SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
CALCULATIONS 1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

MIXING/BLENDING ..................................................... 3
EVAPORATION......................................................... 5
DRYING (Direct Heating) ............................................. 5
DISTILLATION ........................................................ 6
Exercises........................................................... 7
Quiz 2 ............................................................ 8
CRYSTALLIZATION ..................................................... 9
ABSORPTION and STRIPPING ........................................... 10
EXTRACTION......................................................... 10
HUMIDIFICATION and DEHUMIDIFICATION ................................ 11
DRYING with a CARRIER GAS .......................................... 11
Activity 1 ....................................................... 15
Seatwork ......................................................... 15
Quiz 1 ........................................................... 15
Quiz 2 ........................................................... 16
MASS BALANCES INVOLVING MULTIPLE UNIT SYSTEMS ...................... 12
RECYCLE............................................................ 13
BYPASS............................................................. 13
PURGE (to take out impurities) ..................................... 13
EXERCISES.......................................................... 13
STOICHIOMETRY ...................................................... 17
LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS, YIELD AND SELECTIVITY ............... 17
MULTIPLE REACTIONS ................................................. 19
Chemical Engineering Calculations 1 Prelims

MATERIAL BALANCES WITHOUT REACTION

MIXING/BLENDING
1. Reclaimed rubber containing 3.0% is milled with crude rubber until the mix contains 0.80% S. How many pounds
of reclaimed rubber are used per ton of crude?
Solution:
Mixer
Reclaimed Rubber(X) Product(P)
2% S 0.8% S 𝑇𝑀𝐵: 𝑋 + 2000𝑙𝑏 = 𝑃
Crude Rubber(Y) 𝑆 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.3𝑋 = 0.8𝑃
1 Ton= 2000lb 𝑋 = 127.2127𝑙𝑏

2. To prepare a solution of 50% sulfuric acid, a dilute waste acid containing 28% H2SO4 is fortified with a purchased
acid containing 96% H2SO4. How many kilograms of the purchased acid must be bought for each kilogram of
dilute waste acid?
1Kg Dilute Waste Acid Solution:
28% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
Mixer 𝑇𝑀𝐵: 1𝑘𝑔 + 𝑋 = 𝑃
Product(P)
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.28(1) + 0.96𝑋 = 0.5𝑃
50% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
Purchased Acid(X) 𝑋 = 0.4783𝑘𝑔
96% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

3. The waste from a nitration operation contains 23% HNO3, 57% by weight H2SO4 and 20% H2O. It is specified
that concentrated acid product should contain 27% HNO3, 60% H2SO4 and 13% H2O. If the H2SO4 available
contains 7% H2O and HNO3 contains 10% H2O, how many pounds of each must be added to produce 1000 lb of
product?
Waste Acid(X) Solution:
23%wt 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
HNO3 (Y) 57%wt 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑇𝑀𝐵: 𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑍 = 1000𝑙𝑏
90% HNO3 20%wt 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.2𝑋 + 0.9𝑌 = 0.27(1000𝑙𝑏)
10% H2O
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.57𝑋 + .93𝑍 = 0.60(1000𝑙𝑏)
Mixer 1000lb Concentrated Acid
60% H2SO4 𝑋 = 332.6086𝑙𝑏
H2SO4(Z) 27% HNO3 𝑌 = 226.087𝑙𝑏
93% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 13% H2O 𝑍 = 441.3043𝑙𝑏
7% H2O

4. A mixed acid containing 65% H2SO4, 20% HNO3, and 15% H2O is to be made by blending the following liquids:
a. A spent acid containing 10% HNO3, 60% H2SO4, and 30% H2O
b. A concentrated nitric acid containing 90% HNO3, and 10% H2O
c. A concentrated sulfuric acid containing 95% H2SO4, and 5% H2O

How many pounds of each of the three must be used to obtain 1,000lb of mixed acid?
Spent Acid(X) Solution:
10% 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
Conc. HNO3 (Y) 60% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑇𝑀𝐵: 𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑍 = 1000𝑙𝑏
90% HNO3 30% 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.1𝑋 + 0.9𝑌 = 0.2(1000𝑙𝑏)
10% H2O
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.6𝑋 + .95𝑍 = 0.65(1000𝑙𝑏)
Mixer 1000lb Mixed Acid
65% H2SO4 𝑋 = 363.6364𝑙𝑏
Concentrated H2SO4(Z) 20% HNO3 𝑌 = 181.8182𝑙𝑏
95% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 15% H2O 𝑍 = 454.5455𝑙𝑏
5% H2O
5. The waste from a nitrating process contains 25% HNO3, 50% H2SO4, and 25% water by weight. The acid is to be
concentrated to contain 30% HNO3, and 60% H2SO4 by the addition of concentrated H2SO4 containing 95%
H2SO4 by weight and concentrated HNO3 containing 90% HNO3. Calculate the weights of waste acid and
concentrated acids which must be mixed to obtain 10,000lb of the mixture of the desired composition.
Waste Acid(X)
25% 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 Solution:
Conc. HNO3 (Y) 50% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
90% HNO3 25% 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑇𝑀𝐵: 𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑍 = 10000𝑙𝑏
10% H2O 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.25𝑋 + 0.90𝑌 = 0.30(1000𝑙𝑏)
Mixer 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.50𝑋 + .95𝑍 = 0.60(1000𝑙𝑏)
10,000lb Mixed Acid
60% H2SO4 𝑋 = 1791.0448𝑙𝑏
Concentrated H2SO4(Z) 30% HNO3 𝑌 = 2835.8209𝑙𝑏
95% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 10% H2O 𝑍 = 5373.1343𝑙𝑏
5% H2O

6. A liquid adhesive, which is used to make laminated boards, consists of a polymer dissolved in a solvent. The
amount of polymer in the solution has to be controlled for this application. When the supplier of the adhesive
receives an order for 3000 kg of an adhesive solution containing 13% by weight polymer, all it has on hand is a)
500 kg of 10% by weight solution, b) a very large quantity of 20%wt solution, and c) pure solvent. Calculate the
weight of the pure solvent and the 20%wt solution that must be blended together to fill the order. Use all the
10%wt solution.

