ir a la escuela y recibir educación escolar en casa
homework - tarea escolar
honeymoon - luna de miel
hotcakes - hotcakes o tortitas americanas
hotdog - hotdog, frankfurt, perro caliente
housekeeper - ama de llaves, encargada de la casa
housewife - esposa: ama de casa
224
housework - quehaceres del hogar
hummingbird - colibrí
hungover - crudo, resacoso (tras beber alcohol)
hyperlink - hipervínculo
Palabras con i
icebox - refrigerador (más común: refrigerator o fridge)
inside - dentro de
indoors - puertas adentro
internet - Internet
internship - ser becario, pasantía
Palabras con j
jellybeans - dulces típicos americanos
jellyfish - medusa, aguamala
joyless - infeliz
joystick - palanca de mando
jukebox - rocola, gramola
junkyard - depósito de chatarra, deshuesadero
Palabras con k
keyboard - teclado
keychain - llavero
kickball - kickból
kilometers - kilómetros
Palabras con L
ladybird - catarina, mariquita
ladybug - catarina, mariquita
225
landlord - casero, arrendador
landscape - paisaje
laptop - laptop, computadora u ordenador portátil
lawless - sin ley
layoff - despido
leadership - liderazgo
leaflet - panfleto
leftovers - sobras
lifeguard - salvavidas, socorrista
lifestyle - estilo de vida
lifetime - de toda la vida
lighthearted - alegre, desenfadado
lighthouse - faro
likewise - asimismo
lipgloss - brillo de labios
locksmith - cerrajero
locomotor - locomotora
lollipop - paleta, piruleta
lonesome - solitario
loophole - fisura (legal)
loudspeaker - altavoz
luckless - sin suerte
lumberyard - almacén de madera
lunchbox - caja del almuerzo
lunchroom - comedor del almuerzo
226
lunchtime - hora del almuerzo
Palabras con M
mailbox - buzón
makeup - maquillaje
marketplace - mercado
mastermind - cerebro de la operación
masterpiece - obra maestra
matchbox - caja de cerillos
matchmaker - casamentero/a, celestina
maybe - talvez
meantime - mientras tanto
measureless - sin medida
meatball - albóndiga
meatloaf - rebanada de carne
megapixel - megapixel
microsecond - microsegundo
midwest - medio oeste
midwife - partera, comadrona
milkshake - malteada
mindblowing - impresionante
miniskirt - minifalda
minivan - minivan
moonless - sin luna
moonlight - luz de luna
moonshine - brillo de luna
227
moreover - además, por otra parte
mothballs - pelusas
motorbike - motocicleta
motorboat - barco a motor
mountaintop - cumbre o cima de la montaña
mousetrap - ratonera
mouthwash - enjuage bucal
mushroom - champiñón, seta, hongo
myself - mí mismo/a
Palabras con N
nameless - sin nombre
nationwide - a escala nacional, en toda la nación
nearby - cerca
nearsighted - miope
necktie - corbata
nerveless - débil, laxo
network - red
networking - creación y uso e una red de contactos personales o conexiones
newlywed - recién casado/s
newsletter - boletín informativo
newspaper - periódico
nickname - apodo
nightclub - discoteca, antro, club nocturno
nightlife - vida nocturna
nightmare - pesadilla
228
nighttime - de noche
nobody - nadie
noiseless - que no hace ruido
northeast - noreste
northwest - noroeste
notebook - libreta, cuaderno
nowhere - en ninguna parte
nutshell - cáscara de nuez
Palabras con O
oneself - uno mismo
online - en línea
onto - (preposición) en, sobre el
openhanded - a manos llenas, con generosidad
otherwise - de otra manera
ourselves - nosotros mismos
outback - zona despoblada de Australia
outcast - marginado social, paria
outcome - resultado
outdated - obsoleto
outdoor - que ocurre fuera, en el exterior
outfit - vestimenta, conjunto de ropa
outlet - toma de corriente / tienda al pormenor
outline - esbozar
outlive - sobrevivir a, vivir más que
outnumber - ser superiores en numero que otros
229
outside - afuera
outward - esterno
overact - sobreactuar
overboard - por la borda
overcome - superar
overconfident - demasiado confiado
overcook - demasiado cocinado
overdo - sobrehacer
overdose - sobredosis
overdue - fuera de plazo
overestimate - sobreestimar
overhear - oir de más, algo que no es de tu incumbencia
overlook - pasar por alto
overpay - pagar de más
overprice - precio más alto de lo debido
overrate - sobrevalorado
overuse - usar de más
overweight - sobrepeso
overwork - trabajar de más
Palabras con P
painkiller - analgésico, calmante
painless - indoloro
paintbrush - brocha de pintura
pancake - panqué, panqueque
230
paperclip - clip
paperwork - papeleo
parenthood - lo que conlleva ser padres, paternidad y maternidad
partnership - asociación
passerby - transeúnte
patchwork - un tipo de tejido: patchwork
paycheck - cheque de sueldo o de paga
payday - día de paga
payoff - ajuste de cuentas, soborno, mordida, compensación
peanuts - cacahuates
photocopy - fotocopia
photograph - fotografía
photosensitive - fotosensible
pickup - camioneta o furgoneta
pigtails - coleta, trenza
playground - patio del recreo en un colegio
playoffs - las finales en fútbol
playroom - cuarto de juegos o de los juguetes
pocketbook - libro de bolsillo
pocketknife - navaja de bolsillo
policeman - policía
ponytail - cola de caballo, coleta
popcorn - palomitas de maíz
porkchop - chuleta de cerdo
postcard - tarjeta postal
231
postman - cartero
powerless - sin poder
printout - imprimir
pullover - suéter
pushups - flexiones, lagartijas
Palabras con Q
quarterback - mariscal de campo
quicksand - arenas movedizas
Palabras con R
racetrack - circuito
racquetball - juego parecido al frontenis
radioactive - radioactivo
railway - ferrocarril
rainbow - arco iris
raincoat - impermeable, gabardina
raindrops - gotas de lluvia
rainforest - selva tropical
rattlesnake - víbora o serpiente cascabel
redhead - pelirojo/a
restroom - baño, lavabo, servicios, aseo
ringworm - tiña
riverside - a orillas del río
roadrunner - correcaminos
rockstar - estrella de rock
rollerblade - patinar en línea
