Module 12 - Human Reproduction Health PDF

Bansal Classes
BIOLOGY
BANSAL CLASSES
MODULE – 12
For – NEET/AIIMS
Contents Module - 12
(Human Reproduction & Health)
Chapter Name Page No.
Reproductive System 1 – 59
Theory 1 – 27
Exercise – 1 28 – 34
Exercise – 4 58
Quick Review Table 59
Embryology 60 – 133
Theory 60 – 103
Exercise – 1 104 – 115
Exercise – 2 116 – 120
Exercise – 3 121 – 130
Exercise – 4 131 – 132
Quick Review Table 133
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION :

To continue its own race, an organism by the process of reproduction, produces off springs like its own. In
sexual reproduction the organisms produce male and female gametes which on combining, develop into a
new individual. The formation of gametes takes place in the reproductive organs.
PRIMARY SEX ORGAN :


Essential organs which form the gametes. In males, the gamete forming organs are the testes. In females,
the corresponding organs are ovaries.

 The male gametes is the spermatozoan.


The female gamete is the ovum.
SECONDARY SEX ORGAN :


 These form the passage for the gametes to help the union of male & female gametes.

 In male this include epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands & penis.

While in female - Fallopian tube, uterus & vagina. (Breast is an accessory sex organ)
DEVELOPMENT OF SEX ORGAN : 


 During intra uterine life (IUL) testis & ovary develop from mesoderm. They develop in abdominal cavity in
IUL, at the time of birth, testes descend down into scrotal sac but ovaries remain in abdominal cavity.
MMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMM


• In man, one pair of testes are the main or primary reproductive organ. Size 4-5 cm × 2-3 cm

• Both testes are located in a small bag like structure situated below & out side the abdominal cavity called
as scrotum or scrotal sac. The temperature of scrotum is 2 to 3°C lesser than body temperature.

• Internally scrotum is lined by dartos muscle & spermatic fascia.


 Dartos muscle helps in regulation of the temperature with in the scrotum during cold season,
It becomes contracted in cold & during warm season, it becomes relaxed.
Cremaster muscles line inside the wall of scrotal & inguinal canal region and help in elevation of testes.

• Each testis is attached to the walls of the scrotal-sac through flexible, elastic fibres. This group of fibres is
called Gubernaculum or Mesorchium.
• Each testis is attached to the dorsal body wall of the abdominal-cavity through a cord termed as the
Spermatic cord. This cord is made up of elastin fibres & spermatic fascia. The contents of cord are vas
deferens, gonadal veins, gonadal arteries, nerves and lymphatics.
During embryonic stage, testes develop in abdominal cavity & they descend to reach the scrotum at the
time of birth. When the testes does not descend to reach the scrotum but remain in abdominal cavity at the
time of birth this conditions is called undescended testes or cryptorchidism. Such testis can not develop
and function properly and may develop malignancy.
 
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [1]
BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

 Orchiopexy : When the undescended testes are brought into scrotal sac by surgical process during
childhood this process called as orchiopexy. 
 
 Castration : Crushing of testes in bulls to convert them to bullocks. (This makes them more obidient due
to fall in the level of testosterone)

• In some animals the testes descend into the scrotum only in the breeding-season. e.g. Order Chiroptera
Order Rodentia

• Testes of some animals are permanently placed in the abdominal-cavity. Their scrotum is vestigial-organ.e.g.
Prototherians, animals of the order Edentata (Pangolin, Sloth)
Order Proboscida (Elephant)
Order Sirenia and Order Cetacea

• Each scrotum is connected to the abdominal cavity through a passage termed as inguinal-canal. Through
this canal the testes descend down into the scrotal-sacs at the time of birth.
 Spermatic cord in males passes through the inguinal canal.
Sometimes the inguinal canal may tear leading to abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents like loops of
intestine into the inguinal canal. This condition is called as inguinal hernia.
Internal Structure of Testis :

Testis is covered by three coats. Outer most is tunica vaginalis. Middle coat is tunica albuginea & inner
most is tunica vasculosa.
Tunica vaginalis has a parietal & visceral layer. It covers the whole testis except it's posterior border from
where the testicular vessels & nerves enter the testis.
The Tunica albuginea is a dense, white fibrous coat covering the testis all around . The posterior border
tunica albuginea is thickened to form vertical septum called the Mediastinum testis.
 Tunica vasculosa is the inner most vascular coat of the testis lining testicular lobules.

Caput epididymis
To urethra
Tubuli recti
Leydig cell Vasa efferentia

Seminiferous tubules
Tunica vascubosa
Body of epididymis
Tunica alubuginea
Rete testis
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Septula testis Vas deferens
Testicular lobule Cauda epididymis
Fig. Median longitudinal section of mammalian testis
• Each lobules has 2 to 3 seminiferous tubules, which join together at the apices of the lobules to form straight
tubules or tubulirecti which enter the mediastinum. Here they form a network of tubules called as rete testis. Rete
testis fuse to form 10 to 20 efferent ductule called as vasa efferentia or ductuli efferentes. These ductules come
out from upper dorsal surface of testis & open into common tubules, which get highly coiled to form epididymis or
ductus epididymis. This epididymis is responsible for functional maturation of sperm.

• Total number of seminiferous tubules in each testis is about 750 to 1000.


• In rabbit, epididymis is 3 m long and in man it is 6 m in length.

Epididymis has 3 parts :
(i) Upper, highly coiled part - Caput epididymis or Globus-major
(ii) Middle part - Corpus epididymis
(iii) Basal, least coiled part - Cauda epididymis or Globus minor
Cauda-epididymis, enters inside the abdominal-cavity from the scrotal-sac in the form of Vas deferens or ductus
deferens. Terminal dilated part of vas deferens are called ampulla. Vas deferens and Epididymis both develop
from the wolfian-duct of mesonephros. Epididymis can temporarily stores the sperms for as long as one
month and here the functional maturation of sperms takes place. 18 to 24 hr. after functional maturation of
sperm, sperms proceed further to store in vas deferens, specially in its ampulla part. The wall of
epididymis is made up of 2 layers-outer circular muscle layer and inner epithelium. Wall of vasdeferens is also
made up of 2 layers-outer circular muscle layer and inner epithelium. The sperms reach the abdominal cavity due
to the pulsation of the vas-deferens.
 • Cutting of the vasa-deferens & tieing it by a thread is termed as vasectomy.
Vas deferens runs upward & enter into abdominal cavity. Both vas deferens coil around the ureter of their
respective sides and then dilate to form ampulla. Ampulla of each side receives the seminal vesicle of that
side.
 • The vas deferens now forms ejaculatory duct and opens into prostatic urethra.


 In rabbit 1 seminal vesicle is found on dorsal side of urinary bladder & it opens at the junction of
both vas deferens, while in human 1 pair of seminal vesicles are situated on dorsolateral side of urinary
bladder which open separately before the terminal ends of vas deferens. So terminal ends of vas deferens
meet to form a single ejaculatory duct.
Accessary Reproductive Glands

 • The substances secreted by the accessory reproductive glands help in reproduction, these are-
1. Seminal vesicle
It is also called Uterus-masculinus. If forms from the Mullerian-duct of the embryo. In females, these ducts
form the oviducts. Internally, it is lined by glandular epithelium which secretes seminal fluid, which is
lubricating, transparent & jelly like substance, which makes 60-70% part of semen. It is slightly alkaline
(pH 7.3.). Fructose is found in seminal fluid, it act as fuel to sperm. Fibrinogen, prostaglandin, citrate, inositol
and several proteins are also present in semen.
2. Prostate gland
This gland is located below the urinary bladder. It is unpaired & made up of 5 lobes in man. In Rabbit 3 or
4 lobe are found. Each lobe opens into prostatic urethra through many fine apertures. It secretes slightly
alkaline prostatic fluid which is milky, thick, sticky or jelly like. It makes about 30% part of semen and
helps in sperm activation. In the secretion of prostate-gland citric acid, Calcium and phosphate, clotting
enzyme and profibrinolysin are present. The secretion of the prostate gland combines with the secretion of
seminal vesicle and so the semen gets coagulated. In the coagulated semen, the mobility of sperms is
reduced and so their energy is conserved. After some time of ejaculation due to fibrinolysins, semen again
liquefies and in this semen now the sperms can move.
3. Cowper's glands
 It is a pair of glands found on lateral side of urethra. It is also called as bulbourethral gland. It is situated in
membranous part of urethra & opens into penile urethra. It secretes transparent, slimy, jelly like fluid. It is
slightly alkaline (pH is 7.2). This destroys the acidity of the urethra and cleans it for the movement of sperms.
4. Perineal or Rectal glands

These are found both in male and female rabbits. Perineal gland is found around external genital organ &
perineal region, while rectal glands are found around external genital organs & anus. During the
breeding season, these glands secrete odoriferous liquid which has pheromones or Ectohormones in it.
The pheromone develops sexual attraction between opposite sexes & also develops desire for
copulation.
Note : - In man, Perineal or Rectal glands are absent.
Semen - Semen = Sperm + Accessary reproductive gland fluid

Volume = 3 to 4ml.

Normal sperm count 20 to 120 million/ml.
Oligospermia < 20 million/ml.
Azospermia – either absence or near absence of sperms.
Penis
  Urethra continues in a muscular & tubular organ called as penis. Terminal part of shaft of penis is bulging, it
is called as Glans penis. This glans penis is covered by a movable skin called as prepuce or foreskin.
 A special type of sebaceous gland is found on the prepuce called preputial gland which secretes smegma.
Removal of prepuce by surgery is called as circumcision.
Prepuce is attached to the base of glans with the help of an elastic cord like membrane called Frenulum
prepuce.
In penis of some animals a bone is present called Baculum and such a penis is called Os-penis e.g.
Whale, Bat, Rat etc. The penis of opposum, Bandicoot etc. is double branched (Bifurcated).
Penis is an erectile copulatory intromittent organ. Root of the penis containing muscles is called crura.
Penis consists of a long shaft that enlarges to form an expanded tip called the glans penis.
Body of Penis :
It is composed of three longitudinal cylindrical masses of erectile tissue. These masses are, the right &
left corpora cavernosa & a median corpus spongiosum.
The two corpora cavernosa do not reach the end of the penis. Each of them terminates under cover of the
glans penis.
The corpus spongiosum continues further, its terminal part is expanded to form a conical enlargement
called the glans penis. Through out its whole length it is transversed by the urethra.
The base of the glans penis has projecting margin the corona glandis.
External opening of penis is called penile meatus.
Erection of Penis :
Erection of penis is purely vascular phenomenon and is controlled by A.N.S It occurs due to increase of
blood supply, due to dilation of penile arteries causing enlargement and hardening of penis. During this time
the muscles of crura are relaxed.
Superficial dorsal vein of penis
D
Deep dorsal vein of penis
Dorsal artery of penis
Corpus cavernosum Dorsal nerve of penis
Tunica albuginea Deep artery of penis
Corpus spongiosum
Skin
Urethra
V
Transverse section through the body of the penis

Histology of seminiferous Tubules :
Outer surface of seminiferous tubules is composed of white fibrous connective tissues called as tunica
propria. While inner surface is of cuboidal germinal epithelium. This epithelium is made of spermatogenic
cells which forms sperm by spermatogenesis. Some columnar cells are found in the layer of germinal
epithelium called as Sertoli cells. These provide nutrition to sperm, so they are also called as subtentacular or
sustentacular or nurse cells (these occur in mammals).
Other function of Sertoli cells -
(1) They phagocyte the injured or dead sperm cells
(2) They are the basis of blood testis barrier
(3) Sertoli cells produce inhibin.
Some endocrine cells are found between seminiferous tubules in intertubular space, these are called as interstitial
or Leydig cells. These cells secrete testosterone. The testosterone from Leydig's cells enter the seminiferous
tubules by diffusion under the effect of ABP & promotes spermatogenesis.
Seminiferous Cell of Leydig
Spermatozoa tubules cells
Sertoli
Spermatogonia Spermatocytes Spermatids

HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS
MMale Reproductive HormonesS
FSH : Binds with FSH receptors attached to the Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules. This causes these
cells to grow and secrete various spermatogenic substances and androgen binding proteins (ABP)
ABP : Concentrates the testosterone inside seminiferous tubules.
LH/ICSH : - It stimulates the leydig cells to secrete testosterone. Leydig's cells mature at 10 years of age .
Inhibin : : It is secreted by Sertoli cells in response to excess spermatogenesis. The inhibin gives a
negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, this results in suppression of synthesis and
release of FSH (∴ Spermatogenesis decreases).

Hypothalamus
– ve feedback GnRH – ve feedback
Anterior pituitary
ICSH/LH FSH
Testis
Leydig's cells Sertoli cells
Excess levels Testosterone Inhibin
Reproductive ABP Excess Spermatogenesis

tract organs
(1) Stimulation of spermatogenesis
(2) Concentration of testosterone in seminiferous tubules
Testosterone : Secreted by Leydig cells. It is essential for (1) Sperm production (2) development of secondary
sexual characters (3) ABP secretion (4) it also gives – Ve feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in its
excess concentration to suppress GnRH, FSH & LH release. (5) It is secreted in foetal stage in as low as 30
ng/nl plasma concentration to cause descent of testis in last trimester of intrauterine life.
FFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMM
(RABBIT) (WOMAN)
FEMALE – SEX – ORGANS
A pair of ovaries is the main or primary sex organ of female reproductive system. Both ovaries are located in
abdominal cavity in the ovarian fossa. Each ovary is attached to the posterior layer of broad ligament (Peritoneal
ligament) with the help of mesovarium. It is short fold of peritoneum & it is the route of vessels & nerves to
ovary .

A tubule is situated near the ovary. It is also attached with broad ligament, this tubule is called as oviduct.
Oviducts develop from the Mullerian-duct of the embryo. In mammals this oviduct is differentiated into two
part. It's proximal (towards ovary) narrow & thin part is called as infundibulum. Its fimbriated & terminal
end bears aperture called as abdominal ostium which opens into peritoneal cavity. The part medial to the
infundibulum is called ampulla, it is a thin walled dilated part of tube. Fertilization takes place in the ampulla.
The part medial to ampulla is called isthmus. The most medial part of this tube situated in the uterus is called
intramural or interstitial part of tube. During ovulation, the egg are released in the peritoneal cavity, due to
this it is called coelomic egg. The distal & dilated part of oviduct forms the uterus.
The upper expanded part is called as body or fundus while lower cylindrical part is called as cervix;
Upper part of uterus forms the body while lower part forms cervix.
On internal surface of cervix 2 types of constrictions are found which form the Os-cervix.
The body of uterus communicates with the cervix through opening called internal Os.
The cervix communicates with the vagina through an opening called external Os.
The uterus open into a fibromuscular & non glandular tube like organ called vagina (Copulatory organ).
Types of Uterus :
I. Duplex : - These are the simplest type of uteri. Here both the uteri are completely separated and open
independently into the vagina through two separate openings e.g. Rat.
II. Bipartiate : In these uteri, the lower part of the two uteri are fused and there is a septa in between them,
e.g. Carnivorous mammals.
III. Bicornuate :- The lower parts of the 2 uteri are fused with each other but their partition wall is absent e.g.
Rabbit.
IV. Simplex :- When both the uteri are completely fused with each other to form only one structure. These are
the most developed uteri, e.g. Human.
It is the most developed form of the uterus which is made from the complete fusion of both uterus .
It is piriform (inverted pear) in shape,

Vulva
Vulva means external genitalia of female. They include mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora,
clitoris, vestibule & related perineum.
Mons veneris (mons pubis) : - It is a pad of sub cutaneous connective tissue, lying in front of pubis &
is covered by pubic hairs in adult female.
Labia Majora : - Vulva is bounded on each side by the elevation and folds of skin & subcutaneous tissue.
Its inner surface is hairless.
Outer surface is covered by sebaceous gland, Sweat gland & hair follicles. It is homologous with the
scrotum in the male.
Labia Minora :- They are two thin folds of skin present just within the labia majora. Lower portion of
minora fuses across the midline & form a fold of skin called fourchette.
Clitoris :- Small cylindrical & erectile body made by fusion of two labia minora, situated in the most
anterior part of vulva. Clitoris is a homologus to the penis in the male. It is also made up of two erectile
bodies (corpora cavernosa). The skin which covers the glans of clitoris is called prepuce.
At the terminal part of vagina the urethra opens separately, so they form a common chamber called vaginal
vestibule or urino genital sinus. Vagina opens outside through a slit like aperture or triangular space called
vestibule. The vulva has following openings :-
(a) Urethral opening – Lies on anterior end
(b) Vaginal orifice – Lies on posterior end.
It is incompletely closed by a septum of mucous membrane called hymen, but it may not be a true sign of
virginity.
(c) Openings of Bartholin; duct on either side
Bartholin Glands :
• It is homologous to Cowper gland of male
• In rabbit 1 pair is found on lateral side of vagina. It also opens into vagina.
• It secretes slimy alkaline, watery fluid which make alkaline media in vaginal passage.
• In human female it is one pair on each side. These are also known as greater and lesser vestibular
gland. These glands are situated on lateral side of vagina and on both sides the Bartholin duct opens into
vestibule. It secretes alkaline fluid during sexual excitement.
Mons pubis (veneris)
Frenum
Prepuce Clitoris
Vestibule Labium Major
Labium minus External urethral orifice
Vaginal introitus
Opening Bartholin's duct
Fourchette
Perineum
Anus

Histology of Oviduct :
I. Serosa or the adventitia :- It is the outermost layer of visceral-peritoneum (Perimetrium)
II. Muscle-layer :- The middle layer of the oviduct is made up of unstripped-muscle. In uterus, thick smooth
muscle bundles are found, these are called as myometrium.
III. Mucous membrane :- It is the innermost layer. Mucosa consists of simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium
contains both ciliated cells & secretory cells. The secretory cells produce viscous liquid film that provides
nutrition & protects the ovum. Mucosa of Uterus is called endometrium, It contains tubular glands, many
fibroblasts & blood vessels. In the uterus, the embryo is attached to endometrium. Longest unstripped muscles
of the body are found in the walls of uterus. (During pregnancy)
SCHEME SHOWING GAMETOGENESIS
Primordial germ cells

Mitosis
th
Oogonia (by 25 week of IUL)
Primary oocyte
(46, XX)
Arrested first meiotic division in prophase stage at

birth (upto puberty)
Maturation of Graafian follicle (After puberty)
Completion of Ist meiotic division
Secondary oocyte Ist polar body

23, X 23, X
II Meiotic div. arrested at
metaphase stage
Ovulation
Not fertilized fertilized
Degeneration Completion of second meiotic division
Ovum II polar body

23, X 23, X

STRUCTURE OF OVARY :
Outer most layer of ovary is called germinal epithelium while the inner layer called T. albuginea is
made up of White fibrous connective tissue.
The inner part of ovary is called as stroma. it is differentiated into 2 parts, outer peripheral part is cortex
& inner part is called medulla. Stroma consists of follicular cells, connective tissue, blood vessels & lymphatics.
Numerous oogonial are found in cortical region in intrauterine life. In early stage of intrauterine life,
they proliferate by mitosis, after which meiosis starts in them and proceeds upto prophase stage & halts there itself
up to puberty (when the ovulation starts). Now the halted meiosis process restarts at puberty causing primary
oocyte to convert into secondary oocyte Just before ovulation. With this the 1st meiotic division completes & first
polar body is formed . The secondary Oocyte immediately begins the second meiotic division but this division
stops again at metaphase stage. It proceeds further only when a sperm penetrates the oocyte.
FFormation of ovarian or Graafian folliclee
Ova develop from oogonia present in the cortex of the ovary. The oogonia are surrounded by other cells
that form a stroma for them. These stromal cells form the ovarian or Graafian follicle that surrounds the
ovum and protects it.
The stages of formation of Graafian follicle are as follows :
(1) Firstly some cells of the stroma become flattened and surround a primary oocyte (which develops from
oogonia). These flattened cells ultimately form the ovarian follicle and are therefore called follicular cells.

Ooctye
Nucleus
Follicular cell
Stroma
(2) The flattened follicular cells now become columnar. Follicles upto this stage of development are called
primordial follicle.
Zona pellucida
Follicular cells
Become columnar
Basement membrane
(3) A membrane called the zona pellucida, now appears between the follicular cells and the oocyte.
Follicular cells
form
Membrana Granulosa
Oocyte
Zona pellucida
(4) After puberty the follicular cells proliferate now to form several layers of cells to form the membrana
granulosa. These cells are now called granulosa cells.
(5) A cavity appears within the membrana granulosa. It is called the antrum. With the appearance of this
cavity, the follicle is formed (follicle means a small sac).
Follicular
cavity
(Antrum)

(6) The cavity of the follicle rapidly increases in size and gets filled with a fluid called liquor folliculi. Due to
increases in the size of the cavity the wall of the follicle (formed by granulosa cells) becomes relatively
thin. The oocyte now lies eccentrically in the follicle, surrounded by some granulosa cells that are called as
cumulus oophoricus. The cells that attached it to the wall of the follicle are called as discus proligerus or
Germ hill.
Theca externa
Theca interna
Membrana
granulosa
Cumulus Oophoricus
Oocyte
Zona pellucida
Discus proligerus
(7) As the follicle expands, the stromal cells surrounding the membrana granulosa become condensed to form
a covering called the theca Interna. The cells of theca interna (Thecal cells) afterwards secrete a hormone
called oestrogen.
(8) Outside the theca interna some fibrous tissue become condensed to form another covering called the theca
externa. The ovarian follicle is now fully formed and is now called the Graafian follicle.
The granulosa cells lying in the close vicinity of the ovum (Secondary oocyte) and zona pellucida, become
elongated to form the corona radiata.
After 13 days of menstrual cycle (on 14th day when cycle is ideally for 28 days) Graafian follicle is ruptured &
egg is released.
After ovulation the ruptured Graafian follicle is called corpus luteum. Soon after ovulation, the granulosa
cells of Graafian follicle proliferate & these cells look yellow due to accumulation of pigment called
Lutein. These cells are called lutein cells.
Before ovulation the follicle was avascular but soon after ovulation blood vessels grow & corpus luteum
becomes filled with blood. Central part filled with blood is called corpus haemorrhagicum. Lutein cells
synthesise the progesterone hormone.
If fertilization occurs in fallopian tube, the corpus luteum then becomes stable for next nine months. If
fertilization does not occur then the corpus luteum starts degenerating after about 9 days of it's formation.
The degeneration is completed in 14 days to form corpus albicans, which gradually disappears.
Progesterone hormone maintains pregnancy and repairs the wall of uterus to make its surface adhesive to
help in implantation.
The total number of follicles in the two ovaries of a normal young adult woman is about four lakhs.
However most of them undergo regression and disappear due to death and are disposed off by the
phagocytes during the reproductive year of the females. This is termed as follicular atresia. This is

responsible for limited number of gamete production in females. Generally, only one ovum is liberated in
each menstrual cycle, by alternate ovaries. Only about 450 ova are produced by a human female over the
entire span of her reproductive life which lasts till about 40-50 years of age.
Although most of the follicular cells and the oocytes undergo degeneration during follicular atresia, some
thecal cells, formed from the stroma and located around the follicle, persists and become active. These are
called interstitial cells. These cells secrete small amount of androgen.
MMENSTRUAL CYCLEE
Duration – 28 days Ideally (Range 24 to 32 days )
Menstrual/bleeding phase
Luteal/secretory/post ovulatory phase
Proliferative/
Preovulatory phase
Ovulation
This is exhibited by primate group of animals. In this cycle the female body prepares itself for a possible
pregnancy. If the pregnancy does not occur then the body aborts all preparation done and restarts the
prepration for pregnancy again in a monthly cyclic manner.
Menstrual cycle has three main phase.
(i) Bleeding phase or menstruation phase.
(ii) Proliferative/Preovulatory/follicular phase or oestrogenic phase.
(iii) Secretory/Post ovulatory/luteal phase or progesteronic phase.
(i) Bleeding Phase :

The cycle starts with bleeding phase in its first four to five days. During this bleeding the part of the layer
of endometrium called decidua gets shed off.
(ii) Preovulatory/Proliferative phase :

After first four or five days this phase begins. During this phase, Due to release of some GnRH, Pituitary
secretes some FSH to stimulate the ovarian follicle. The ovarian follicle now begins to develop. Its theca
interna now starts secreting an increasing amount of oestrogen.

The rising level of oestrogen causes the endometrium to proliferate and thicken. It also causes increase in
the vascularity and glandularity of the endometrium.
Rising level of oestrogen also provides a positive feed back to the hypothalamus. Due to this, the
hypothalamus releases more of GnRH . This GnRH induces the pituitary to release more of FSH. The rising
FSH levels now cause:
(i) further growth and development ovarian follicle to form Graafian follicle
(ii) even further release of oestrogen from the theca interna of this developing follicle.
As the oestrogen level goes on rising, by the end of 10th day the extreme levels of oestrogen (which
have by then caused maturation of Graafian follicle and growth of endometrium) now give a negative
feed back to the pituitary causing a fall in FSH secretion but also causing a rise in LH secretion. Now
the LH secretion from the pituitary goes on rising. This abrupt rise (on 11th to 13th day) in LH
concentration in blood is called as LH surge. This LH now causes the Graafian follicle to rupture after
partial completion of II meiotic division in oocyte and thus the secondary oocyte is released. The
release of egg (secondary oocyte) which occurs 14 day is called as ovulation.
(iii) Post ovulatory/secretory phase :
After ovulation the ruptured Graafian follicle transforms into corpus luteum. The granulosa and theca
cells of the ruptured Graafian follicle (which is now called as corpus luteum) is found only in mammals
and contain a yellow lutein or carotene pigment.
In case of absence of pregnancy this corpus luteum will get degenerated after 14 days of its
formation. The degenerated corpus luteum is called corpus albicans (white body).
Function of corpus luteum :- Stimulated by the rising levels of LH, the corpus luteum secretes
progesterone hormone. The progesterone facilitates the preparation of endometrium for receiving the
embryo and its implantation. Progesterone inhibits the contractions of uterus so that the pregnancy could
be maintained. Progesterone also inhibits development of next new ovarian follicle.
If pregnancy occurs then the corpus luteum persists and secretes progesterone. Progesterone is important
to maintain the pregnancy and it is thus called as the pregnancy homone. By the fourth month of
pregnancy, the placenta has developed completely. This placenta now takes over the job of further
progesterone secretion. Ovary also secretes some amount of relaxin at the time of parturition.
If pregnancy does not occur after ovulation, then as the progesterone level rise, its rising levels inhibits
the release of GnRH from hypothalamus. Due to this FSH, LH secretion by pituitary falls and thereby
progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum (which was due to influence of LH) also now falls.
As the progesterone level drops, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and transform in corpus albicans
(which can not secrete progesterone). Due to the lack of progesterone : -
(i) The overgrown endometrium now begin to break and separate from the inner uterine wall causing
bleeding.
(ii) The uterine contraction (which was till now inhibited due to presence of progesterone) now start. Thus
the separated endometrium along with blood is now being passed out via vaginal route. This is again the
beginning of next menstrual or bleeding phase.

Total loss of blood per day is about 20 ml, so an average 40 to 80 ml blood/cycle is lost. This blood can
not clot. The period between ovulation and next menstrual bleeding (post ovulatory period) is always
constant (i.e. is 14 days). However the ovulation date may vary (causing a change in pre ovulatory
period). After ovulation the ovum is viable only for two days, while sperms introduced into the vagina
can survive for a maximum of four days.
On basis of the above data, safe period method for family planning is calculated. Normally it is
considered to be day 1 to day 8 and then from day 20 to day 28.
HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH/FSH
Ovary
Estrogen
and
progesterone
Uterus
Follicular phase GnRH

Hypothalamus
Anterior
Follicular phase Pituitary gland Luteal phase
Mature Corpus
Primoridal Primary follicles Secondary Ovulation Corpus luteum
Ovarlan cycle
(Graafian) albicans
follicles follicle
follicle
Progesterone and estrogens
Secretory phase
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Estrogens
Proliferative phase Menstruation

Stratum
functionalis Menstruation
Stratum
Basalis
Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2
Menstrual Preovulatory Ovulation Postovulatory
phase phase phase
Schematic representation of menstrual cycle

EESTRUS CYCLEE
t estrus or menstrual cycle. Except primate mammals, the estrus cycle is found in all mammals. Menstrual
cycle is found in primates
On the basis of estrus cycle these mammals are of 2 types :
Anestrus/Diestrus Pre-estrus
Oestrogen
Oestrogen Estrus
Meta estrus
Heat condition
Ovulation
(1) Mono estrus animals :

Only 1 cycle is found in breeding season.
(2) Poly-estrus animals :
More than 1 estrus cycles are found in the breeding season. Estrus cycle completes in 4-stages :-
(1) Pre-estrus phase
(2) Estrus phase
(3) Meta-estrus phase
(4) Anestrus/Diestrus phase
Pre Estrus :
1st step of estrus cycle. In this stage, oogenesis starts in the ovary. In this stage estrogen level is minimum. In
low concentration of estrogen some changes occur in uterus.
(i) Blood capillaries become more branched

(ii) Muscles of uterus become more active
(iii) The stratified glandular epithelial layer of uterus known as stratum Basalis now divides actively
to form new stratified epithelial layer known as stratum functionale.
In this phase no copulation occurs between opposite sexes.
Estrus phase :
In this phase secondary follicle develops in the ovary. Concentration of estrogen is increased. Due to
high concentration of estrogen following changes occur in the uterus.
(i) The diameter of blood vessels increases
(ii) The circulation also increases
(iii) The muscles of uterus divide to cause further thickening of myometrium.
(iv) Cells of stratum functionale enlarge. New connective tissue & mucous cells are developed.
(v) Mammary glands also get enlarged.

Due to high concentration of estrogen the sex urge develops in the female. This stage is known as heat
condition. Copulation occurs only in this phase.
Meta-Estrus Phase :
All physiological symptoms which develop in this phase are similar to normal pregnancy even in
absence of fertilization, so this phase is known as Pseudo-pregnancy. If fertilization occurs in fallopian
tube then this phase extends upto parturition. If fertilization does not occur then this phase becomes short.
Keratinization occurs in stratum functionale. myometrium is gradually reduced. Blood vessels gradually
constrict. Mammary glands are gradually reduced.
Anestrus/Diestrus phase :
Stratum functionale is destroyed by stratum basalis by phagocytosis. Mammary gland, myometrium & blood
vessels of uterus become completely normal. So it is the inter phase stage of two estrus cycle & is also
known as diestrus phase. In monoestrus animals the anestrus phase is the diestrus phase also.
BBREASTT
Breast also serves as an accessoary reproductive organs in women. Human female possesses a pair of
breasts containing mammary glands. These are situated in the front of the thorax on pectoral muscles.
Each mammary gland has 15-20 tubulo-alveolar lobules contained in its connective tissue. The space
between the lobules is filled with fatty tissue. The lobules contain milk glands in the form of bunches
of grapes, which secrete milk. Numerous small ductules arise from each lobule, combine to form a
lactiferous duct. Such lactiferous ducts open independently in the nipple.
Lactiferous glands
Lactiferous duct
Nipple
Areola
mammae
Fat bodies
Connective tissue
A nipple is pigmented structure which is a elevated knob like structure at the apical part of mammary
glands. The area adjacent to the nipples is also deeply pigmented, which is known as areola mammae.