500Kg 10%wt sol’n Solution:

𝑇𝑀𝐵: 𝑋 + 𝑌 + 500𝑘𝑔 = 3000𝑘𝑔
20%wt sol’n(X)
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 0.20𝑋 = (3000𝑘𝑔 × 0.13) − (500𝑘𝑔 × 0.10)
Mixer 𝑋 = 1700𝑘𝑔
3000Kg Adhesive
𝑌 = 3000𝑘𝑔 − 500𝑘𝑔 − 1700𝑘𝑔 = 800𝑘𝑔
Polymer
Pure Solvent(Y)
13%wt Polymer
EVAPORATION
1. An evaporator is used to concentrate cane sugar solutions. A feed of 10,000 kg/day of a solution containing 38%
wt sugar is evaporated, producing a 74% solution. Calculate the amount of water removed and the weight of the
solution produced.
Water Removed Solution:

E
V
A
Feed Product
P
O
R
A
T
O
R

2. It is desired to concentrate a 5% KNO3 solution in water to 25% KNO3 solution. 8,000 kg of product liquor is to be
needed per hour. How much water is evaporated? How much solution should be charged?
3. An evaporator is designed to evaporate 30,000 kg of water per hour. A solution containing 10% salt is desired to
be concentrated to as solution containing 40% salt. If the evaporator is to operate at its rated capacity, what
must be the feed rate? How much product is obtained per hour?
4. An evaporator is designed to evaporate 50% of the water present in the feed. A solution with the following
concentrations was fed to the evaporator: 86% water, 12% salt, and the rest being impurities. If the solution fed
is 1000 kg per hour, what is the amount of the water removed? What is the composition of the product?
5. An evaporator is concentrating solutions coming from three different sources. The first source contains 20%wt
NaCl, the rest water. The second source contains 10%wt NaCl, 30%wt NaOH, and the rest water. The third
source contains 25%mol NaCl, 25%mol NaOH, the rest water. The feed streams are fed directly tob the
evaporator at the following rates: 100 kg/min for the first source, 7800 kg/min for the second source, and 120
kg/min for the third source. If 70% of the original water is evaporated, calculate a) compositionin %wt of the
product b) the flow rate in kg/min of the product.

DRYING (Direct Heating)

1. A batch dryer is capable of handling 5,000 kg material per hour. How much moisture is evaporated per hour if
the material is to be dried from 35% to 5% moisture?
Water Removed Solution:

D
R
Feed Y Product
E
R
2. A paper mill has a drying operation in which paper is fed in a continuous steady state operation through dryer
where the water content of the paper is reduced to 10%. The wet paper entering the dryer contains 20%wt water
with the rest being dry paper. If 100kg of water is removed from the paper per hour, how many kilograms of dried
paper are produced per hour?
3. A moist paper containing 20% water goes into the dryer in a continuous process. The paper leaves the dryer
containing 2%wt water. Calculate the weight of the water removed from the paper per 100 lb of the original moist
paper.
4. A mill produces wet paper containing 15%wt water with the rest being dry paper. This wet paper is fed in a
continuous steady-state operation through a dryer where the water content of the paper is reduced to 6%wt. if
the heating cost is 5 cents for every pound of water removed from the paper in the drying operation, what is the
heating cost per 100 lb of the initial wet paper?
5. A steam of gas at 70°F, 14.3 psia and 50% saturated water vapor is passed through a drying tower where 90%
of the water is removed. Calculate the pounds of water removed per 1000 ft3 of entering gas. The vapor pressure
of water at 70°F is 0.74 inHg.

DISTILLATION

1. A distillation column separates an ethyl alcohol-water feed into high purity alcohol and wastewater. The feed has
a composition of 20%mol ethyl alcohol. The distillate contains 85%mol ethyl alcohol and the bottoms have
3%mol alcohol concentration. For 45 lbmol/hr of feed, calculate the quantities of the distillate and bottoms.

Solution:
Feed
Water Removed
D
I
S
T
I
L
L Product
Bottoms Product A
T
I
O
N

2. A liquid mixture (100 kg/hr) contains 60%wt ethanol(E), 5%wt of a dissolved solute(S) and the balance water. A
stream of this mixture is fed to a continuous distillation column operating at steady-state. Product streams
emerge at the top and bottom of the column. The column design calls for the product streams to have equal
mass flow rates and for the top stream to contain 90%wt ethanol and no S. Calculate a) the mass fraction of S in
the bottom stream and b) the fraction of the ethanol I the feed that leaves in the bottom product stream (i.e, kg E
in the bottom stream/kg E in the feed) if the process operates as designed.
3. One hundred kmol of benzene-toluene mixture in the equimolal amounts is distilled. 96% of the benzene is
obtained in the distillate product while 90% of the toluene is in the bottoms. Calculate the composition of the
product streams.
4. A liquid mixture containing 45% benzene and 55% toluene by mass is fed to a distillation column. A product
stream leaving the top of the column contains 95%mol benzene and a bottom product contains 8% of the
benzene fed to the column. The volumetric flow rate of the feed stream is 2000 L/hr and the specific gravity
 0.8752. Determine the mass flow rate of the overhead product stream and the composition (mass%) of the
bottom product stream.
5. A mixture consisting of isobutene, n-butane, and n-pentane is to be distilled. The following tabulation gives the
composition of the streams in the mole fraction:
Component Mole Fraction
Feed Distillate Bottom Products
Isobutene 0.06 0.2450 W
n-butane 0.17 Y 0.1290
Isopentane 0.32 X 0.3008
n-pentane 0.45 0.0242 Z
Per 100mol of feed, find the amount of the distillate and the bottom streams. Complete the tabulation of
composition.