232
rollerskate - patin de ruedas
roommate - compañero de cuarto o habitación
rosebud - capullo de rosa
runaway - fugitivo
runway - pista de aterrizaje
Palabras con S
sailboat - velero
salesman - vendedor
salesmen - vendedores
saltwater - agua salada
sandbox - caja de arena
sandcastle - castillo de arena
sandpaper - papel de lija
saucepan - cacerola, cazo, olla
schoolbag - mochila
schoolwork - trabajo de la escuela o tarea
scoreboard - marcador
scrapbook - álbum de recortes
screenplay - guión
screenwriter - guionista
screwdriver - desatornillador
seafood - comida del mar
seashells - conchas del mar
seashore - orilla del mar
seasick - náuseas por navegar
233
seaweed - algas
seatbelt - cinturón de seguridad
secondhand - de segunda mano
seesaw - subibaja, balancín
semicolon - punto y coma
shareholder - asamblea o junta de accionistas
shipwreck - naufragio
shoebox - caja de zapatos
shoelace - agujetas, cordones de los zapatos
shoplift - robar en una tienda
shoplifter - persona que roba en las tiendas
shortcut - atajo
sightseeing - ir a visitar lugares de interés turístico
simpleminded - de mente simple
skateboard - patineta, monopatín
skyscraper - rascacielos
slaughterhouse - matadero
sleepover - pijamada
sleepwalk - sonambulismo
smallpox - viruela
snakebite - mordida de serpiente
snapshot - fotografía instantánea
snowball - bola de nieve
snowboard - patineta de nieve
snowflake - copo de nieve
234
snowman - hombre de nieve
snowstorm - tormenta de nieve
somehow - de alguna manera
someone - alguien
someplace - en algún lugar
something - algo
somewhat - un poco
songwriter - escritor de canciones, compositor
soundproof - insonorizado
soundtrack - banda sonora
southeastern - del sudoeste
soybean - frijol de soya
spaceship - nave espacial
spiderman - hombre araña
spiderweb - telaraña
spokesperson - portavoz
sponsorship - patrocinio
sportsman - deportista
sportswear - ropa de deporte
spreadsheet - hoja de cálculo, hoja de ejercicios
springboard - trampolín
springtime - temporada de primavera
stainless - sin manchas
staircase - escalera
stakeholder - interesado
235
starlight - liz de las estrellas
Statehouse - edificio de la legislatura estatal de los EE.UU.
steamboat - barco de vapor
stepbrother - hermanastro
stepfather - padrastro
stepmother - madrastra
stepsister - hermanastra
stereotype - estereotipo
stomachache - dolor de estómago
stopwatch - cronómetro
strawberry - fresa
subtext - subtexto
suitcase - maleta
summertime - temporada de verano
sunbath - broncearse
sunblock - bloqueador solar
sunburn - quemadura solar
Sunday - domingo
sunflower - girasol
sunglasses - lentes
sunlight - luz solar
sunrise - amanecer
sunscreen - bloqueador solar
sunset - puesta de sol
sunshine - luz del sol, brillo del sol
236
suntan - bronceado
superhero - superhéroe
supernatural - sobrenatural
superpowers - superpoderes
surfboard - tabla de surfear
sweatshirt - sudadero, jersey
swimsuit - traje de baño, bañador
Palabras con T
tablecloth - mantel
tablespoon - cuchara sopera
tailless - sin cola
taxpayers - que pagan sus impuestos, contribuyentes
teacup - taza de te
teapot - jarra de te, tetera
teardrop - lágrima
teaspoon - cucharadita, cuchara de te
thoughtless - desconsiderado
throughout - a lo largo de
throwaway - desechable
thunderstorm - tormenta
tightrope - cuerda floja
timeline - línea de tiempo, cronología
timetable - horario
tiptoe - ir de puntitas
tiresome - cansino, provoca cansancio
237
tombstone - tumba
toolbox - caja de herramientas
toothbrush - cepillo de dientes
trashcan - basurero, cesto de la basura
troublemaker - problemático, liante
turtleneck - cuello de tortuga, cuello alto
typewriter - máquina de escribir
Palabras con U
ultrasound - ultrasonido
underachieve - rendir por debajo del nivel exigido
underage - menor de edad
underestimate - subestimar, infravalorar
undergo - sufrir, pasar por
underground - metro, subterráneo
underline - subrayar
understand - entender
undertake - asumir
underwear - ropa interior, calzones
upcoming - próximo
update - actualización
upfront - inicial
upgrade - actualizar
uphill - cuesta arriba
upload - cargar, subir
uppermost - superior
238
upset - entristecer
upstairs - en la planta de arriba, subiendo las escaleras
upward - hacia arriba
Palabras con V
valueless - sin valor
videocassette - videocasete
videotape - cinta de video
viewpoint - punto de vista
vineyard - viñedo
voiceless - sin voz
voicemail - buzón de voz
Palabras con W
wallpaper - papel de pared
wardrobe - armario, guardarropa
warehouse - almacén
warfare - guerra
warlike - bélico
warmhearted - afectuoso, cariñoso
warships - buque de guerra
wastebasket - basurero
watchmen - vigilantes
watchtower - torre de vigilancia
waterfall - cascada
waterless - sin agua
watermelon - sandía
239
waterproof - a prueba de agua
weatherman - hombre del tiempo
website - página web
weekday - entre semana
weekend - fin de semana
weightless - sin peso, ingrávido
wheelchair - silla de ruedas
whereabout - paradero
whichever - el que sea, cualquier
whiteboard - pizarrón blanco (de plumones o marcadores que se borran)
Whitehouse - casa presidencial de los EE.UU.
whomever - quien sea
wildcat - felinos salvajes
willpower - fuerza de voluntad
windbreaker - rompevientos
windmill - molino
windshield - parabrisas
wishbone - espoleta, hueso de la suerte
witchcraft - brujería
without - sin
woodland - bosque
woodpecker - pájaro carpintero
workbook - libreta
workforce - fuerza de trabajo, trabajadores
workload - carga de trabajo
240
worksheet - hoja de trabajo, hoja con ejercicios
workshop - taller
worldview - cosmovisión
worthwhile - que vale la pena
Palabras con Y
yearbook - anuario
yourself - a ti mismo/a
Palabras con Z
zookeeper - guardián del zoológico
241

