Table of Contents

SR CONTENT PAGE
NO. NO.
1 Introduction 2
2 Background 3
3 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

4 Alternatives to crude oil 5

5 GAP 7

6 Need for study 7

7 Objectives 7

8 Data analysis with graph 8

9 Hypothesis 16

10 Findings 20

11 Limitations 20
12 conclusion 21

13 Reference 22

14 Appendix 23

1
INTRODUCTION

The petroleum reserves are continuously decreasing day by day due to rapid use of these fuels,
so the alternatives to these fuels are has become very essential in the world. There is been a
lot of research for the alternatives of fuel in cars. Internal Combustion Engine is a type of
engine where petrol & diesel type of fuel is used. But the over consumption of this fuel will
lead to end of this resources. Yes we can save for an extend or for time being , but due to lots
of automobiles in the world and in which 95 % of the automobile runs upon these fuels that is
petrol and diesel. As automobile has become a very important in our life and once these fuel
will decrease there will be increase in the price of these fuels, So everyone in the society is not
necessary that they will be able to pay the increased price. But on the other hand we can’t
imagine our life without vehicles . Therefore there is a need of alternative to this fuel, where
this alternatives will be poured in the automobiles and people can go on with their life with
these alternatives with that ease only as they were used to with petrol and diesel

Now the cars comes in four types of design , 1. Hatchback 2. Sedan 3. Compact SUV 4. SUV
and these car are of different range of cc engines , more the cc is it requires more fuel and
travels less kilometres per litres. These cars which are running with diesel and petrol are
polluting the environment a lot and this is not good for the living being , so we need to
overcome this and have to come with alternatives which do not pollute the environment.

Therefore as there is decrease in the fuel resources and the demand is increasing of car on daily
basis there is a need to save these resources. And when this resources will be less there will a
huge increase in the price. So alternatives to these fuel is must to sustain the environment. This
alternates will help us to use the automobiles for future generations also.

2
BACKGROUND

The huge consumption of the fuels like petrol and diesel by cars has increased in the past years
and it has become concerned for the automobile industries because these will fuel will not be
there then , what about the sales of their cars ? There have been electric cars which are bought
into the market by the automobile companies but they were not as effective as these fuel cars
are. So the people want the same features of car but at a lesser rate of fuel with the same
efficiency of the cars.

The conversion of the heat produce due to running of a machine from combustion to
mechanical work is the Internal combustion engines {ICEs} . Further these engines are of two
types one is the compression-ignition (CI) engines and second is spark-ignition (SI) . The first
ever Internal combustion engines come was 1859. When the fuel was in enough quantity and
environment was also not a part of concern.

Due to high energy density of the petrol and diesel these fuels are being leading and majorly
used by the automobiles over the past 100 years. This has a various of chemical components
due which it first converts the chemical energy into heat. The development have been done in
order to make the engine powerful more.

There has been a lot of research on the alternatives but those alternatives were not effective in
strengthen the engine . They were of not as high energy density as petrol and diesel are in the
Internal combustion engines {ICEs} .

3
LITERATURE REVIEW

Global warming and excess use of resources are major problem of world environment. and
these lack of resources will affect a lot in the future and survival will be very difficult. As the
automobile is the backbone of every business this will lead to great impact in the world.
(He et al., 2017)

Using CNG as a fuel is not harming the environment and that’s why it is known as the
“CLEAN FUEL” and therefore this used by automobiles to reduce the pollution.
(Wang et al., 2016a).

As the fuel with high octane number or high density is considered more because it gives more
strength to the IC engines , therefore methanol i.e (CH3OH) which has the high intramolecular
oxygen content is preferred more compared to other alternatives
(Agarwal et al., 2014; Li et al., 2010a; Zhen et al., 2013)

An alternative to diesel engine is the bio diesel it is made up from the vegetable oil and animal
fats and it has higher cetane number and more intramolecular oxygen.
(Hasan and Rahman, 2017; He et al., 2007; Lou and Tan, 2016; Miri et al., 2016; Xu et al.,
2012).

To improve the engine emission of the IC engines the ethanol and methanol are mix with other
fuels at different level of proportion to give a eco friendly fuel.
(Battal et al., 2017; Oh et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2015; Turner et al., 2011).