The area surrounding the nipples become much elevated because of the accumulation of fat and by the
presence of muscles, Nipple is provided with about 15-20 small pores of 0.5 mm size. In men the nipples
are vestigial.
Mammary glands produce a nutritive fluid, milk for the nourishment of young ones. milk protects the
young ones from various infections upto some months after birth.
For development of breast four hormones are work :
(1) Oestrogen - For growth of tubules of breast glands.
(2) Progesteron - For growth of follicles of breast glands.
(3) Prolactin- Milk synthesyzing hormone in breast glands.
(4) Oxytocin - Help in milk ejection.
BBRIEF REVIEWW
Development of secondary sex organ –
Male Female
Wolffian duct or Epididymis or Mullarian duct – Fallopian tube, uterus and vagina
Mesonephric duct Vas deferens (Oviduct)
Seminal
Regression of Mullarian duct vesicle
or Paramesonephric duct
Urogenital sinus–Prostate
Genital tubercle – Penis
Genital tubercle – Clitoris
Puberty –
The age of sexual maturity is called puberty.
Accessory sex character first appear in puberty
Puberty occurs in girls at the age of 11 to 14 year
Puberty occurs in boys at the age of 12-15 year
At puberty, women starts producing ova.
Age of puberty in rabbit – 5-7 months.
BOYS GIRLS
1. Gonadal Enlargement of the testes, Ovarian cycle and ovulation
Spermatogenesis begins begins
2. Accessary Sexual Organ Penis, prostate, seminal vesicles Uterus, vagina, fallopian tube,
and epididymis grow in mass vulva increase in size. Endometrium
shows menstrual changes and
menstruation occurs
3. Hairs and voice Appearance of Beards, moustache, Typical femine distribution of

axillary, pubic & chest hair. Low hairs (axilla + pubis but no hair
pitch sound on chest or abdomen). Breasts
grow. Fat deposition leading to
feminine contours. High pitch
sound.

4. Somatic Skeletal system – grows in length Pelvic girdle becomes roomy and
Muscular system – Grows in bulk bigger than pectoral (opposite to
& strength boys, where pectoral girdle is
bigger and pelvic much less
roomy)
5. Psychic Attraction for girls begins. Attraction for boys.
6. Hormonal FSH, LH and testosterone FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
secretion – all rise. secretion – all rise.

Vagina -

• The vagina is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium without any glands.


• During reproductive life the vagina contains lactobacillus acidophilus or dorderlein's bacilli which
keeps the vaginal pH between 4 to 5 by producing lactic acid from glycogen.
Gametogenesis –
Formation of gametes for sexual reproduction.

• Germ cells in vertebrate gonads are produced by both mitosis and meiosis.
Clupein protein is present only in Man & fishes sperm
Menstrual Cycle –
Cyclic change in the reproductive tract of primate females.

• In healthy women, menstruation occurs at intervals of about 28 days.


• Menarche – Starting of menstruation in girls at about 13 years.

Menopause –
Menopause is the period of life when menstruation naturally stops.
 
 • Menopause occurs in females at the age of 45-50 years.

• Ability of reproduce is lost in the female after menopause.
Estrous Cycle –

• Occurs in non-primate mammals.

• There is no menstruation at the end of estrous cycle.
• The estrous cycle runs only during the breeding season
• Monoestrous animal = Dog, Fox, Dear, Bat
• Polyestrous animal = Mouse, Pig, Squirrel, Cat
Gestation period -
• Duration between fertilization and Parturition.
(1) Rabbit = 28 – 32 days.
(2) Man = 270 – 290 days
(3) Rat = 20 – 22 days
Gynaecomastia – Development of breast in the male
Amenorrhoea – Absence of menstruation cycle

Hysterectomy – Surgical removal of uterus.
Oopherectomy – Removal of ovaries.
World's oldest mother – Roshanna Della corte, an italian woman, gave birth to a baby boy on july 18,
1994 at the age of 62. She is believed to be the world's oldest mother.
Adolescence – Period between puberty and Maturity.
Path of sperms in mammals –

• Seminiferous tubules – Rete testis – vasa efferentia – Epididymis – Vasa deferens – Urinogenital Chamber –
Urethra.

• Sterility results if sperms count is < 20 × 106/ml or > 40% sperm are immotile.
• Use of antibiotics, smoking marijuana, alcohol, hot bath, high fever can also cause temporary drop in
sperm count.
Spontaneous ovulator –
Ovulation occurs without any induction.
Ex. Most animals (Human)

Induced ovulator (Reflex ovulator) = ovulation occurs after copulation
Ex. Rabbit
Rut Cycle or Testicular cycle –

Reproductive cycle of male is known as rut cycle.
Vesectomy –
Cutting and tieing vas deferens
Tubectomy (salpingectomy) –
Cutting and ligating fallopian tube.
• Labia majora of female in homologous to scrotal sacs.
• Clitoris in female is homologus to penis.
• Prostatic utricle is homologous to vagina of female.
• Seminal vesicle is homologous to uterus (oviduct).
• Colostrum is the first milk produced after child birth
• In contraceptive pills oestrogen and progesterone are present in variable combination.
Human sperm –
60 µ long, of this 55µ is the length of the tail.
• In menstrual cycle proliferative phase is of 10-12 days and it is under the influence of oestrogen hormone.
• Luteal or secretory phase of menstrual cycle is of 14 days and it is under influence of progesterone hormone &
It is always of fixed duration.
Testicle –
Testis + Epididymis
• Epididymis is 3m long in rabbit while 6 to 8 m long in man.
• Maximum no. of leydig's cells are in the testis of pig.
• Function of epididymis = functional maturity and storage of sperms.

Os-penis or Baculum –
In whale, Bat, Rat, Seal, Monkey etc. Ossification occur in septum present between two corpora cavernosa
Semen –

• Milky, viscous, alkaline fluid.


• pH = 7.3

• Quantity is 2.5 – 4 ml at one ejaculation.

Maximum growth in human embryo occurs in fourth month of pregnancy and minimum in last months.
Pseudopregnancy = Due to hormonal disturbance, false symptoms of pregnancy may appear.

Menarche - Begining of menstrual cycle in females.

• Size of human ovary – Length × Width × Thickness

3 to 3.5 cm 2 to 2.5 cm 1 to 1.8 cm

• Diameter of Graafian follicle – 1 to 1.5 cm


• Fallopian tube length – 10 cm to 12 cm.

Hermaphroditism : Those animals who have both type of sex organs are called Hermaphrodite animals, it is
found in tapeworms and earthworms.
Capacitation : Reactivation of sperm called capacitation. It occurs in vagina. After ejaculation of sperm in
vagina, cervical mucous secretory fluid dissolves inhibitory substances related to sperm & provide more
energy to sperm.
Precautious puberty : Menstruation occurs before the age of 9 years.
Pregnancy is detected with the help of HCG in urine of pregnant lady.
Cryptomenorrhoea: Occurrence of menstrual symptoms without external bleeding.
Dysmenorrhoea : Painful menstruation is called Dysmenorrhoea.
Menorrhagia : A normal menstrual blood loss is 50-80 ml, and does not exceed 100 ml. In menorrhagia
the menstrual cycle is unaltered but the duration and quantity of the menstrual blood loss are increased.
Polymenorrhoea : In polymenorrhoea or epimenorrhoea, the menstrual cycle is reduced from the normal of
twenty-eight days to a cycle of two to three weeks and remains constant at that increased frequency.
Male hormonal contraceptive : Research is on for development of a male contraceptive by administration of
progesterone hormone.
Oral contraceptive pill –

It is commonly used method for contraception. It is in the form of oral tablet. If menstrual cycle is to start
on Ist day then OCP is taken from 5th day & regulary uto 21st day. Remaining 7 day iron & folic acid tablet
is given instead of hormonal preparations.
Mechanism of Action –
(i) It inhibits Ovulation (main action)
(ii) It prevents fertilization due to atrophy or hypertrophy of endometrium.
(iii) Formation of thick cervical mucus plug, so that entry of sperm is resisted.

PPARTURITIONN
Parturition is a hormonal process Many hormonal changes take place during it.
1. The progesterone secretion stops, so the placenta dissolves and the foetus is separated from the walls of the
uterus.
2. Pituitary gland secretes Oxytocin in more amount This hormone induces intense contractions in the uterus. Due
to these contractions, the foetus starts moving towards the vagina, The labour pain during child-birth, is due to
this hormone. Oxytocin is the main parturition hormone. After parturition, Oxytocin stimulates milk-let
down by milk ejection reflex.
3. Relaxin hormone is secreted by the placenta and the ovary. This hormone relaxes the pubic-symphysis i.e.
the joint between the pelvic-girdles. So more space is available to the foetus to move out.
GGESTATION PERIODD
The time from fertilization to parturition is termed as gestation-period. Rabbit has gestation-period of 28-
30 days. In one time 4-6 young- ones are born in rabbit (Maximum = 8). The group of young-ones born the
at same time are called Litter. At the time of birth the young ones of rabbit are blind, deaf and uncovered
with fur. They become normal in next 4-5 days. The young-ones of Hare are normal at the time of birth. In
humans actual gestation period is 9 months -7 days.
In human expected date of delivery (EDD) = Ist day of last menstrual cycle plus 9 months + 7 days.
In Rabbit copulation occurs in breeding season which extend from Feb to June.
No specific breeding season is found in human being.
During copulation male ejaculates semen in vagina, this process is called as insemination.
In rabbit ovulation occurs after 12-24 hour of copulation. That means copulation is necessary for ovulation.
Females in which coitus induction is compulsary for ovulation are called as induced or reflex ovulator.
In human female ovulation occurs in presence of FSH & LH. Coitus in not necessary for inducing
ovulation. Such a female is called as spontaneous ovulator.
After copulation oxytocin hormone is secreted from pituitary gland. This hormone promotes the peristalsis
in the fallopian tube.
Due to action of estrogens and progesterone, the endometrium of uterus is prepared for implantation. By
the 6th to 7th day, embryo is implanted into endometrium (most commonly at the fundus).
BIRTH CONTROL MEASURES

Main aim of birth control measures is to check the population growth rate. These include the using of
various types of contraceptives. An ideal contraceptive should be :
(i) User friendly.
(ii) Easily available and cheaper.
(iii) Effective but also reversible.
(iv) With no or least side effects.
These have a significant role in checking the uncontrolled growth of human population.
Annual Birth, Death and Growth Rates for Human Population in 1973.
Region Population Average Birth Average Death Annual Growth
(Millions) Rate Rate Rate Percent
1. World 3,860 33 13 2.0
2. Developed Countries 1,120 17 9 0.8
3. Developed Countries 2,740 39 14 2.5

1. Mechanical or Barrier methods. These prevent coming closer of ovum and sperms and are of following
types :
(a) Condoms : These are rubber or latex sheaths which are put on penis before starting coital activity
(copulation). These are popularly called "Niordh". These check pregnancy by preventing deposition of
sperms in the vagina. These are very widely used contraceptive in India because they are easily available,
low cost, reliable, effective and with no side effects. These can be self inserted so give privacy to the user.
These also prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS, syphilis, etc.
Female condoms : Hindustan Latex of India and Female Health Company of England have agreed to
introduce female condoms in India. It is made of skinfriendly polyurethane which acts as a clip on the
vagina wall blocking the passage to the womb. These were first marketed in Britain in early 90's and are
being used in the USA, Brazil, South Africa, Zimbabwe, France, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Nepal.
(b) Diaphragms and Cervical caps : These are made of rubber and are fitted in vagina of female and check
the entry of sperms in uterus. These are reusable.
(c) Intrauterine Devices (IUD). These include copper-T and loops which are fitted in the uterus and prevent
the fertilization of the egg or implantation of the embryo. Several types of IUDs are available e.g.,
• Non-medicated IUDs e.g., Lippes loop.
• Copper-releasing IUDs e.g., CUT, Cu7 and multiload 375. These release Cu ions which decrease the sperm
motility.
• Hormone-releasing IUDs whose hormones make the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
But these have certain drawbacks like occasional haemorrhage, chances of infection and spontaneous
expulsion.

2. Chemical methods. These are of following types:
(a) Spermicidal tablets, jellies, paste and creams are introduced in the vagina before coital activity. These kill
sperms. Common spermicidal chemicals used are lactic acid, citric acid, potassium permanganate, zinc
sulphate etc.
(b) Physiological (oral) devices. Birth control pills are taken through mouth. These contain a combination of
synthetic progestins (acting like progesterone) and estrogens, so called "combined pills". These
progestogen-estrogen combinations inhibit secretion of FSH and LH from anterior lobe of pituitary gland
so these inhibit ovulation from the ovary and implantation. These also retard the entry of sperms in the
uterus. Commonly used hormonal pills in India are: Mala-D (daily) and Saheli (weekly). Saheli contains a
non-steroidal preparation called centchroman. It has high contraceptive value and with very few side
effects.
Drawbacks. These birth control pills generally have side effects like nausea, breast-tenderness, weight
gain and breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between menstrual perilous) etc.
(c) Implants : These contain either only progesterone or progesterone-estrogens combinations. These are
placed under the skin and act like the oral pills. These have much longer effective period and are found to
be very effective even within 72 hours of coitus.
3. Natural or Traditional methods. These methods of birth control depend upon the natural rhythms of a
woman. These include following methods
(a) To abstain. It involves refraining from coital activity.
(b) Coitus interruptus. It involves withdrawing penis by male before ejaculation so that semen is not
deposited in the vagina. It is oldest method of voluntary fertility control. This method has certain
limitations:
– some sperms me, be deposited in the vagina
– even before the sexual climax. may develop psychological and physiological problems to both the partners.
(c) Rhythm period. A weak before and a weak after the menstrual phase are supposed to be safe periods for
sexual intercourse. It reduces the chances of pregnancy by about 80 per cent. It is so because :
(i) Ovulation generally occurs on 15th day of the menstrual cycle (range is 13-16th day of the cycle).
(ii) Viability period of ovum is of about two to three days.
(iii) Viability period c;f sperm is of only one day.
The period from 10th to 17th day (both days inclusive of the menstrual cycle is called danger or risk or
fertile period and unprotected sexual intercourse should be avoided during this period. However, rhythm
period is not 100 per cent safe period. Effectiveness of rhythm period can be increased by basal body
temperature or BBT technology.
(d) Lactational amenorrhoea. It has been noticed that during the period of intense lactation after the
parturition, the mother does not undergo menstruation and ovulation so the chances of conception are
nearly nil. It also has no side effects but is effective only upto a maximum period of six months after
parturition.

4. Surgical methods. These methods block the gamete transport and so prevent conception. These methods
are highly effective but their reversibility is very low. These include following measures:
(a) Male sterilization : It is a permanent method of birth control in which either testes are surgically removed,
called castration, or cutting of the vas deferens, called vasectomy.
(b) Female sterilization : Methods of female sterilization include:
(i) Ovariectomy involves surgically removal of ovaries.
(ii) Tubectomy involves cutting of Fallopian tubes.
(iii) Tubal ligation involves blocking of Fallopian tubes by an instrument called laparoscope.
SPECIAL POINT
• Test tube baby - First test tube baby born in England at 25th July 1978 it was a girl and discovered by Dr.
Steptoet. Edward the name of baby “Louis Joy born”.
• In test tube baby“ invitro fertilization” takes place. Invitro early development upto (32 cell stage). Transfer
of 32 cells stage zygote into the uterus.
• Surrogate mother - When some time uterus of (mother) female used then this female is called. surrogate
mother.
• Hysterectomy - Remove of uterus by the surgery.
• Research for a contraceptive pill for men that works by deforming the sperms in showing positive results.
Its contraceptive effects are reversible.
• 'Injectable contraception is a reversible and long-acting chemical birth control method. It is most common
method of family planning in Indonesia. Injectables contain a synthetic version of progresterone which stops
ovulation from the ovaries for about three months.
• Contraceptive pill, Levonorgestrol, can prevent pregnancy if taken within five days of unprotected sexual
act.
• Contraceptive corn : Scientists have produced a genetically-modified com crop which produces antisperm
antibodies and suggest that a plant-based jelly may be prepared that will not only prevents pregnancy but
also the spraed of STDs. This m ay save the world from over-population.
• Since September, 2003, Beijing (China) has started issuing condom cards to married womenwho can get
condoms free from vending machines.
• Family Planning Progmmme was adopted as a National Programme in 1995 A.D. Now it has been
renamed as Family Welfare Programme.

• Only 12 per cent of males use either vasectomy or condoms indicating about their poor participation in
family planning programmes so shifting most of burden on to the fameles .
• Mirena: A new contraceptive plastic coil coated in copper and is fitted ill the uterus. Copper acts as a
spermicide while coil releases small amounts of an artificial hormone, gastrogen which further increases the
spermicidal effect of copper. It combines both mechanical and hormonal contraceptive methods and has
been found to have more than 99% efficary. It is introduced by a Germany company.
• Central Drug Research Institute (Lucknow) has developed a plant based spermicidal cream "Consap"
from Reetha (Sapindus mukrosii).
• Nim-76: It is a neem based, pre-coital vaginal contraceptive cream having spermicidal properties. It has
been developed by Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), New Delhi. It has been
found to be safe, non-hormonal and non-toxic with no side effects. Nim-76 punctures the sperm skin cuasing
leakage of cellular contents so preventing the capacitation of sperms. It also has both anti-bacterial and
anti-fungal properties.
• India's first test tube baby was "Kanupriya Agarwal". India's second test tube baby was "Kumari
Harsha". She was born on August 6, 1986.
• NCP, (National Commission on Population) in its April, 2001 report, has recommended to the Central
Government that "target-free approach", which believed in the freedom of choice principle being followed
after 1996, should be dispensed with. It has recommended that the country should actively preach "two-
children per couple dictum" as a national goal. It is because that number of sterilisation has drastically
declined in the four high-fertility states of U.P. (4.6 TFR), Rajasthan (4.1), Bihar (3.9) and Madhya Pradesh
(3.8).

EXERSICE – 1
Q.1 Which represents mullerian duct in male rabbit- Q.11 True placenta of mammals is formed by-
(1) Vasa differentia (1) Amnion (2) Chorion
(2) Seminal vesicle (3) Allantois (4) Allanto-chorion
(3) Seminiferous tubule Q.12 Meaning of oligospermia is-
(4) Urethra (1) Eggs are fertilized in less number
Q.2 Testes permanently retained in abdominal cavity in- (2) Less number of sperms in semen
(1) Elephant (2) Whale (3) Less munber of sperms formed
(3) Armadillo (4) All the above (4) Inactive sperm are formed
Q.3 Temp. of scrotum as compared to abdominal Q.13 If cowpers gland is removed which of the
cavity is less by following will be affected
(1) 1ºC (2) 5ºC (3) 3–4ºC (4) 10ºC (1) Sexual attraction (2) Fertilization
Q.4 Outer coat of seminiferous tubules composed of (3) Hardness of penis (4) Copulation
fibrous connective tissue called Q.14 Atretic follicle is-
(1) Tunica propria (2) Lamina propria (1) Which are not developed completely and
(3) Plica semilunaris (4) Tunica albuginea degenerate
Q.5 Wall of vasa defrense- (2) Other name of which corpus luteum
(1) Ciliated glandular (3) Which excluded its oocytes
(2) Ciliated non glandular (4) None of the above
(3) Non-ciliated glandular Q.15 Non-primate mammals have
(4) Non-ciliated non glandular (1) Menstrual cycle (2) Oestrous cycly
Q.6 At the time of sexual excitation, muscles in penis- (3) Breeding seasons
(1) Relaxed (2) Contracted (4) Non–breeding season
(3) Collapsed (4) None Q.16 For ovulation in reflex ovulators-
Q.7 Which acid occur in semen- (1) Coitus is necessary
(1) Citric acid (2) Mallic acid (2) Coitus is not necessary
(3) Oxalo acetic acid (4) Succinic accid (3) Plenty of food is necessary
Q.8 Secretion of which gland have high percentage (4) None
of fructose
Q.17 Meaning of witches milk is :–
(1) Prostate gland (2) Cowper's gland
(1) Milk of cow
(3) Seminal vesicle (4) Tyson
(2) Milk of women
Q.9 If testes of a male rabbit not transferred from
abdominal cavity to testes sac then - (3) Sometimes, milk which occurs in infant
(4) None
(1) Rabbit dies
Q.18 Vasa-efferentia connect the :–
(2) Absence of male characters
(1) Testes with epididymis
(3) Development of male reproductive system will
not occur (2) Kidneys with cloaca
(4) Sperms will not form (3) Testes with urinogenital duct (4) None
Q.10 Function of seminal fluid – Q.19 Oral-contraceptives prevent the :–
(1) Sexual attraction (1) Fertilisation
(2) To provide motility to sperm (2) Ovulation
(3) To provide a medium for movement of sperms (3) Implantation
(4) To provide acidic medium (4) Entrance of sperms in vagina
Reproductive System [28]

Q.20 Uterus-masculinus in mammals is derived from:– Q.32 First menstrual cycle is :–
(1) Inguinal canal (2) Wolfian's duct (1) Parturition (2) Menopause
(3) Mullerian duct (4) Ejeculatory duct (3) Menarche (4) Implantation
Q.21 HCGH is secreted by :– Q.33 Non-primate mammals have :–
(1) Trophoblastic cells (2) Interstitial cells (1) Menstrual cycle (2) Oestrous cycle
(3) Placenta (4) Mature ovum (3) Breeding seasons (4) None
Q.22 In mammals, failure of testes to descend into Q.34 Partitions of testis develop from :–
scrotum is known as :– (1) Tunica albuginea (2) Tunica vasculosa
(1) Paedogenesis (2) Castration (3) Tunica vaginalis (4) Rete testis
(3) Cryptorchidism (4) Impotency Q.35 Vasa-efferentia posses :–
Q.23 Clupein protein occurs in :– (1) Peristalsis
(1) Human sperms (2) Avian sperms (2) secretory cells
(3) Human ova (4) All the above (3) Ciliated cells
Q.24 A polyoestrous mammalian is :– (4) Opening for seminal vasicle
(1) Man (2) Cat Q.36 Vas-defrens arises from :–
(3) Horse (4) All the above (1) Cauda-epididymis (2) Caput epididymis
Q.25 In aged person inguinal canal becomes loose, and (3) Corpus-epididymis (4) Rete testis
some parts of intestine is pushed into scrotal sac, Q.37 Common duct formed by union of vas-defrens
the disease is called :– and duct from seminal vesicle is :–
(1) Myctalopia (2) Hernia (1) Urethra (2) Tunica-vasculosa
(3) Achondroplasia (4) None (3) Ejaculatory duct (4) Spermatic cord
Q.26 Maximum growth in human foetus occurs at Q.38 Menstrual cycle is generally of :–
which month is :– (1) 21 days (2) 28 days
(1) Fourth month (2) Sixth month (3) 30 days (4) 3-5 days
(3) Second month (4) Eight month Q.39 In menstrual cycle ovum is released during –
Q.27 Which of the following is ageing pigment :– (1) Beginning (2) Midway
(1) Lipofuschin (2) Viletemin (3) End (4) Any time
(3) 1 & 2 both (4) Bilirubin Q.40 Menstrual cycle is controlled by :–
Q.28 Vagina of the female reproductive system is– (1) Estrogen and progesterone of ovary
(1) Primary sex organs (2) FSH and LH of pituitary
(2) Accessory sex organs (3) Both 1 & 2
(3) Secondary sex organs (4) FSH of pituitary
(4) None Q.41 Stages in menstrual cycle are :–
Q.29 External/acessory sexual characters first appear (1) Recovery and proliferative phase
in– (2) Proliferative and secretory phase
(1) Childhood (2) Puberty (3) Proliferative, secretory and menstrual phase
(3) Foetus (4) None of these (4) Recovery phase, secretory phase and phase
Q.30 Puberty occurs in females at the age of :– of menstrual flow
Q.42 Luteal phase is the other name of :–
(1) 8 - 10 years (2) 11 - 14 years
(1) Follicular phase
(3) 15 - 17 years (4) 18 - 20 years
(2) Proliferative phase
Q.31 Voice is high pitched in :–
(3) Menstrual flow phase
(1) Aged persons (2) Adult males
(4) Secretory phase
(3) Boys (4) Females

Q.43 Follicular phase of menstrual cycle is the other Q.55 Chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by :–
name of :– (1) Pituitary (2) Ovary
(1) Proliferative phase (2) Secretory phase (3) Placenta (4) Uterus
(3) Luteal phase (4) Menstruation
Q.56 Vitelline membrane is a :–
Q.44 Mesorchium is peritoneal covering of :–
(1) Primary egg membrane
(1) Ovary (2) Testis
(2) Secondary egg membrane
(3) Kidney (4) Liver
(3) Tertiary egg membrane
Q.45 Phase of menstrual cycle in human that last for
(4) None of these
7-8 days is-
Q.57 An egg of bird was coated with varnish and then
(1) Follicular phase (2) Ovulatory phase
incubated. The egg did not hatch because the
(3) Luteal phase (4) Menstruation phase developing embryo :–
Q.46 Uterus of female reproductive system is– (1) could not excrete and died
(1) Primary sex organs (2) Could not utilize yolk in the presence of excess
(2) Secondary sex organs amount of nitrogenous wastes
(3) Accessory sex organs (3) Died because of depleted O2 supply
(4) External sex character (4) Died because of toxic effect of varnish
Q.47 Scrotum communicates with abdominal cavity Q.58 Vaginal cavity of tunica vaginalis is found in –
through :– (1) Ovaries of female (2) Testis of male
(1) Urethra (2) Inguinal canal (3) Vagina of female (4) None
(3) Vas-deferens (4) Epididymis Q.59 Testesterone is secreted by :–
Q.48 Ostium is the aperture present in :– (1) Leydigs cells (2) Sertoli cells
(1) Oviduct (2) Fallopian funnel (3) Pituitary (4) Testis
(3) Ovisac (4) Cloaca
Q.60 Penile urethra traverses through :–
Q.49 Progesterone is :–
(1) Corpora cavernosa (2) Corpus spongiosum
(1) Carbohydrate (2) Steroid (3) Corpus callosum (4) Corpus striatum
(3) Protein (4) Sterol
Q.61 Seminiferous tubules are composed of :–
Q.50 Tunica albuginea is the covering around :–
(1) Spermatogonia (2) Glandular epithelium
(1) Ovary (2) Testis (3) Sensory epithelium (4) Germinal epithelium
(3) Kidney (4) Heart Q.62 In mammals, the testes are located in :–
Q.51 Eggs from ovary are released in :– (1) Abdominal cavity
(1) Oviduct (2) Uterus (2) Thoracic cavity
(3) Ovary (4) Coelom (3) Extra-abdominal cavity
Q.52 Development of foetus takes place in :– (4) Pericardial cavity
(1) Vagina (2) Uterus Q.63 Oviduct of frog is actually :–
(3) Ovary (4) Oviduct (1) Bidder's canal (2) Vagina
Q.53 Lower narrow end of uterus is called :– (3) Mullerian duct (4) None
(1) Urethra (2) Cervix Q.64 Sperms and ova are :–
(3) Clitoris (4) Vulva (1) Ectodermal in origin (2) Mesodermal in origin
Q.54 The functional unit of testis of man is :– (3) Endodermal in origin (4) All of the above
(1) Uriniferous tubules Q.65 Eggs of female from are stored temporarily
(2) Malpighian tubules before spawning in :–
(3) Seminiferous tubules (1) Oviduct (2) Ovisac
(4) Acini or lobules (3) Ureter (4) All

Q.66 Proximal part of oviduct is fimbriated funnel and Q.78 Glans penis is covered by :–
distal part is :– (1) Areomembrana (2) Prepuce
(1) Corpus luteum (2) Bartholin's gland (3) Metrium (4) None
(3) Uterus (4) None
Q.79 Lutein cells are found in :–
Q.67 Germinal epithelial cells are cuboidal and these
(1) Primary follicle (2) Corpus albicans
are found in :–
(3) Corpus luteum (4) All
(1) Testes (2) Ovary
Q.80 Pseudopregnancy is due to :–
(3) Both (4) None
(1) Polyembryony
Q.68 Subtentacular cells are found in :–
(2) Absence of fertilisation after ovulation
(1) Testis of mammal (2) Ovary of mammal
(3) Harmonal disturbance
(3) Testis of Ascaris (4) Pancrease of frog
Q.69 In rabbit, the uterus is :– (4) All the above
(1) Bicornute (2) Multicornute Q.81 After fertilisation corpus luteum remains for
(3) Unicornute (4) Acornute (1) 8 days (2) 28 days
Q.70 Abnormal conditining when the mammary glands (3) 80 days (4) 280 days
of man become female like is called– Q.82 If both male and female systems are present in
(1) Feminization (2) Gonochorism one individual, the animal is called as :–
(3) Gynacomastism (4) Gynoecism (1) Dioecious (2) Protandrous
Q.71 Bundles of muscles in penis are (3) Unisexual (4) Monoecious
(1) Corpus cavernosa (2) Corpus spongiasum Q.83 Greater maturation of sperms in rabbit takes place
(3) Both (4) None in :–
Q.72 Corpus ablicans is found in ovary it is also found (1) Testes (2) Vasa-efferentia
in– (3) Epididymis (4) Spermatic cord
(1) Liver (2) Pituitary Q.84 The bidder canal help to pass out :–
(3) Kidney (4) None (1) Ova (2) sperms
Q.73 Vivipary is found in– (3) Both (4) None
(1) Frog (2) Lizard Q.85 Which of the following is immortal–
(3) Snake (4) Rabbit (1) Germ cells (2) Pituitary cells
Q.74 Which of following animals do not show parental (3) Brain cells (4) All of these
care over their youngs Q.86 Gestation period is minimum in :–
(1) Mammals (2) Lizards (1) Rabbit (2) Man
(3) Fowl (4) Bat (3) Elephant (4) Mouse
Q.75 Sexual reproduction in larval condition is known Q.87 The testis are abdominal in :–
as–
(1) Elephant (2) shrew
(1) Paedogamy (2) Autogamy
(3) both (4) None
(3) Isogamy (4) Anisogamy
Q.88 Number of prostate glands in rabbit :–
Q.76 Degenerative process of follicles or eggs in ovary
is called :– (1) One (2) Two
(1) Metagenesis (2) Atresia (3) Many (4) None
(3) Regression (4) None Q.89 The expulsion of completely developed foetus
from the uterus is known as :–
Q.77 Progesterons is active during–
(1) Menstrual phase (2) Proliferative phase (1) Ovulation (2) oviposition
(3) Follicular phase (4) Secretory phase (3) Gestation (4) Parturition

Q.90 Inner layer of graffian follicle is :– Q.102 Clitoris in female mammals is :–
(1) Theca externa (2)Membrana granulosa (1) Homologous to penis
(3) Theca interna (4) Discus proligerous (2) Analogous to penis
Q.91 Kangaroo is :– (3) Functional penis in females
(1) Oviparous (2) Viviparous (4) None functional
(3) Ovo-viviparous (4) None Q.103 Eggs librated from ovary in :–
Q.92 In prototherians mammary glands are :– (1) Secondary oocyte stage
(1) Absent (2) Primary oocyte stage
(2) Present in male only (3) Oogonial stage
(3) Present in female only (4) Mature ovum stage
(4) Present in male and female both Q.104 Cryptorchidism is a condition of testes :–
Q.93 Central stroma of ovary is made up of :– (1) Unable to descend in scrotal sacs
(1) White fibrous tissue (2) Unable to produce sperms
(3) Having been surgically removed
(2) Reticular connective tissue
(4) Having remained undeveloped
(3) Adipose connective tissue
Q.105 In mammals, the testes occur in scrotal sacs,
(4) None
outside the viscrea becasue of the :–
Q.94 Mammalian follicle was first described by :–
(1) Less space in abdominal cavity
(1) Leeuvenhock (2) R.D. Graaf
(2) Presence of rectum
(3) Spallangi (4) Von Baer
(3) Long vas-deferens
Q.95 Frog is :–
(4) Requirement of low temperature for
(1) Reflex ovulator (2) Spontaneous ovulator spermatogenesis
(3) Induced ovulator (4) None Q.106 Number of polar bodies formed in rabbit in ovary
Q.96 Amnion foetal membrane is absent in :– is–
(1) Fish (2) Frog (3) Both (4) None (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
Q.97 Germ-hill is found in :– Q.107 Sertoli cells are found in :–
(1) sperm (2) Ovum (1) Testis of cockroach (2) Liver of mammals
(3) Graffian follicle (4) All (3) Testis of mammals (4) Testis of frog
Q.98 Antrum is filled with fluid and is found in :– Q.108 Graffian follicle are found in :–
(1) Bone-marrow of bone (1) Testis of mammal (2) Ovary of frog
(2) Cavity of brain (3) Ovary of cockroach (4) Ovary of mammals
(3) Graffian follicle of ovary Q.109 Sertoli cells are found in :–
(4) Pericardium of heart (1) Seminiferous tubules
Q.99 One of the following is fibrous layer of follicle– (2) Germinal epithelium
(1) Theca exterma (2) Theca interna (3) Cauda epididymis
(3) Membrana granulosa (4) Vitelline membrane (4) Caput epididymis
Q.100 Fertilization in man and rabbit takes place in Q.110 Cells of Leydig occur in :–
fallopian tube of oviduct in :– (1) Liver (2) Ovary
(1) Proximal part (2) Distal part (3) Testis (4) Spleen
(3) Basal part (4) None Q.111 Location and secretion of leydig cells are :–
Q.101 Scrotal sacs of man and rabbit are connected with (1) Liver – choleseterole
the abdominal cavity by :– (2) Ovary – oestrogen
(1) Ingunal canal (2) Haversian canal (3) Testis – Testosterone
(3) Vagina cavity (4) Spermatic canal (4) Pancrease – Glucagon

