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11/17/2017
GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORK &
TECHNIQUES

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SUBJECT : GROUND Improvement Techniques
Prepared & Presentation By : Tarun Hazarika
Construction Execution & Planning Department
TOYO TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
Kanjurmarg ( E) , Mumbai
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ABSTRACT

Ground improvement techniques are often used to improve sub-soil

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properties in terms of their bearing capacity, shear strength,
settlement characteristics, drainage etc.

These techniques have a wide range of applicability from course

grained soil or fine grained soil.

Depending upon the loading condition and nature of soil, a suitable

techniques, which are also economical needs to be adopted.

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11/17/2017
OBJECTIVES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENTS
TECHNIQUES

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Ground improvement techniques are used increasingly for new
projects to allow utilization of site with poor sub-surface conditions.

Ground improvement is executed to increase the bearing capacity,

reduce the magnitude of settlement and time.

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11/17/2017
TYPES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORK
 Types of ground improvement can be defined in three categories:

Ground Reinforcement : Stone Columns, Soil Nails, Micro Piles, Jet

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Grouting, Ground Anchors, Geosynthetics, Fibers, Lime Columns, Vibro Concrete
Columns, Mechanically Stabilize of Earth & Biotechnical

Ground Improvement: Surface Compaction, Drainage-Surcharge, Electro-

Osmosis, Compaction Grouting, Blasting & Dynamic Compaction

Ground Treatment: Soil Cement, Lime Admixture, Flyash, Dewatering,

Heating / Freezing & Vitrification

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11/17/2017
METHODS OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORK

The methods of ground improvement that is basically adopted
depends on nature of soil strata and purpose of improvement.

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The methods of Ground Improvement we have adopted for GLMRF-
Mundra & DCU Coke Handling Project of IOCL Paradip Refinery
due to soil liquefaction properties are as follows:

 Vibro Compaction Techniques

 Vibro Replacement Techniques

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VIBRO COMPACTION TECHNIQUES

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CONCEPT OF VIBRO COMPACTION

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 Vibro-compaction is one of the oldest deep compaction methods in
existence and was introduced and developed by Keller in the 1930's,
designed to induce compaction of granular materials. The basic principle

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behind the process is that particles of non denser state by means of
vibration. Refer to next slide for schematic view for compaction process.
 Vibro-compaction process : Vibrators are first positioned by the crane to the
probe location which is marked by a wooden or steel peg on the ground.
Water supply switched on, the vibrator is lowered into the ground. The
combination of vibration and high-pressure water jetting surrounding the
vibrator, which assists in the penetration process.
 The effect of the compaction becomes visible at the ground surface in the
form of a cone-shaped depression, sand is obtained from the near by vicinity
of Vibro compaction point to use as overfill materials.

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11/17/2017
VIBRO COMPACTION TECHNIQUES

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VIBRO REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES (DRY)

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VIBRO REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES (WET)

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CONCEPT OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT

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 The Vibro-replacement technique introduces a coarse grained material
as load bearing elements consisting of gravel or stone aggregate as a
backfill medium. The stone column and the in situ soil form an

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integrated system having low compressibility and high shear strength.
The excess pore water pressure can dissipate through the stone column,
which also can act as a vertical drain. The settlement expected for the
treated soil is reduced while the rate of settlement is increased when
compared with the untreated soils.
 To form a Vibro-replacement point the vibrator with its follower tubes is
placed over the selected point by means of a suitable supporting crane, after
that starting the vibrator motor is lowered into the ground.
 The construction process of Vibro-replacement columns by means of
top feed wet method with electric depth vibrators. In top feed wet method
of Vibro replacement technique, high-pressure water jets existing at the tip
of the vibrator assist penetration of the Vibro float into the soil. The grading
of the stone usually falls into the range of 75 mm to 12 mm.
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MAJOR EQUIPMENTS OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT

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WORK

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DRIVING FLOTER
PERFORMANCE INDICATOR

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PRINTING MACHINE
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PERFORMANCE
GRAPH

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11/17/2017
FIELD TEST INVOLVED IN GROUND IMPROVEMENT
WORK
 Plate Load Test - To find out bearing capacity of soil

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 Soil Penetration Test (Pre & Post) - To find out soil characteristics

 Cone Penetration Test (Pre & Post) - To find out soil characteristics

 Vertical Compression Test - Load Test on improved soil

 Electric Resistivity Test - To find out electric resistivity

 Piezometer Test - To observe ground water table level

 Cross Hole Test - To find out seismic wave

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LESSON LEARN & CONCLUSION

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 Water logging at site during operation of GI work.
 Solution: Availability of sufficient dewatering pumps & outlet drains.
 Formation of deep holes during GI work operation before completion of job.
 Solution: (1) Proper barricading to avoid man entry to the operation location. (2) Close

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monitoring of site standby supervisor. (3) Only loader should operate for filling of holes during GI
work (4) After completion of particular location supervisor should ensure for proper vibration &
compaction done in that area with filling.
 Power cable routes to the floater due to continuous operation with water
facility.
 Solution: Power cables should be routed such a way to avoid water touching during operation.
 High water pressure on pipe joints, while pumps are running.
 Solution: Steel whip arrestor to be installed in each & every pipe joints to avoid hit to the workmen
in case of failure of joints during operation.
 Excavated area for GI Vibro replacement work.
 Solution: Proper compaction of entire area including hard barricading required.
 Consumable material stacking & shifting to the designated locations.
 Solution: Proper approach should be prepared to the material stacking area, including shifting to
the location with loader.

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11/17/2017
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THANK YOU
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