Different types of methods were used to measure the crude oil prices when the prices of this
fuel went high in 1970’s (kabounden,2001)

Forecasting of the crude oil is a big goal to achieve as it is put into execution over the years
(kulkar & haider ,2009).

4
Alternatives to crude oil

With increase usage of cars the automobile industries are also getting aware of the fuel that are
used in huge quantity and in the near future these fuels will get over soon . So they have to
come up with a alternative IC engines fuel. And there have been some alternatives to this fuels
are those are :

There are two types of the IC engines and these two types have different types of alternatives

1. SI Engines Alternative fuels

• CNG
Fuel which burns clean and not harm the environment and is widely available is CNG
which is good alternative for the petrol SI engine. The engines of the light motor
vehicles [LMV] and the heavy motor vehicles [HMV] are built purposely which emits
less harmful things than the petrol and diesel. But these also create methane which is
even more harmful than the global warming gas i.e. CO2.

• ETHANOL AND METHANOL

Now ethanol and methanol these types of fuels are made up from the wheat barley and
corn, these are mixed up with the gasoline to increase the octane number so that the
fuel becomes more powerful. And the materials are renewable

Methanol a second alcohol fuel has a composition of it with the gasoline in the
concentration of eighty five percent of alcohol and fifteen percent of the fuel
respectively it can become a better alternative for fuel but the automobile manufacturers
are no more bringing this type of vehicles in the market.

5
Electric and solar vehicles are being bought to the market and some of them are running also ,
but these vehicles are having there own drawbacks . These type of vehicles are not as effective
as the fuel vehicles are they lack in the speed and need to refuel earlier compared to diesel and
petrol motor vehicles.

2. CI Engines Alternative fuels

• HYDROGEN
Giving the power and preserving them is done by these cells. It generates electric power
and stores as a reserve for power required. It has the high efficiency and with no
emission. Engines that run on hydrogen are very much better than the IC engines which
runs on the petrol and diesel. Since it has a very less volume so keeping it requires a lot
of space. It can be costly in future and excess use may lead to harm the environment.

• BIO DIESEL
These fuels are depend upon or are prepared from the fats of animals or form the
variable vegetable oils. This fuels are used by the hotels in the kitchen for cooking the
food and this fuel can be converted into for running the automobiles engines. This is a
very safe it do not pollute the environment because of the various elements like
hydrocarbons , particulate matter and carbon monoxide. But the major limitation is that
it is in limited quantity and distribution of these fuel is a part of concern.

So these are the various alternatives of the crude oil which can be use on the different types of
IC engines automobiles. In this study we came to know that few alternatives can be poured in
the same vehicles and in few for that particular fuel to be added , we have to add certain thing
or have to come with the new updated IC engines so as to give the accurate performance for
the motors. Few of the alternatives were not able to meet the requirement of the users they were
lacking in long lasting and performance and speed and etc. And few of them were so good for
the environment that there was zero emission or were very harming less compared to current
fuels.

6
GAAP
The present crude oil will some or the other day will get over, yes there have been various
researched on the alternatives. But cars comes in different categories of design , engine CC
and power so its not necessary that any one of the alternative will work fully on all kinds of the
cars, because different fuels have different octane number and different strength so we need to
find that what type of cars will the people want in terms of design ,CC Engines, mileage and at
what price. So demand for the cars should be known to work on the alternates.

Need For Study

The car marketing is growing since the past years and resources that is crude oil has a limited
excess which will get over, so we need to find the substitute of this so that the human life and
business which is mostly depend upon this will have ease.

OBJECTIVES

• To understand and find different types of alternatives to crude oil.

• To find availability of different types of IC engines and alternative they can use.
• To study the features of these alternatives fuels.
• To analyse the present market of automobile and its demand in the coming years.

7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY :

• Research design : Descriptive

• Data source : Primary and Secondary

• Research instrument : single cross-sectional Questionnaire

• Sampling Technique : Snow Ball Sampling

• Sample size : 60

• Sample Population : Mumbai , Navi Mumbai.

8
Graphs DATA ANALYSIS WITH GRAPHS :

what is your gender ?

Chart Title

23%

77%

male female

Interpretation
The graph tells us about the sample size that , in the sample survey there were 77 % of males
and 23 % of female who gave the response.

9
 your age group falls under ?