Q.112 A female gland corresponding to prostate of males is– Q.124 Cowper's gland are found in :–
(1) Perineal gland (2) Bartholin's gland (1) Male mammals (2) Female mammals
(3) Bulbourethral gland (4) None (3) Male amphibians (4) Female amphibians
Q.113 Site of fertilisation in mammal is :– Q.125 Corpus luteum is :–
(1) Ovary (2) Uterus (1) Excretory (2) Endocrine
(3) Vagina (4) Fallopian tube (3) Digestive (4) Reproductive
Q.126 Enzyme hyaluronidase is synthesised in :–
Q.114 Endomatrium is lining of :–
(1) Head of sperm
(1) Testis (2) Urinary bladder
(3) Uterus (4) Ureter (2) Golgibody of acrosome
(3) Lysosome of acrosome
Q.115 A secondary character is :–
(4) Tail of sperm
(1) Breast (2) Ovary
Q.127 Tail less sperm occurs in :–
(3) Testis (4) Thyroid
(1) Frog (2) Ascaris
Q.116 Percentage of syndromes increases in the
(3) Amphioxus (4) Rabbit
offspring of a lady over 40 years. It is because :–
Q.128 Sertoli cells occurs in :–
(1) Oocytes grow older (2) Ovaries are weak
(1) Human testis (2) Frog testis
(3) Placenta is weak (4) Lady becomes weak
(3) Human ovary (4) Frog ovary
Q.117 Seminal vesicle is present at the junction of–
Q.129 Loss of reproductive capacity in women after age
(1) Prostate and urethra
of 45 years is :–
(2) Prostate and vas-deferens
(1) Menstruation (2) Ageing
(3) Prostate and cowper's gland
(3) Menopause (4) Menarche
(4) vas-deferns and testis
Q.130 On fertilization, the urine of would be ................
Q.118 Expanded proximal part of oviduct in female is :– other contains :–
(1) Uterus (2) Fallopian tube (1) LH (2) Progesterone
(3) Fimbriated funnel (4) Vestibule (3) FSH (4) HCG
Q.119 The excretory structure formed after ovulation Q.131 Which one is primary sex organ :–
(release of ovum from graphian follicle) is :– (1) Scrotum (2) Penis
(1) Corpus albicans (2) Corpus callosum (3) Testis (4) Prostrate
(3) Corpus leuteum (4) Corpus striatum
Q.132 Estrous cycle is indication of :–
Q.120 Seminiferous tubules occur in :–
(1) Breeding period (2) Estrogen secretion
(1) Liver (2) Kidney (3) Pregnancy (4) Menopause
(3) Ovary (4) Testis Q.133 A female gland correspounding to prostate of
Q.121 Spermatogenesis and sperm differentiation are males is :–
under the control of :– (1) Bartholin's gland (2) Bulbourethral gland
(1) FSH (2) LH (3) Clitoris (4) None
(3) Testesterone (4)Parathyroid Harmone Q.134 Ovulation occurs under the influence of :–
Q.122 Development of sperm from spermatids take (1) LH (2) FSH
place in– (3) Estrogen (4) Progesterone
(1) Leyding's cells (2) Kuffer's cells Q.135 Somatic chromosomes number is 40. What shall
(3) Spermatogonia (4) Sertoli cell be chromosomal number in the cell of
Q.123 Seminal fluid has sperms and secretions of– seminiferous tubules :–
(1) Prostate, cowper's & Bertholin glands (1) 40 (2) 20 (3) 10 (4) 40 and 20
(2) Seminal vesicle, Prostate & cowper's glands Q.136 In 28 day human ovarian cycle, ovulation occurs
(3) Seminal vescile, ureter & Prostate gland on :–
(4) Follicles, ureters and prostate gland (1) Day 1 (2) Day 5 (3) Day 14 (4) Day 28

Q.137 Progesterone is secreted by :– Q.144 Spermatozoa are nourished during their
(1) Corpus Luteum (2) Thyroid development :–
(3) Thymus (4) Testis (1) Sertoli cells (2) Interstitial cells
Q.138 Release of oocytes from ovary is :– (3) Connective tissue cells
(1) Gestation (2) Ovulation (4) None
(3) Parturition (4) Implantation Q.145 Sertoli cells are found in the–
Q.139 Growth and maturation of graphian follicle is (1) Frog's testis (2) Rabbit's testis
controlled by :– (3) Cockroach's testis (4) Liver of frog
(1) FSH-LH (2) FSH-LTH Q.146 Acrosome is made up of–
(3) ACTH-LH (4) GH-ADH (1) Mitochondria (2) Centrioles
Q.140 Monoestrous cycle animals have :– (3) Golgi bodies (4) Ribosomes
(1) One ovulation each month Q.147 Achrosome aids the sperm to–
(2) One egg (1) Penetrate vittelline membrane of ovum
(2) Find ovum
(3) One breeding season in a year
(3) Swim
(4) One menses each month
(4) Higher activity
Q.141 Testis of rabbit occur :–
Q.148 Secondary sex organ is :–
(1) One either side of dorsal aorta
(1) Testis (2) Breast
(2) Inside body
(3) Beard (4) Vasa deferens
(3) On side of kidneys
Q.149 Cessation of menstrual cycle is called :–
(4) In scrotal sacs
(1) Ovulation (2) Menopause
Q.142 Estrous cycle is characteristic of :–
(3) Puberty (4) Implantation
(1) Human females
Q.150 What would happen if vasa deferantia of man
(2) Mammalian females
are cut:–
(3) Mammalian females other than primates
(1) Sperms are non nucleate
(4) Mammals
(2) Spermatogenesis does not occur
Q.143 Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of–
(3) Seman is with out sperms
(1) Prostate gland (2) Perineal gland
(3) Cowper's gland (4) Seminalvesicle (4) Sperm are non motile
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 3 1 3 1 1 3 4 3 4 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 3
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 4 3 2 1 3 1 3 2 2 3
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 4 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 1 2
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 3
Ques. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 4 4 3 2 1 4 3 1 4 4 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1
Ques. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 4 1 3 3 4 4 3 1 1 2 3 3 4
Ques. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 4 3 1 4 1 4 3 1 2 1 3
Ques. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Ans. 4 3 4 1 2 3 1 4 2 3

EXERSICE – 2
Q.1 Which one is primary sex organ ? Q.10 Growth and maturation of Graafian follicle is
(1) Scrotum (2) Penis controlled by
(3) Testis (4) Protate (1) FSH – LH (2) FSH – LTH
Q.2 Which is correct ? (3) ACTH – LH (4) GH – ADH
(1) Menstrual cycle is present in all mammals Q.11 Oestrous cycle is characteristic of:
(1) Human females
(2) Menstrual cycle occurs in human, apes and old
monkey (2) Mammalian females
(3) Estrous cycle occurs in all mammals (3) Mammalian females other than primates
(4) Mammals
(4) Most mammals are ovoviviparous
Q.12 Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of :
Q.3 Yellow corpus luteum occurs in a mammal in
(1) Prostate gland (2) Perineal glands
(1) Heart to initiate heart beat
(3) Cowper’s glands (4) Seminal vesicles
(2) Skin to function as pain receptor
Q.13 Ovulation occurs under the influence of
(3) Brain and connects cerebral hemispheres
(1) LH (2) FSH
(4) Ovary for secretion of progesterone
(3) Estrogen (4) Progesterone
Q.4 A female gland corresponding to prostate of males
Q.14 During copulation a slimy alkaline fluid to lubricate
is-
vagina is secreted by
(1) Bartholin’s gland
(1) perineal gland (2) Cowper’s gland
(2) Bulbourethral gland (3) Prostate gland (4) None of these
(3) Clitoris Q.15 Which one is hermaphrodite ?
(4) None of the above (1) Earthworm, Hydra and Leech
Q.5 What would happen if vasa deferentia of man (2) Cockroach, Earthworm and Hydra
are cut ? (3) Earthworm, Ascaris and Leech
(1) Sperms become non-nucleated (4) Ascaris, cockroach and Hydra
(2) Spermatogenesis does not occur Q.16 Testis of Whale are
(3) Semen is without sperms (1) Extra-abdominal (2) Half external, half internal
(4) Sperms are nonmotile (3) Internal (4) None of these
Q.6 When a sperm enters an egg of frog Q.17 Prostate gland is present :
(1) first polar body is formed (1) On ureter (2) On kidney
(2) first meiotic division occurs (3) On testis (4) Around urethra
(3) fertilization process is completed Q.18 Prostate gland produces a secretion for-
(4) second meiotic division occurs (1) Attracting sperms
Q.7 Largest egg in Animal Kingdom is that of (2) Stimulating sperm activity
(1) Whale (2) Elephant (3) Inhibiting sperm activity
(3) Albatrosses (4) Ostrich (4) None of the above
Q.8 Human ovarian cycle is of 28 days, ovulation Q.19 Corpus luteum develops from
occurs on (1) Oocyte (2) Nephrostome
(1) Day 1st (2) Day 5th (3) Graafian follicle (4) None of the above
Q.20 If egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
(3) Day 14th (4) Day 28th
(1) Reduces secretion of progesterone
Q.9 Germinal epithelium of ovary has
(2) Changes in corpus albicans
(1) Cuboidal cells (2) Colummar cells
(3) Enhances secretion of progesterone
(3) Squamous cells (4) Stratified cells.
(4) None of these

Q.21 Failure of testes to descend into scrotum is- Q.33 All mechanism of living organism divided in two parts:
(1) Vasectomy (2) Cryptorchidism (1) reproduction and evolution
(3) Impotency (4) Tubectomy (2) nutrition and metabolism
Q.22 Sertoli cells are involved in (3) synthesis and metabolism
(1) Excretion (2) Respiration (4) reproduction and internal autonomy
(3) Nutrition of sperms (4) All of the above Q.34 Corpus leuteum secrets :
Q.23 In male mammals primary germ cell is- (1) LH (2) progesterone
(1) cortex of testis (2) medulla of testis (3) estrogen (4) FSH
(3) germinal epithelium (4) apical part of embryo Q.35 Glands secreting male sex hormone are :
Q.24 Secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum is (1) Leydig cells (2) Seminiferous tubules
initiated by : (3) Vasa deferentia (4) Testes
(1) MSH (2) LH Q.36 Cervix occurs in :
(3) Testosterone (4) Thyroxine (1) Kideny
Q.25 Graafian follicle of ovary secretes- (2) Fallopian tube
(1) Estrogen (2) Relaxin (3) Between uterus and vagina
(3) Progesterone (4) Cortisone (4) Epididymis
Q.26 Seminal vesicles are located in- Q.37 Graafian follicle contains
(1) Caput epidydimis (2) Uterus (1) Many oocyte
(3) Below Cowper’s glands (4) Glans penis (2) Many sperm
Q.27 Number of eggs released in the life time of a (3) A single oocyte
woman is approximately :
(4) Site for egg fertilization
(1) 40 (2) 400
Q.38 Mullerian duct is
(3) 4000 (4) 20000
(1) Ureter (2) Urethra
Q.28 Correct sequence of hormone secretion from
beginning of menstruation is : (3) Sperm duct (4) Oviduct
(1) FSH, progesterone, estrogen Q.39 Progesterone level falls during :
(2) Estrogen, FSH, progesterone (1) Gestation (2) Menopause
(3) FSH, estrogen, progesterone (3) Lactation (4) Mensturation
(4) Estrogen, progesterone, FSH Q.40 Head of epididymis present at head of testis is called:
Q.29 From acrosome which secrets : (1) Caput epididymis (2) Cauda epididymis
(1) hyaluronic acid (2) hyaluronidase (3) Vas deferens (4) Gubernaculum
(3) TSH (4) fertilizin Q.41 Human female reaches menopause at the age
Q.30 When embryonic development is completed in of about-
mother but the embryo not accept nutritent from (1) 25 years (2) 35 years
mother. Which is known as : (3) 50 years (4) 70 years
(1) ovoviparous (2) viviparous Q.42 Orchidectomy is the surgical removal of :
(3) oviparous (4) all of these (1) Liver (2) Kidney
Q.31 Sertoli cells are associated with : (3) Ovary (4) Testis
(1) Kidney of Rabbit (2) ovary of Frog Q.43 This is a method of birth control :
(1) IUDs (2) GIFT
(3) Testis of Rabbit (4) Ovary of Rabbit (3) HTF (4) IVE-ET
Q.32 Gametes formation in animlals is found in- Q.44 Sertoli cells occur in :
(1) ovary (2) gonads (1) Ovary (2) Kidney
(3) gall bladder (4) testis (3) Testis (4) Thyroid

Q.45 Fertilization in Rabbit occurs in : Q.56 Natural parthenogenesis is found in-
(1) Uterus (2) Fallopian tube (1) Housefly (2) Honey bee
(3) Ovary (4) Water (3) Drosophila (4) All of these
Q.46 Process of fusion of haploid cells is- Q.57 Spermatogenesis is induced by -
(1) Cell cycle (2) Meiosis (1) FSH (2) ACTH
(3) ICSH (4) ATH
(3) Mitosis (4) Syngamy
Q.58 Vivipary is found in-
Q.47 Antrum is cavity of -
(1) Coelenterata (2) Protozoa
(1) Ovary (2) Graafian follicle
(3) Rabbit (4) Pisces
(3) Blastula (4) Gastrula
Q.59 Testis fail to descent in scrotal sacs, this condition
Q.48 Estrogen is secreted by : is called as-
(1) Corpus luteum (1) Cryptorhcidism (2) Hernia
(2) Membranous granulosa of Graafian follicle (3) Castrection (4) None of these
(3) Germinal epithelium of ovary Q.60 Sertoli cells are present in-
(4) Pituitary gland (1) Testis (2) Ovary
Q.49 A normal human being will have : (3) Blood (4) Lymph
(1) 22 pairs of chromosome Q.61 In the urinogenital organs of rabbit which one of
(2) 23 pairs of chromosome the following part is present in male but not in female?
(3) 44 pairs of chromosome (1) Vagina (2) Urethra
(4) 46 pairs of chromosome (3) Fallopian tube (4) Vasa deferens
Q.62 Which one of the following events is correctly
Q.50 The human sprem cell contains :
matched with the time period in a normal
(1) 46 chromosomes
menstrual cycle ?
(2) 44 chromosomes and 1X and 1Y chromosome (1) Release of egg : 5th day
(3) 23 chromosomes only (2) Endometrium regeneration : 5-10 days
(4) 23 chromosomes and 1X and 1Y chromosome (3) Endometrium secretes nutrients for
Q.51 The mobility of a mature sperm is controlled by implantation : 11-18 days
the mitochondria located in the (4) Rise in progesterone level : 1 - 15 days
(1) head (2) middle piece Q.63 Withdrawal of which of the following hormones
(3) tail (4) in all of them is the immediate cause of menstruation?
Q.52 In mammals corpus Inuteum is found in which organ? (1) Progesterone (2) Estrogen
(1) Brain (2) Ovary (3) FSH (4) FSH-RH
(3) Liver (4) Eyes Q.64 Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an
Q.53 In Rabbit at the time of fertilization zygote is endocrine gland after ovulation?
formed in : (1) Stroma (2) Germinal epithelium
(1) coelom (2) fallopian tube (3) Vitelline membrane (4) Graffian follicle
(3) uterus (4) vagina Q.65 In the human female, menstruation can be
Q.54 Bartholin’s glands are situated- deferred by the administration of-
(1) Combination of FSH and LH
(1) On either side of vas deferens in human
(2) Combination of estrogen and progesterone
(2) On the sides of the head of some amphibian
(3) FSH only (4) LH only
(3) At the reduced tail end of birds
Q.66 Compared to a bull a bullock is docile because of-
(4) On either sides of vagina in human
(1) Higher levels of cortisone
Q.55 The site of fertilization in mammals is- (2) Lower levels of blood testosterone
(1) Ovary (2) Abdominal (3) Lower level of adrenaline/noradrenalin in its blood
(3) Uterus (4) Fallopian tube (4) Higher level of thyroxin

Q.67 Outer coat of seminiferous tubules is composed Q.78 Mesorchium is peritoneal covering of
of fibrous connective tissue called - (1) Ovary (2) Testis
(1) Tunica propria (2) Lamina propria
(3) Kidney (4) Liver
(3) Plica semilunaris (4) Tunica albuginea
Q.79 Scrotum communicates with abdominal cavity
Q.68 At the time of sexual excitation, muscles in penis-
through -
(1) Relaxed (2) Contracted
(1) Urethra (2) Inguinal canal
(3) Collapsed (4) None
Q.69 Pseudopregnancy is due to (3) Vas-deferens (4) Epididymis
(1) Polyembryony Q.80 Tunica albuginea is the covering around -
(2) Absence of fertilisation after ovulation (1) Oviduct (2) Testis
(3) Hormonal disturbance (3) Kidney (4) Heart
(4) All the above Q.81 Testosterone is secreted by -
Q.70 Secretion of which gland has high percentage of
(1) Leydigs cells (2) Sertoli cells
fructose -
(1) Prostate gland (2) Cowper's gland (3) Pituitary (4) Testis
(3) Seminal vesicle (4) Tyson Q.82 Penile urethra traverses through -
Q.71 If testes of a male rabbit are not transferred from (1) Corpora cavernosa
abdominal cavity to testes sac then -
(2) Corpus spongiosum
(1) Rabbit dies
(3) Corpus callosum
(2) Absence of male characters
(3) Development of male reproductive system (4) Corpus striatum
will not occur Q.83 Seminiferous tubules are composed of -
(4) Sperms will not form (1) Spermatogonia (2) Glandular epithelium
Q.72 Uterus-masculinus in mammals is derived from- (3) Sensory epithelium (4) Germinal epithelium
(1) Inguinal canal (2) Wolfian's duct
Q.84 Sustentacular cells are found in -
(3) Mullerian duct (4) Ejeculatory duct
(1) Testis of mammal (2) Ovary of mammal
Q.73 In mammals, failure of testes to descend into
scrotum is known as - (3) Testis of Ascaris (4) Pancrease of frog
(1) Paedogenesis (2) Castration Q.85 Bundles of muscles in penis are -
(3) Cryptorchidism (4) Impotency (1) Corpus cavernosa (2) Corpus spongiosum
Q.74 Clupein protein occurs in -
(3) Both (4) None
(1) Human sperms (2) Avian sperms
Q.86 Glans penis is covered by -
(3) Human ova (4) All the above
Q.75 Partitions of testis develop from - (1) Areomembrana (2) Prepuce
(1) Tunica albuginea (2) Tunica vasculosa (3) Metrium (4) None
(3) Tunica vaginalis (4) Rete testis Q.87 Lutein cells are found in -
Q.76 Vas-deferens arises from - (1) Primary follicle (2) Corpus albicans
(1) Cauda-epididymis
(3) Corpus luteum (4) All
(2) Caput epididymis
Q.88 The testis are abdominal in -
(3) Corpus epididymis
(4) Rete testis (1) Elephant (2) shrew
Q.77 Common duct formed by union of vas-deferens (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None
and duct from seminal vesicle is - Q.89 Number of prostate glands in rabbit -
(1) Urethra (2) Tunica-vasculosa
(1) One (2) Two
(3) Ejaculatory duct (4) Spermatic duct
(3) Many (4) None

Q.90 Scrotal sacs of man and rabbit are connected Q.100 Spermatozoa are nourished during their
with the abdominal cavity by - development by -
(1) Inguinal canal (2) Haversian canal (1) Sertoli cells (2) Interstitial cells
(3) Vagina cavity (4) Spermatic canal (3) Connective tissue cells
Q.91 Cryptorchidism is a condition of testes (4) None
(1) Unable to descend in scrotal sacs Q.101 Sertoli cells are found in the
(2) Unable to produce sperms (1) Frog's testis (2) Rabbit's testis
(3) Having been surgically removed (3) Cockroach's testis (4) Liver of frog
Q.102 What whould happen if vasa deferantia of man
are cut
Q.92 In mammals, the testes occur in scrotal sacs, out
side the viscera because of the -
(2) Spermatogenesis does not occur
(1) Presence of urinary bladder
(3) Semen is with out sperms
(2) Presence of rectum
(4) Sperm are non motile
(3) Long vas-deferens
Q.103 If the epididymis is not presented then what will
(4) Requirement of low temperature for happen
spermatogenesis (1) sperm life cycle is short
Q.93 In between spermatogonia are found - (2) Early cross the pathway
(1) Germinal cells (2) Sertoli cells (3 Functional maturation is early
(3) Epithelial cells (4) Lymph space (4) Sperm will be incapable for fertilization
Q.94 Sertoli cells are found in - Q.104 In majority of pre mature babies testis is situated in
(1) Testis of cockroach (2) Liver of mammals (1) Scrotal sac
(3) Testis of mammals (4) Testis of frog (2) Abdominal cavity
Q.95 Which acessory genital gland occurs only in male (3) Descending pathway
mammal (4) Come into scrotal sac but not attached properly
(1) Bartholin's gland (2) Perineal gland Q.105 After vasectomy what happens
(3) Prostate gland (4) All (1) Absence of semen
(2) Sperm are dead or inactive
Q.96 Seminal vesicle is present at the junction of -
(3) Sperm immediately disapear in semen
(1) Prostate and urethra
(4) Sperm gradually disapear in semen
(2) Prostate and vas-deferens
Q.106 Sertoli cells occur in -
(3) Prostate and cowper's gland
(1) Human testis (2) Frog testis
(4) vas-deferns and testis (3) Human ovary (4) Frog ovary
Q.97 During differentiation the spermatids remain Q.107 Which one is primary sex organ
associated with - (1) Scrotum (2) Penis
(1) Leyding's cells (2) Kuffer's cells (3) Testis (4) Prostrate
(3) Spermatogonia (4) Sertoli cell Q.108 If somatic chromosomes number is 40. What
Q.98 Seminal fluid has sperms and secretions of - shall be chromosomal number in the cell of
(1) Prostate, cowper's & Bartholin glands seminiferous tubules -
(2) Seminal vesicle, Prostate & cowper's glands (1) 40 (2) 20
(3) 10 (4) 40 and 20
(3) Seminal vesicle, ureter & Prostate gland
Q.109 Testis of rabbit occur
(4) Follicles, ureters and prostate gland
Q.99 Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of -
(2) Inside body
(1) Seminal vesicle (2) Perineal gland
(3) Cowper's gland (4) Bartholin's gland (4) In scrotal sacs

Q.110 Meaning of oligospermia is Q.122 Oviduct of frog is actually -
(1) Eggs are fertilized in less number (1) Bidder's canal (2) Vagina
(2) Less number of sperms in semen (3) Mullerian duct (4) None
(3) More number of sperms formed Q.123 Sperms and ova are -
(4) Inactive sperm are formed (1) Ectodermal in origin
Q.111 In aged person inguinal canal becomes loose, and (2) Mesodermal in origin
some part of intestine is pushed into scrotal sac,
(3) Endodermal in origin
the disease is called
(4) All of the above
(1) Myctalopia (2) Hernia
Q.124 Proximal part of oviduct is fimbriated funnel and
(3) Achondroplasia (4) None
distal part forms the -
Q.112 Vagina of the female reproductive system is -
(1) Corpus luteum (2) Bartholin's gland
(1) Primary sex organs
(3) Uterus (4) None
(2) Essential sex organs
(3) Secondary sex organs Q.125 Germinal epithelial cells are cuboidal and these
are found in -
(4) None
(1) Testes (2) Ovary
Q.113 External/acessory sexual characters first appear in-
(3) Both (4) None
(1) Childhood (2) Puberty
(3) Foetus (4) Adulthood Q.126 In rabbit the uterus is -
Q.114 Puberty occurs in females at the age of - (1) Bicornute (2) Multicornute
(1) 8-10 years (2) 11-14 years (3) Unicornute (4) Acornute
(3) 15-17 years (4) 18-20 years Q.127 Corpus albicans is found in ovary it is also found in-
Q.115 Mesovarium is peritoneal covering of - (1) Liver (2) Brain
(1) Ovary (2) Testis (3) Kidney (4) None
(3) Kidney (4) Liver Q.128 Degenerative process of follicles or eggs in ovary
is called -
Q.116 At puberty woman start producing
(1) Metagenesis (2) Atresia
(1) Sperms (2) Urine
(3) Regression (4) None
(3) Young ones (4) Ova
Q.129 Process by which Graffian follicles are formed
Q.117 Ostium is the aperture present in
in the ovary is known as -
(1) oviduct (2) Fallopian funnel
(1) Oogenesis (2) Luteirisation
(3) Ovisac (4) Cloaca
(2) Folliculogenesis (4) All
Q.118 Progesterone is
Q.130 Central stroma of ovary is made up of -
(1) Carbohydrate (2) Steroid
(1) Fibrous connective tissue
(3) Protein (4) Sterol
(2) Reticular tissue
Q.119 Eggs from ovary are released in -
(3) Adipose connective tissue
(1) Oviduct (2) Kidney
(4) None
(3) Ureter (4) Coelom
Q.131 Mammalian follicle was first described by
Q.120 Lower narrow end of uterus is called -
(1) Leeuvenhock (2) R.D. Graaf
(1) Urethra (2) Cervix
(3) Spallangi (4) Von Baer
(3) Clitoris (4) Vulva
Q.132 Antrum is filled with fluid and is found in -
Q.121 Vaginal cavity of tunica vaginalis is found in -
(1) Bone-marrow of bone
(1) Ovaries of female
(2) Cavity of brain
(2) Testis of male
(3) Graffian follicle of ovary
(3) Vagina of female
(4) Pericardium of heart
(4) None

Q.133 One of the following is fibrous layer of follicle Q.145 Corpus luteum is
(1) Theca externa (2) Zona pellucida (1) Excretory (2) Endocrine
(3) Membrana granulosa (3) Digestive (4) Reproductive
(4) Vitelline membrane Q.146 A female gland corresponding to prostrate of males is
Q.134 Fertilization in man and rabbit takes place in (1) Bartholin's gland (2) Bulbourethral gland
fallopian tube of oviduct in - (3) Clitoris (4) None
(1) Proximal part (2) Distal part Q.147 Progesterone is secreted by
(3) Basal part (4) None (1) Corpus Luteum (2) Thyroid
(3) Thymus (4) Testis
Q.135 Eggs librated from ovary in human in
Q.148 Growth and maturation of graafian follicle is
(1) Secondary oocyte stage
controlled by -
(2) Primary oocyte stage
(1) FSH-LH (2) FSH-LTH
(3) Oogonial stage (3) ACTH-LH (4) GH-ADH
(4) Mature ovum stage Q.149 If cowpers gland is removed which of the
Q.136 Graffian follicle are found in following will be affected -
(1) Testis of mammal (2) Ovary of frog (1) Sexual attraction (2) Fertilization
(3) Ovary of cockroach (3) Hardness of penis (4) Copulation
(4) Ovary of mammals Q.150 Atretic follicle is -
Q.137 Site of fertilization in mammal is - (1) Which are not developed completely and
(1) Ovary (2) Uterus degenerate
(2) Other name of which corpus luteum
(3) Vagina (4) Fallopian tube
(3) Which excluded its oocytes
Q.138 Endometrium is lining of
(4) None of the above
Q.151 For ovulation in reflex ovulation -
(3) Uterus (4) Ureter
(1) Coitus in necessary
Q.139 A secondary sexual character is (2) Coitus is not necessary
(1) Breast (2) Ovary (3) Plenty of food is necessary
(3) Testis (4) Thyroid (4) None
Q.140 Expanded proximal part of oviduct in female is - Q.152 Oral-contraceptives prevent the
(1) Uterus (2) Fallopian tube (1) Fertilisation (2) Ovulation
(3) Fimbriated funnel (4) Vestibule (3) Implantation
Q.141 The Endocrinal structure formed after ovulation (4) Entrance of sperms in vagina
(release of ovum from graafian follicle is - Q.153 A polyoestrous mammalian example is -
(1) Corpus albicans (2) Corpus callosum (1) Man (2) Cat
(3) Corpus luteum (4) Corpus striatum (3) New age monkey (4) All the above
Q.142 Human beings are Q.154 Voice is high pitched in -
(1) Ovoviviparous (2) Oviparous (1) Aged persons (2) Adult males
(3) Boys (4) Females
(3) parthenogenetic (4) Viviparous
Q.155 First menstrual cycle starts at
Q.143 At the time of birth, ovum is the form of
(1) Parturition (2) Menopause
(1) Oogonia (2) Primary oocyte
(3) Menarche (4) Implantation
(3) Sec. oocytes (4) Egg
Q.156 Gestation period of Rabbit is -
Q.144 Cowper's glands are found in (1) 18 - 20 days (2) 28 - 32 days
(1) Male mammals (3) 48 - 50 days (4) 60 - 70 dyas
(2) Female birds Q.157 Menstrual cycle is generally of -
(3) Male amphibians (1) 21 days (2) 28 days
(4) Female amphibians (3) 38 days (4) 40 days

Q.158 In menstrual Cycle ovum is released during - Q.162 Follicular phase of menstrual cycle is the other
(1) Beginning (2) Midway name of -
(3) End (4) Any time (1) Proliferative phase (2) Secretory phase
Q.159 Menstrual cycle is controlled by - (3) Luteal phase (4) Menstruation
(1) Estrogen and progesterone of ovary Q.163 Cryptorchidism is a condition of testes
(2) FSH and LH of pituitary (1) Unable to descend in scrotal sacs
(2) Unable to produce sperms
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) FSH of pituitary
Q.160 Stages in menstrual cycle are -
Q.164 Abnormal conditioning when the mammary glands
(1) Recovery and proliferative phase
of man become female like is called
(2) Proliferative and secretory phase
(1) Feminization
(3) Proliferative, secretory and menstrual phase
(2) Gonochorism
(4) Recovery phase, secretory phase and phase
(3) Gynacomastism
of menstrual flow
(4) Gynoecism
Q.161 Luteal phase is the other name of -
Q.165 Vivipary is found in -
(1) Follicular phase
(1) Frog (2) Lizard
(3) Snake (4) Rabbit
(4) Secretory phase
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 2
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 4 4 3 4 4 3 1 1 3 4 1 4 1 3 4 3 3 2
Ques 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 4 1
Ques 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 1 3 1 1
Ques 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 4 2 1 4 2 2 1 1 3 3 4 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 2
Ques 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 1 2 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 2 1 1
Ques 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 2 3 4 3 4 1 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 4 2
Ques 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 4 3 1 3
Ques 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
Ans. 3 4 2 4 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 3 3
Ques 161 162 163 164 165
Ans. 4 1 1 3 4