Exercises
1. Strawberries contain about 15%wt solids and 85%wt water. To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and
sugar are mixed in 45:55 ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the residue contains one-third
water by mass. Calculate how many pounds of strawberries are needed to make a pound of jam.
2. Salt in crude oil must be removed before the oil undergoes processing in a refinery. The crude oil is fed to a
washing unit where freshwater fed to the unit mixes with the oil and dissolves a portion of the salt contained in
the oil. The oil containing salt but no water, being less dense than the water can be removed at the top of the
washer. If the spent wash water contains 15% salt and crude contains 5% salt, determine the concentration of
salt in the ”washed” oil product if the ratio of crude oil w/ salt to water used is 4:1.
3. In the azeotropic distillation of an ethanol-water solution, feed mixture containing 95.6% alcohol is mixed with
pure benzene and distilled. The benzene forms a ternary azeotrope with alcohol-water with a composition of
74.1% benzene, 7.4% water, and 18.5% alcohol, which is distilled over as the overhead product. Absolute
alcohol is obtained as the residue product. Determine the quantity of benzene required for producing 100 kg of
absolute alcohol.
4. A 1000 kg batch of a pharmaceutical powder containing 5%wt water is dried in a double cone drier. After drying,
90% of the water has been removed. Calculate the final batch composition (%wt) and the weight of water
removed.
5. Calculate the weight of rate flow in lb/hr of NH3 through a pipe from the following data: A stream of pure oxygen
is admitted to the NH3 line at the rate of 40 ft3/min and the resulting mixture is sampled farther along the pipe and
found to contain 10% by volume O2. The entering oxygen is metered at 18psia and 85°F.
6. Three hundred gallons of a mixture containing 75%wt ethanol and 25%wt water (mixture specific gravity=0.877)
and a quantity of 40%wt ethanol-60%wt water mixture (SG=0.952) are blende to produce a mixture containing
60%wt ethanol. Determine a) the V40 the volume of the 40% ethanol solution and b) the weight of the product.
7. An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an environment of humid air enriched in oxygen.
Three input streams are fed into an evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the following
composition:
a. Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 cm3/min
b. Air (21%mol O2, balance N2)
c. Pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one0fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B
8. Moist air is flowing at a steady rate through a pipeline. At section 1 in the line, the temperature is 80°F, the
absolute pressure is 753 mmHg, and the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is 12mmHg. In order to
measure the flow rate of the moist air, 15 lbmol/hr of a flue gas at a total absolute pressure of 753 mmHg and a
temperature of 215°F is fed into the line at section 2. The flue gas analysis is 18.2% CO2, 1.6% O2, and 80.2%
N2 on a dry basis. The partial pressure of water vapor in the flue gas is 17mmHg absolute. At section 3, after the
complete mixing, the total absolute pressure is 72.2mmHg, the temperature is 92°F, and the analysis is 7.2%
CO2 on a dry basis. Calculate the pounds per hour of moist air flowing through the pipeline.
Quiz 2
1. Wet sugar that contains one-fifth water by mass is conveyed through an evaporator I which 85% of the
entering water is vaporized.
a. Taking a basis of 100kg feed, calculate i) Xw, the mass fraction of water in the wet sugar leaving
the evaporator and ii) the ratio (kg H2O vaporized/kg wet sugar leaving the evaporator)
b. If 1000 tons/day of wet sugar is fed to the evaporator, how much additional water must be removed
from the outlet sugar to dry it completely, and what annual revenue can be expected if dry sugar
sells for P0.15/lbm/
2. A batch of leather after drying weighs 500 kg and contains 6% moisture. During the process of drying,
leather lost 60% of its original weight. Calculate:
a. Moisture content in the leather present expressed as kg of water/kg of bone dry leather
b. Kg of water removed per kg of bone dry leather
c. Water removed as percentage of water originally present
3. Two aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing 20.0%wt H2SO4 (SG= 1.139) and 60%wt H2SO4 (SG= 1.498)
are mixed to form a 4.00 molar solution (SG= 1.213).
a. Calculate the mass fraction of sulfuric acid on the product solution.
b. Taking 100kg of the 20% feed solution as basis, calculate the feed ratio (liters 20% solution/liter
60% solution)
c. What feed rate of the 60% solution (L/hr) would be required to produce 1250kg/hr of the product.
4. A liquid mixture containing 45% benzene and 55% toluene by mass is fed to a distillation column. A product
stream leaving the top of the column contains 95%mol benzene and a bottom product contains 8% of the
benzene fed to the column. The volumetric flow rate of the overhead product stream and composition
(mass%) of the bottom product stream.
5. An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an environment of humid air enriched in
oxygen. Three input streams are fed into an evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the
following composition:
a. Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0cm3/min
b. Air (21%mol O2, the balance N2)
c. Pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B
The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5%mol water. Calculate the molar flow rate of
all the unknown stream variables and the complete composition of the output gas in % by mole.

0.200n1(mol O2/min)
0.200n3(mol O2/min)
0.015 mol H2O/mol
n1(mol air/min)
Y(mol O2/mol)
0.21 molO2/mol (0.985-y)(mol N2/mol)
0.79 molN2/mol

20.0 cm3 H2O(l)/min

n2(mol H2O/min)
Chemical Engineering Calculations 1 Midterms

CRYSTALLIZATION

1. An aqueous solution of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) at 104°C containing 30.1 %wt MgSO4 is fed to a cooling
crystallizer that operates at 10°C. The steam leaving the crystallizer is a slurry off solid magnesium sulfate
heptahydrate (MgSO47H2O) particles suspended in a liquid solution. Solubility data for MgSO4 show that a
saturated solution at 10°C contains 23.2 %wt MgSO4. Determine the rate at which solution must be fed to the
crystallizer to produce 1000kg of MgSO47H2O per hour.
2. A pan contains 6240 lbs of an aqueous solution at 104°C. The said solution is 29.6% anhydrous sodium sulfate,
the rest being water. The solution is cooled without evaporation to 20°C at which crystals of Na 2SO4·H2O
separates.The remaining solution (mother liquor) is found to contain 16.1% anhydrous sodium sulfate. What is
the weight of the mother liquor? What is the %yield or %recovery of the solute sodium sulfate?
3. A solution containing 32.5% of MgSO4 at 120°F is cooled without appreciable evaporation to 70°F in a
Swenson-Walker Crystallizer to produce Epsom salt (MgSO47H2O). How many pounds of this salt are obtained
per 1 ton of original mixture?
 35 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 70℉:
100 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐻2 0
4. A 30% solution of Na2CO3 weighing 10,000 lbs is slowly cooled at 20°C. the crystals formed are
salsoda(Na2CO3·10H2O). The solubility of Na2CO3 at 20°C is 21.5 parts anhydrous salt per 100 parts of water.
During cooling, 3% of the weight of the original solution is lost by evaporation. What is the weight of
Na2CO3·10H2O formed?
5. One thousand kilogram of 64% NaNO3 solution at 100°C is cooled at 30°C. The solubility of the mother liquor is
96 parts per 100 parts of H2O. a) Solve for the amount of crystals formed when no evaporation is involved b)
Solve the amount of crystals if 5% of the original water evaporates.
34𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3)2 5𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3)2
6. The solubility of barium nitrate at 100°C is 100 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂
and at 0°C is 100𝑔 𝐻2𝑂
. If you start with 100g of
Ba(NO3)2 and make a saturated solution at 100°C. How much H2O is required? If the saturated solution is cooled
to 0°C; how much Ba(NO3)2 is precipitated out of the solution? The precipitated caary along with them in their
100𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3)2
surface 4𝑔 𝐻20
.