Chart Title
1%
7%

20%

72%

18-25 26-40 41-55 55-ABOVE

Interpretation
This graph tell that the sample respondent of this study were 72% from the age group 18 – 25
20 % from the 26 – 40 , 7 % of the 41 – 55 and 1 % of 55 & above.

10
 what type of automobile you prefer ?

Chart Title

13%
22%

27%

38%

compact suv suv sedan hatch back

Interpretation
This graphs briefs you about the type of automobile a person refers in which the most preferred
one is the SUV which is 38% later the SEDAN with 27 % followed by the compact SUV with
22% and the least preferred is hatchback with 13%.

11
Interpretation
The person who travels daily is 46.7 % followed by the people who travel twice a week is 15%
further the people who travels once in a week are 18.3% and who travel once in a month is
13.3% and rest travels once in a 15 days.

12
 what type of fuel you prefer?

Chart Title

28%
40%

32%

petrol cng diesel

Interpretation
Thus the type of fuel mostly preferred by the people is petrol 40% followed up by the CNG
which is 32% and rest 28 % is diesel .

13
PURPOSE OF PURCHASING AUTOMOBILE?

Chart Title

17%
23%

3%

57%

ECONOMY COMFORT STATUS TOURS & TRAVEL

Interpretation
The purchase pattern for the most of the people to buy is comfort 57% ,and 17 % of the
respondent purchased for economy and 23 % of them for tours and travels and only 3 % of
respondent purchase for keeping the status.

14
Interpretation
The majority of the respondent prefer to buy a car of less than 20 lacks 84.7% where as 11.9
% of respondent tend to buy a car of between 20 to 50 lacks, only 0.4 % people are preferring
to buy a car of ranging from 50 lacks to 1 crore and 3% of the people will prefer to buy of more
than 1 crore.

15
HYPOTHESIS
1. CHI SQUARE TEST

• GENDER AND THE TYPE OF CAR

H0:There is no relationship between the gender and the type of automobile they prefer
H1:There is a relationship between the gender and the type of automobile they prefer

compact hatch
gender/type suv suv sedan back total
male 11 19 10 6 46
Female 2 4 6 2 14
Total 13 23 16 8 60

gender/type compact suv suv sedan hatch back

male 9.96666667 17.633333 12.26667 6.133333333
female 3.03333333 5.3666667 3.733333 1.866666667

P Value= 0.43674477

Here the P value is greater than 0.05. therefore we have to accept the null hypothesis.

Thus, There is no relationship between the gender and the type of automobile they prefer.

16
AGE AND TYPE OF AUTOMOBILES

H0:There is no relationship between the age group and the type of automobile they prefer.

H1:There is a relationship between the age group and the type of automobile they prefer.

compact hatch
AGE/TYPE suv suv sedan back total
18-25 10 16 13 4 0
26-40 3 4 2 3 0
41-55 0 3 0 1 0
55-ABOVE 0 0 1 0 1
total 13
AGE/TYPE compact suv suv 23 16
sedan 8 back
hatch 60
18-25 9.31666667 16.483333 11.46667 5.733333333
26-40 2.6 4.6 3.2 1.6
41-55 0.86666667 1.5333333 1.066667 0.533333333
55-ABOVE 0.21666667 0.3833333 0.266667 0.133333333

P Value= 0.427846256

Here the P value is greater than 0.05. therefore we have to accept the null hypothesis.

Thus, There is no relationship between the age group and the type of automobile they prefer.

17
 • Type of fuel and how often they travel

H0:There is no relationship between how oftenly a person travel and the fuel they
prefer
H1:There is a relationship between how oftenly a person travel and the fuel they
prefer

travel/type petrol cng diesel total

daily 4 10 14 28
once in a week 8 3 0 11
once in 15days 4 6 3 13
once in a month 8 0 0 8
total 24 19 17 60

travel/type Petrol cng diesel

Daily 11.2 8.866666667 7.933333333
once in a week 4.4 3.483333333 3.116666667
twice in a week 3.6 2.85 2.55
once in 15days 1.6 1.266666667 1.133333333
once in a month 3.2 2.533333333 2.266666667

P Value= 0.000175643

Here the P value is smaller than 0.05. therefore we have to accept the null hypothesis

Thus , There is a relationship between how oftenly a person travel and the fuel they prefer