EXERCISE-3 PREVIOUS YEAR'S QUESTIONS
Q.1 The lytic enzyme present in semen is – Q.11 Which of the following causes abortion in
[Uttaranchal PMT 2004] ladies- [MP PMT-07]
(1) Ligase (2) estrogenase (1) Virus (2) Bacteria
(3) androgenase (4) hyaluronidase (3) Mycoplasma (4) None of these
Q.2 Progesterone hormone is secreted by – Q.12 Accessory sexual character in female is
[Jharkahnd 2004]
promoted by - [MP PMT 07]
(1) Corpus albicans (2) corpus collosum
(1) Androgen (2) Progesterone
(3) Corpus luteum in ovaries
(3) Estrogen (4) Testosterone
(4) Corpus uteri
Q.13 Sertoli cells are found in testis. These cells are–
Q.3 Sertoli cells are involved in - [Jharkhand-04]
[MP PMT 07]
(1) Respiration (2) Nutrition of sperms
(1) Nurse cell (2) Reproductive cell
(3) Excretion
(3) receptor cell (4) None of these
(4) Development of sex organs
Q.4 In mammals corpus luteum is found in which Q.14 Cryptorchidism is a condition in which –
organ - [Jharkahand-04] [MP PMT – 07]
(1) Brain (2) Ovary (1) Testis does not descend into scrotal sac
(3) Liver (4) Eyes (2) Sperm in not found
Q.5 Testosterone is secreted by - [Bihar – 2004] (3) Male hormones are not reactive
(1) Leydig cells (2) Sertoli cells (4) Ovaries are removed
(3) Seminiferous tubule Q.15 The cellular layer that disintegrates and
(4) None of these regenerates again and again in humans is –
Q.6 Most important component of oral [MP PMT 04]
contraceptive is - [Bihar – 2004] (1) Endometrium of uterus
(1) LH (2) GH (2) Cornea of eye
(3) Thyroxine (4) Progesterone (3) Dermis of skin
Q.7 Purpose of tubectomy is to prevent – (4) Endothelium of blood vessels
[Bihar 2004] Q.16 The functional maturation of sperms takes
(1) Fertilization (2) coitus
place in - [MP PMT 05]
(3) Egg formation
(1) Oviduct (2) Epididymis
(4) Embryonic development
(3) Vagina (4) All of these
Q.8 Progesterone is secreted by [UP CPMT – 01]
Q.17 Surgical removal or cutting and ligation of the
(1) Corpus aorta (2) Corpus albicans
ends of oviduct is known as - [MPPMT 06]
(3) Corpus luteum (4) Corpus callosum
(1) tubectomy (2) Oviductomy
Q.9 In the urinogenital organs of rabbit which one
(3) Castration (4) Vasectomy
of following part is present in male but not in
female - [UP CPMT – 05] Q.18 The follicle that ruptures at the time of
(1) Urethra (2) Fallopian tube Ovulation promptly fills with blood, forming
(3) Vagina (4) Vasa deferens [MP PMT 01]
Q.10 Bidder's canal is present in [UP CPMT 06] (1) Corpus haemorrhagicum
(1) Female frog (2) Male frog (2) Corpus luteum
(3) Female rabbit (4) Male rabbit (3) Corpus albicans (4) Corpus callosum

Q.19 In mammals the estrogens are secreted by the Q.28 Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of –
Graafian follicle from its [MP PMT-01] [Orrisa JEE 95]
(1) External theca (2) Internal theca (1) Seminal vesicle (2) Perineal gland
(3) Zona pellucida (4) Corona radiata (3) Cowper's gland (4) Bartholin's gland
Q.20 Orchidectomy is the surgical removal of- Q.29 Spermatozoa are nourished during their
[MPPMT-2001] development by - [Orrisa JEE 95]
(1) Liver (2) Kidney (1) Sertoli cells (2) Interstitial cells
(3) Ovary (4) Testes (3) Connective tissue cells
(4) None
Q.21 Supporting cells found in the germinal
Q.30 Sertoli cells are found in the [CPMT – 83]
epithelium of testis are called- [MPPMT-2002]
(1) Frog's testis
(1) Interstitial cells of leydig
(2) Rabbit's testis
(2) Sertoli cells
(3) Cockroach's testis
(3) Granular cells
(4) Liver of frog
(4) Phagocytes
Q.31 What whould happen if vasa deferantia of man
Q.22 Atretic follicles are found in the-
are cut [MP PMT 93]
[MPPMT-2002]
(1) Fallopian tube (2) Uterus (2) Spermatogenesis does not occur
(3) Labia majora (4) Ovary (3) Semen is with out sperms
Q.23 In mammals the female secondary sexual (4) Sperm are non motile
characters are developed mainly by the Q.32 Sertoli cells occur in - [Bihar PMT 91]
hormone- [MPPMT-2002] (1) Human testis (2) Frog testis
(1) Relaxin (2) Estrogens (3) Human ovary (4) Frog ovary
(3) Progesterone (4) Gonadotropins Q.33 Which one is primary sex organ
Q.24 Cryptorchidism is a condition of testes [Rohtak PMT 93]
[AIIMS-83] (1) Scrotum (2) Penis
(1) Unable to descend in scrotal sacs (3) Testis (4) Prostrate
(2) Unable to produce sperms Q.34 If somatic chromosomes number is 40. What
(3) Having been surgically removed shall be chromosomal number in the cell of
(4) Having remained undeveloped seminiferous tubules - [AFMC 94]
Q.25 In between spermatogonia are found - (1) 40 (2) 20
(3) 10 (4) 40 and 20
[CPMT 87]
Q.35 Testis of rabbit occur [MP PMT 95]
(1) Germinal cells (2) Sertoli cells
(3) Epithelial cells (4) Lymph space
(2) Inside body
Q.26 Which acessory genital gland occurs only in
male mammal [CPMT 91]
(4) In scrotal sacs
(1) Bartholin's gland (2) Perineal gland
Q.36 Eggs librated from ovary in human in
(3) Prostate gland (4) All [CBSE 89]
Q.27 During differentiation the spermatids remain (1) Secondary oocyte stage
associated with - [MP PMT 88] (2) Primary oocyte stage
(1) Leyding's cells (2) Kuffer's cells (3) Oogonial stage
(3) Spermatogonia (4) Sertoli cell (4) Mature ovum stage

Q.37 Graffian follicle are found in Q.47 Progesterone is secreted by [MP PMT 94]
[DPMT 82, BHU 85] (1) Corpus Luteum (2) Thyroid
(1) Testis of mammal (3) Thymus (4) Testis
(2) Ovary of frog Q.48 Growth and maturation of graafian follicle is
(3) Ovary of cockroach controlled by - [MP 95]
(4) Ovary of mammals (1) FSH-LH (2) FSH-LTH
Q.38 Site of fertilization in mammal is – (3) ACTH-LH (4) GH-ADH
[MP PMT 88, 95, BHU 89]
Q.49 Cryptorchidism is a condition of testes
(1) Ovary (2) Uterus
[AIIMS 1983, WARDHA 2000, 02]
(3) Vagina (4) Fallopian tube
(1) Unable to descend in scrotal sacs
Q.39 Endometrium is lining of [CPMT – 88]
(2) Unable to produce sperms
(3) Uterus (4) Ureter
Q.40 A secondary sexual character is [DPMT -82] (4) Having remained undeveloped
(1) Breast (2) Ovary Q.50 Spermatogenesis and sperm differentiation are
(3) Testis (4) Thyroid under the control of [CPMT -87]
Q.41 Expanded proximal part of oviduct in female (1) FSH
is– [DPMT -85] (2) LH
(1) Uterus (3) Progesterone
(2) Fallopian tube (4) Parathyroid Hormone
(3) Fimbriated funnel Q.51 Loss of reproductive capacity in women after
(4) Vestibule age of 45 years is - [JK CEE 92]
Q.42 The Endocrinal structure formed after (1) Menstruation (2) Ageing
ovulation (release of ovum from graafian (3) Menopause (4) Menarche
follicle is – [CPMT – 83] Q.52 During pregnancy, the urine of would contain
(1) Corpus albicans (2) Corpus callosum [CPMT – 93]
(3) Corpus luteum (4) Corpus striatum (1) LH (2) Progesterone
Q.43 Human beings are [MP PMT 1993, 96] (3) FSH (4) HCG
(1) Ovoviviparous (2) Oviparous Q.53 Ovulation occurs under the influence of -
(3) parthenogenetic (4) Viviparous [CBSE – 94]
Q.44 Cowper's glands are found in [MP 94, 95] (1) LH (2) FSH
(1) Male mammals (2) Female birds (3) Estrogen (4) Progesterone
(3) Male amphibians
Q.54 In 28 day human ovarian cycle, ovulation
(4) Female amphibians
occurs on - [CBSE – 94]
Q.45 Corpus luteum is [CPMT – 91]
(1) Day 1 (2) Day 5
(1) Excretory (2) Endocrine
(3) Day 14 (4) Day 28
(3) Digestive (4) Reproductive
Q.55 Monoestrous cycle animals may have
Q.46 A female gland corresponding to prostrate of
[MP PMT-95]
males is [MP PMT 93]
(1) One ovulation each month
(1) Bartholin's gland
(2) one egg
(2) Bulbourethral gland
(3) one breeding season in a year
(3) Clitoris
(4) one menses each month
(4) None

Q.56 Estrous cycle is characteristic of [CBSE-95] Q.65 Oral contraceptives contain- [CBSE-1998]
(1) Human females (1) Progesterone (2) LH
(2) Mammalian females (3) Oxytocin (4) Steroles
(3) Mammalian females other than primates Q.66 Which substance can be used as male
(4) Mammals contraceptive in future- [CBSE-1999]
Q.57 In the absence of preganancy, corpus luteum- (1) FSH (2) LH
[MPPMT-1989] (3) Testosterone (4) progesterone
(1) Becomes active, secretes FSH and LH Q.67 Which induces the development of corpus
(2) Produces lot of oxytocin and relaxin luteum- [CBSE-1999]
(3) Degenerates after some time (1) LH (2) Oestrogen
(4) Is maintained by progesterone (3) FSH (4) LTH
Q.58 In the female Rabbit which structure is Q.68 After ovulation follicles converted into-
homologous to penis of male- [RPMT-2001] [CBSE-1999]
(1) Cervix (2) Vagina (1) Corpus luteum
(3) Uterus (4) Clitoris (2) Corpus albicans
Q.59 10 oogonia yield 10 primary oocytes, then how (3) Corpus cavernosa
many ova are produced on completion of (4) Corpus calosum
oogenesis- [RPMT-2001]
Q.69 What is the work of copper T –
(1) 5 (2) 10
[CBSE-2000]
(3) 20 (4) 40
(1) To inhibit ovulation
Q.60 In Rabbit, ex-abdominal reproductive organs are-
(2) To inhibit fertilization
[RPMT-2001]
(3) To inhibit implantation of blastocyst
(1) Testes, Penis, Epididymis
(4) To inhibit gametogenesis
(2) Testes, Vas deferens, Testes sac
Q.70 What is the work of progesterone which is
(3) Testes, Vas deferens, Ejaculatinduct
present in oral contraceptive pills-
(4) Testes sac, Seminal Vesicle, Epididymis
[CBSE-2000]
Q.61 Parturition duct in female is called-
(1) To inhibit ovulation
[RPMT-2001
(2) To check oogenesis
(1) Uterus (2) Oviduct
(3) To check entry of sperms in to cervix and
(3) Vagina (4) Cervix
to make them inactive
Q.62 In mammales, corpus luteum is found in which
(4) to check sexual behaviour
organ- [RPMT-2002]
Q.71 Which gland secrets odourous secretion in
(1) Brain (2) Ovary
mammals- [CBSE-2000]
(3) Liver (4) Eyes
(1) Bartholins (2) Prostate
Q.63 In rabbit at the time of fertilization zygote is (3) Anal gland (4) Liver-bile
formed in- [RPMT-2002] Q.72 Mainly which type of hormones control the
(1) Coelom (2) Fallopian tube menstrual cycle in human beings-
(3) Uterus (4) Vagina [CBSE-2002]
Q.64 Which temporary endocrine gland forms in (1) FSH
ovary after ovulation- [RPMT-2003] (2) LH
(1) Corpus callosum (2) Corpus albicans (3) FSH, LH, Estrogen
(3) Corpus luteum (4) Corpus striata (4) Progesterone only

Q.73 When both ovary are removed from rat then Q.80 Loss of reproductive capacity in women after
which hormone is decreased in blood- age of 45 years is- [JK CEE 1992]
[CBSE-2002] (1) Mensturation (2) Ageing
(1) Oxytocin (3) Menopause (4) Menarche
(2) Prolactin Q.81 Estrous cycle is indication of ?
(3) Estrogen [MPPMT-1993]
(4) Gonadotrophic releasing factor (1) Breeding period (2) Estrogen secretion
Q.74 Bartholin's glands are situated- [CBSE-2003] (3) Pregnancy (4) Menopause
(1) On the sides of the head of some Q.82 Which is correct ? [MPPMT-1993]
amphibians (1) Menstrual cycle is present in all mammals
(2) At the reduced tail end of birds (2) Menstrual cycle is present in all primates
(3) On either side of vagina in humans (3) Estrous cycle occurs in all mammals
(4) On either side of vas deferens in humans (4) Most mammals are ovoviviparous
Q.75 Ovulation in the human female normally takes
Q.83 Yellow corpus luteum occurs in a mammals in-
place during the menstrual cycle-[CBSE-2004]
[MPPMT-1993,98; CBSE-95]
(1) At the end of the proliferative phase
(1) Heart to initiate heart beat
(2) At the end of the proliferative phase
(2) Skin to function as pain receptor
(3) Just before the end of the secretory phase
(3) Brain and connects cerebral hemisphere
(4) At the beginning of the proliferative phase
(4) Ovary for secretion of progesterone
Q.76 In mammals, maturation of sperms take place
at a temperature- [MPPMT-1991] Q.84 A female gland corresponding to prostate of
(1) Equal to that of body males is ? [MPPMT-1993]
(2) Higher than that of body (1) Bartholin's gland
(3) Lower than that of body (2) Bulbourethral gland
(4) At any piece of mammalian sperm (3) Clitoris
Q.77 Onset of pregnancy- [MPPMT-1991] (4) None of the above
(1) Stimulates testosterone secretion Q.85 What would happen if vasa deferentia of man
(2) Inhibits further ovulation are cut ? [MPPMT-1993]
(3) Leads to degeneration of ovary (1) Sperms are non-nucleate
(4) Inhibits fusion of egg and sperm nuclei (2) Spermatogenesis does not occur
Q.78 Graffian follicles contain [MPPMT-1992] (3) Semen is without sperms
(1) Corpus luteum (4) Sperms are nonmotile
(2) Corpus albicans Q.86 Human sperm was discovered by-
(3) Theca externa and theca interna [DPMT-1996]
(4) Oogonial cells (1) Leeuwenhoek (2) Aristotle
Q.79 Bartholin's glands occurs in- [MPPMT-1992] (3) Graaf (4) Pander
(1) Females and help in vestibular lubrication
Q.87 Prostate gland produces a secretion for-
(2) Females and produce oestrogen for
[BHU-1996]
regulating secondary sexual characters
(1) Attracting sperms
(3) Males and form liquid part of spermatic
(2) Stimulating sperm activity
field
(3) Attractive egg
(4) Males and produce alkaline fluid for
neutralising urethral acidity

Q.88 Corpus luteum secretes- Q.96 Progesterone level falls leading to-
[Pb.PMT-1997, AMU-2001] [MPPMT-2000]
(1) LH (2) Estrogen (1) Gestation (2) Menopasue
(3) Progesterone (4) FSH (3) Lactation (4) Mensturation
Q.97 Head of epididymis present at head of testis is-
Q.89 In case of nonfertilization, corpus luteum-
[CPMT-2000]
[CPMT-1997]
(1) Caput epididymis (2) Cauda epidiymis
(1) Stops secreting progesterone
(3) Vas deferens (4) Gubernaculum
(2) Changes to corpus albicans
Q.98 Human female reaches menopause at the age
(3) Starts producing progesterone
of about- [AFMC-2000]
(1) 25 years (2) 35 years
Q.90 After ovulation, Graafian follicle forms- (3) 50 years (4) 70 years
[CBSE-1999] Q.99 Glands secreting male sex hromone are-
(1) Corpus luteum (2) Corpus albicans [Pub. PMT-2000]
(3) Corpus artesia (4) Corpus callosum (1) Leydig cells
(2) Seminiferous tubules
Q.91 Seminal vesicles are located in-
(3) Vasa deferentia
[Manipal-1999]
(4) Testes
(1) Caput epidydimis
Q.100 Estrogen is secreted by- [Hr. PMT-2000]
(2) Uterus
(1) Corpus luteum
(3) Above Cowper's glands
(2) Graafian follicle
(4) Glans penis
(3) Germinal epithelium of ovary
Q.92 Number of eggs released in the life time of a (4) Pitiutary
woman is approximately- Q.101 Phase of menstrual cyle when ovulation occurs
[Karnataka-1999] in- [Wardha-2001]
(1) 40 (2) 400 (1) Luteal (2) Menstrual
(3) 4000 (4) 20000 (3) Proliferative (4) Secretory
Q.93 Correct sequence of hormone secretion from Q.102 Antrum is cavity for- [Karnataka-2001]
beginning of menstruation is- (1) Ovary (2) Graafian follicle
[AIIMS-1999,Orissa-04] (3) Blastula (4) Gastrula
(1) FSH, progesterone, estrogen Q.103 Testes descent into scrotum in mammals for-
(2) Estrogen, FSH, progesterone [AFMC-2001]
(3) FSH, estrogen, progesterone (1) Spermatogenesis
(4) Esterogen, progesterone, FSH (2) Fertilization
Q.94 Graafian follicle contains- [MPPMT-2000] (3) Development of sex organs
(1) Many oocytes (4) Development of visceral organs
(2) Many sperms Q.104 Which grouping has gestation period in
(3) A single oocyte decreasing order- [Hr. PMT-2002]
(4) Site for egg fertilisation (1) Cow, Horse, Goat, Monkey and Swine/Pig
Q.95 Mullerian duct is- [MPPMT-2000] (2) Horse, Cow, Goat, Monkey and Swine
(1) Ureter (2) Urethra (3) Monkey, Cow, Horse, Goat and Swine
(3) Sperm duct (4) Oviduct (4) Monkey, Horse, Goat, Cow and Swine

Q.105 Hormone controlling human menstrual cycle- (1) a-membrana granulosa, b-thea interna,
[CBSE-2002] c-ovum, d-cumulus oophorus,
(1) Estrogen (2) FSH e-antrum, f-theca, externa
(3) LH (4) All the above (2) a-theca externa, b-theca interna,
Q.106 Phase of menstrual cycle in human that lasts c-ovum, d-membrana granulosa,
for 7-8 days is- [AIIMS-2003] e-antrum, f-cumulus oophorus
(1) Follicular phase (2) Ovulatory phase (3) a-theca externa, b-theca interna,
(3) Luteal phase (4) Menstruation c-ovum, d-cumulus oophorus,
Q.107 Menstruation is caused by- [D.PMT-2003] e-antrum, f-membrana granulosa
(1) Increase in FSH level (4) a - membrana granulosa, b-theca externa
(2) Fall in oxytocin level c-ovum, d-cumulus oophorus, e-antrum,
(3) Fall in progesterone level f-theca interna
(4) Increase in oestrogen level Q.113 Oral contraceptives are used by females to
Q.108 The hormone that prevents ovulation and check [DPMT 2010, CET Chd. 2010]
formation of corpus luteum is- [B.V. 2003] (1) Implantation (2) Fertilization
(1) Progesterone (2) Estrogen (3) Ovulation
(3) LH (4) FSH (4) Entry of sperms in vagina
Q.109 Nutritive cells of seminiferous tubules are- Q.114 Role of Leyding cells is
[Keral-2003] [Manipal 2004, CET Chd. 2010]
(1) Nourishment of sperms
(1) Leydig cells
(2) Provide motility to sperms
(2) Sertoli cells
(3) Bring about maturation of sperms
(3) Atretic follicular cells (4) Synthesis of testosterone hormone
(4) Spermatogonial cells Q.115 Amniocentesis is employed for determining
Q.110 The animal in which testes descent into [CPMT 2009]
scrotum only during breeding season- (1) Hereditary abnormality is embryo
[AFMC-2004] (2) Cardiac ailments of embryo
(1) Frog (2) Kangaroo (3) Errors in amino acid metabolism in embryo
(3) Shrew (4) Bat (4) All the above
Q.111 In uterus endometrium, proliferates in response Q.116 Stage of sperm before entry into ovum/a pre-
to- [Kerala-2004] fertilisation process is
(1) Relaxin (2) Oxytocin [JIPMER 2004, MHTCET 2008]
(3) Progesterone (4) Oestrogen (1) Maturation (2) Insemination
(5) LH (3) Capacitation (4) Fertilization
Q.117 Testosterone is secreted by [Bih. PMT 2004,
Q.112 In the diagram of section of Graafian follicle,
JKCMEE/CET Chd. 2007]
different parts are indicated by alphabets.
(1) Sertoli cells
Choose the correct combination-
(2) Leydig/interstitial cells
[Karnataka-2004]
(3) Seminiferous cells
(4) All the above
c Q.118 Pattern of cleavage in egg of Frog is
f [CPMT 2005, Manipur 2009]
e (1) Meroblastic
a
b (2) Holoblastic unequal
d (3) Holoblastic equal (4) All the above

Q.119 In the urinogenital system one of the following Q.130 Which are haploid? [KCET 2005]
part is present in males and not in females (1) Spermatogonial cells
[CPMT 2005] (2) Germinal epithelial cells
(1) Urethra (2) Fallopian tube (3) Secondary spermatocytes
(3) Vagina (4) Vas deferens (4) Primary spermatocytes
Q.120 Number of sperms formed from four Q.131 Sertoli cells secrete a hormone [KCET 2005]
spermatocytes is [CPMT 2005] (1) Gonadortropin (2) Testosterone
(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 16 (4) 32 (3) Relaxin (4) Inhibin
Q.121 Fertilization was discovered by[Wardha 2005] Q.132 Germ cells in female gonad and male gonad
(1) Strasburger (2) Robert Brown begin undergoing meiosis simultaneously.
(3) Lamarck (4) Darwin What will be ratio of ova and sperms
Q.122 Macrolecihal eggs are characterised by [KCET 2005, Orissa 2008]
[Manipal 2005] (1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2
(1) Little yolk (2) Abundant yolk (3) 1 : 4 (4) 2 : 1
(3) Entry of sperm (4) Pattern of cleavage Q.133 Grey crescent is the area [CBSE 2005]
Q.123 In human females, ova are produced in (1) At the point of entry of sperm into ovum
[MPPMT 2005] (2) At the animal pole
(1) Ovarian follicles (2) Oviduct (3) Just opposite the site of entry of sperm into
(3) Uterus (4) Vagina ovum
Q.124 Hormone that prepares and maintains the (4) At the vegetal pole
uterus during pregnancy is produced by Q.134 Which is correctly matched in a normal
[EAMCET 2005, WB 2005, MHTCET 2008] menstrual cycle? [AIIMS 2005]
(1) Corpus albicans (2) Corpus luteum (1) Endometrium regenerates – 5 to 10 days
(3) Graafian follicles (4) Corpora cardiaca (2) Release of egg – 5th day
Q.125 At menopause there is rise in urinary (3) Endometrium secretes nutrients for
[Orissa 2005] implantation – 11 to 18 days
(4) Rise in progesterone level – 1 to 15 days
(1) FSH (2) STH
Q.135 Which of the following is immortal?
(3) MSH (4) LH
Q.126 Delivery of developed foetus is [BHU 2005]
[Orissa 2005, Kerala 2010] (1) Somatic cell (2) Germ cell
(3) Glomerular cell (4) Cells of pituitary
(1) Ovulation (2) Oviposition
(3) Parturition (4) Abortion Q.136 Extra structure that provides nutritaion to
Q.127 Abnormal condition when mammae of man embryo is [BHU 2005]
become female like [Orissa 2005] (1) Umbilicus (2) Amnion
(1) Feminisation (2) Gynochorium (3) Choriom (4) placenta
(3) Gynoesism (4) Gynaecomastia Q.137 Spermatogonia develop through division
Q.128 Which is not formed by Wolffian duct? [Har. PMT 2006]
[DPMT 2005] (1) Ovary (2) Ovum
(1) Epididymis (2) Vas deferens (3) Sperm (4) Zygote
(3) Ejaculatory duct (4) Oviduct Q.138 Spermatogonia develop through division
Q.129 Which are derivatives of endoderm? [Har. PMT 2005]
[KCET 2005] (1) Amitosis (2) Mitosis
(1) Muscles and blood (3) Meiosis I (4) Meiosis II
(2) Alimentary canal and respiratory organs Q.139 Graafian follicles occur in [Har. PMT 2005]
(3) Excretory and reproductive organs (1) Ovary (2) Testis
(4) Skin and never cord (3) Egg (4) Sperm

Q.140 Twin develops from [Har. PMT 2005] Q.149 Which of the following can reproduce without
(1) Defferent zygotes (2) Defferent ova using mitosis [KCET 2006]
(3) Different sperms (4) Same zygote (1) Amoeba (2) Hydra
Q.141 Ovulation occurs in and on [Har. PMT 2005] (3) Sycon (4) Tapeworm
(1) Ovary (2) About 14th day Q.150 Which secretions are produced by spermatozoa
(3) Both A and B (4) None of these at the time of fertilization [KCTE 2006]
Q.142 Low level of progesterone and estrogen (1) Fertilizin and spermlysin
stimulates production of [AMU 2005] (2) Only spermlysin
(1) FSH-LH (2) LH (3) Fertilizin and antifertilizin
(4) Antifertilizin and spermlysin
(3) GH (4) All the above
Q.151 Which reperesents a condition of highly
Q.143 Due to presence of large amount of yolk,
reduced motility [KCET 2006]
zygote divides into two incomplete halves.
(1) Azospermia (2) Polyspermy
This type of cleavage does not occur in (3) Oligospermia (4) Asthenospermia
[Manipur 2005] Q.152 Oxytocin is helpful in [COMED-K’S 2006]
(1) Peacok, Duck-billed Platypus and (1) Semen formation (2) Parturition
Crocodile (3) Diuresis
(2) Jungle Fowl, Dove and Duck (4) Molecular development
(3) Amphioxus, Salmander and Rana Q.153 Ectoderm forms [COMED-K’S 2006]
(4) Hemidactylus, Calotes and Varanus (1) Bones and muscles
Q.144 Which is incorrect about the process of (2) Lining of gut and respiratory organs
(3) Enamel of teeth and cornea of eye
gestrulation [Manipur 2005]
(4) Gonads and blood vessels
(1) Movement and rearrangement of cells
Q.154 Cleidoic eggs occur in [COMED-K’S 2006]
(2) Rapid division of cells by mitotic cell (1) Fishes and reptiles
division (2) Fishes and amphibians
(3) Formation of three germinal layers (3) Amphibians and reptiles
(4) Formation of archenteron (4) Birds and some mammals
Q.145 Withdrawal of which hormone is the Q.155 In organisms, shape of foetus is determined by
immediate cause of menstruation [CBSE 2006] [RPMT 2006]
(1) Estrogen (2) FSH (1) Organogenesis (2) Blastula
(3) Morphogenesis (4) Reproduction
(3) FSH-RH (4) Progesterone
Q.156 Energy centre of sperm is [RPMT 2006]
Q.146 Blastopore occurs in [Bih. PMT 2006]
(1) Head (2) Middle piece
(1) Gastrula (2) Blastula
(3) Entire sperm (4) Tail
(3) Blastocoel (4) Morula Q.157 Fusion of sperm and ovum is [RPMT 2006]
Q.147 Mesoderm is formed through invagination of (1) Amphimixis (2) Regeneration
[Guj. PMT 2006] (3) Fertilization (4) None of the above
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm Q.158 Hormaphrodite animal is [Manipur 2006]
(3) Inner mass of cells (4) Primitive streak (1) Spider (2) Honey Bee
Q.148 Secretion of which structure prepares the inner (3) Ascaris (4) Leech
Q.159 Embryonic connective tissue is formed from
wall of uterus for implantation
[CET Chd. 2006]
[Guj. PMT 2006]
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm
(1) Ovary (2) Corpus luteum
(3) Mesenchyma (4) Mesogloea
(3) Pituitary gland (4) Ovarian follicle

Q.160 Embryo at 16-called stage is called Q.168 A protective layer around testes is
[BHU 2006, CPMT 2008] [MHTCET 2007]
(1) Morula (2) Blastula (1) Tunica adventitia (2) Tunica vasculosa
(3) Blastomere (4) Gastrula (3) Tunica media (4) Tunica albuginea
Q.161 Which one is the safest method of birth control Q.169 Sperm capacitation involves [MHTCET 2007]
[KCET 2006] (1) Change in shape
(2) Release of mitochondria
(1) Termination of nonwanted pregnancy
(3) Removal of membrane fatty acids
(2) Sterilisation techniques
(4) Hyaluronic acid
(3) The rhythm method
Q.170 Accessory genital gland found only in males is
(4) Use of physical barriers
Q.162 Under favourable conditions encysted Amoeba [KCET 2007]
divids by multiple fission form many (1) Cowper’s gland (2) Bartholin gland
(3) Perineal gland (4) Prostate gland
pseudopodiospores. The phenomenon is
Q.171 Release of second polar body from human egg
[HPPMT 2007] occurs [COMED-K’s 2007]
(1) Sporulation (2) Fragmentation (1) After entry of sperm
(3) Regeneration (4) Budding (2) After fertilization
Q.163 Which one shows longitudnal binary fission (3) Before sperm entry
[Kerala 2007] (4) With no relation to sperm entry
(1) Euglena (2) Plasmodium Q.172 Cell division that occurs in zygote is called
(3) Planaria (4) Paramecium [JKCMEE 2007]
(5) Hydra (1) Meiosis (2) Mitosis
Q.164 Which one is wrong [Kerala 2007] (3) Cleavage (4) Differentiation
(1) Amnion is the outer layer containing Q.173 Layers of ovum from outside to inside are
amniotic fliud that acts as a shick absorber [CPMT 2007]
for soft embryo
(1) Corona radiata, zona pellucida, vitelline
(2) Amnion and chorion develop as upward membrane
projecting folds of somatopleure called
(2) Zona pellucida, corona radiata, vitelline
amniotic folds membrane
(3) In mammals, allantosis is not excretory in (3) Vitelline membrane, zona pellucida,
function corona radiata
(4) Yolk sac is a foetal membrane that help in (4) Zona pellucida, vitelline membrane,
nourishment of embryo in general corona radiata
(5) Chorio-allantoic membrane develops villi Q.174 Which layer of embryo is formed first
and contributes much to the development
of placenta. [CPMT 2007, 2009, MHTCET 2009]
Q.165 Disintegration of corona radiata (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
[Guj. PMT 2007] (3) Endoderm (4) Both B and C
(1) LTH (2) FSH Q.175 LH phase occurs during phase of menstrual
(3) Progesterone (4) LH cycle [Orissa 2007]
Q.166 Which one holds corona radiata (1) Menstrual phase
[MHTCET 2007]
(2) Begining of proliferative phase
(1) Mucopolysaccharide
(3) Just before end of proliferation phase
(2) Oligosaccharide
(4) At the middle of the cycle
(3) Lipopolysaccharide
(4) Lipoprotein Q.176 Transverse bainary fission occurs in
Q.167 Greek word “sexus” means [MHTCET 2007] [DPMT 2007]
(1) Disjunction (2) Disintegration (1) Euglena (2) Amoeba
(3) Union (4) Both A and B (3) Hydra (4) Paramecium