ABSORPTION and STRIPPING

1. In a CO2 absorber using carbonate solution as absorbent, 2000kmols/hr of flue gas containing 60%v CO2, the
balance being an inert gas, is fed to the column. The lean gas leaves the absorber with 3%v CO2. Calculate the
quantity, in kg/hr CO2 absorbed by the carbonate solution.
2. Scrubbing of NH3 with an acid solution. A gas mixture containing 25%v CO2 and 75% NH3 is being scrubbed with
an acid solution to remove the ammonia. The exit gas mixture contains 37.5% NH3. What percentage of the
original ammonia has been removed assuming that the gas mixture behaves according to the ideal gas law, that
the CO2 remains unaffected, and that no part of the solution vaporizes?
3. A gas mixture containing 15%mol A and 85%mol inerts is fed to an absorption tower where it is contacted with
liquid solvent B which absorbs A. The mole ratio of solvent to gas entering the tower is 2:1. The gas leaving the
absorber contains 2.5% A, 1.5% B and the rest inerts(on mole basis). Find:
a. The percentage recovery of solute A
b. The fraction of solvent B fed to the column lost in gas leaving the tower.
Note that during the process, some solvent evaporates and gets added in the gas leaving the tower.
4. Absorption tower for removal of HCl. A gas contains 30% HCl and 70% air by volume. The gas enters an
absorption tower at 120°F and 743mmHg. Suppose that 96% of the HCl is removed in the column and that the
gas leaves at 75°F, 740mmHg, calculate:
a. The pounds of HCl removed per 100ft3 of entering gas
b. The composition in %v of the exit gases
c. The average molecular weight of the entering gases
5. An absorption tower is used to recover benzene from air. Gas feed rate to the absorber is 100knol/h. The feed
gas contains 10%mol benzene. The liquid(heavy oil) is fed to the top of the absorber contains no benzene. Its
flow rate is 80kmol/h. It is desired to attain an exit gas composition of 0.5%mol benzene at the top of the
absorber. What is the composition of the liquid leaving the bottom of the absorber?

EXTRACTION

1. Forty metric tons of sugar beets analyzing 47% water, 40.5% pulp and 12.5% sugar are to be extracted with
pure water. The resulting sugar solution is 17% sugar. 96.5% of the sugar beets are recovered. If each ton of
pulp retains 2.5 tons of water, find the amount of water used and the resulting sugar solution.
2. Soybean is used for making textured vegetable protein contains 15%wt oil. Suppose that 300lbs of solvent
containing 2% oil and 500lbs soybean are mixed thoroughly, and the solution is drained. The flakes are still wet
with the solution and the oil in the solution is 2.0lb. Find the weight of the extract and oil composition of the
solution.
3. Napthalene diamine(NdA) is recovered from a 3.0%wt aqueous solution by extraction with ethyl ether containing
1.25% water, the remainder being ether. The ether extract is found to contain 15.2% NdA, 3.67%wt H2O. the
final underflow contains 3.25% ether, 96.75% H2O. For the recovery of 1000lb NdA, calculate a) pounds of NdA
solution extracted, and b) the pounds of ether solution used for extraction.
4. Essential oils from flower petals are to be extracted for further processing into perfume. 100kg/h of fresh petals
(25% oil) is fed into the extractor. If the exhausted petal contains 0.5% of the oil from the original batch of petals
and 30kg/h of ethyl alcohol (extracting agent) is used, how much extract and exhausted petals are collected per
hour operation? The exhausted petals also contains 8% of the original ethyl alcohol extracting liquid.
5. A copra batch contains 44% oil and is to be extracted withn-hexane. The extracted meal contains 0.07kg of
oil/kg oil free matter and the mass fraction of n-hexane in it is 0.05. The extract contains 49% n-hexane. If
10,000kg of copra are to be processed, how many kg of n-hexane are required?
6. A mixture containing 30% acetone and 70% chloroform is extracted with a mixed solvent containing acetic acid
and water. The two immiscible phases-the raffinate and the extract phases-that result after the extraction had the
following analysis:
i. Extract: acetone 7.0%, chloroform 3.0%, acetic acid 30.0%, water 60.0%
ii. Raffinate: acetone 20.0%, chloroform 67.0%, acetic acid 10.0%, water 3.0%
For the basis of 100kg of the mixture, determine the following:
a. The quantities of raffinate (R) and extract (E) phases
b. The amount of acetic acid and water of the mixed solvent used

HUMIDIFICATION and DEHUMIDIFICATION

1. The air in a room is at 26.7°C and a pressure of 101.325kPa and contains water vapor with partial pressure
pressure of 2.76kPa. Calculate the following (use MWdry air= 29g/mol):
a. Humidity, H
b. Saturation Humidity, HS
c. Percentage Humidity
d. Percentage Relative Humidity, HR