18
2. ANOVA

NO. OF CARS AND PURPOSE OF BUYING IT

H0 : There is no relationship in the purchase pattern of a man and the no. of cars the person has
H1 : There is a relationship in the purchase pattern of a man and the no. of cars the person has

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
economy 10 11 1.1 0.1
Comfort 31 45 1.451613 0.522581
Status 2 4 2 2
Tours 14 24 1.714286 0.989011

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 2.775964 3 0.925321 1.560131 0.20991 2.779114
Within Groups 31.43456 53 0.593105

Total 34.21053 56

Since the F value is less than the Fcrit value ,

Also the P value is greater than 0.05
Therefore , we have to accept the null hypothesis

Thus, There is no relationship in the purchase pattern of a man and the no. of cars the person
has.

19
SCOPE OF STUDY

1. The study could be conducted using wider geographical area

2. The sample size doesn’t represent the entire population

FINDINGS

1. The type of car any person buys does not depend upon the age group and the gender
person belongs to.
2. On the basis of how much the person is using his car, the individual decides which type
of fuel to go with .
3. The alternatives which are there need to be develop , so as to meet the demand and
wants of the customers.

LIMITATIONS
1. Many people are not aware about the internal features of the cars.
2. Lack of knowledge about automobile industries
3. We were not able to get the data for the age group (55 & above)
4. Were not able to get the data from the cites were roadways is main source of
transportation.

20
CONCLUSION

There are various alternatives in the surrounding which can take place of this crude oil. The
only thing is that the amount of power the crude oils used to generate that much amount of
power is not being generated from this and that’s the reasons why these fuels are not into the
market. The type of car of any person of any age and gender is depend upon his choice and
interest and also people may have cars for various purpose according to their need and wants.
The majority of people tend to buy a car of less than 20 lacks and below 1500 CC engine. Yes
but if talk about how frequently any person takes out his cars , on the basis of this the fellow
will decide to refer which type of fuel car should be purchase.

21
 Reference

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290437835_Assessment_of_Different_Alternative_Fuels_F

or_Internal_Combustion_Engine_A_Review

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=crsdocs

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209575641830343X

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i10/IRJET-V4I10102.pdf

https://www.nap.edu/read/18736/chapter/3

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42566.pdf

https://www.oecd.org/futures/New%20Business%20Models%20for%20Alternative%20Fuel%20and

%20Alternative%20Powertrain%20vehicles.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01430750.2018.1484803?journalCode=taen20

22
Appendix

1 what is your gender ?

a. male
b. female
2 your age group falls under ?
a. 18 – 25
b. 26 - 40
c.41 - 55
d.55 and aabove

3 what range of mileage you prefer ?

a.3-9
b.9-15
c.16-21
d.21 & above

4 what type of automobile you prefer ?

a.hatch back
b.sedan
c.suv
d.compact suv

5 how often do you travel ?

a.daily
b.twice in a week
c.once in a week
d.once in a month
23
6 how much do you travel in a week
a.less than 100km
b.100 - 300km
c.301 to 500km
d.500km & above
7 what rage of cc engine you prefer
a.< 1000
b.1000 - 1500
c.1500 - 2400
d.>2400
8 HOW MANY CARS DO YOU OWN / PROBABLY OWN
a.1
b.2
c.3
d.4 AND ABOVE

9 WHATIS THE BUDGET OF PETROL PER MONTH ?

a.<2500
b.2500-5000
c.5000-8000
d.>8000

10 RANK THE FOLLOWING BASED ON PRIORITIES

a. SPEED
b.SAFETY

24
11 PURPOSE OF PURCHASING AUTOMOBILE
a.STATUS
b.ECONOMY
c.COMFORT
d.TOURS & TRAVEL

12.BUDGET FOR PURCHASING THE AUTOMOBILE

a.5 LAKH TO 20 LAKH
b.20 LAKH TO 50 LAKH
c.50 LAKH TO 1 CRORE
d.1 CRORE AND ABOVE

13.your age group falls under ?

a.18 - 25
b.26 - 40
c.41 - 55
d.55 and above

25
Urkund Analysis Result

Analysed Document: BRM report for plag.docx (D50497790)

Submitted: 4/11/2019 5:16:00 AM
Submitted By: library@sfimar.org Significance: 4 %

Sources included in the report:

Neel Kamal final thesis.docx (D41930328)

Instances where selected sources appear:

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