Q.177 In which phase of cell division are oogonia Q.186 Notochord, skeletal system and dermis of skin
arrested [DPMT 2007] are derive from [KCET 2008]
(1) Anaphase II (2) Anaphase I (1) Mesoderm (2) Endoderm
(3) Interphase (4) Both A and B (3) Ectoderm (4) All the above
Q.178 Capacitation of sperms occurs in[DPMT 2007] Q.187 During embryogenesis archenteron is preceded
(1) Female genital tract by [COMED-K’s 2008]
(2) Vagina (1) Blastulation (2) Meuralation
(3) Vas efferens (4) Vas deferns (3) Gastrulation (4) Implantation
Q.179 Fertilization of ovum occurs in [DPMT 2007] Q.188 Eggs produced in a year by an ovary of
(1) Fimbriae of oviduct nonpregnant woman is [COMED-K’s 2008]
(2) Isthmus of oviduct (1) 12 (2) 6
(3) Amupulla of oviduct (3) 24 (4) 48
(4) None of the above Q.189 Sperms are produced in [Orissa 2008]
Q.180 Function of Sertoli cells is controlled by (1) Epididymis
[DPMT 2007, AFMC 2008] (2) Interstitial cells
(1) Estrogen (2) FSH (3) Prostate gland
(3) Testosterone (4) ACTH (4) Seminiferous tubules
Q.181 Which one functions as endocrine gland after Q.190 Which extraembryonic membrane in human
ovulation [CBSE 2007] prevents desiccation of embryo inside uterus?
(1) Stroma [CBSE 2008]
(2) Vitelline membrane (1) Yolk sac (2) Amnion
(3) Germinal epithelium (3) Chorion (4) Allantois
(4) Graafian follicle Q.191 Luteinising hormone is [MHTCET 2008]
Q.182 In human females, memstruation can be (1) Lactotropic (2) Mammotropic
defrred by administration of [CBSE 2007] (3) Non-mammotropic (4) Both A and B
(1) FSH and LH Q.192 Proximal centriole of sperm is found in
(2) Estrogen and progesterone [MHTCET 2008]
(1) Head (2) Neck
(3) FSH only
(3) Middle piece (4) Tail
(4) LH only
Q.193 Which provides nutrition to maturing sperms?
Q.183 Corpus spongiosum occurs in
[DPMT 2008, CPMT 2009]
[Har. PMT 2007] (1) Leydig cell (2) Scrotum
(1) Ovary (2) Penis (3) Epididymis (4) Sertoli cells
(3) Testis (4) Uterine wall Q.194 Extra structure which provides nutrition to
Q.184 Cytoplasm of ovum does not possess embryo is [BHU 2008]
[Har. PMT 2007] (1) Umbilicus (2) Chorion
(1) Golgi complex (2) Mitochondria (3) Placenta (4) Amnion
Q.195 Pick up the correct information about
(3) Centrosome (4) Ribosomes
menstrual cycle control [BHU 2008]
Q.185 Which one takes part in formation of placenta? A. Estrogen and progesterone of ovary
[Guj. CET 2008] B. FSH of pituitary
(1) Only trophoblast C. FSH and LH of pituitary
(2) Only allantois D. Oxytocin
(3) Trophoblast and mesoderm (1) 1, 2, 3 correct (2) 1, 2 correct
(3) 2, 4 correct (4) 1, 3 correct
(4) Trophoblast, mesoderm and allantois

Q.196 Pick up correct statement about organs with Q.203 Which is correctly matched? [CBSE 2009]
dual origin from embryonic layers[BHU 2008] (1) Menstruation. Breakdown of myometrium
A. Hypophysis B. Adrenal glands and ovum not fertilised
C. Sense organs D. Pancreas (2) Ovulation. LH and FSH attain peak level,
(1) 1, 2, 3 correct (2) 1, 2 correct sharp fall in secretion of progesterone
(3) 2, 4 correct (4) 1, 3 correct (3) Development of Corpus luteum. Secretory
Q.197 LH and FSH are collectively called phase and increased secretion of
[CPMT 2008] progesterone
(1) Oxytocin (2) Somatotropins (4) Proliferative Phase. Rapid regeneration of
(3) Gonadotropins (4) Luteotropins myometrium and maturation of Graafian
Q.198 Which hormone level reaches peak during follicle
luteal phase of menstrual cycle? Q.204 Seminal plasma of humans is rich in
[JKCMEE 2008] [CBSE 2009, 2010]
(1) Fructose and certain enzymes, poor in Ca2+
(1) Luteininsing hormone
(2) Fructose, Ca2+ and certain enzymes
(2) Progesterone
(3) Fructose, Ca2+ and certain enzymes
(3) Follicle stimulating hormone
(4) Glucose certain enzymes but no Ca2+
(4) Estrogen
Q.205 32-celled stage of human embryo is
Q.199 Arrange the events in human female
[AMU 2009]
reproductive cycle [KCET 2009]
(1) Smaller than fertilized egg
a-Secretion of FSH, b-Growth of corpus
(2) Same size as fertilized egg
luteum, c-Growth of follicle and oogenesis,
(3) Two times the size of fertilized egg
d-Ovulation, e-Sudden increase in level of LH
(4) Four times the fertilised egg
(1) a → c → e → d → b
Q.206 Besides activating egg, another role of sperm is
(2) c → a → d → b → e to carry [Orissa 2009]
(3) a → d → c → e → b (1) RNA (2) Ribosomes
(4) b → a → c → d → e (3) Mitochondria (4) DNA
Q.207 In females, hormone inhibin is secreted by
Q.200 Which one is initiated by secretion of
[AMU 2009]
trophoblast? [COMED-K’s 2009] (1) Granulosa cells and corpus luteum
(1) Blastulation (2) Implantation (2) Granulosa and theca cells
(3) Cleavage (4) Gastrulation (3) Granulosa and cumulus oophorus cells
(4) Granulosa cells and zona pellucida
Q.201 “Saheli”, an oral contraceptive for females,
Q.208 Match the column and find the correct
was developed by combination [Kerala 2009]
[CET Chd. 2009, HPPMT 2010] I II
(1) AIIMS, Dehli (2) IICB, Kolkata A. Hypothalamus 1. Sperm lysins
(3) SG PGI Lucknow (4) CDRI, Lucknow B. Acrosome 2. Estrogen
Q.202 Foetal ejection reflex in human female is C. Graafian follicle 3. Relaxin
induced by [CBSE 2009, 2010] D. Leydig cells 4. Gn RH
(1) Release of oxytocin from pituitary E. Parturition 5. Testosterone
(2) Pressure exerted by amniotic fluid (1) A – 2, B – 1, C – 4, D – 3, E – 5
(2) A – 4, B – 1, C – 2, D – 5, E – 3
(3) Differentiation of mammary glands
(3) A – 2, B – 1, C – 5, D – 4, E – 3
(4) Fully developed foetus and placenta
(4) A – 5, B – 1, C – 2, D – 3, E – 5

Q.209 Type of asexual reproduction found in Hydra Q.217 Morphogrnrtic movements take place during
is [Kerala 2009] [MHTCET 2010]
(1) Gemmule formation (1) Formation of morula
(2) Sporulation (2) Blastulation
(3) Binary fission (4) Budding (3) Gastrulation
(4) Organogenesis
Q.210 Accessory glands associated with genital
Q.218 Gastrula has a pore known as
organs of female are [Kerala 2009]
[KCET 2010]
(a) Vestibular or Bartholin’s
(1) Zoospore (2) Oospore
(b) Cowper’s (3) Gonospore (4) Blastopore
(c) Amupullary (d) Vesicular Q.219 In the absence of acrosome the sperm
(1) a, b (2) a only [KCET 2010]
(3) b,c (4) d only (1) Cannot penetrate the egg
(5) c only (2) Cannot get food
Q.211 Connective tissue around seminiferous tubles (3) Cannot get energy
posses endocrine cells called (4) Cannot swim
[MHTCET 2009] Q.220 Hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, is
(1) Leydig cells [COMED-K’s 2010]
(1) Placenta
(2) Sertoli cells
(2) Ovary
(3) Pimary germ cells (4) Both A and B
(3) Antherior pituitary gland
Q.212 Multicellular, multinucleate, irregular mass of (4) Posterior pituitary gland
embryo which pass into uterine wall is Q.221 Isogamy is found in [CET Chd. 2010]
[MHTCET 2009] (1) Hydra (2) Monocystis
(1) Ectoderm (3) Plasmodium (4) Planaria
(2) Endoderm Q.222 Metadiscoidal placenta is found in
(3) Syncytiotrophoblast [CET Chd. 2010]
(4) Amnion (1) Humans (2) Cow
Q.213 Which gland is absent in reproductive system (3) Pig (4) Rabbit
of Rabbit [CPMT 2010] Q.223 In humans the oocyte is maintained in a state
of meiotic arrest by the secretion of
(1) Cowper’s gland (2) Perineal gland
[AMU 2010]
(3) Collateral gland (4) Prostate gland (1) Granulosa cells
Q.214 Various parts of male urethra are (2) Zona pellucida
[MHTCET 2010] (3) Cumulus oophorus
(1) Prostatic, bulbourethral and ejaculatory (4) Theca
(2) Prostatic, membranous and penile Q.224 Identical twins are also known as[Orissa 2010]
(3) Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (1) Monozygotic twins
(4) Prostatic, bulbourethral and glans (2) Dizygotic twins
Q.215 What is false? [MHTCET 2010] (3) Fraternal twins
(1) Menarche is beginning of menstruation (4) Both B and C
(2) Menstruation is shedding of endometrial Q.225 In human the unpaired male reproductive
lining structure is [Kerala 2010]
(3) Menopause occurs in the beginning of (1) Testis (2) Seminal vesicle
puberty (3) Spermatic cord (4) None
(4) Ovulation occurs under high titre of LH Q.226 Mammalian blastula is known as
Q.216 The cavity contained in Graafian follicle is
[MPPMT 2010]
[MHTCET 2010]
(1) Trophoderm (2) Blastocyst
(1) Antrum (2) Centrocoel
(3) Foetal blastula (4) Oedema
(3) Blastocoel (4) Archenteron

Q.227 Acrosome of sperm contains [MPPMT 2010] Q.238 Which one is not characterof heamochorial
(1) Hydrolytic enzymes placenta [Guj. CET 2010]
(2) DNA (1) CO2 and excretory products pass from
(3) Fructose foetus to mother’s body
(4) Mitochondria (2) O2 and nutrients from mother’s body enter
Q.228 Radial cleavage is found in [MPPMT 2010]
the foetus
(1) Tunicates (2) Protozoans
(3) Chorion villi are covered by blood sinuses
(3) Coelenterates (4) Annelids
of mother
Q.229 In mesolecithal egg the cleavage is
[MPPMT 2010] (4) It protects foetus from mechanical shocks
(1) Meroblastic (2) Unequal holoblastic Q.239 The figure given below shows a small part of
(3) Equal holoblastic (4) None of the above human lung where exchange of gases takes
Q.230 Cavity formed during gastrulation is place. Select the option which represents
[MPPMT 2010] labelled part (A, B, C or D) correctly identiffed
(1) Primitive gut (2) Gastrocoel along with its function. [CPMT 2011]
(3) Archenteron (4) All the above (1) C : arterial capillary - passes oxygen to tissues
Q.231 Menstual phase is followed by [HPPMT 2010] (2) A : alveolar wall - main site of exchange of
(1) Luteal phase (2) Follicular phase respiratory gases
(3) Fertilization (4) Implantation (3) D : capillary wall - exhange of O 2 and CO 2
Q.232 Which of the following cannot be considered takes
as assisted reproductive technology (4) B : red blood cells - transport of CO 2
[HPPMT 2010] mainly.
(1) Diaphragm (2) Lippe’s loop Q.240 A large proportion of oxygen remains unused
(3) Cervical cap (4) Vault in the human blood even after its uptake by the
Q.233 Which of the following cannot be considered body tissue. this O 2 . [CPMT 2011]
as assisted reproductive technology (1) Acts as a reserve during muscular exercise
[HPPMT 2010] (2) Raises the pCO 2 of blood to 75 mm of Hg.
(1) In vitro fertilization (IVF) (3) Is enough to keep oxyhaemoglobin
(2) Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) saturation at 96%
(3) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) (4) Helps in releaising more O 2 to the
(4) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) epithelial tissues.
Q.234 Internal cavity formed by cell division prior to
Q.241 If for some reason, the vasa efferentia in the
gastrulation is [DPMT 2010]
human reproductive system get blocked, the
(1) Enteron (2) Blastopore
gametes will not be tranported from
(3) Blastocoel (4) Coelom
[CPMT 2011]
Q.235 Foetal movements and appearance of hair on
(1) Testes to epididymis
head occur in ........ month of pregnancy
(2) Epididymis to vas deferens
[CBSE 2010]
(1) Fifth (2) Sixth (3) Ovary to uterus (4) Vagina to uterus
(3) Third (4) Fourth Q.242 The testes in humans are situated outside the
Q.236 Part of fallopian tube closest to ovary is abdominal cavity inside a pouch called
[CBSE 2010] scrotum. The purpose served is for
(1) Infundibulum (2) Cervix [CPMT 2011]
(3) Ampulla (4) Isthmus (1) Maintaining the scrotal temperature lower
Q.237 In which of the following asexual than the internal body temperature
reproduction, a maternal cell produces (2) Escaping any possible compression by the
innumerable unicellular uninucleate offspring visceral organs
[Guj. PMT 2010] (3) Providing more space for the growth of
epididymis
(1) Sporulation (2) Fragmentation
(4) providing a secondary sexual feature for
(3) Parthenogenesis (4) Multiple fission
exhibiting the male sex.

Q.243 The figure given below depicts a diagrammatic Q.244 What is the figure given below showing in
sectional view of the human female particular ? [AIPMT PRE 2012]
reproductive system. Which set of three parts
out of I-VI have been correctly identified?
[CPMT 2011]
(1) Uterine cancer (2) Tubectomy

(3) Vasectomy (4) Ovarian cancer
(1) (II) endometrium, (III) infundibulum, (IV) Q.245 Singnals for parturition originate from :
fimbriae [AIPMT PRE 2012]
(2) (III) infundibulum, (IV) fimbriae, (v)
(1) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary
cervix
(3) (IV) oviducal funnel, (V) uterus, (VI) (2) Placenta only
cervix (3) Fully developed foetus only
(4) (I) perimetrium, (II) myometrium, (III) (4) Both placenta as well as fully developed
Fallopian tube foetus
ANSWER-KEY
EXERCISE – 3
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 3 2 2 1 4 1 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 4 1 4 4 3 1
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 3 4 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 3 3 3 3 4 2 4
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 3 2 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 1 2 4 4 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 3 4 2
Que. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 3 2 1 2 4 1 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 4 3
Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 1 2 1 2 1 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 2
Que. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
Ans. 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 1
Que. 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
Ans. 2 1 1 3 4 1 3 4 3 4 1 3 1 3 4 4 2 1 3 2
Que. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Ans. 4 2 2 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 3 4 1 3 2 1 2
Que. 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
Ans. 4 4 3 2 2 4 1 2 4 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 1 1
Que. 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
Ans. 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 4 4 2 2
Que. 241 242 243 244 245
Ans. 1 1 3 2 4

EXERCISE – 4 AIIMS SPECIAL
These questions consist of two statements Q.6 A : In ovarian cycle corpus luteum is exocrine
each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While gland.
answering to choose any one of the following R : It secretes the pheromones.
four responses. Q.7 A : Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum
causes sterility in man.
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the
R : Higher temperature of the abdomen than in
reason is correct explanation of the
the scrotum is suitable for sperm development
Assertion.
Q.8 A : Primary mammalian follicle are called graffian
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are True but follicle.
Reason is not a correct explanation of the R : These were discovered & described by graaf.
Assertion. Q.9 A : Corpus albicans is inactive structure which
(3) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False. found in the ovary.
R : Corpus albicans secretes the progesteron
(4) If both Assertion & Reason are false.
hormone after ovulation.
Q.10 A : Placenta functions as a temporary endocrine
Q.1 A : In post natal life, oocyte development occurs
gland during development of embryo
in mature follicle.
R : Placenta produces pheromones.
R : After ovulation, graafian follicle transforms in
Q.11 A : Menarche starts at the age of puberty.
corpus luteum.
R : After birth oocyte is matured and developed in
Q.2 A : Placenta is combined structure of foetal tissue
Graffian follicle.
& maternal tissue.
Q.12 A : Corpus leuteum present in proliferative phase
R : Placenta formation is completed before 6 week
of menstrual cycle.
Q.3 A : Seminal vesicle is called as accessory sex organ
R : High concentration of present in proliferative
of male.
phase.
R : Seminal vesicle conserve sperm energy &
Q.13 A : Testes are situated in the extra abdominal
provide fuel to sperm.
cavity.
Q.4 A : Testes are retroperitoneal organ in man.
R : Spermatogenesis process required less
R : Peritoneal layer covers the testes on dorsal
temperature as compared to body temperature.
side.
Q.5 A : Cervix contain most weak sphincter muscle in
the body.
R : Cervix open into fallopian by os-external.
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 4
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. 2 3 1 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 4 1

Bansal Quick Review Table
Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, striks off them in the manner so
that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.
COLUMN : A COLUMN : B
EXERCISE NO. Question I am unable to Good / Important

solve in first attempt questions
Exercise # 1
Exercise # 2
Exercise # 3
Exercise # 4
Other Exercise
Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is very difficult to
solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.

EMBRYOLOGY
INTRODUCTION :
Embryology term was coined by Aristotle. Study of embryogenesis is known as Embryology.

Development Biology : This branch deals with study of complete development of organism. Development
continues till death.
Prenatal Development - Development before the birth. Post-natal Development - Development after the
birth.
The pre-natal development of animals is known as Ontogeny. This is of two types-
(1) Zygotic : Animals develop by sexual reproduction.
The animals which are produced through zygote is known as oozoids.
Oozoids have more survival as compared to blastozoids. Oozoids have genetic variations.
The development of animals through zygote is known as embryogenesis.
(2) Blastematic : Animals develops by any asexual structure known as blastema. Eg. Buds in Hydra.
Animals which are produced through blastema are known as blastozoids.
Development of animals through blastema is known as blastogenesis.
HISTORY OF EMBRYOLOGY :
(1) Aristotle is known as ''Father of Embryology'' he first studied the development in chick and other
embryos. He gave its description in his book ''Historia Animalia''.
(2) Leeuvenhock (1671) - He observed and described human sperm for the first time.
- According to Hartsoeker and Leeuvenhock there is a small model of developing animals present in the
head of the sperm of that animal. This small model is called homunculus. Both these scientists are called
spermists, and this theory is called '' Theory of spermist ''.
(3) Swammer Dame, Haller, Bonette & Malpighi : - According to these scientists, small model of animal is
always present in the egg. These scientists are called Ovists, and their theory is known as 'Ovists theory'
(4) Schleiden & Schwann : - Both the scientists established the cellular structure of egg and sperm.
(5) Pander : - He described the presence of three germinal layers in chick embryo.
(6) Fredrich Wolff : - He first presented the ''theory of epigenesis''.
(7) Muller : - He gave the recapitulation theory.
(8) Haeckel : - He gave the details of Recapitulation theory and named it as the bio-genetic law.
- Bio-genetic Law : - According to this each organism during its embryonal development, passes through
all stages, through which its species has evolved or embryo repeats its ancestry. i.e. Ontogeny recapitulates
its Phylogeny.
(9) ''Carl Ernest Von Baer'' : - He is known as the ''father of modern embryology.'' He gave the Baer's Law
which in turn proves the recapitulation theory.
According to this law, during embryonal development, the development of general structures takes place
earlier and specific structures develop at last or later on.
Embryology [60]

(10) A. Weismann : - He gave the theory of germplasm or the theory of continuity of germplasm.
According to him, there are 2 types of protoplasm in the body of animals : -
(i) Somatoplasm (ii) Germplasm
Somatoplasm dies but the germplasm is never destroyed, rather it is transferred to the progenies.
(11) Wilhelim : - He studied embryonal development in frog and gave the mosaic theory.
- He said that there are some presumptive areas in the eggs of frog. These areas form specific
structures during embryonal development. This is termed as ''Promorphology .'' and these type of eggs
are termed as the mosaic eggs.
(12) Hand Driesch : - He studied embryonal development is sea-urchin and gave the regulative theory.
- In the eggs of Sea-Urchin presumptive areas are not found i.e. promorphology is not found. So, each
part of the egg is capable of forming the complete embryo. These type of eggs are termed as regulative
eggs.
(13) Hans Driesch : - He studied embryonal development in sea-urchin and gave the regulative theory.
- In the eggs of Sea-Urchin presumptive areas are not found i.e. promorphology is not found. So,
each part of the egg is capable of forming the complete embryo. These type of eggs are termed as
regulative eggs.
(14) Boveri & Child : -
They gave the gradient theory to explain the mosaic development in eggs.
According to them, a metabolic gradient is present inside the eggs.
Different parts of the egg have different metabolic rates.
The rate of metabolism is faster at the animal-pole of the egg and is slower at the vegital pole of the
egg.
(15) Spemann :- He gave the ''Theory of organizers''.

- According to it embryo has some special type of tissues, which induce development of some
specific structures.
These are termed as the organizers.
- These organizers secrete some special chemicals called evocators which induce the formation of
specific structures.
- Spemann got the Nobel prize for his theory of organizers.
(16) R.V. Graff : -

- He studied a follicle in human ovary and termed it as ''Graafian follicle''
FORMATION OF GAMETES / GAMETOGENESIS :

Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates gametogenesis. Besides this hormone vitamin E is also essential
for gametogenesis. Deficiency of vitamin E leads to sterility. Vitamin A is also required for the formation
of healthy gametes.
Embryology [61]

Gemetogenesis is divided in three stages :
(i) Multiplication phase (ii) Growth phase (iii) Maturation phase.
As there are two types of gametes, the spermatozoa and ova, gametogenesis can be studied under two
broad headings : spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the formation of spermatozoa,
whereas oogenesis is the formation of ova. Both spermatozoa and ova originate from primordial germ
cells or PGCs, which are extra-gonadal in origin. In humans, the PGCs originate during early embryonic
development from the extra-embryonic mesoderm. Eventually, they migrate to the yolk sac endoderm, and
ultimately, to the gonads of the developing embryo, where they undergo further development. You can
recall that spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes of oogenesis occurs in the
follicles of ovary. Formation of gametes starts at puberty.
SPERMATOGENESIS :
Spermoatogenesis : i.e. formation of sperms. In most of the animals spermatogenesis takes place in testes,
(exception-earthworm). Mammalian testes contain seminiferous tubules and wall of seminiferous tubule is
composed of germinal epithelium. It contains some special types of cells called primordial germ cells and
these cells start spermatogenesis. On the basis of origin, primordial germ cells are extra embryonic
mesodermal. Besides these cells, germinal epithelium contains some large sized cell called sertoli cells.
Occurrence of sertoli cells is the unique feature of mammalian testis. Sertoli cells provide nutrition of
developing sperm i.e. developing sperms are embedded in cytoplasm of sertoli cells and absorb nutrition.
After maturation sperms comes out from sertoli cells and librate in seminiferous tubules.
Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells is called spermiation.
Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination.
Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation.
Mammalian sperms are transferred to vagina of female by the process called insemination.
Sertoli cells form 'blood testes barrier' and protect the sperm from immune system of the body. because
antibody may attach on haploid cells and destroy them. (Sperms are haploid and other cells of body are
diploid).
Sertoli cells function as an endocrine gland i.e. secrete three type of hormones :
(i) Antimullerian hormone : function of this hormone is degradation of female gonads in male embryo. (In
male seminal vesicle is the ruminant part of oviduct of female).
(ii) Inhibin hormone : Function of this hormone is to control excess secretion of pituitary gland
to prevent the over-production of sperms.
(iii) Androgen binding protein : Function of this hormone is to concentrate testosterone in seminiferous
tubules because testosterone is must for spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules.
STEPS OF SPERMATOGENESIS :
Spermatozoa are formed in the wall of the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The various cell-stages in
spermatogenesis are as follows (the number of chromosomes at each stage is given in brackets)
Embryology [62]

An adult male produces over 1012 to 1013 sperm cells each day. These gradually move into the epididymis
and the first portion of the vas deferens, where they undergo further maturation and are stored.
A. The spermatogonia (type A) or germ cells (44 X + Y) divide mitotically, to give rise to more
spermatogonia of type A (spermatogenic lineage) and also spermatogonia of type B.
B. The spermatogonia (type B) (44 + X + Y) enlarge, to from primary spermatocytes (spermato cytogeneis)
C. The primary spermatocytes (44 + X + Y) now divide so that each of them forms two secondary
spermatocytes. This is the first meiotic division. it reduces the number of chromosomes to half.
D. Each secondary spermatocyte has 22 + X or 22 + Y chromosomes. It divides to form two spermatids. This
is the second meiotic division and this time there is no reduction in chromosome number.
E. Each spermatid (22 + X or 22 + Y) gradually changes its shape to become a spermatozoon. This process
of transformation of a circular spermatid to a spermatozoon is called spermiogenesis/spermateleosis
Spermiogenesis
Embryology [63]

In spermiogenesis first, of all nucleus of spermatid shift at one side. Except chromatin material, all
the structures come out from nucleus as a result nucleus become small and light in weight. Then several golgi
vesicles gathered just above the nucleus. Some of the Golgi vesicles develop granules called
proacrosomal granules, such granule containing vesicle is called proacroblast. Rest of the golgi
vesicles are called golgirest, the golgirest dissolve in cytoplasm. All the proacroblast fuse and form large vesicle
called acroblast and it's granule is called acrosomal granule. Acroblast arranged just above the nucleus. Then
cytoplasm of spermatid starts moving towards posterior side. As a result, plasma membrane shrinks and gets
attached to acroblast and nucleus. Due to this head of sperm is formed. Now centriole starts forming axonema,
then all the mitochondria of spermatid are arranged in spiral order around axonema. In this way middle piece of
sperm is formed. Now axonema elongates towards posterior side and forms tail. Cytoplasm of spermatid
continuously flows towards posterior side.
Harmone control of spermatogonesis

(a) Interstial cells of leydig produces
testosterone that promotes sperms
foramtion.
(b) These interstitial cells of leydig are
triggered by ICSH = Interstitial cells
timulating harmone produced by anterior
lobe of pituitary. It is same as LH.
(c) Under the control of FSH and testosterone
sertoli cells secrete androgen binding
protein (ABP). It helps in concentrating
testosterone in seminiferous tubules.
(d) Sertoli cells also produces inhibin that
supress FSH.
(e) FSH acts on spermatogonia to stimulate
sperm formation.
(f) FSH and LH production by pitutary is
regulated by hypothalamus which
produces GnRF - gonadotropin releasing
harmone/factor.
(g) High level of testosterone negatively feed
back the GnRF from hypothalamus.
Structure of sperm :
The spermatozoon has a head, a middle piece and a tail. The head is covered by cap the acrosomic cap,
anterior nuclear cap, or galea capitis. Acrosome is a bag like structure filled with lytic enzymes called
spermlysins. In the anterior part of middle piece neck is present. The neck is narrow : it contains a
proximal & distal centriole (or Basal body). An axial filament begins just behind this centriole, it passes
through the middle piece and extends into the tail. At the point where the middle piece joins the tail, this
axial filament passes through a ring-like structure called the annulus (or ring centriole or zensons ring).
That part of the axial filament which lies in the middle piece, is surrounding by a spiral sheath made up of
mitochondria. (Nebenkern sheath)
Embryology [64]

Golgi apparatus forms the
acrosomic cap
HEAD
Nucleus forms Head
NECK
Mitochondria form the a heath
of the Midpiece
MIDDLE PIECE
Proximal centriole comes to lie
in the neck
Distal centriole becomes ring

shaped and forms the annulus
Axial filament grows out from

the centriole. It is present in
PRINCIPAL PIECE
middle piece and tail This is about tem times
long as as middle piece
Nuclear part of head of spermatozoa consist of chromatin (mostly DNA) that is extremely condensed. It
contains a basic nature protein called protamin.
The basal body is made up of nine segmented rod like structures each of which is continuous distally with
one coarse fibril of the axial filament.
The axial filament, that passes through the middle piece and most of the tail, is actually composed of
several fibrils arranged. There is a pair of central fibrils, surrounded by nine pairs (doublets) arranged in a
circle around the central pair (9+ 2). This arrangement of one central pair of fibrils surrounded by nine
doublets is covered by nine solid protein (making the arrangement as 9 + 9+ 2).
STRUCTURE OF A MATURE SPERMATOZOA
Structure of sperm
In the proximal tail part it is covered by only two solid protein fibres (therefore arrangement is 2 + 9 + 2), while
end part of tail has no protein covering (therefore arrangement is 9 +2). Immediately outside the fibrils
there is a fibrous health.
Embryology [65]

Middle piece (also called as the energy chamber) is surrounded by spirally arranged mitochondria
(Nebenkern sheath). Finally, the entire sperm is enclosed in a plasma membrane.
In humans sperm formation is completed in 74 days.
In one ejaculation 4 ml semen have 400 million sperms.
If sperm count is less = Oligospermia.
If there are dead sperms = Necrospermia.
If there are no sperm = Azoospermia.
OOGENESIS :
Fig. 2
Like spermatogenesis oogenesis process also can be divided into three stages :
(A) Multiplication (B) Growth phase (C) Maturation phase
(A) Multiplication phase : In this stage primordial germ cells or ovum mother cells repeatedly divide by
mitosis to form large number of diploid oogonia.
This process completes in embryo stage of female in most higher animals.
(B) Growth phase : Like spermatogenesis, in this process oogonia grow in size and form primary oocytes.
The growth phase is the longest phase oogenesis (except humans). During growth phase size of egg
increases many times.
During growth phase several changes occur in egg and all these changes are classified in 2 sub-stages
– Previtellogenesis
– Vitellogenesis
Previtellogenesis :
During previtellogenesis, changes occur in nucleus and cytoplasm of egg.
Changes in nucleus :
Embryology [66]

• Amount of nucleoplasm increases in nucleus.
• Number of nucleolus increase in nucleus.
• Formation of lamp brush chromosome starts.
• Activity of DNA increases in nucleus, as a result DNA become highly active and rapidly synthesizes
different types of RNA. Increased activity of DNA is called as Gene redundancy/Gene amplification. Due
to all these changes, size of nucleus increases and nucleus becomes vesicular. This vasicular nucleus is called
germinal vesicle .
Changes in cytoplasm :
In cytoplasm, rate of protein synthesis increases. Cytoplasm rapidly synthesises different type of protein and
enzyme. Due to more availability of protein and enzymes, synthesis of new protoplasm takes place and size
of egg increases.
Number of cell organelles increase in cytoplasm, specially endoplasmic reticulum, golgi-body and mitochondria
Mitochondria become very large in number so mitochondrial clouds are found in cytoplasm of egg.
Later on all these 3 cell organelle (golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria) are arranged in the
form of ring around the nucleus, it is called as Balbiani vitelline ring. In the stage golgi body of egg
secretes a membrane around the egg which is it called as vitelline membrane. A space appears in between
plasma membrane of egg and vitelline membrane called as perivitelline space, It is filled with a fluid called
perivitelline fluid.
At the end of previtellongenesis endoplasmic reticulum disappear. Golgi bodies gets converted into corticle
granule. Corticle granules are filled with mucopolysacharide. Large number of change occur in
mitochondria also.
 Vitellogenesis : During vitellogenesis egg stores food in the form of yolk.