DRYING with a CARRIER GAS

1. Wet paper is dried from 15% H2O to 0.5% H2O. The drying process is done with air flowing counter current to the
flow of the material. The air enters with a humidity of 0.007lbs H2O per lb of dry air and leaves at 0.028lbs H2O
per lb of dry air. For every 1000lbs/h of wet paper to be processed, what mass flow rate of inlet air in lbs/h must
be maintained?
2. A solid material with 15%wt water is dried to 7%wt water. The entering air used is at a dry bulb temperature of
170°F and a pressure of 14.7 psi and a wet bulb temperature of 90°F. The air leaving the drier is saturated with
water vapor at 120°F.
a. How many pounds of water are removed from 100lbs of wet material fed to the drier?
b. How many pounds of air are entering the drier per 100lbs of wet material?
c. How many pounds of air are leaving the drier per 100lbs of wet material?
d. What is the volume (ft3) of air entering the drier?
Note: entering air Tdb=170°F and Twb=90°F, H= 0.012lbs H2O/lbs dry air ;leaving air saturated at 120°F, H=
0.0815lbs H2O/lbs dry air
3. A tunnel drier is used to dry an organic paint pigment. 1000lbs/h of pigment containing 10% water is to be dried
to 0.50% water. The pigment is passed counter current to air which enters at 760mmHg, 140°F and 10%
humidity. The leaving air is at 750mmHg, 95°F and 70% humidity. What flow rate of air must be maintained?
Note: entering air 760mmHg and 170°F, H=0.012lbs H2O/lbs dry air; leaving air 750mmHg, 95°F, H=0.026lbs
H2O/lbs dry air
4. Slab building boards contain 17% moisture by weight. They are dried to a water content of 1% by weight by
circulating hot air over them. The fresh air contains 0.017lb of moisture per pound of dry air. The exhaust air
 contains 0.075 lb of moisture per pound of dry air. How many cubic feet of fresh air at standard conditions must
be used per ton of the building boards?
5. To condition the air in office building in the winter, 1000cm3 of moist air at 101kPa and 22°C enters the process.
The air leaves the process at 98kPa. How many kg of water vapor are added to each kg of wet air entering the
process? Partial pressure of water in entering air is 1.31kPa; partial pressure of water in leaving air is 18.14kPa.

MASS BALANCES INVOLVING MULTIPLE UNIT SYSTEMS

1. In the tissue paper machine, stream N contains 85% fiber. Find the unknown fiber values(all values in figure are
in kg) in kg for each stream.
2. A labeled flowchart of a continuous steady-state two-unit process is shown below. Each stream contains two
components, A and B in different proportions. The three streams whose flow rates and/or compositions are not
known are labeled 1, 2, and 3.
Calculate the unknown flow rates and compositions of stream 1, 2, and 3.
3. Sugar cane juice is sent to a series of three evaporators to reduce water. The sugar cane juice which is 87.3%
H2O is fed to the first evaporator at 5000kg/h. Equal amounts of water is removed in each evaporator. The
concentrated juice in the last evaporator produced at 36.72% H2O.
Calculate the following:
a. Flow rate of the concentrated juice out from the third evaporator in kg/h
b. Amount of water removed in each evaporator in kg/h
c. Concentration of H2O (%wt) of the juice out from the second evaporator
4. Acetone is used in the manufacture of many chemicals and also a solvent. In its latter role, may reactions are
placed on the release of acetone vapor to the environment. You are asked to design an acetone recovery
system having the flow sheet illustrated below. Make a material balance for the system shown( Solve for W, A,
G, F, B, and D). All concentrations shown of both gases and liquids are specified in weight percent (or weight
fraction) to make calculations simpler.
5. Liquid acetone (C3H6O) is fed at a rate of 400L/min into a heated chamber, where it evaporates into a nitrogen
stream. The gas leaving the heater is distilled by another nitrogen stream flowing at a measured rate of
419m3(STP)/min. The combined gases are then compressed to a total pressure of 6.3atm gauge at a
temperature of 325°C. The partial pressure of acetone in this stream is 501mmHg. Atmospheric pressure is
763mmHg. The density of liquid acetone is 0.791g/cm3.
a. What is the molar composition of the stream leaving the compressor?
b. What is the volumetric flow rate in m3/min of the nitrogen entering the evaporator if the temperature and
pressure of this stream are 27°C and 475mmHg gauge.
6. A gas flow sheet for the manufacture of sugar is shown in the figure. Sugar cane is fed to a mill where syrup is
squeezed out and resulting “bagasse” contains 80% pulp. The syrup € containing finely divided pieces of pulp
are fed to a screen which removes all the pulp and produces a clear syrup (H) containing 15% sugar and 85%
water. The evaporator makes “heavy” syrup and the crystallizer produces 1000lb/h of sugar crystals.
a. Find the water removed in the evaporator, lb/h
b. Find the rate of cane sugar fed to the unit, lb/h
c. Of the sugar fed in the mill, what percentage is lost with the bagasse?
d. What is the percentage recovery of sugar?
e. Find the composition of waste stream, G
7. NaCl crystals are produced from 1000kg of a solution containing 10% NaCl, 1% KOH, and 89% H2O. The
solution is first sent to an evaporator where 750kg of water from the solution is removed. The hot concentrated
solution is sent to a crystallizer where the solution is cooled to 20°C and NaCl crystals are precipitated. No water
evaporates. Each kilogram of crystals carries with it 0.10kg of adhering mother liquor. The wet crystals are then
treated in a dryer where 95% of the water is removed. Calculate:
a. The composition of the concentrated solution from the evaporator
b. The compositions of the final product
c. The percentage recovery of NaCl from the original solution
The solubility of NaCl is 36 grams NaCl/ 100 grams H2O at 20°C.
RECYCLE
1. The manufacture of such products as penicillin, tetracycline, vitamins and other pharmaceuticals, as well as
photographic chemicals, dyes and other fine organic compounds, usually requires separating the suspended
solids from their mother liquor by centrifuging, and then drying the wet cake. A closed loop system for centrifuge
unloading, drying, converging and solvent recovery is comprised of equipment especially designed for handling
materials requiring sterile and contamination-free conditions.
Given the experimental measurements on the pilot plant equipment outline below, what is the lb/h of the recycle
stream R?
2. Data are presented in the diagram for an evaporator. What is the recycle stream in lb/h?
3. Fresh air containing 4.00%mol water vapor is to be cooled and dehumidified to a water content of 1.70%mol
H2O. A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of previously dehumidified air and passed through
the cooler. The blended stream entering the unit contains 2.30%mol H2O. In the air conditioner, some of the
water in the feed stream is condensed and removed as liquid. A fraction of the dehumidified air leaving the
cooler is recycled and the remainder is delivered to a room. Taking 100 moles of dehumidified air delivered to
the room as a basis of calculation; calculate the moles of fresh feed, moles of water condensed, and moles of
dehumidified air recycled.
4. To save energy, stack gas from a furnace is used to dry ice. The flow sheet and known data are shown in Figure
4. What is the amount of recycle gas (in lbmol) per 100lb of P if the concentration of water in the gas stream
entering the dryer is 5.20%. Find also the value of S and W.