Verbos, Adjetivos y Sustanfivos en Inglés

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Verbos, Adjetivos y Sustanfivos en Inglés

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VERBOS,

VIOLETA PATRICIA MOLET

 action in the present taking always, every

Present A: He has spoken.

Past A: He had spoken.

Future I A: He will speak.

 for …, the last

Conditional type I >> FIRST CONDITIONAL

Conditional type II >> SECOND CONDITIONAL

Conditional type III >> THIRD CONDITIONAL

Expressing a wish or a regret: Use of I wish / if only

How to Form Relative Clauses

which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which

whom object pronoun for people, especially I was invited by the

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun),

when in/on refers to a time expression the day when we met

where in/at refers to a place the place where we

why for which refers to a reason the reason why we

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with

How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay

Direct Speech (El estilo directo)

Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho,

"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana

 Do you have a pen I could borrow, he asked.

"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo

 Alice said, I love to dance.

A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o

 Dave said, Kelly is sick. Dave said Kelly is sick.

Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no

Say vs. Tell

En español podemos traducir "say"o "tell" como "decir", pero en inglés se

Se usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un

"I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," él dijo.)

 I need your help, Glen said to Mike.

 She said, Do you like to dance?

He said he was hungry. (Él dijo que tenía hambre.)

 Glen said to Mike that he needed his help.

 She asked me if I liked to dance.

She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me preguntó si me gustaba bailar.)

He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.")

 Glen told Mike, I need your help.

He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tenía hambre.)

 Glen told that he needed his help.

1. Se usa "tell" con ordenes o instrucciones.

I told him, "Stop complaining." (Le dije, "Deja de quejarte.")

o She told us Stop complaining.

She told us to hurry. (Nos dijo que nos diéramos prisa.)

2. Usamos "tell" cuando damos o pedimos información.

"Can you tell me your name please." ("Díme tu nombre, por

o You told him the address of the office?

3. Se usa "tell" con cuentos o bromas. En esto caso, se puede traducir

He told us a great story. (Nos contó un cuento maravilloso.)

o Tell me a joke, she said.

"Tell me a joke," she said. ("Cuéntame un chiste," dijo ella.)

4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa "tell."