Some part of yolk is synthesized in egg only, but major part of yolk is received from liver. Yolk received
from liver is less viscous and is therefore soluble but this type of food cannot be stored for long periods
(because it easily gets converted into simple form)
So mitochondria of egg with the help of kinase enzyme make the yolk more viscous and insoluble.
2 types of yolk is found :
Granular yolk occurs in the form of fine granules.
eg. Protostomia animals.
Yolk platelets occur in the form of plate disc like granule.
eg. Deuterostomia animals (higher animals)
Embryology [67]

Chemical composition of yolk :
1. Most abundant compound in yolk is phospholipid
Most common phospholipids is lecithin.
2. Yolk contains different type of protein :
– Simple protein : Albumin, Globin, Globulin
– Phosphoprotein : Phosvitene, Ovovitelline
– Lipoprotein : Lipovitelline
3. In yolk, least amount of substance found is carbohydrate.
(C) Maturation phase : Oogenesis (Fig.2) takes place in the ovaries. In contrast to males the initial steps in egg
production occur prior to birth. By the time the foetus is 25 weeks old, all the oogonia that she will ever
produce, are already formed by mitosis. Hundreds of these diploid cells develop into primary oocytes, begin
the first steps of the first meiotic division, proceed up to diakinesis, and them stop any further development. The
oocytes grows much larger and completes the meiosis I, forming a large secondary oocyte and a small polar
body that receives very little amount of cytoplasm but one full set of chromosomes.
In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo meiosis II, whereas the
secondary oocyte proceeds as far as the metaphase stage of meiosis II. However, it then stops
advancing any further, it awaits the arrival of the spermatozoa for completion of second meiotic
division. Entry of the sperm restarts the cell cycle breaking down MPF (M-phase promoting factor
and turning on the APC (Anaphase promoting complex). Completion of meiosis II converts the
secondary oocyte into a fertilized egg or zygote (and also a second polar body)
Ova are derived from oogonia present in the cortex of ovary. Some important differences between
oogenesis and spermatogenesis are
(i) Whereas one primary spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatozoa, one primary oocyte forms only one
ovum.
(ii) When the primary spermatocyte divides, its cytoplasm is equally distributed between the two secondary
spermatocytes formed. However, when the primary occyte divides, almost all its cytoplasm goes to the
daughter cell which forms the secondary oocyte. The other daughter cell (first polar body), receives half
the chromosomes of the primary oocyte, but almost no cytoplasm.
• The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted chromosomes.
TYPES OF EGGS :
(A) On the basis of amount of yolk

(i) Alecithal or Microlecithal or Oligolecithal eggs –
- The amount of yolk is very small or absent in these types of eggs. (oligolecithal, or microlecithal or
alecithal).
- The term 'alecithal' (absence of yolk eg. Man) was given by Kent. And term microlecithal' (eg.
Urchin) was given by Tori.
Examples :- Egg of Amphioxus, Eutheria, Metatheria and sea – urchin.
(ii) Mesolecthal Eggs : - In this type of egg, the amount of yolk is moderate i.e medium ,neither more
nor less.
Example : - Eggs of Amphibia, Petromyzon and lung-fishes.
Embryology [68]

(iii) Polylecithal or Macrolecithal or Megalecithal eggs : -
Eggs are with large amount of yolk. e.g. Bird's egg , Insect's egg.
(B) On the basis of distribution of yolk :

(i) Isolecithal or homolecithal eggs : The yolk is evenly or homogenously distributed in these eggs.
eg. : micro, oligo or alecithal eggs.
(ii) Telolecithal eggs : The yolk is concentrated in one part of the egg.
eg. Mesolecithal eggs of amphibia. (Moderately telolecithal)
Discoidal eggs : A type of telolecithal and megalecithal eggs. Where the yolk is in enormous quantity
and concentrated in one part of the egg. Thus only a disc of cytoplasm called germinal disc remains
in the egg which is located at the other pole of egg. (Heavily telolecithal)
eg. : Eggs of reptiles, birds and prototherian mammals.
(iii) Centrolecithal eggs : Megalecithal eggs where the enormous amount of yolk is located in the
centre an cytoplasm is in the form of superficial layer around the yolk.
eg. : Insects egg.
(C) Classification of Eggs on the basis of Shell : -
On the basis of shell, eggs are of 2 types : -
(i) Cleidoic eggs : -
Eggs surrounded by a hard shell are known as cleidoic eggs. These eggs are found in those animal
which have a terrestrial mode of life or which lay eggs on land.
These eggs have more amount of yolk. These are adaptations to terrestrial mode of life. Shell
prevents the egg from dessication.
e.g. : - eggs of ''Reptiles'', ''Birds'', ''Insects'' and ''Prototherians''.
(ii) Non-Cleidoic eggs : -
Eggs which are not surrounded by a hard shell are called non-cleidoic eggs.
eg. : - all viviparous animals (Mammals) and all oviparous animals which lay eggs in water
(Amphibians). Reptilia eggs are called leathery eggs.
STRUCTURE OF AN OOCYTE :
• The nucleus of egg is also called germinal vesicle.
• Oocyte is surrounded by membranes termed as the egg-membranes.
• Oocyte/Ovum along with the egg-membrane are termed as the egg.
• Egg = Ovum/Oocyte + Egg membrane.
50
Majority eggs are oval but the eggs of insects are long and cylindrical. Smallest eggs are of in
polychaeta and the largest eggs are of an Ostrich.
Classification of egg - membranes :
On the basis of origin, egg-membranes are of 3 types : -
(1) Primary egg membrane :
This membrane is secreted by the oocyte itself.
eg. Vitelline membrane, Zona Pellucida (mammals)
(2) Secondary egg membrane :
This is found outside the primary egg membrane and is secreted by the ovary.
(3) Tertiary egg membrane :
The is present outside the primary egg membrane. It is either secreted by the uterus or the oviduct.
Embryology [69]

Functions of Egg-membranes
(i) To provide protection (ii) To check polyspermy (iii) To provide buoyancy to the amphibian eggs
Different types of eggs

(I) INSECT EGG
• Eggs of insects are megalecithal or polylecithal in them yolk is present in the centre, so the eggs are
also centrolecithal.
• Two egg membranes are present here, inner vitelline membrane (primary) and outer chorian (secondary).
• The sperm enters the egg through micropyle because on the head of insect sperm acrosome is absent.
• The Cytoplasm here is found in two parts :
(a) Central cytoplasm : - It is present in a very small amount in the centre of the egg. Egg nucleus is located
in it.
(b) Peripheral Cytoplasm : - It is present in a very small amount along the periphery of the egg.
(II) FROG'S EGG
• Eggs of frog are moderately Telolecithal & Mesolecithal
Frog's Egg
Two types of egg membranes are found in frogs egg :
(i) Vitelline membrane : This is primary egg membrane which is secreted by the ovum around itself.
(ii) Jelly coat : This is tertiary egg membrane, secreted by oviduct. Jelly coat has air bubbles trapped in
it due to which it floats on water. This group of frogs egg is called spawn, Jelly coat is bitter in taste so
enemies do not eat it.
Secondary egg membrane is absent in frog's egg.
Embryology [70]

Internal part of the egg is divided in two parts :
(i) Animal pole : This part has cytoplasm, egg nucleus in also located in this part. In the cytoplasm melanin
granules are found which prevent the egg from harmfull radiations. They also help in protection of egg
by camouflage.
A sperm always enters into the ovum at some point in animal hemisphere. This point is normally other
than the animal pole itself.
As the sperm enters into the ovum, taking some pigment granules with it, a grey, crescent shaped region
appears in the equatorial zone geometrically opposite the sperm entrance point. This region is called grey
crescent. It is formed due to movement of some pigment granules away from it towards sperm entrance
point.
(It marks the dorsal side of future embryo). This area of sperm entrance point marks the anterior side of
future embryo. The side diagonally opposite to it in the vegetal hemisphere marks the future posterior side.
Thus the sperm entrance establishes the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis as well as bilateral symmetry
of future embryo.
(ii) Vegetal pole : yolk is concentrated in this part of egg.
(III) CHICK EGG
• These eggs are megalecithal or polylecithal and discoidal eggs.
• In these eggs, yolk is present in the centre of the egg in the form of a dense mass. The cytoplasm of the egg
is in the form of a disc above the yolk, which is termed as the germinal-disc.
• Yolk is of 2 types i.e. yellow yolk and white yolk.
• Yellow – yolk has more amount of phospholipids and is secreted during the night. White yolk has less
amount of phospholipids and is secreted during the day time. Central white part of yolk is called latebra.
• Both the types of yolk are arranged in alternate and concentric layers.
• Pander was the scientist, who discovered the 3 germinal layers i.e. Ectoderm Mesoderm and Endoderm in
chick - egg.
Chick Egg
• Around the egg, porous shell of CaCO 3 is present which is secreted by the cells of the oviduct.
• In between the vitelline membrane and the shell membrane albumin is filled which is also called the white
of egg. It contains 13% proteins.
• Thick albumin-fibres termed as ''Chalaza'' are present in the albumin part of egg.
Embryology [71]

(IV) EGG OF MAMMALS
• Mammalian eggs have very less amount of yolk, so the eggs are oligolecithal and isolecithal or
microlecithal and homolecithal.
• The egg has 2 egg-membranes : -
(1) Zona Pellucida : - This is a transparent membrane like covering and is a primary membrane secreted
by the ovum/oocyte itself.
(2) Corona radiata : - This is a layer of follicular cells'' and these cells are attached to the surface of
egg through ''hyaluronic acid'' This is a secondary membrane, which is secreted by the ovary. These
eggs don't have tertiary membrane.
Mammalian eggs are approx 0.1 mm in size.
FERTILIZATION :
The process in which union of male and female gametes (formed by gametogenesis) and fusion of
pronuclei of sperm and ovum takes place thus diploid zygote is formed, is called fertilization.
• Fertilization has following processes : - The union of male and female gametes is called Syngamy.
Where as intermixing of their cytoplasm is called plasmogamy. The fusion of pronuclei of sperm and
ovum is called karyogamy. The intermingling of their chromosomes is called amphimixis.
Due to fertilization , a diploid zygote is formed, by the union of two different types of gametes.
SITE OF FERTILIZATION :
(A) INTERNAL FERTILIZATION - Fertilization in the body (i.e., genital organs of animal) is called
internal fertilization. In this type of fertilization, sperms are discharged by male directly into the genital
tract of female after coitus.
- Whole process of fertilization takes place within the body of female. This is the most common
adaptation in terrestrial animals.
Examples : - Aschelminthes, reptiles, birds and mammals.
(B) EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION - External fertilization takes place outside the body of females i.e., in
water.
•
Example : - In most of the invertebrates, some protochordates, amphibian and most of the fishes.
TYPES OF FERTILIZATION :
(a) Self fertilization - This process takes place in the body of single animal i.e., fusion of male and female
gametes produced by male and female organs of the same animal. This is called self-fertilization. This is
possible only in bisexual or hermaphrodite animals.
Examples : - Animals of phylum porifera and most of the species Hydra.
(b) Cross-Fertilization – Fertilization takes place between two (male & female) different animals of same
species.
Embryology [72]

This is called cross fertilization.
- This process is found in all unisexual animals. These animals are also called dioecious animals
- Cross-fertilization is also found in most of the bisexual or hermaphrodite animals because in these animals
male genital organs develop first. This condition is called protandrous condition. In some of the species
female organs develop first, this condition is called protogynous condition e.g. sponges.
MECHANISM - We can understand the process of fertilization in following steps.

1. Movement of sperms towards ovum.
2. Entrance of sperms in the ovum.
3. Activation of ovum.
Approach of sperm towards the egg – it is a chance factor, so sperms perform random (directionalless)
movement. To increase the chances of approach of sperm towards egg there are mainly two adaption
(a) Number of sperms is very high : - e.g. In man 20 to 120 million sperms are present per cubic mm of
semen.
(b) Egg is 1000 times larger than sperm
- Some special proteins are found on the surface of egg and sperm to help in fertilization.
According of Lillie, chemicals named as ''fertilizins'' are found on the surface of egg. Fertilins are
glycoproteins or acid mucopolysaccharides. According to Ballinsky, an acidic protein named as
Antifertilizin is present on the surface of sperms. ''Fertilin'' proteins are also present on sperm surface.
- Both the proteins are specific for a particular species. Antifertilizin present on sperm of a particular
species will react with fertilizin of present on egg of the same species of animals.
- If we place some eggs of sea-urchin in sea-water, this sea water becomes viscous, this is called egg-
water. When some sperms come in contact with this egg water, sperms adhere with each other. It is
called agglutination.
Here the reaction of fertilizin (dissolved in water from egg) and antifertilizin of sperm is observed clearly.
- Fertilizins behave like lock and antifertilizins behave like keys.
- Fertilization is always intraspecific.
- According to Washerman and Sailing (1989) a specific pair of protein molecules is found on the surface of
mammalian sperm, which can recognize specific carbohydrates and proteins in ZP 3 region of zona
pellucida. The bindin protein of sperm reacts with these molecules to initiate the changes in acrosome. A
specific sugar galactose remains attached with ZP 3 glycoprotein. The sperm fails to recognize the ovum of
its own species, if this sugar is removed from zona pellucida.
- In addition to these glycoproteins, there are some hormones also, which help in fertilization.
The hormones present at the surface of sperm are called androgamones. These are of two types.
Androgamone first & androgamone second.
- Androgamones I help in the energy conservation of sperms.

Embryology [73]

- Androgamones II dissolve the gelatinous coverting present all over the egg.
- Hormones present at the surface of egg are called gyanogamones these are of 2 types.
(a) Gyanogamones I - this hormone neutralizes Androgamone I and activates sperm to move
(b) Gyanogamones II - It makes sperm head sticky.
Enzyme of acrosome (Hyaluronidase and sperm lysins) dissolve the egg membrane. This is called
acrosomal reaction. As a result sperm head make the contact with the plasma membrane of egg, now
inner membrane of acrosome evaginates outside and form rigid tube is called acrosomal filament. Acrosomal
filament provide stimulus to plasma membrane of egg and due to stimulus of sperm, egg is induce for
fertilization. Mammalian sperms do not form this type of filament because mammalian sperms are highly active
and provide stimulus to plasma-membrane of egg without any filament. Mammalian sperms acquire activity at
two places. First-epididymis and second-vagina. Vaginal secretion make the sperm highly active and sperm
acquire capacity of fertilization is called capacitation.
Activation of egg : Due to stimulus of sperm an enzyme is induced in plasma-membrane of egg it

is called adenyl cyclase enzyme and function of this enzyme is to catalyze C-AMP in egg cytoplasm.
C-AMP is the second messenger. Cyclic AMP receive stimulus from plasma membrane of egg and
transfers it in egg cytoplasm and induces all the response of egg for sperm.
All the response of egg for sperm are collectively called gyanogenesis.
Due to stimulus of sperm, permeability of plasma membrane of egg increases specially for k+ and Ca2+
ions. Function of Ca2+ ions is to inactivate the cytostatic factors in egg. As a result egg is now ready for
cleavage (In egg cytoplasm special type of protein called cytostatic factor are present these factor prevent
the cleavage in unfertilized egg)
Due to stimulus of sperm, H+ – Na+ pump activates and induces the plasma-membrane of egg. Function of
this pump is to continuously influx H+ ions and outflux Na+ ions. As a result concentration of H+ ion
increases in egg cytoplasm and develops an acidic medium. In acidic medium, proteolytic enzyme become
active and liberate the m-RNA from informosome. These m-RNA become active and rapidly synthesize
different types of protein and enzymes. Due to more availability of protein and enzymes metabolic activity
of egg increases.
Response of egg : (1) Due to stimulus of sperm, meiosis-II is induced in human egg by excluding second
polar body becoming mature ovum.
(2) At the point of contact with sperm and plasma-membrane of egg a cone-like structure is formed called
reception cone. After some time reception cone sinks in egg cytoplasm along with sperm (entry of
sperm is a type of phagocytosis). With the entry of sperm all the cortical granules burst and secrete a
membrane around the egg is called fertilization membrane (cortical reaction). It is secreted on inner
surface of primary egg membrane and perivitelline space become more wide and amount of
perivitelline fluid is also increase. Function of perivitelline fluid and fertilization membrane is to
prevent the entry of sperm in egg. so normally only one sperm enter inside the egg (monospermy).
Sometimes more than one sperm enter inside the egg (polypermy). Two types of polyspermy are
found in nature.
Embryology [74]

(1) Pathological polyspermy : In it the nuclei of all the sperms fuse with egg nucleus. In such type of
condition embryo development does not occur. (Due to polyploidy condition)
(2) Physiological polyspermy : In physiological polysermy nucleus of only one sperm fuses with egg
nucleus and rest of the sperm die in egg cytoplasm. Dead sperm are called merocytes. In physiological
polyspermy normal embryo development occurs.
Polyspermy is absent in human beings. Polyspermy mostly occurs in megalecithal eggs.
Fate of sperm in egg - In majority of animals, only head and middle piece enter inside the egg and tail is
left outside.
- In mammals, whole sperm enters in the egg.
- In some animals, only head of sperm enters in the egg tail and middle piece remain outside
e.g. Hydra, Neries etc. After entering inside the egg, sperm rotates by 180°. All the structure of sperm
dissolve in egg cytoplasm except sperm nucleus and proximal centriole.
- The centriole of egg itself degenerates at the time of second maturation division. So proximal centriole
of sperm starts division, it divides into 2 daughter centrioles, which migrate towards opposite pole and
start forming spindles.
Fat of sperm nucleus : -
- The nucleus of sperm absorbs water from egg cytoplasm and becomes enlarged. Now it is called male
pronucleus.
After meiosis – II egg nucleus occur in the form of scattered vesicles then it is called as karyomeres and
after some time ll the karyomeres assembled to form complete nucleus is called female pronucleus.
- Male pronucleus and female pronucleus migrate through definite routes and come close to each other.
These routes are called fertilization path. (It has following parts)
(1) Sperm penetration path - Male pronucleus for some distance, moves at the equator of egg. This is called
sperm penetration path.
(2) Sperm copulation path - Male pronucleus starts migrating towards female pronucleus.
(3) Egg copulation path - Female pronucleus migrates towards male pronucleus. Both the pronuclei come
close to each other.
(4) Cleavage path - Both the pronuclei move together to their final position which is somewhere in animal
pole. At this final position nuclear membrane of both the pronuclei degenerate and chromosomes of male
and female pronuclei form pairs. The mixture of male and female chromosomes is called amphimixis.
- Amphimixis was discovered by O.Hertwig in the eggs of sea – urchin.
- Newport was of all first observed the entry of sperm into the egg.
Significance of Fertilization
1. Oocyte completes its second maturation division on coming in contact with the sperm.
2. Amphimixis process leads to the formation of diploid zygote to restore the normal diploid number of the
chromosomes.
Embryology [75]

3. The centriole of sperm after entering into egg induces the egg to undergo cleavage.
4. The paternal and maternal characters are transmitted to the off springs through the process of fertilization.
5. The peripheral changes occurring in the egg prevent the further entry of sperm into the ovum, thus
checking polyspermy.
PPARTHENOGENESIS OR VIRGINAL DEVELOPMENTT
- The development of embryo without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. The animals which are
formed by unfertilized eggs are called parthenotes.
- The discovery of parthenogenesis was done by Charles Bonet in the eggs of sea-urchins.
- Parthenogenesis is of two types –
(a) Natural (b) Artificial
(a) Natural parthenogenesis -
Some animals show parthenogenesis by nature e.g. Honey bees, wasps, ants, grass-hoppers, ticks, mites
and sea-urchins. Natural parthenogenesis is of 2 types : -
(i) Haploid parthenogenesis or Arrhenotoky : - In this case eggs are formed by meiosis. Eggs are
haploid, they have the power of fertilization sometimes male animals are developed by unfertilized
eggs. In Honeybees, unfertilized eggs develop into males (drones), and fertilized eggs develop into
queen and soldiers. Thus male honey bees are always haploid and queen with soldiers are always
diploid.
(ii) Diploid parthenogenesis or Thelytoky : - In this case, eggs are formed without meiosis division.
Eggs are diploid they do not have the power of fertilization.
Diploid eggs give rise to female generation only. Male members are absent in these species.
Examples : - Lacerta sexicola armenica (lizard), Caresius aratus gibelio (Fish).
Diploid parthenogenesis may also be divided into two types –
(A) Ameiotic Thelytoky - In this type of parthenogenesis, during oogenesis first meiotic division does not
take place but second meiotic division occurs as usual. In this situation the ovum still remains diploid.
These ova, when reproduce parthenogenetically give rise to diploid off springs. For example,
Trichoniscus, Daphnia, Daphnia pulex etc.
(B) Meiotic thelytoky - If the eggs are formed by normal oogenesis process, but by one or other reasons
the eggs retain their diploid chromosomal number, then the parthenogenesis is called meiotic
thelytoky. It may happen because of autofertilization. Some species of order – Lepidoptera exhibit this
type of parthenogenesis.
- In some animals parthenogenesis alternates with normal sexual reproductive cycle. This is called
cyclic parthenogenesis e.g., Honey bee.
- In some animals, development of animals is always by parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction is
absent in these species. This is called complete parthenogenesis. Males are absent.
Example - Lacerta sexicola armenica (lizard)
Embryology [76]

(b) Artificial parthenogenesis : -
This type of parthenogenesis is done by artificial methods. Artificial parthenogenesis is done by putting
eggs in different atmospheres or by giving special stimulus to the eggs. Different artificial methods used
for this purpose are as follows -
(1) If we place eggs in brine or salt solution, KCl solution. Then eggs show parthenogenesis e.g. eggs of
sea-urchins.
(2) By short exposure of radiations on eggs or exposure of silk insect egg to sunlight.
(3) If eggs are given shocks of temperature.
(4) If eggs are pierced by needle dipped in the blood of some animal. The eggs of frog show
parthenogenesis by this method.
CLEAVAGE
- The term 'Cleavage' was given by ''Von Baer''.
- In fertilized egg or activated egg, the egg undergoes repeated cell divisions which occur rapidly
producing a multicellular structure without changing its size. All these mitotic cells divisions
collectively called cleavage or segmentation. Due to the process of cleavage, a single celled zygote,
through a successive mitotic cell divisions changes into a complex multicellular structure. Cells
produced as a result of cleavage are termed as blastomeres. The total size of the embryo remains the
same. Though the number of blastomeres as a result of mitotic cell divisions increases, the size of
blastomeres gradually decreases are compared to parent cell. Interphase stage is very short in cleavage.
In interphase only DNA duplication and histone protein synthesis takes place up to some extent. In the
interphase of cleavage only 'S' phase is present, G 1 & G 2 phases are absent. Protein synthesis and RNA
synthesis do not occur during this interphase. Nucleolus is absent in the nucleus of blastomeres. Size of
blastomeres decreases during cleavage. When size of blastomere becomes equal to that of size of
somatic ells, the divisions of cleavage are stopped. Only normal cell division take place. Cleavage can
be observed till onset of gastrula stage. After gastrulation, cleavage is completely checked. Nucleous
appears first in gastrula stage. The consumption of oxygen is increased during cleavage.
CLEAVAGE PLANE :
• The traveling path of cleavage furrow in fertilized egg is called cleavage plane. Different animal eggs
show different cleavage planes : -
Animal Pole (AP)

Animal Pole
Meridianal Plane
Vertical Plane
Meridianal Plane
Equatorial Plane
Transverse Plane
Vegetal Pole Vegetal Pole (V P)
[Cleavage Plane]
Embryology [77]

PATTERNS OF CLEAVAGE :
(a) Radial Cleavage - In this pattern, cleavage furrows are straight and form right angle with each other. In
this case I, II cleavages are meridianal, which are at right angle to each other. III cleavage is equatorial In
this way 8-celled octate is formed. In radial cleavage, 4 blastomeres of upper tier and 4 blastomers of lower
tier are on sampe plane i.e, Blastomeres are arrangement in radial symmetry in the beginning.
(b) Biradial Cleavage - In this pattern, first two cleavages are meridianal and at right angle to each other all
III cleavage is vertical. In 8-celled stage 4 blastomeres of central zone are bigger and 4 blastomeres of
peripheral region are smaller.
Examples : - In the eggs of Ctenophora.
(c) Bitareal Cleavage - In this patterhn, first two cleavages are meridianal in same plane and III Cleavage is
transverse. i.e., embryo shows bilateral symmetry in 8-celled stage. The blastomeres of one side are
smaller and blastomeres of other side are larger.
Examples : - In the eggs tunicata, cephalochordata, amphibian and amphioxus.
(d) Spiral Cleavage - The cleavage furrow passes obliquely. In this pattern 4 blastomeres of lower tier rotate
clockwise or anticlock wise. If this rotation is clockwise, then it is called dextral spiral cleavage e.g. In
Mollusca. If this rotation of lower tier blastomeres is anti-clockwise, then pattern is called sinistral spiral
cleavage, e.g. In helminthes and annelida.
CLASSIFICATION OF CLEAVAGE :
On the basis of fate of blastomeres : -
A. Determinate Cleavage - In this pattern of cleavage, the fate of blastomeres is fixed, determined i.e. each
blastomere forms a particular portion of embryo. If (by certain reason) any blastomere is damaged or
destroyed, then the part of embryo (which would have development from that blastomere) will be absent
e.g., Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca and Some chordates like amphibian & ascidians.
B. Indeterminate Cleavage - In this type of cleavage, the fate of blastomeres is not definite. All the blastomeres
form all the parts of embryo. If some blastomeres are lost, no loss is observed in this embryo. If in the early
stages of cleavage, the embryo is cut into small pieces, then each piece of embryo will develop into a complex
embryo, and all the embryos are identical. So identical twins are monozygous. This is the basis of embryo
cloning.
CLASSIFICATION OF CLEAVAGE :
On the basis of amount of Yolk : -
 A scientist named Balfour gave a law. According to him, rate of cleavage is inversely proportional to
amount of yolk present in the egg. The yolk present in egg, disturbs the rate of cleavage. The rate of
cleavage is slow in that part of egg, in which amount of yolk is more, and the rate of cleavage is faster in
the portion of egg in which yolk is in lesser amount. Mostly cleavage is of 2 types : -
A. Complete or holoblastic : - When cleavage furrow passes through the egg completely. As a result of this
the whole egg divides. Holoblastic cleavage is found in all the eggs except megalecithal eggs. The whole
egg divides into blastomeres. No part of egg remains undivided. It is of 2 types : -
Embryology [78]

(a) Equal holoblastic cleavage - In those eggs, in which amount of yolk is less and it is distributed evenly
in the egg, cleavage occurs in whole egg, blastomeres (So formed) are of same size. All the parts of
egg show same rate of cleavage.
Example : - It is found in microlecithal and isolecithal eggs.
(b) Unequal holoblastic cleavage - In those eggs in which amount of yolk is medium and it is distributed
unevenly in the egg. The blastomeres are bigger and less in number where the concentration of yolk is
higherin the egg. The part of egg which contains small amount of yolk, blastomeres here formed are
smaller and more in number. The bigger blastomeres are called megamere and smaller blastomere are
called micromeres.
Examples : - Unequal holoblastic cleavage is present in mesolecithal and telolecithal eggs and human
eggs.
B. Meroblastic cleavage - This cleavage is found in megalecithal eggs, in which amount of yolk is large.
Cleavage does not occur in that part of egg, where yolk is present cleavage occurs only Cytoplasmic part, yolk
remains undivided. Meroblastic cleavage is of 2 types on the basis of distribution of yolk in egg.
(a) Discoidal meroblastic cleavage - Cleavage occurs only in blastodisc of egg. This is mainly found in
megalecithal or polylecithal eggs, because in these eggs, cytoplasm is found in the form of a disc.
Examples : - Reptilian eggs and birds eggs.
(b) Superficial meroblastic cleavage – In insect egg, central cytoplasm shows free central division, due
to which so many nuclei are formed. All these nuclei migrates towards peripheral cytoplasm.
Cleavage occurs only in peripheral region. As a result of this, a superficial layer of blastomeres is
formed around the yolk. This type of cleavage is also called superficial meroblastic cleavage.
Example - In centrolecithal eggs.
Significance of Cleavage -
1. There is no change in shape and size developing embryo till blastula stage comes. Till then it remains
just like undivided egg in shape.
2. As a result of cleavage, unicellular zygote changes into multicelluar structure.
Embryology [79]

HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY :
Fertilization -
Fig. (5)
Fertilization is the union of two opposite types of gametes, spermatozoa and ova. The semen is a mixture
of spermatozoa and accessory fluids. Once deposited with in the vagina, the spermatozoa proceed on their
journey into and through the uterus and on up into the oviducts. Although spermatozoa can swim several
millimeters each second, their trip through the uterus and to the oviducts requires on increase in their
motility.
On the first hand, ejaculation of semen in the vagina triggers motility of spermatozoa. This is aided further
by muscular contraction of the walls of the uterus and the oviducts. An additional increase in sperm
motility occurs due to activation of the sperm by the viscous liquid secreted from the secreted cells of the
epithelial lining of oviduct mucosa. This phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is known
capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hours for capacitation.
Before fusion of a spermatozoan with the egg, the spermatozoa are to penetrate a few barriers, the egg
membranes, which cover the egg. The activated spermatozoa undergo acrosomal reaction and release
varies chemicals, like hyaluronidase that acts on the ground substances of follicle cells, corona
penetrating enzyme that dissolves corona radiata, and zona lysine which perforates the zona
pellucida. All these chemicals are contained in the acrosome, located at the tip of the sperm head, and are
collectively termed sperm lysins. An average human ejaculate of 3-4 ml of semen contains 80-100 million
spermatozoa. Out of these, only one will succeed in entering the egg and fertilizing it. Fertilisation of egg
with only one spermatozoan is known as monospermy.
While the ovarian follicle is growing, the oogonium within it undergoes maturation. The oogonium enlarges to
form a primary oocyte. The primary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division to shed off the first polar body
and becomes a secondary oocyte (fig. 5.2A). At the time of ovulation, the second meiotic division is in progress
and a spindle has formed for separation of the second polar body (fig. 5.2B)
Embryology [80]

Zona pellucida
Male pronucleus
Secondary oocyte
Spindle of second
Meiotic division A 23 23
First polar body First polar body
Female pronucleum
A B
Each chromosome
B Duplicates itself
Nucleus of mature ovum Female pronucleus

(From nucleus of ovum)
Each daughter cell has

Polar bodies Male pronucleus 23 pairs of chromosomes
(From head of sperm) C One of each pair derived
Spermatozoan entering ovum From the spermatozoon
C D And one from ovum
Fig 5.2 Fig 5.3

At this stage the 'ovum' enters the infundibulum of the uterine tube and passes into the ampulla (fig. 5)
Fertilization of the ovum occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube. One spermatozoon pierces the zona
pellucida and enters the ovum. In response to egg sperm binding two things happen (1) depolarization
of egg membrane (2) cortical reaction i.e. formation of fertilization membrane to prevent polyspermy.
(After one spermatozoon has entered the ovum other spermatozoa cannot enter it). After the entry of the
spermatozoon, the second polar body is extruded. The chromosomes of the ovum now assume the shape
of a nucleus called the female pronucleus. At the same time the head of the spermatozoon (which it will be
remembered is formed from the nucleus) separates from the middle piece and tail, and transforms it self
into the male pronucleus (Fig. 5.2 D).
The male and female pronculei meet, but they do not fuse to form one nucleus. Their nuclear membranes
disappear and their chromosomes become distinct. It will be recalled that each pronucleus has 23
chromosomes so that the fertilized ovum now has 46 chromosomes in all (fig 5.3 A).
• Each of these 46 chromosomes splits into two (fig. 5.3B). Meanwhile, a spindle has formed, and one
chromosome of each pair moves to each end of the spindle (as in mitosis). Leading to the formation of two
daughter cells fig. (5.3C). This is called the two-cell stage of the embryo. Note that stricktly speaking there
is no one-cell stage of the embryo (fig. 6A)
• Important points note at this stage are that :
(i) the two daughter cells are still surrounded by the zona pellucida :
(ii) each daughter cell is much smaller than the ovum. As subsequent divisions occur the cells become
smaller an smaller until they acquire the size of most cells of the body.
CLEAVAGE :
The two cells formed as described above undergo a

series of divisions. One cell divides first so that we
have a '3-cell' stage of the embryo (fig.6B)
followed by a '4-cell' stage (fig. 6C), a 5-cell, stage
etc. This process of subdivision of the ovum into
smaller cells is called cleavage. These cells are
called blastomeres.
• As cleavage proceeds the ovum comes to have 16
cells. It now looks like a mulberry and it called
the
morula (fig. 6D). It is still surrounded by the zona
pellucida. If we cut a section across the morula
Embryology [81]

we see that it consists of an inner cell mass that is iscompletely surrounded by an outer layer of cells,
(Compaction). The cells of the outer layer will later give rise to a structure called the trophoblast (fig. 7A).
The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryo proper, where as the cells of the trophoblast help to provide
nutrition to the embryo.
• Some fluid now passes into morula from the uterine cavity, and partially separates the cells of the inner
cell mass from those of the trophoblast (fig. 7B). As the quantity of fluid increases, the morula acquires
the shape of a cyst. The cells of the trophoblast become flattened and the inner cell mass comes to be
attached to the inner side of the trophoblast on one side only (fig. 7C). The morula has now become a
blastocyst. That side of the blastocyst to which the inner cell mass is attached is called the embryonic or
animal pole. While the opposite side is the vegetable or abembryonic pole.
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 7
Function of the zona pellucida -

• The trophoblast has the property of being able to stick to the uterine (or other) epithelium and its cells have
the capacity to eat up other cells. As the embryo travels down the uterine tube, and the upper most part of
the uterine cavity ; it is prevented from 'Sticking' to the epithelium by the zona pellucida.
FORMATION OF GERM LAYERS (GASTRULATION) :