BYPASS
1. In the feed-stock preparation section of a plant manufacturing natural gasoline, iso-pentane is removed
from butane-free gasoline. Assume for purposes of simplification that the process and components are
shown in the diagram. What amount of the butane-free gasoline is passed through the iso-pentane tower?
2. In a process concentrating 1000kg/h freshly extracted juice(orange) containing 12.5% solids, the juice is
strained yielding 800kg/h of strained juice and 200kg of pulpy juice. The obtained juice is concentrated in an
evaporator to give an evaporated juice of 58% solids. The pulpy juice is bypassed around the evaporator
and mixed with the evaporated juice in a mixer to improve the flavor. This final concentrated juice is 42%
solids. Calculate a) the solids concentration in the strained juice b) the kg/h of final concentrated juice and c)
the concentration of solids in the pulpy juice bypassed.

PURGE (to take out impurities)

EXERCISES
1. A distillation column separates 10,000lb/h of a 50% benzene, 50% toluene mixture. The product recovered from
the condenser at the top of the column contains 95% benzene and the bottoms from the column contain 96%
toluene. The stream entering the condenser from the top of the column is 8000lb/h. A portion of the product is
returned to the column as reflux and the rest is withdrawn for use elsewhere. Assume the compositions of the
streams at the top of the column; the product withdrawn and the reflux are identical. Find the ratio of the amount
refluxed to the product withdrawn.
2. In a pilot process, a sticky material containing 25% water is to be dried. To facilitate the operation, a part of the
dried product containing 5% water is recycled and mixed with the feed. If the material entering the drier contains
12% water, calculate a) the kg water removed per 2000kg fresh feed and b) the recycle-to-feed ratio. (If feed is
not specified, assume it to be fresh feed)
3. Ina process producing KClO3 salt, 1000kg/h of a feed solution containing 20%wt KClO3 (and traces of
impurities) is feed to the evaporator which evaporates some water at 422K to produce 50%wt KClO3 solution.
This solution is then fed to a crystallizer at 32°C where crystals containing 96%wt KClO3 are removed. The
saturated solution from the crystallizer is recycled to the evaporator. Calculate the a) amount of crystals
produced and b) amount of solution recycled. Solubility at 32°C= 12kg KClO3/100kg H2O
4. In a wooden dryer, the hot air must contain at least 2%wt water to prevent the wood from drying too rapidly and
splitting or warping. The original fresh air feed contains 1%wt water. Wood is dried from 20% to 5%wt water. The
wet air leaving the dryer contains 4%wt water. Calculate the amount of wet air that must be returned to the dryer
if 1000kg/h of wet wood is dried.
5. A solid material containing 15%wt moisture is dried so that it contains 7%wt H2O by blowing fresh air mixed with
recycle air over the solid in the dryer. The inlet fresh air has a humidity of 0.01kg H2O/kg dry air. The air from the
drier that is recycled has a humidity of 0.1kg H2O/kg dry air and the mixed air to the dryer 0.03kg H2O/kg dry air.
For a feed of 100kg solid/h fed to the dryer, calculate a) kg/h of dry air I the fresh air b) kg/h of dry air in the
recycle air c) kg/h of dried product.
6. It is desired to lower the n-hexane content of a nitrogen-n-hexane mixture at 45°C (the partial pressure of n-
hexane= 310mmHg) and a total pressure of 757mmHg to a mixture containing 15%mol n-hexane. This could be
achieved by passing a portion of the gas mixture through a chiller which condenses out some of the n-hexane
and leaves the gas saturated at 10°C (the partial pressure of n-hexane= 64mmHg) and a total pressure of
750mmHg.The bypassed gas mixes with the gas from the chiller to form 15%mol n-hexane. Three hundred cubic
meters per minute of the original gas mixture is to be treated. Solve:
a. Kmol/min of the final mixture containing 15%mol n-hexane
b. Kmol/min of the n-hexane condenses in the chiller
c. Kmol/min of the gas that bypass the chiller
7. Figure 2 is a diagram of the shirt-cleaning process used by a Lala Laundry Services, Inc. The shirts are soaked
in an agitated tub containing Whizzo, the Wonder Detergent, and are then wrung out and sent to a rinse stage.
The dirty Whizzo is sent to a filter in which most of the dirt is removed, and the cleaned detergent is recycled
back to join a stream of pure Whizzo, with the combined stream serving as the feed to the washtub.
a. Each 100lbm of dirty shirts contains 2lbm of dirt
b. The washing removes 95% of the dirt in the dirty shirts
c. For each 100lbm of dirty shirts, 25lbm of Whizzo leaves with the clean shirts, of which 22lbm is wrung
back into the tub
d. The detergent that enters the tub contains 97% Whizzo, and that which enters the filter contains 87%.
The wet dirt that leaves the filter contains 8% Whizzo.

Required:

a. How much pure Whizzo (A) must be supplied per 100lbm of dirty shirts?
b. Find the amount of B, C, D, E and R
c. What is the composition of the recycled stream?

8. A stream containing 5.15%wt chromium is contained in the wastewater from a metal finishing plant. The
wastewater stream is fed to a treatment unit that removes 95% of the chromium in the feed and recycles it to the
plant. The residual liquid stream leaving the treatment unit is sent to a waste lagoon. The treatment unit has a
capacity of 4500kg wastewater/h. If the wastewater leaves the finishing plant at a rate higher than the capacity of
the treatment unit, the excess(anything above 4500kg/h) bypasses the unit and combines with the residual liquid
leaving the unit, and the combined stream goes to the waste lagoon. If the wastewater leaves the finishing plant
at a rate of 6000kg/h, calculate the flow rate of liquid to the waste lagoon and the mass fraction of Cr in this
liquid.
9. If machine parts are degreased by means of kerosene as shown in the diagram, how much kerosene make-up is
needed per day? How much kerosene has to enter the degreasing vat per day? There are about 3lb of grease
per 100lb of machine parts, and 60 tons of machine parts are processed each day. Five thousand pounds of
kerosene (10% solution) are carried away by the machine parts each day but drip off and are caught and put
back in the degreasing vat. Two hundred pounds of the 10% solution are lost each day from the vat by
evaporation, spillage, or being carried away.
Activity 1

1. A crystallizer is charged with 6,400kg of an aqueous solution containing 29.6% of anhydrous sodium
sulphate. The solution is cooled and 10% of the initial water is lost by evaporation. Na 2SO4.H2O crystallizes
out. If the mother liquor (after crystallization) is found to contain 18.3% Na2SO4, calculate the weight of the
mother liquor.
2. A batch of soyabeans containing 18% oil and 10% water is treated with pure hexane to give a solution
containing 25% oil and 75% hexane and a residue containing 0.5% oil and 20% hexane. What weight of
soyabeans is required to give 1000kg solution?
3. Absorption of sulphur dioxide is carried out in a packed tower. Gas containing 14.8% sulphur dioxide and
the rest inert gases enters the tower while the leaving gases contain 1% sulphur dioxide. Water flows at the
rate of 1 m3/min. the tower handles 7380m3/hr of gas at 303K and 1 bar. Find the sulphur dioxide
concentration of the effluent from the tower. Also find the volume of the gases leaving the tower at 0.95 bar
and 283K.

Seatwork

1. An aqueous solution containing 60% Na2S2O3 and 1% soluble impurities is diluted with water and fed to a
crystallizer where it is cooled in order to crystallize Na2S2O3.5H2O. The crystals carry 0.05 kg of solution
(excluding impurities) per kg of crystals. The free water present in the adhering solution is removed on
drying the crystals. The final dried product contains not more than 0.1% impurity. The solubility of the
pentahydrate is 1.5kg Na2S2O3.5H2O/free water. On the basis of 100kg of the 60% solution, calculate the
following:
a. Amount of water in kilograms added before cooling
b. Amount of crystals formed
c. Percentage recovery of the Na2S2O3 in the dried hydrated crystals
2. Air at 320K saturated with water vapor is dehumidified by cooling to 285K and by consequent condensation
of water vapor. Air leaving the dehumidifier, saturated at 285K is mixed with a part of the original air which is
bypassed. The resulting air stream is reheated to 320K. It is desired that the final air contains water vapor
not more than 0.03 kg of dry air. Calculate
a. The mass of dry air (in kilograms) bypassed per each kilogram of fry air sent through the
dehumidifier
b. The mass of water vapor (in kilograms) condensed in the dehumidifier per 100 cubic meters of air
sent through it
c. The volume of the final air obtained per 100 cubic meters of air passed through the dehumidifier

The total pressure is atmospheric and the vapor pressures of water are 1.4kPa at 285K and 10.6kPa at
320K.

Quiz 1

2. The air in a room is at 26.7°C and a pressure of 101.325kPaontains water vapor with a partial pressure of
2.76kPa. Calculate the following (use MWdry air= 29g/mol):
a. Vapor pressure of water
b. Humidity, H
c. Saturated humidity, Hs
d. Percentage Humidity
e. Percentage relative humidity, HR
3. A saturated solution containing 1500 kg of potassium chloride at 360K is cooled in an open tank to 290K. If
the specific gravity of the solution is 1.2, the solubility of KCl per 100 parts per water is 53.55 at 360K and
34.5 at 290K, calculate:
 a. Capacity of the tank required in m3
b. The weight of crystals(kg) obtained neglecting the loss of water by evaporation
4. Acetic acid is extracted from an aqueous solution containing 42.86%wt acetic acid using benzene as the
solvent. The mutual solubility of benzene and water may be neglected. When equal weights of benzene and
the aqueous solution are mixed and the phases separated, the aqueous phase analyzed 16.25% acetic
acid. On the basis of 100kg of the aqueous solution being treated, calculate the following:
a. The masses of the aqueous phase and the benzene phase
b. The percent recovery of acetic acid into benzene
5. Slab building boards contain 17% moisture by weight. They are dried to a water content of 1% by weight by
circulating hot air over them. The fresh air contains 0.017 lb of moisture per pound of dry air. The exhaust
air contains 0.075 lb of moisture per pound of dry air. How many cubic feet of fresh air at standard
conditions must be used per ton of the building boards?

6. A gas stream consisting of 100lbmol/hr of an SO2-air mixture containing 45% mole % SO2 is contacted with
liquid water in a continuous absorber at 30°C. the liquid leaving the absorber is analyzed and found to
contain 2.00lbm of SO2 per 100lbm of H2O. Assuming that the gas and liquid streams leaving the absorber
are in equilibrium at 30°C and 1 atm, calculate the fraction of the entering SO2 absorbed in the water and
the required water feed rate. The equilibrium partial pressures of H2O and SO2 over a solution of the
indicated composition are PH2O= 31.6mmHg and PSO2= 176mmHg.