As the blastocyst develops further, it gives rise not only to the tissues and organs of the embryo, but also to
a number of structures that support the embryo and help it to acquire nutrition. At a very early stage in
development, the embryo proper acquires the form of a three-layered disc. This is called embryonic disc
(also called embryonic area, embryonic shield, or germ disc) The three layes that constitute this embryonic
disc are.
(i) Endoderm (endo = inside)
(ii) Extoderm (ecto = outside)
(iii) Mesoderm (meso = in the middle)
• These are the three germ layers. All the tissues of the body are derived from one or more of these layers.
We have seen that the blastocyst is a spherical cyst lined by flattened trophoblastic cells, and that inside it
there is a mass of cells, the inner cell mass, attached eccentrically to the trophoblast Further changes are as
follows
Embryology [82]

(a) Some cells of the inner cell mass differentiate (i.e. they become different from others) into flattened cells,
that come to line its free surface (fig. 8A). These are called hypoblast and constitute the endoderm, which
is thus the first germ layer to be formed.
(b) The remaining cell of the inner cell mass become columnar (fig. 8D). These are called are called epiblast and form
the second germ layer, the ectoderm. The embryo is now in the form of a disc having two layers.
(c) A space appears between the ectoderm (below) and the trophoblast (above). This is the amniotic cavity
(fig. 8C), filled by amniotic fluid, or liquor animal. The roof of his cavity is formed by amniogenic cells
(cells of Rauber) derived from the trophoblast, while its floor is formed by the ectoderm.
(d) Flattened cells arising from the endoderm, spread and line the inside of the blastocystic cavity. In this way,
a cavity, lined on all sides by cells of endodermal origin, is formed. This cavity is called the primary yolk
sac (fig. 8D)
(e) The cells of the trophoblast give origin to a mass of cells called the extra-embryonic mesoderm (or primary
mesoderm). These cells come to lie between the trophoblast and the flattened endodermal cells lining the
yolk sac, thus separating them from each other. These cells also separate the wall of the amniotic cavity
from the trophoblast (fig. 9A).
This mesoderm is called extra-embryonic because it lies out side the embryonic disc. It does not give rise
to any tissues of the embryo itself.
Inner cell mass Ectoderm
Endoderm
Amniogenic cells
Trophoblast
Amniotic cavity
Cavity of blastocyst
Cavity of blastocyst
Fig. 8
(f) Small cavities appear in the extra-embryonic mesoderm. Gradually these join together to from larger spaces
and, ultimately, on large space is formed. This cavity is called the extra-embryonic coelom (fig. 9B), it will be
seen that the extra-embryonic coelom does not extend into that part of the extra-embryonic mesoderm which
attaches the wall of the amniotic cavity to the trophoblast. The development embryo, along with the amniotic
cavity and the yolk sac, is now suspended in the extra-embryonic coelom, and is attached to the wall of the
Embryology [83]

blastocyst (i.e. trophoblast) only by this unsplitted part of the extra-embryonic mesoderm. This mesoderm
forms a structure called the connecting stalk.
Fig. 9
(g) Formation of chorion and amnion : At this stage, two very important membranes are formed. One is
formed by the parietal extra-embryonic mesoderm (on the inside) and the overlaying trophoblast
(on the outside) this is called the chorian (fig. 9B). The other is the amnion which is constituted by the
amniogenic cells forming the wall of the amniotic cavity (excluding the extodermal floor). These cells are
derived from the trophoblast. We have already seen that the amnion is covered by the unsplit extra-
embryonic mesoderm, and that the connecting stalk is attached to it.
(h) With the appearance of the extra-embryonic mesoderm, and later of the extra-embryonic coelom, the yolk
sac becomes much smaller than before and is now called the secondary yolk sac. This alteration in size is
accompanied by a change in the nature of the lining cells. They are no longer flattended but become
cubical (fig. 9B).
(i) At this stage, the embryo proper is a circular disc composed of two layers of cells : the upper layer
(towards amniotic cavity) is the ectoderm, the cells of which are columnar, while the lower layer (towards
yolk sac) is the endoderm, made up of cubical cells (fig. 10)
Eead end
Coumnar ectoderm Tail end
Cubical endodermA
Prochordal plate
Fig.10
(j) At one circular area a near the margin of the disc, the cubical cells of the endoderm become columnar.
This area is called the prochordal plate. The appearance of the prochordal plate determines the central
axis of the embryo (i.e. enables us to divide it into right and left halves), and also enables us to
distinguish its head and tail ends (fig. 10)
(k) Soon after the formation of the prochordal plate some of the ectodermal cells lying along the central axis,
near the tail end of the disc, begin to proliferate, and form an elevation that bulges into the amniotic cavity.
This elevation is called the primitive streak (fig. 11). The primitive streak is at first a rounded or oval
swelling primitive streak later forms the Henson's node.
Embryology [84]

Primitive streak Primitive streak
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Fig. 11
(i) The cells that proliferate in the region of the primitive streak pass sideways, pushing themselves between
the ectoderm and endoderm (fig. 11). These cells from the intra-embryonic mesoderm (or secondary
mesoderm) which is the third germ layer.
Notochord
The notochord is a midline structure, that develops from mesoderm in dorsal region.
Importance of the notochord
The notochord is present in all animals that belong to the phylum Chordata. In some of them e.g.
Amphioxus, it persists into adult life and forms the central axis of the body. In others, including man, it
appears in the embryo but only small remainants of it remain in the adult. Notochord elongates
considerably, and lies in the midine, in the position to be position to be later occupied by the vertebral
column. However, the notochord does not give rise to the vertebral column.
Neurulation : i.e formation of neural tube. After neurulation there occur three type of ectoderm.
(i) Somatic ectoderm (ii) Neural tube ectoderm (iii) Neural crest ectoderm.
Anterior part of neural tube differentiate brain and rest of the neural tube differentiate in spinal cord so
central nervous system is formed by neural tube.
TERATOGENY :
 During the first 3 months of pregnancy the basic structure of baby is formed. This involves cell division,
cell migration, and differentiation of cells into the many types found in the body. During this period, the
developing baby called foetus is very sensitive to anything that interferes with developmental steps. Eg.
Virus infection of mother by rubella (German measles) virus or pexposure to certain chemicals may cause
malformation in the developing embryo. Such agents are called teratogens (Monster Forming agents).
GGENRAL STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTT
1. Morula - As a result of segmentation or cleavage activities, unicellular zygote changes into a solid ball
like multicellular structure. In the later stage of cleavage, clusters of sticky, cohering, protruding (otuside)
blastomeres are produced, which look like mulberry. This stage is termed as morula stage.
2. Blastulation - Cleavage continues in solid ball like morula and new formed blastomeres start rearranging
themselves. Cell-aggregation starts in blastomeres, due to the movement of these blastomeres a cavity
appears in the embryo, it is called as blastocoel. This cavity is schizogenous cavity in origin i.e. it is
formed by the separation of cells. Cell aggregation is also known as cohesion. Blastomeres arrange
Embryology [85]

themselves in the form of a layer around the blastocoel, this layer is termed as blastoderm. The embryonic
stage is now called blastula, and its formative activites is called blastulation.
Types of blastula
The shape of blastula depends on so many factors e.g. size of eggs, amount of yolk, distribution of yolk in
the eggs, frequency of cleavage and number of cleavage divisions. According to these factors, we can
classify blastula of different animals in different categories.
(a) Coeloblastula (b) Stereoblastula (c) discoblastula
(d) Blastocyst (e) Superficial blastula or Periblastula

(a) Coeloblastula - Blastocoel is wide and clear in this blastulation, it is completely surrounded by blastomeres on
all the sides i.e, blastocoel cavity is situated totally inside the embryo. Blastomeres are very small in size as
compared to blastocoel.
Example : - Eggs of Amphioxus, coelenterate, amphibia, sponges etc.

Coeloblastula of amphibians is called amphiblastula because in it blastocoel cavity is accentric in position
and is more towards the animal pole (amount of yolk is more towards the vegetal pole). Amphiblastula of
sponges is a free swimming larva, its blastomeres are flagellated. This larva swims freely with the help of
these flagella. It is a unique feature in sponges.
(b) Stereoblastula - In this blastula, blastocoel is very narrow or obliterated. Blastomeres are large as compared to
blastocoel. It is almost solid.
Example - eggs of Neries, and members of phylum Mollusca.
Embryology [86]

(c) Discoblastula - It is found in those animals which have discoidal eggs. There is a cavity present in
between blastomeres and yolk, it is called subgerminal cavity. It is a type of cavity, which is surrounded by
yolk on one side and by blastomeres on the other side.
Examples - eggs of reptiles, birds and prototheria.
(d) Superficial blastula or periblastula - In centrolecithal eggs, cleavage occurs only in peripheral region.
The layer of blastomeres surrounds the centrally situated yolk. Blastocoel is absent in this type of blastula.
In place of blastocoel, subgerminal cavity is found.
[Periblastula]
Example - Eggs of insects.
(e) Blastocyst - blastula or Eutherian & Metahterian mammals is called blastocyst, because blastula is in the
form of a cyst.
[Blastocyst]
Embryology [87]

Blastula - of mammals is called blastocyst. In blastocyst all the embryonal cells occur in the form of solid mass
called embryonal knob. Embryonal knob (inner cell mass) is covered by protective layer called trophoblast and
it's cell just above the embryonal knob are trophoblast called cells of Rauber (amniogenic cells). There occurs a
cavity in between embryonal knob and trophoblast called albumin cavity. It is filled with nutritive fluid
absorbed from the wall of uterus. So albumin cavity is also nutritive-cavity.
SPECIAL POINT :
1. The growth phase is the longest phase during male gametogenesis. But in human oogenesis, maturation
phase is longest.
2. The acrosome of sperm are produced by golgibodies.
3. The smallest sperm is of crocodile and its size of 0.02 mm & largest sperm is of Discoglossus (2 mm)
4. 74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in human being.
5. In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human being.
6. Deficiency in the number of sperms result in sterility which is known as oligospermia.
7. Absence of sperms in semen is known as azoospermia .
8. Formation of yolk in oogenesis takes place in the growth phase.
9. Largest egg is of Ostrich (16 cm long with its shell).
10. Although normal number of sperm are present in semen but if these are completely non motile. The
condition is known as necrospermia.
11. Smallest egg in birds is of humming bird.
12. Due to high mortality rate in lower animals, the production of egg is more.
13. Sequence of egg production is as follows.
Mammals < Aves < Reptiles < Amphibian < Pisces.
14. Cat and rabbit both are induced ovulator.
15. The life span of eggs in female reproductive organs in human being is 48 hrs.
16. The nucleus of egg is known as germinal vesicle.
17. At the age of 45-50 yrs. In female the ovulation process will stop which is known as menopause.
18. The spermiation (release of sperms from sertoli cells) in all sertoli cells occurs simultaneously.
19. Cortical granules are absent in rat.
20. Mosaic type of cleavage is found in the parasite Echinococcus granulosus.
Special features of some animals :
(a) Sperms of some animals are not having flagella :
eg. (1) Ascaris - sperm is amoeboid
(2) Cray fish - star shaped, tail less sperm
(3) In crab and lobuster the sperm are tail less and have three sharp process.
(b) Biflagellated sperm :
eg. In toad fish (Opsansus) head of many sperms unite together and form sperm boats
In Gastropods, the sperms are hexaflagellated.
Smallest sperm – Crocodile (0.02 mm)
Largest sperm – Discoglossus (2 mm) in chordates and Drosophila in entire animal kingdom.
Shape of head part of sperms :
(i) Spherical – eg Teleostei
Embryology [88]

(ii) Lance shaped – eg Amphibia and Reptiles
(iii) Spiral end – eg. Birds
(iv) Spoon shaped – eg. Mammals (in man)
(v) Hook like – eg. Rat.
Germinal layers and their derivatives
The following description gives an account of the respective organs formed by the three germ layers. Most of
the organs are the product of combination of more than one germ layers.
Organs derived from ectoderm
1. Skin (epidermis) and their pigment cells.
2. Mucosal membrane of lips, cheek gums, basal portion of mouth, some part of palate, nasal apertures.
3. Lower part of anal canal.
4. Glans penis.
5. Labia majora and outer part of labia minora.
6. Anterior epithelium of cornea, epithelium of conjunctiva, ciliary body and iris of eyes.
7. Outer face of tympanic membrane, epithelium of labyrinth.
8. Glands :
(i) Exocrine –
(A) Sweat glands (B) sebaceous glands (C) parotid glands
(D) mammary glands (E) lacrimal glands ;
(ii) Endocrine –
(A) Hypophysis cerebri (B) adrenal medulla
9. Hairs, nails, enamel of teeth
10. Lens of eyes.
11. Nervous system.
Derivatives of mesoderm
1. Connective tissues, superficial and deep fascia, ligaments, tendons, dermis of skin. (from dermatome)
2. Specialized connective tissues like adipose tissue, reticular tissues, bones, cartilages.
3. Teeth.
4. All muscles.
5. Heart, all blood vessels and blood cells.
6. Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, posterior urethra of female, upper glandular part of prostate.
7. Ovaries, uterine tubes.
8. Testes, epididymis, vas defeens and seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct.
9. Pleural cavities, peritoneal cavity and pericardial cavity.
10. Joints.
11. Cornea, sclera, choroid ciliary body and iris related material.
12. Microglia, duramater etc.
Derivatives of endoderm
1. Epithelial part of mouth, some part of palate, tongue, tonsils, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine, upper part of anal canal.
2. Pharyngo-tympanic tube, middle ear, inner face of tympanic membrane.
3. Respiratotry tract.
4. Gall bladder, pancreatic duct.
5. Major protion of urinary bladder, complete urethra of female except posterior part, complete urethra
of male except anterior and posterior part.
6. Whole inner part of vagina including inner face of labia minora.
Embryology [89]

7. Glands :
(i) Exocrine –
(A) Liver (B) Pancreas
(ii) Endocrine –
(A) Thyroid (B) parathyroid (C) thymus (D) islets of Langerhans
In addition to the above, the glands of gastrointestinal tract, major part of prostate etc. are also formed by
endoderm.
IImplantationn
The attachment of developing embryo to the appropriate body layer or surface to obtain nutrition is called
implantation. This phenomenon is a common event in most mammals (except prototheria) in which
embryo (blastocyst stage) after reaching in uterus attaches itself with the wall of the uterus. In other
animals like fishes, reptiles, birds, prototherian mammals etc., this nutritive connection is established with
the yolk present in egg. In higher mammals including men, the blastocyst on its contact with endometrium
of uterus gets completely buried in the wall of the uterus.
ZONA PELLUCIDA
UTERUS
Two cell stage

First cleavage
Oviduct
MORUL
BLASTOCYST
FERTILIZATION
OVUM
INITIAL STAGE
OF
IMPLANTATION
Initially the oocyte after its release from ovary, comes into fallopian tube where the process of fertilization
is completed, Just after fertilization, embryonic development starts and a blastocyst is formed after
cleavage and morulation. In human being, the blastocyst gets attached with the uterine endomdetrium in
Embryology [90]

about four days after entering in uterus. At the same time, the cells of endometrium of implantation area
separate out and adhere with embryonic cells with the help of certain enzymes secreted by the cells of
trophoblast. In human, the site of implantation is generally mid-dorsal or mid-ventral part of uterus.
Implantation of blastocyst takes about 7-8 days after fertilization in human and by 12th day it is completely
buried in the wall of the uterus. The place of entry through which the embryo enters into the wall, is
completely closed by a fibrous and cellular plug, known as closing coagulum.
Types of Implantation
On the basis of the position of attachment in the uterus, implantation is of three types -
1. Central or Superficial implantation - In this type the blastocyst attaches superficially with the wall of
uterus, and remains suspended in the lumen of the uterus. This type of implantation occurs in lower
chordates, e.g. cow, pig, dog etc.
2. Interstitial implantation – The blastocyst is buries deeply inside the wall of uterus and covered by
endometrial tissues lying under epithelium. This type of implantation occurs in human being.
3. Eccentric implantation – It occur in rat, squirrel etc. In this type of implantation , the blastocyst settles in
the flods of epithelium of uterus. After some time it is completely surrounded by these folds.
Summary of developmental stages in human

Day 1 – Fertilization; the diameter of fertilization egg is about 0.15 mm.
Day 2 – Two cells stage
Day 3 – 16 cell stage, morula
Day 4 – Entry of blastocyst in the lemen of uterus, disappearance of zona pellecida, diameter
of blastocyst is about 0.3 mm.
7-8 days – Partial entry of blastocyst inside the endometrium of uterus; implantation
Day 12 – Complete entry of blastocyst into endoderm, extra-embryonic mesoderm, amnion and
yolk sac.
Day 14 – primitive streak formation.
Day 18 – Formation of 3-5 pairs of somites.
Day 19 – Neural groove, neural plate, notochordal plate, and 6-8 pairs of somites formed.
Day 24 – Indication of the formation of head and tail region; 21-23 pairs of somites formed,
formation of heart continues at ventral side.
Day 28 – Heart starts beating, neural tube formed, 3 pairs of visceral arch and 30-31 pairs of
somites formed. Blood islands appear
Day 32 – 30-39 pairs of somites formed.
7 Weeks – Jaws, fingers and external ears begin to appear. The CR length (crown-rump length;
the length from head to the bottom of hips) is 19-20 mm.
Embryology [91]

8 Weeks – The embryo is completely surrounded by amnion, fingers and toes clearly visible,
almost all organs formed with continuing development, at the end of 8th week the
embryo appears like a little human, now called as foetus; C-R length is 28 to 30 mm.
5 months – Blood formation starts in bone marrow Decidua capsularis and parietalis connect
together, hairs appear.
14 SOMITE STAGE 25 SOMITE STAGE

(APPROX. 21 DAYS) (APPROX. 25 DAYS) 25 SOMITE STAGE
(APPROX. 25 DAYS) 44 SOMITE STAGE
(APPROX. 34 DAYS)
5-6 WEEK EMBRYO

6-5 WEEK EMBRYO
7 WEEK EMBRYO
8 WEEK FOETUS
9 WEEK FOETUS
10 WEEK FOETUS
Embryonic development in human

9 months – placenta attains maximum size, nails on fingers appear. In the next 10 days the foetus
is ready to born as a little bady.
The above mentioned timing are approximate time periods. Some times, due to some reasons, certain babies
are born before stipulated time. The babies born in 7th month may also survive as normal babies.
EXTRA EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES AND PLACENTA

Extra embryonic membranes
In chordates like reptiles, birds and prototherian mammals, shaped blastula is a disc structure called as
blastodis. The cellular layer formed of blastomeres remains as blastoderm. The central part of blastoderm
gives rise to embryo proper, while the peripheral portion does not take past in the formation of embryo.
This peripheral part is known as extra embryonic region. This region takes part in the formation of certain
Embryology [92]

membranes called extra embryonic membranes. These extra embryonic membranes provide facilities for
nutrition, respiration and excretion to the embryo. Extra embryonic membranes are of four types –
1. Amnion 2. Chorian 3. Yolk sac 4. Allantois
On the basis of presence of absence of amnion, two groups of vertebrates are categorised.
1. Amniota - This group is characterized with the presence of amnion in the embryos of its members. For
example members of class Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
2. Anamniota - Animals of this group are devoid of amnion in their embryos. For example class
cyclostomata, pisces and amphibia.
Extra embryonic membranes in human
The process of gastrulation in embryo results into the formation of endoderm or hypoblast, ectoderm or
epiblast, amniotic cavity, yolk sac, extra embryonic parietal and visceral mesoderm, connecting stalk etc.
Extra embryonic membranes are also formed during this process. Each extra embryonic membrane is
derived from two layers.
Formation of extraembryonic membranes in human
1. Amnion - It is formed by the layer of amniogenic cells present around the amniotic cavity and the extra
embryonic mesoderm. Extra embryonic mesoderm layer surrounds the amnion. The connecting stalk is also
attached with it. With a gradual increase in size the amnion covers the embryo from all sides. After about
eight weeks of fertilization, amnion is completely incorporated into connecting stalk, which finally forms
the umbilical cord. Embryo, in this stage, is called as foetus remains hanging in amniotic fluid.
2. Chorion - It is formed by the extra embryonic parietal layer of mesoderm and the cell of trophoblast. After
implantation of blastocyst, the trophoblast gives out several figner like processes, the chorionic villi which
get embedded into uterine endometrium Mesoderm also contributes in the formation of these villi. After a
period of four these villi disappear from all parts except the connecting stalk where they grow rapidly and
participate in the formation of placenta.
Embryology [93]

3. Yolk sac - Yolk sac is formed by the cells of extra embryonic visceral mesoderm and endoderm.
Initially the sie of yolk sac is larger as compared to that of the embryo. About eight weeks after
fertilization, the yolk is reduced in size and changes into a tubular structure. Ultimately a placenta is
developed with the incorporation of yolk sac and mesodermal connecting stalk with the amnion and
chorion.
4. Allantois - It is a solid and cylindrical mass formed by embryonic mesoderm. A small cavity lined by
endodermal cells develops in it. The mesoderm of allantois forms many small blood vessels in this
region. These vessels connect the embryo with placenta and ensure nutritional and respiratory supply
to embryo. In human, allantois does not function to store the excretory wastes as it does in reptiles and
birds.
PLACENTA
The eggs of viviparous animals are unable to develop into their embryos outside the uterus independently.
This is because of the very little or negligible amount of yolk present in these eggs, which can not fulfill
the nutritional and other physiological demands of a developing embryo. Here the embryo depends upon
maternal tissues for shelter, nutrition, respiration etc. These animals therefore, have developed adaptation,
respiratory and other physiological requirements from mother's body.
Placenta is found in all viviparous (exept sub-class-prototheria; oviparous) animals.
Structure of Placenta
Placenta is not a simple membrane. It is made up of the tissues from two different sources –
Maternal tissue - These include uterine epithelium, connective tissues and blood capillaries.
Embryonic tissue - These include extra embryonic membranes (mainly chorion). Yolk sac and allantois
may also take part in placenta formation. Embryonic connective tissues and blood capillaries are also
constituents of it.
On the basis of extra embryonic membranes, the placenta is of three types.
1. Yolk sac placenta - It is formed by yolk sac and uterine epithelium. For example, Elasmobrancs (Sharks),
Mustelus etc.
2. Choria-vitelline placenta - It is formed by chorion and yolk sac combinely. Hence it is called as
choriovitelline placenta. For example, Didelphis, Macropus and other metatherian mammals.
3. Chorio-allantoic placenta - This type of placenta is formed by embryonic chorion and allantoic
membranes. It is also referred to as a true placenta. It is found in eutherian mammals.
Chorio- allantoic placenta in mammals.
1. In this type of placenta, allantoic mesodern and the mesoderm of umbilical cord jointly form the blood
vessels of umbilical cord. The endodermal part of the allantois remains as a very small cavity.
2. To obtain nutrition from maternal blood several finger like processes or villi are formed by chorion which
penetrate deeply into the crypts of uterus. Initially the villi are scattered over the whole surface of chorion
but later they become restricted in the deciduas besalis region. The chorionic villi on the remaining surface
Embryology [94]

disappear shortly. The part of chorion, which helps in placenta formation is known as chorionic
frondosum.
DECIDUA BASALIS
DECIDUA BASALIS
DECIDUA BASALIS
CHORIONIC VILLI DECIDUA BASALIS
CHORION
DECIDUA CAPSULARIS
DECIDUA
UTERINE LUMEN CAPSULARIS
DECIDUA
CHORIONFRONDOSUM PARIETALIS
UTERINE LUMEN
CHORION
Subdivisions of decidua
Formation of chorionic villi
Classification of Placenta
On the basis of different characters, the placenta are classified in following manner –
1. On the basis intimacy
After implantation, the wall of uterus is called as deciduas, instead of endometrium. The part of
deciduas, where placenta is formed is called deciduas basalis whereas, the part separating the embryo
Embryology [95]

from lumen of uterus is called deciduas capsularis. The remaining part of lumen of uterus is called
deciduas parietalis. Decidua also comes out from uterus at the time of parturition. On the basis of
intimacy between embryo and uterine wall the placenta is classified into three classes –
(i) Non-deciduate or Semi placenta - In this type of placenta, there is no close and rigid association between
embryo and the wall of uterus. Hence, at the time of parturition, there is no bleeding as the chorionic villi
are easily pulled out from the crypts of uterus. For example, cow, buffalo, horse, pig.
(ii) Contra-deciduate placenta - There is a close association between embryonic and maternal tissues.
However at parturition, the damaged maternal and embryonic tissues along with the part of placenta
remain inside the uterus which are absorbed is situ by leucocytes. For example – Parameles, Talpa etc.
(iii) Deciduate placenta - This type of placenta is found in human, dog, hare etc. It is characterized with a very
close association between chorionic villi and uterine wall. At the time of birth, the mucosal covering of the
uterus is also damaged and discarded outside. This results in an extensive bleeding at child birth. This
placenta is known as a true placenta.
2. On the basis of implantation
Three types of placenta are found on the basis of implantation.
(i) Superficial - When the placenta is situated in the lumen of uterus. For example, Parameles, pig, cow,
cat etc.
(ii) Eccentric - The placenta is situated in the fold or pocket of the cavity of uterus. For example - rat,
squirrel etc.
(iii) Interstitial – This type of placenta is found in man, guinea pig, apes etc. The chorionic sac (placenta)
penetrates deep inside the wall of uterus. Hence, the association between embryo and maternal part
becomes very close.
3. On the basis of distribution of villi
On this basis, the placenta are of four types.
(i) Diffused placenta – The villi are scattered on the whole surface of placenta. For example pig, horse, lemur
etc.
(ii) Cotyledonary placenta – The villi are
distributed in small isolated groups on
the chorionic surface. These groups of
villi are called as cotyledons. For
example, cow, buffalo, sheep, deer etc.
(iii) Zonary placenta - This type of
placenta have the villi distributed in a
belt shaped zone which is large sized
and circular.
Zonary placenta is of two types –
(a) Complete zonary placenta - The belt of
villi is complete and ring shaped in it.
For example - dog, cat, lion etc.
(b) Incomplete Zonary placenta - The belt
of villi is incomplete in it. For example
- raccoon.
Embryology [96]

(iv) Discoidal placenta - In this type of placenta, whole of the chorionic surface is covered by villi in initial
stage, but the villi disappear later from later from most area except the region of implantation, that is only a
disc like region is left with villi. Discoidal placenta is also of two types –
(a) Mono discoidal placenta - The villi are present only on dorsal surface in single circular disc like area.
For example – human, hare etc.
(b) Bi discoidal placenta - If the villi are distributed in two disc like areas, the placenta is called as
bidiscoidal, eg. Monkeys.
4. On the basis of histology
The blood of maternal and embryonic do not mix together through placenta. The blood circulations of the
two sides are kept separated by one or more layers described below –
1. Maternal endothelium
2. Uterine connective tissue Maternal layes
3. Uterine epithelium
4. Trophoblast/Chorion
5. Chorionic connective tissue Foetal layes
6. Endothelium of embryonic blood vessels
The transportation of various materials takes place by diffusion through these six layers the intimacy
between maternal and embryonic tissues in different mammals is determined by the presence or absence of
these layers in placenta. Therefore, on the basis of presence or absence of the above layers, the placenta is
of five types.
Embryology [97]

1. Epitheliochorial - It is the most primitive type of placenta in which all the six layers. mentioned
earlier, remain intact. For example pig, horse etc.
2. Syndesmochorial - In this type of placenta the uterine epithelium is eroded by chorionic villi, so only two
maternal layers remain functional. Therefore, along with three foetal layers, total five layers are preent in
this placenta. For example - sheep, goat, cow etc.
3. Endotheliochorial - Here uterine connective tissue layer is also damaged along with uterine epithelium
layer. Therefore only four layers (3 foetal and one maternal) are found in this placenta eg. dog, cat, etc.
4. Haemochorial – All the three maternal layers are penetrated in this placenta. The chorionic epithelium
comes in direct contact with uterine blood sinusoids. For example – man, monkey, bat etc.
5. Haemoendotheliochorial/Haemoendothelial : It is the most typical placental in which the trophoblastic

epithelium of embryo is also eroded along with all three maternal layers. The foetal capillaries are in direct
contact with maternal blood. For example rat, guinea pig, rabbit etc.
The placenta of human mainly secretes two steroid hormones like estradiol and progesterone, and two protein
hormones like human chorional gonadotropin HCG and human placental somatomammotropin HCS
large amount of –HCG, hormone is secreted, during early pregnancy, from the placenta. Because of this reason
its quantity increases in the urine of pregnant lady. On the basis of this fact, pregnancy test is performed. The
above hormones are also held responsible for keeping the corpus luteum active, protection of embryo,
prevention of abortion and growth of mammary glands.
Functions of placenta
1. Exchange of important materials between foetal and maternal blood.