Quiz 2
1. A solid material containing 15%w moisture is dried so that it contains 7%wt H2O by blowing fresh air mixed
with recycle air over the solid in the drier. The inlet fresh air has a humidity of 0.01kg H2O/kg dry air. The air
from the drier that is recycled has a humidity of 0.1 kg H2O/kg dry air and the mixed air to the drier 0.03kg
H2O/kg dry air. For a feed of 100kg solid/h fed to the drier, calculate: a) kg/h od dried product b) kg/h of dry
air in the fresh air c) kg/h of dry air in the recycle air
2. An evaporation-crystallization process is used to obtain solid potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution of
this salt. The fresh feed to the process contains 19.6%wt K2SO4. The wet filter cake consists of solid K2SO4
crystals and a 40.0%wt K2SO4 solution, in a ratio of 10kg crystals/kg solution. The filtrate, also a 40%
solution, is recycled to join the fresh feed. Of the water fed to the evaporator, 45% is evaporated. The
evaporator has a maximum capacity of 175kg water evaporated. Calculate:
a. The maximum production rate of solid K2SO4
b. The rate at which fresh feed must be supplied to achieve this production rate
c. The ratio kg recycle/kg fresh feed
3. A stream containing 5.15%wt chromium is contained in the wastewater from a metal finishing plant. The
wastewater stream is fed to a treatment unit that removes 95% of the chromium in the feed and recycles it
to the plant. The residual liquid stream leaving the treatment unit is sent to a waste lagoon. The treatment
unit has a capacity of 4500kg wastewater/h. If the wastewater leaves the finishing plant at a rate higher than
the capacity of the treatment unit, the excess(anything above 4500kg/h) bypasses the unit and combines
with the residual liquid leaving the unit, and the combined stream goes to the waste lagoon. If the
wastewater leaves the finishing plant at a rate of 6000kg/h, calculate:
a. Amount bypassed in kg/h
b. Amount of the 95% Cr removed from the treatment unit in kg/h
c. The flow rate of liquid to the waste lagoon and the percentage of Cr in this liquid
4. Fresh atmospheric air mixed with recycled air is heated to 349K and admitted to a drier at 101.3kPa at a
rate of 100m3/min. The relative humidity of the air entering the drier is 7.5%. Atmospheric air is at 302K and
has a relative humidity of 30%. The air leaves the drier at 306K and 90% relative humidity, a portion of
which is recycled and the other portion discarded. The vapor pressures of water are 4kPa at 302K, 5kPa at
306K, and 40kPa at 349K. Calculate the following:
a. Kilomoles of entering fresh air
b. Kilomolesof recycled air
c. Kilomoles of dry air(dryer)
d. The rate at which water is removed in kg/min
 5. Liquid acetone (C3H6O) is fed at a rate of 400L/min into a heated chamber, where it evaporates into a
nitrogen stream. The gas leaving the heater is distilled by another nitrogen stream flowing at a measured
rate of 419m3(STP)/min. The combined gases are then compressed to a total pressure of 6.3atm gauge at a
temperature of 325°C. The partial pressure of acetone in this stream is 501mmHg. Atmospheric pressure is
763mmHg. The density of liquid acetone is 0.791g/cm3.
a. Determine the value of A, B, C, and D in mol/min
b. What is the volumetric flow rate in m3/min of the nitrogen entering the evaporator if the temperature
and pressure of this stream are 27°C and 475mmHg gauge.

Chemical Engineering Calculations 1 Finals

CHEMICAL REACTIONS STOICHIOMETRY

STOICHIOMETRY

1. Sulphur trioxide gas is obtained by the combustion of iron pyrites(FeS2) according to the following reaction:
𝐹𝑒𝑆2 + 𝑂2 → 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝑆𝑂3
How many kilograms of pyrites are burned to obtain 100kg of sulphur trioxide? How many kilograms of oxygen
are consumed in the production of 50kg of SO3? (MW Fe= 55.85)
2. What amount of CO2 (in kg) will be produced from the complete combustion of 10 kg of heptane?
3. What volume does a mixture of 7.0g N2 and 8.5g NH3 occupy at 27°C and 730mmHg? What is the partial
pressure of N2 in the system?
4. Given: 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 → 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
a. How many grams of silver nitrate will be required to react with 5 grams of sodium chloride?
b. How many grams of sodium chloride have been added to silver nitrate if 5.00 grams of silver chloride
are precipitated? MW Ag= 107.86
5. Iron reacts with steam according to the following reaction: 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 + 𝐻2
a. How many kilograms of iron and steam are required to produce 100kg of hydrogen?
b. What volume (m3) will the hydrogen occupy at standard conditions?
6. A limestone analyzes: CaCO3= 92.89lb; MgCO3= 5.41lb; Insoluble= 1.70lb
a. How many pounds of calcium oxide can be made from 5 tons of this limestone?
b. How many pounds of CO2 can be recovered per pound of limestone?
c. How many pounds of limestone are needed to make 1 ton of lime?

LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS, YIELD AND SELECTIVITY

1. The burning of limestone, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 , goes only 70% to completion in a certain kiln.
 a. What is the composition (%mass) of the solid withdrawn from the kiln?
b. How many kilograms of CO2 are produced per kilogram of limestone fed?
Assume 1kg of CaCO3 and that the limestone is pure CaCO3
2. Iron prepared in a blast furnace by reacting Hematile(Fe3O4) with carbon monoxide (CO).
𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐶𝑂2
Calculate:
a. Limiting reactant when 2.00 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 and 42.4 × 103 𝑓𝑡 3 𝐶𝑂 at STP are bought together in a
blast furnace
b. Kg of each product formed
c. Amount of x’s reactant unreacted
d. Volume(L) of CO2 formed at 25°C at 1 atm

3. An older method for preparing the explosive trinitrotoluene(TNT) is the reaction of dinitrotoluene(C7H6N2O4) with
nitric acid(HNO3).
𝐶7 𝐻6 𝑁2 𝑂4 + 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → 𝐶7 𝐻5 𝑁3 𝑂6 + 𝐻2 𝑂
After 500kg of dinitrotoluene and 300kg of nitric acid are mixed in an industrial reactor and the mixture heated for
several hours, 530kg of pure TNT are obtained.
a. What is the %yield for this process?
b. %completion of reaction
c. %completion of DNT and HNO3
4. Antimony is obtained by reacting pulverized Stibnite(Sb2S3) with scrap iron and drawing off the molten antimony
from the bottom of the reaction vessel 𝑆𝑏2 𝑆3 + 3𝐹𝑒 → 2𝑆𝑏 + 3𝐹𝑒𝑆
Suppose that 0.60kg of stibnite and 0.25kg of scrap are heated together to give 0.20kg of the Sb metal.
Calculate:
a. Limiting reactant
b. % excess reactant
c. Degree of completion
d. %conversion of Sb2S3 to Sb
e. Yield of Sb
5. Given the equation: 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑙2
Determine:
a. Limiting reactant if 50 grams of KMnO4, 100grams of KCl and 75grams of H2SO4 are given
b. Theoretical amount of MnSO4
c. %excess reactants (MW K=39.10; Mn=59.94; Cl=35.45; )
6. A common method used in manufacturing sodium hypochlorite bleach is by reaction
𝐶𝑙2 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, after which the desired product is
separated from the sodium chloride( a by-product of the reaction). A water-NaOH solution that contains 1145lb
of pure NaOH is reacted with 851lb gaseous chlorine. The NaOCl formed weighs 618lb.
a. What was the limiting reactant?
b. What was the %excess of the excess reactant used?
c. What is the degree of completion of the reaction, expressed as the moles of NaOCl formed to the moles of
NaOCl that would have formed if the reaction had gone to completion?
d. What is the %yield of NaOCl per amount of chlorine used(on a weight basis)?
MULTIPLE REACTIONS