2. The essential materials are exchanged by diffusion, pinocytosis or active transport.
3. The small molecules like O 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O etc. and other inorganic substances like chlorides, phosphates,
sodium, potassium, magnesium etc. are also diffused through placenta.
4. Large molecules like lipids, polysaccharides, carbohydrates proteins etc. are obtained by pinocytosis
process.
5. The nutritional substances are supplied to embryo from the mother through placenta.
6. Placenta also serves as a respiratory medium for exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between embryo and mother.
7. The nitrogenous and metabolic wastes from foetus are released into the blood of mother by diffusion
through placenta.
8. The antibodies for measles, chickenpox, polio etc. present in the blood of mother reach the embryo through
placenta.
9. Pathogenic viruses may also enter in embryo through placenta.
10. If a female takes some harmful chemicals, liquor, drugs etc. during pregnancy, these may cross the
placenta and on reaching into foetus may cause deformity during organogenesis. (eg. Thallidomide)
11. Placenta itself secretes some hormones like progesterone, estrogen, lactogen, HCG, HCS etc.
12. Progesterone, maintains and supports the foetus during the whole pregnancy period. At the time of
parturition, relaxin is secreted by placenta which lubricates and widens the birth canal to facilitate child
birth.
Embryology [98]

GROWTH
(1) The multicellular animals life starts with a single cell zygote.
It regularly undergo cleavage - mitotic divisions and produces
the multicellular body.
(2) Growth is an irreversible change in shape, size, mass volume
etc in organism. General aspects of growth are cell
proliferation, development and morphogenesis.
(3) From embryonic life till death there is a regular growth. Skin
shed stratum corneum parts and replace them, RBC and
alimentary canal mucosa is also replaced. Many larva shows
metamorphosis i.e. changes to adults, various animals can
regenerate lost parts.
(4) During growth protoplasmic and apoplasmic substances
increases. Anabolism is more than catabolism.
(5) Growth occurs by three ways –
(a) Cell proliferation or enlargement but no division eg. Neurons, Muscles.
(b) Cell division occurs but no overall growth eg. Blastula, gasturla.
(c) Both cell proliferation and division. It is most common.
(6) Degrwoth : In this constituent proteins of protoplasm is used or oxidised.
(7) Embryonic growth : During early stages of development clevage divisions produces blastula and later
form gastrula. Primitive organ rudiments are still in prefunctional state. After there complete
development there starts functional state.
(8) Post embryonic growth : Animals shows different rate of grwoth. In humans embryo size is
– At the time of implantation – 150 µm
– First nine months – 50 µm
– One year after birth – 50 cm
– Upto 7 years - growth rate is slow.
– From 9-18 years growth rate is again rapid.
– 22 - 23 years stops.
– At 9 weeks the head size is 1/3 of lengths
Human body parts grow at different rates

(9) Cellular growth occurs in cell cycle.
G 1 → Growth phase-I - Most of the general growth.
S → Synthesis phase - DNA replication occurs
G 2 → Growth phase-II - Growth and proparation for division.
Embryology [99]

(10) Types of growth :
(a) Auxetic growth : Only volume increases, no Early Late
divisions occurs eg. Rotifers, Nematoda, tunicata.
(b) Multiplicative growth : Number increases but no 500
overall growth eg. early embryos. 400

(c) Accretionary growth : Both volume and number
Body weight
increases. ECM and ECF production is also 300
included in it.
200
(11) Reserve cells : These are undifferentiated cells which
divides and replace differentiated cells. eg. regular RBC 100
formation by reserve cells of bone marrow.
0
(12) Growth curve : In case of animals weight is taken as a
criteria of growth. When weight is plotted against time 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (days)
we get grwoth curves it have three phases-
Growth curve of a 500-kg animal
(a) Lag phase - slow but progressive growth.
(b) Log or exponential phase - rapid growth.
(c) Stationary phase - almost no growth.
(13) Hormonal control of growth :
Many growth factors are known to be important–
(a) FGF - Fibrolbast growth factors – limb development in chick.
(b) IGF - Insulin like growth factor - In mammal growth.
(c) GH - Growth hormone and its inhibitor somatostatin.
(d) Sex hormones.
(14) Cells must receives signals through growth factors or other proteins for division and survival. In absenceof
these signals internal death programme is activated and cells commit sucide by Apoptosis.
REGENERATION
1. There occurs regular replacement of cells in multicellular organisms. Skin and inner lining of intestine is
also regulatory replaced.
2. At the place of wound healing new cells are added. This repair also occurs regularly in animals if injury
occurs.
3. This ability of fuly developed organism is replace lost parts by growth or remodelling os somatic tissue is
called as regeneration.
4. Regeneration is also a developmental process that involves growth, morphogenesis and differentiation in
post embryonic life.
Embryology [100]

5. Hydra, Planaria, sponges there is a greater power of regeneration.
6. Nematodes have very slow and low regeneration ability few Annelida
can renew all of the anterior and posterior body segments after an
amputation.
7. Many arthropods such as spiders, crustacea, and insect larvae can
regenerate lost appendages, eye stalks, eyes. Parts of head and foot in
gastropods.
8. Echinoderms can regnerate arms, sea cucumber can regenerate
respiraton free and alimentary canal.
9. In Ascedians blood cells can give rise to a fully functional organism.
10. Fish can regenerate scales, fins.
11. Amphibians can regenerate tail, limb, external gills, nwet can regenerate eye lens from pigmented
epithelium of Iris.
12. Autotomy is removal of body parts in order to protect from predators. eg. tail regeneration of Lizard.
13. Mammals can regenerate a part of liver of Kidney. They can restore fractured bone.
Types of Regeneration : It is of two types –
(1) Morpholaxis : When whole new organism is developed from the small fragment. eg. in Hydra, Porifera.
(2) Epimorphosis : When a lost part is regenerated such as tail or limb regeneration. These occurs
dedifferentiation of undifferentiated mass of cell.
Mechanism of forelimb regeneration in Newt :
(1) Due to injury if limb is cut or amputed in laborotatomy it regenerates by epimorphosis.
(2) A group of dedifferentiated cells along the epidermal covering develops. It is called as regeneration
blastema or regeneration bud.
(3) These cells redifferentiated and forms rudiment of limb, further organogenesis completely develops the
new limb.
Compensatory regeneration : If liver or kidney cells divide but do not dedifferentiate. They divide and
produce similar type of cells i.e.
Factors controlling amphibian limb regeneration :
Many growth factors helps and triggers regeneration.
(a) Glial growth factor - GGFs
(b) Fibroblast growth factor FGFs
(c) Insulin like factor IGFs (Important for cartilage growth)
(d) Tranferrin : It is an iron transport protein required for mitosis in all dividing cells.
AGEING : SENESCENCE
(1) It is observed after certain stage cells and organism as whole shows decline in vigor, rate of physiological
functions. Entropy overcomes then biological control.
(2) Ageing is time-related deterioration of physiological functions necessary for
(3) Science of ageing is Gerontology.
(4) Maximum life span : Maximum age reached by the member of any species. In human it is about 121 yrs.
(shirechlyo lzumi of Japan)
(5) Average lifwe span : The average number of years survived by most of the members of a species.
(6) Life expectancy : The number of years an individual can expect to live. (56 yrs. in India) It increases with
the improvement in sanitation, discovery of antibiotics and medical care.
Embryology [101]

Affects of Ageing on Different body parts :
(a) Heart : Size slightly merease O 2 consumption reduces to 10% in man.
(b) Lungs : Vital capactiy may decline by 40% between the ages of 20 - 70.
(c) Brain : Few neurons are lost and few damages Dendrites and
(d) Kidney : Waste filter capacity decreases. Bladder capacity declines.
(e) Body fat : Its accumulation increases. It is more distributed in deeper parts. In females at hips and thigh.
In males in abdominal area.
(f) Muscles : Muscle mass reduces upto 22 percent in woman and 23 percent in men.
(g) Sight : Accomodation and resotution of eye decreses.
(h) Hearing : Gradually declines
Theories of Ageing
Ageing is a deteriation of body physiology also gradually loose efficiency this is called as senescene in
animals.
These are two main gruop of theories
(A) Programmed theories it includes :
(a) Endocrine theory
(b) Programmed senescence theory
(c) Immunological theory
(B) Damage or error theories :
(a) Living theory (b) Free radicals theory
(c) Cross linking theory (d) Wear and tear theroy
(e) Error catastroph theory (f) Somatic mutation theory
(A) Programmed theory : It includes all those distrubing mechanism which are result of a biological time
table.
(a) Endocrine theory : According to it biological clock acts through hormones. GH, sex harmones, melatonia,
thymosin reduces with age. Dehydroepiandros terone (DHEA) a weak male harmone from adrenal gland
also reduces.
(b) Programmed senescence theory : According to it certain genes switch on the process of ageing.
Research shows that B and T cell lymphocytes have receptors for self antigens.
(c) Immunological theory : It states gradual reduction in immunity due to degeneration of thymus.
(B) Damage and Error theories :
(a) Living theory : According to it regular metabolism bring ageing. Rate of oxygen basal metabolism
reduces life.
(b) Free radicals theory : Free radical is a molecule with an unpaired highly reactive electron. These are
produced in metabolism. It damages various biomolecules proteins, DNA and mitochondria. These also
triggers cancer, atherosclerosis, cataract and neurodegeneration.
(c) Cross linking theory : Accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages tissues. In non enzymatic
glycosylation or glycation glucose joins to protein and leads to protein interwinding. AGES Advanced
glycosylation and products makes the tissue tough and deteriate them, stiffening of arteries, eye
coludness, nerve and kidney function reduces. Diabetes have also some relation to such deterioration.
Embryology [102]

(D) Wear and Tear theory : Regular functioning of cell reduces its efficiency. DNA undergo demage by O 2 ,
U.V. rays. DNA repairing process slows down.
(E) Theory of error catastrosphe : Protein synthesis mechanism gradually become abnormal. Abnormal
proteins lead to aging.
(F) Somatic mutation theory : Mutation in body cells produces abnormal proteins that causes ageing.
DEATH
It is a final breakdown of body’s vital function. There are many causes of death.
(a) Heart, liver lungs, Kidney becomes weak and metabolic disorders finally lead to death.
(b) Immune system reduces functioning and reduced resistance makes the body pro to various disease.
Embryology [103]

EXERCISE - 1
A. SPERMATOGENESIS Q.9 Tail-less sperm occurs in-
Q.1 Temperature in scrotum necessary for sperm (1) Frog (2) Ascaris
formation should be-
(3) Amphioxus (4) Rabbit
(1) 2ºC above body temperature
Q.10 Which is the correct sequence in spermatogenesis?
(2) 2ºC below body temperature (1) Spermatogonia  Spermatids  Secondary
(3) 4ºC above body temperature spermatocytes  Primary spermatocytes 
sperms
(4) 4ºC below body temperature
(2) Spermatogonia  Spermatids  Primary
Q.2 Number of sperms present in a single ejaculation spermatocytes - Secondaryspermatocytes
of semen contains- Sperms
(1) 10,000 (2) 100,000-1000,000 (3) Primary spermatocytes  Secondary
(3) 30-40 million (4) 300-400 million spermatocytes  Spermatids Spermatogonia
 Sperms
Q.3 Centrioles of sperm control-
(4) Spermatogonia Primary spermatocytes 
(1) Movement of tail Secondary spermatocytes  Spermatids 
(2) Haploid number of chromosomes Sperms
(3) Help in fertilization Q.11 How many sperms are produced from one
primary spermatocyte ?
(1) 8 (2) 6
Q.4 The function of mitochondria in sperm is-
(3) 2 (4) 4
(1) To control the movement of sperm
Q.12 How many sperms are formed from a secondary
(2) To provide energy of movement of sperm spermatocyte ?
(3) To provide energy to nucleus (1) 4 (2) 8
(4) None of the above (3) 2 (4) 1
Q.5 The function of hyaluronidase is- Q.13 Longest phase of prophase of spermatogenesis
is-
(1) To form one of reception in egg
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene
(2) To puncture the vitelline membrane of egg
(3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene
(3) It is not produced in human sperm
Q.14 Duration of spermatogenesis in man at 50ºC -
(4) None of the above (1) Not possible (2) 3.5 months
Q.6 Testosterone is secreted by- (3) 2.5 months (4) 1 month
(1) Leydig's cells (2) Sertoli cells Q.15 Spermatogonia as a result of growth phase forms-
(3) Pituitary (4) Testis (1) Sperms
Q.7 Axial filament of sperm is formed by- (2) Spermatids
(1) Distal centriole (2) Proximal centriole (3) Primary spermatocyte
(3) Mitochondrial spiral (4) DNA (4) Secondary spermatocyte
Q.8 Sertoli cells are found in the- Q.16 The cells formed as a result of second maturation
division in spermatogenesis-
(1) Frog's testis (2) Rabbit's testis
(1) Polocytes (2) Spermatocytes
(3) Cockroach's testis (4) Liver of frog (3) Spermatids (4) Sperm
Embryology [104]

Q.17 Spermiogenesis changes Q.28 Vitelline membrane is a -
(1) Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte (1) Primary egg membrane
(2)Primary spermatocyte to secondary (2) Secondary egg membrane
spermatocyte (3) Tertiary egg membrane
(3) Secondary spermatocyte to spermatid (4) None of these
(4) Spermatid to sperm. Q.29 An egg of bird was coated with varnish and then
Q.18 Enzyme secreted by sperm is incubated. The egg did not hatch because the
developing embryo-
(1) Sperm trypsin (2) Sperm lysin
(1) Could not excrete and died
(3) Male hormone (4) Sperm gastrin
(2) Could not utilize yolk in the presence of excess
Q.19 Sperms produce an enzymatic substance for
amount of nitrogenous wastes
dissolving egg coverings. It is called
(3) Died because of depleted O2 supply
(1) Hyaluronic acid (2) Hyaluronidase
(4) Died because of toxic effect of varnish
(3) Androgamone (4) Diastase
Q.30 Human females possess 44 + XX chromosomes.
Q.20 The apical part of the sperm which comes in
The secondary oocyte shall have-
contact to the ovum during fertilization-
(1) 44 + XX (2) 22 + X
(1) Acromione (2) Acromegaly
(3) 22 (4) 44
(3) Acronia (4) Acrosome
Q.31 Noncellular layer is-
Q.21 Smallest sperm is of -
(1) Theca interna
(1) Frog (2) Man
(2) Membrana granulosa
(3) Discoglossus (4) Amphioxus
(3) Corona radiata
Q.22 The sperms of birds are-
(4) Zona pellucida
(1) Amoeboid (2) Spiral
Q.32 Corona radiata is derived from-
(3) Hook shaped (4) None
(1) Membrana granulosa
Q.23 Sperm boat is formed in-
(2) Cumulus ovarious
(1) Locust (2) Ant
(3) Theca interna
(3) Fishes (4) Ascaris
(4) Theca externa
Q.24 Sperms in the sperm bank are stored at-
Q.33 What is the total number of polar bodies formed
(1) 4ºC (2) –4ºC
during oogenesis in the ovary ?
(3) –179ºC (4) –1000ºC
(1) 4 (2) 3
B. OOGENESIS
(3) 1 (4) 2
Q.25 Secondary oocyte is-
Q.34 In oogenesis, divisions are mitotic except during
(1) Haploid (2) Diploid the formation of-
(3) Polyploid (4) None of the above (1) Ogonia
Q.26 Eggs from ovary are released in- (2) Primary oocytes
(1) Oviduct (2) Kidney (3) First polar body
(3) Ureter (4) Coelom (4) Secondary polar body
Q.27 Vitelline layer around the egg is deposited by- Q.35 Megalecithal eggs occurs in-
(1) Ovary (2) Oviduct (1) Frog (2) Mammals
(3) Egg itself (4) Coelom (3) Birds (4) Cockroach
Embryology [105]

Q.36 The amount of mDNA in a primary oocyte in Q.44 In spermatogenesis, a primary spermatocyte
comparison to nuclear DNA is- produce four similar sperms while in oogenesis a
primary oocyte forms
(1) Less (2) More
(1) Four similar ova
(3) Equal (4) Not fixed
(2) Three large ova and one polar body
Q.37 What is the total number of polar bodies formed
during oogenesis in the ovary ? (3) Two large ova and two polar bodies
(1) 4 (2) 3 (4) One large ovum and 3 polar bodies
(3) 1 (4) 2 Q.45 50 secondary oocytes in female and 50

secondary spermatocytes in male give rise to
Q.38 Extrusion of second polar body from egg nucleus
occurs- (1) 50 ova and 100 sperms
(1) After entry of sperm before completion of (2) 100 ova and 200 sperms
fertilization (3) 200 ova and 50 sperms
(2) After completion of fertilization (4) 100 ova and 100 sperms
(3) Before entry of sperm Q.46 How many sperms and ova are produced from 25
(4) Without any relation of sperm entry primary spermatocytes and 25 primary oocytes ?
(1) 100 sperms and 100 ova
Q.39 Polar bodies are-
(1) Haploid (2) Diploid
(3) Triploid (4) Polyploid
Q.40 Secondary oocyte is formed
Q.47 A freshly laid unfertilized egg of hen contains
(1) Before ovum maturation
(1) One cell (2) A million cells
(2) After mitosis of germinal cells
(3) 1000 cells (4) 100 cells
(3) After fertilization
Q.48 Human eggs are (on the basis of amount of yolk)
(4) Before fertilization
(1) Alecithal (2) Telolecithal
Q.41 On fertilization of egg nucleus with sperm nucleus
(3) Mesolecithal (4) Macrolecithal.
(1) Second maturation is completed
Q.49 Freshly released human egg has
(2) Embryo is formed
(1) Two Y-chromosome
(3) First polar body is formed
(2) One X-chromosome
(4) First maturation is completed
(3) Two X-Chromosomes
Q.42 In oogenesis, divisions are mitotic except during
the formation of (4) One X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome
Q.50 What kind of eggs would be present in Elephant
(1) Ogonia (2) Primary oocytes
(1) Microlecithal and isolecithal
(3) First polar body (4) Second polar body
(2) Microlecithal and telolecithal
Q.43 Minute cells separating from ova are
(3) Mesolecithal and homolecithal
(1) Primary oogonia
(4) Macrolecithal and centrolecithal
(2) Polar bodies
Q.51 Megalecithal eggs occur in
(3) Secondary oogonia
(1) Frog (2) Mammals
(4) Primary spermatogonia
(3) Birds (4) Cockroach
Embryology [106]

Q.52 The eggs of some mammals have more yolk.They Q.63 The rate of active movement of sperm is-
are (1) 1.5 – 3.0 cm/min (2) 1.5 – 3.0 mm/min
(1) Aquatic mammals (2) Metatherians
(3) 1.5 – 3.0 m/min (4) 1.5 – 3.0 m/hr.
(3) Protherians (4) Eutherlans
Q.53 Insect egg is Q.64 The fertilization in mammals including man takes
place in-
(1) Homolecithal (2) Telolecithal
(3) Centrolecithal (4) Alecithal (1) Vestibule (2) Vagina
Q.54 Cytoplasm with yolk in frog's egg is found in- (3) Uterus (4) Fallopian tubes
(1) Centre (2) Periphery Q.65 What is true about the process of fertilization?
(3) Animal pole (4) Vegitative pole (1) Only acrosome of sperm enters the egg
Q.55 In a floating egg of frog, the vegital pole remains-
(2) Two haploid nuclei fuse but the fusion nucleus
(1) Upside (2) Right side divides immediately to form two haploid nuclei
(3) Left side (4) Down side
(3) Entry of sperm activates the egg to complete
Q.56 The eggs which have yolk-less peripheral
meiosis
ooplasm-
(1) Alecithal (2) Centrolecithal (4) Only one sperm enters an egg
(3) Telocithal (4) None Q.66 Egg is liberated from ovary in-
Q.57 Term "alecithal" was coined by- (1) Secondary oocyte stage
(1) Kent (2) Aristole (2) Primary oocyte stage
(3) Bear (4) Torry
(3) Oogonial stage
Q.58 The eggs of crocodile & ostrich are-
(4) Mature ovum stage
(1) Telolecithal (2) Homolecithal
Q.67 Fertilization is-
(3) Alecithal (4) None
Q.59 Largest egg is of- (1) Union of diploid spermatozoon with diploid
ovum to form diploid zygote
(1) Elephant (2) Whale
(3) Shark (4) None (2) Union of haploid sperm with haploid ovum to
form haploid zygote
C. FERTILIZATION
Q.60 The fertilization membrane is secreted because- (3) Union of haploid sperm with haploid ovum to
form diploid zygote
(1) It checks the entry of more sperms after
fertilization (4) Union of diploid sperm with haploid ovum to
(2) It checks the entry of antigens in ovum form triploid zygote
(3) It represents the left out tail of sperm Q.68 First step in activation of ovum during process of
fertilization is-
(4) It represents the plasma membrane of sperm
Q.61 In man the sperm released from the testis take (1) Formation of fertilization membrane
the following route to reach the ureter- (2) Fertilizin-antifertilizin reaction
(1) Vasa efferentia, Bidder canal, uriniferous (3) Penetration of sperm in ovum
tubules and nephrostome
(4) Formation of fertilization cone
(2) Vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens and
Q.69 Cortical granules are associated with-
urethra
(3) Vasa efferentia, Bidder's canal nephrostome (1) Oogenesis (2) Spermatogenesis
(4) Vasa efferentia, collecting tubules and bidder (3) Cleavage (4) Fertilization
canals Q.70 Fertilizins are emitted by
Q.62 Sperms move actively in female genital tract by- (1) Immature eggs (2) Mature eggs
(1) Creeping (2) Gliding (3) Sperms (4) Polar bodies
(3) Swimming (4) Jet propulsion
Embryology [107]

Q.71 Which chemical of the egg attracts and holds Q.81 During cleavage all divisions are-
sperm? (1) Equal (2) Reductional
(1) Fertilizin (2) Antifertilizin (3) Mitotic (4) Determinate
(3) Agglutin (4) Antiagglutin Q.82 In some eggs the future organs can be
Q.72 After a sperm has penetrated on ovum, entry of demarcated as to the regions even before the
other sperm is prevented by beginning of cleavage. It is-
(1) Condensation of yolk (1) Regulated development
(2) Formation of pigment coat (2) Mosaic development
(3) Development of vitelline membrane (3) Gynogenesis
(4) Development of fertilization membrane (4) Indetermined development
Q.73 One gamete has- Q.83 What is true of cleavage -
(1) Both alleles of a gene (1) Daughter cells or blastomeres grow in size
equal to parent cell
(2) One allele of a gene
(2) Blastomeres separate
(3) All alleles of a gene
(3) Cytoplasm of blastomeres increases after
(4) None
each division
D. CLEAVAGE
(4) There is no growth of daughter cells
Q.74 If an unfertilized egg is pricked with a microneedle
Q.84 A morula can be differentiated from blastula in-
it will-
(1) Presence of cavity
(1) Die immediately (2) Start dividing
(2) Presence of more yolk
(3) Remain undivided (4) None of the above
(3) Presence of yolk
Q.75 During cleavage, nucleocytoplasmic ratio is-
(4) Absence of cavity
(1) Maintained (2) Decreased
Q.85 A zygote is completely divided into two by a
(3) Increased (4) Variable cleavage furrow. The cleavage type is-
Q.76 In embryo, cleavage brings about- (1) Equatorial (2) Meroblastic
(1) Increased DNA content (3) Radial (4) Holoblastic
(2) Increased mass of protoplasm Q.86 Development of fertilized egg starts from
(3) Increased size (1) Invagination (2) Regeneration
(4) Change in shape and size (3) Cleavage (4) Implantation
Q.77 Determinate cleavage is found in- Q.87 During cleavage, what is true about cells ?
(1) Coelentrates (2) Annelids (1) Nucleocytoplasmic ratio remains unchanged
(3) Nematodes (4) All the above (2) Size does not increase
Q.78 Coeblastula is found in- (3) There is less consumption of oxygen
(1) Labeo (2) Snakes (4) The division is like meiosis
(3) Star fish (4) Unio Q.88 What is true of cleavage ?
Q.79 The superficial blastula is the characteristic of- (1) Daughter cells or blastomeres grow in size
(1) Birds (2) Reptiles equal to parent cell
(3) Insects (4) Annelids (2) Blastomeres separate
Q.80 Cleavage differs from mitosis because- (3) Cytoplasm of blastomeres increases after
(1) In cleavage there is no growth phase each division
(2) In cleavage consumption of O2 increases (4) There is no growth of daughter cells.
(3) In cleavage nucleus-cytoplasmic ratio Q.89 Meroblastic cleavage takes place in
increases (1) Hydra (2) Amphioxus
(4) All the above (3) Frog (4) Chick
Embryology [108]

Q.90 Meroblastic cleavage is division Q.99 Emboly is-
(1) Horizontal (2) Partial (1) Migration of micromeres into the blastocoel
(3) Total (4) Spiral (2) Migration of macromeres into the blastocoel
Q.91 Meroblastic segmentation occurs during the (3) Migration of endoderm, mesoderm and
development of notochord in the blastocoel
(1) Pigeon (2) Human
Q.100 The hypoblast (inner germ layer of gastrula) forms
(3) Frog (4) Dog Fish
the-
Q.92 In centrolecithal eggs, the cleavage is (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
(1) Equal holoblastic (3) Endoderm (4) None of the above
(2) Unequal holoblastic Q.101 During gastrulation blastomeres move from the
(3) Meroblastic discoidal surface to their destination in the embryo. These
movements are called-
(4) Meroblastic superficial
(1) Migratory movement
Q.93 A zygote is completely divided into two by a
(2) Formative movements
cleavage furrow. The cleavage type is-
(3) Morphogenetic movements
(1) Equatorial (2) Meroblastic
(4) All the above
(3) Radial (4) Holoblastic
Q.102 Gastrula end stage is characterised by-
Q.94 The morula stage of man is bounded by-
(1) End of blastocoel
(1) Shell (2) Vitelline membrane
(2) Blastopore
(3) Zona radiata (4) Albumin (3) Formation of neural tube
Q.95 A morula can be differentiated from blastula in (4) End of archenterone
(1) Presence of cavity Q.103 Termination of gastrulation is indicated by-
(2) Presence of more yolk (1) Obliteration of blastocoel
(3) Presence of yolk (2) Obliteration of archenteron
(4) Absence of cavity (3) Closure of blastopore
Q.96 Blastopore is (4) Closure of neural tube
(1) Opening of neural tube Q.104 Archenteron begins forming in
(2) Opening of gastrocoel (1) Early gastrula (2) Late gastrula
(3) Future anterior end of embryo (3) Early morula (4) Blastula
(4) Found in blastula Q.105 In mammals, the archenteron/primitive gut is lined
with-
(1) Ectoderm
E. GASTRULA AND NEURULA
(2) Mesoderm
Q.97 Morphogenetic movement involve-
(3) Endoderm
(1) Movement of organs
(4) Mesoderm and endoderm
(2) Movement of small cell masses
Q.106 The best definition of the process of gastrulation
(3) Movement of large cells masses
is that it is a process where the
(4) Differentiation of cells
(1) Simple layered blastula becomes two layered
Q.98 Vertebral column develops from- (2) Archenteron is formed
(1) Notochord (2) Nerve cord (3) Cells move to occupy their definite position
(3) Mesoderm (4) Endoderm (4) Zygote gets converted into larva
Embryology [109]

Q.107 During embryo development, blastocoel of Q.116 Formation of notochord is
blastula is replaced by a new cavity in gastrula. (1) Neurulation (2) Notogenesis
lt is
(3) Morulation (4) Blastulation
(1) Coelenteron (2) Archenteron
Q.117 Notochord grows from
(3) Splanchnocoel (4) Haemocoel
Q.108 Gastrulation involves the differentiation of (1) Neuropore (2) Prechordal plate
(1) Ectoderm and endoderm (3) Hypochordal rod (4) Chorda-mesoderm
(2) Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm Q.118 Notochord develops from
(3) Ectoderm and mesoderm (1) Primary ectoderm (2) Primary endoderm
(4) Mesoderm and endoderm. (3) Primary mesoderm (4) Both 1 and 2
Q.109 During gastrulation is formed -
Q.119 True coelom is lined by
(1) Notochord (2) Nerve cord
(1) Mesoderm
(3) Myotome (4) Archenteron
Q.110 Gastrula end stage is characterised by (2) Mesoderm and ectoderm
(1) End of Blastocoel (2) Blastopore (3) Endoderm
(3) Formation of neural tube (4) Ectoderm
(4) End of archenteron Q.120 Skeleton and muscles originate from
Q.111 Termination of gastrulation is indicated by - (1) Yolk plug (2) Mesoderm
(1) Obliteration of blastocoel
(3) Endoderm (4) Ectoderm
(2) Obliteration of archenteron
Q.121 Ontogenetically liver and pancreas are
(3) Closure of blastopore
(4) Closure of neural tube (1) Ectodermal (2) Mesodermal
Q.112 Embryologists can presume future organs of (3) Endodermal (4) None
embryo in Q.122 The mesoderm gives rise to all the following
(1) Morula (2) Blastula structures in the fully developed animal except
(3) Early gastrula (4) Post gastrula. (1) Muscular system (2) Nervous system
Q.113 Cells become variable in morphology and function
(3) Circulatory system (4) Gonads
in different regions of the embryo. The process
is Q.123 Vascular and excretory organs are formed from
(1) Differentiation (2) Metamorphosis (1) Endoderm (2) Mesoderm
(3) Organisation (4) Rearrangement (3) Ectoderm (4) Mesendoderm
Q.114 If chorda mesoderm evaginates instead of Q.124 Sensory receptors, such as retina, develop from
invagination
(1) Ectoderm
(1) Only ectodermal and endodermal structures
develop (2) Endoderm
(2) Only mesodermal and endodermal structures (3) Mesoderm
develop (4) Mesoderm and endoderm
(3) No development occurs
Q.125 In which organ the bulk is formed of endoderm
(4) Only ectodermal and mesodermal structures
develop (1) Intestine (2) Liver
Q.115 If the ectoderm from neural tissue area is removed (3) Heart (4) Kidney
from the embryo and transplanted in place of Q.126 Choose the correct one
presumptive belly ectoderm, embryo will develop
(1) Mesoderm-Skeleton
(1) Without a neural tube
(2) With a neural tube (2) Mesoderm-Brain
(3) With two ectodermal coats (3) Ectoderm-Liver
(4) With two neural tubes (4) Endoderm-Epidermis
Embryology [110]

F. EMBRYONIC MEMBRANE Q.137 For ensuring effectiveness of reproduction, the
Q.127 Foetal membranes produced by trophoblast are- mammals possess
(1) Chorion and allantois (1) Placenta
(2) Chorion and amnion (2) Yolk sac

(3) Reduced number of eggs
(3) Amnion and allantois
(4) All the above
(4) Allantois and yolk sac
G. PLACENTA
Q.128 Splanchnocoel is-
Q.138 Chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by-
(1) Haemocoel (2) Pseudocoel
(1) Pituitary (2) Ovary
(3) True coelom (4) Pseuocoelom
(3) Placenta (4) Uterus
Q.129 Extra-embryonic membranes of the mammalian
embryo are derived from- Q.139 Placenta provides for-
(1) Storage of food
(1) Inner cell mass (2) Trophoblast
(2) Protection of embryo from shock
(3) Formative cells (4) Follicle cells
(3) Channelisation of nutrients
Q.130 Foetal membrane that provides the first blood
corpuscle for circulation in embryo is- (4) Conveying nerve impulse
(1) Trophoblast (2) Yolk sac Q.140 Human placenta is-
(3) Amnion (4) Chorion (1) Haemochorial (2) Syndesmochorial
Q.131 Amnion is helpful to embryo in (3) Yolk sac (4) Haemo-endothelial
(1) Nutrition Q.141 Placenta is-
(2) Protection from shock (1) Channel for providing essential requirement
(3) Excretion for growth of embryo
(4) Respiration. (2) Storage organ
Q.132 Amnion is a membrane which develops on the (3) Conductor for nerve impulse
outside of embryo in
(4) Meant for protecting the embryo from shocks
(1) Fish (2) Cockroach
Q.142 Placenta is the region where-
(3) Toad (4) Lizard
(1) Foetus is attached to mother by umbilical cord
Q.133 Blastocyst has a selectively permeable and
hormone secreting outer layer known as (2) Foetus is provided with mother's blood
(1) Mesoderm (2) Amnion (3) Foetus receives nourishment from mother's
(3) Trophoblast (4) Chorion blood
Q.134 Allantois is embryonic membrane found in (4) Foetus is covered by membranes

(1) Mammals (2) Birds Q.143 Zonary placenta occurs in-
(3) Reptiles (1) Herbivorous mammals
(4) Birds, mammals and reptiles (2) Carnivorous mammals
Q.135 Allantosis of the mammalian embryo helps in (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) Birds
(1) Respiration (2) Excretion Q.144 Role of placenta is to
(3) Protection (4) Nutrition (1) Provide nutrition to developing embryo
Q.136 Umblical cord contains (2) Protect embryo from shock
(1) Umblicus (2) Placenta (3) Act as storage organ
(3) Discus proligerus (4) Convey nerve impulses
(4) Allantoic artery and vein
Embryology [111]

Q.145 Eutherian placenta is derived from Q.155 Menstrual cycle is controlled by-
(1) Allantois (2) Aminon (1) Estrogen and progesterone of ovary
(3) Chorion and allantois (2) FSH and LH of pituitary
(4) Yolk sac (3) Both 1 and 2
(4) FSH of pituitary
Q.146 Parasitic mode of nutrition occurs in
Q.156 Stages in menstrual cycle are-
(1) Amphibian embryo (2) Mammalian embryo
(1) Recovery phase and proliferative phase
(3) Avian embryo (4) Reptilian embryo.
(2) Proliferative phase and secretory phase
Q.147 The placental barrier between the foetal and
(3) Proliferative, secretory and menstrual
maternal blood is minimum in
(4) Recovery phase, secretory phase and phase
(1) Goat (2) Pig
menstrual flow
(3) Cow (4) Man Q.157 Lutea phase is the other name of-
Q.148 In simplest type of placenta, Six barriers separate (1) Follicular phase
maternal blood from foetal blood. How many
barriers are lost in human placenta ?
(1) One (2) Two
(3) Three (4) Four (4) Secretory phase
Q.158 Human embryo completes development in-
H. FROG EMBRYOLOGY (1) 180 days (2) 300 days
(3) 250 days (4) 266 days
Q.149 The process by way of which a larva or miniature Q.159 The delivery of child or child birth is called-
adult comes out of the egg membranes is called- (1) Labour (2) Parturition
(1) Hatching (2) Emboly
(3) Implantation (4) Insemination
(3) Epiboly (4) Ingression
Q.160 Zona pellucida disintegrates just-
Q.150 Metamorphosis in frog does not occur in the
absence of- (1) Before fertilization
(1) Thyroid (2) Pituitary (2) After fertilization

(3) Adrenal cortex (4) Adrenal medulla (3) Midway during cleavage
(4) After completion of cleavage
I. HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY Q.161 Mesoderm proliferates from-
(1) Trophoblast
Q.151 First menstrual cycle is- (2) Cephalic end of embryonic disc
(1) Parturition (2) Menopause (3) Caudal end of embryonic disc
(3) Menarche (4) Implantation
(4) Ectoderm of embryonic disc
Q.152 Menopause occurs in females at the age of-
Q.162 For ensuring effectiveness of reproduction, the
(1) 55-60 years (2) 50-55 years mammals posses-
(3) 45-50 years (4) 37-42 years
(1) Placenta (2) Yolk sac
Q.153 Menstrual cycle is generally of-
(3) Reduced number of eggs
(1) 21 days (2) 28 days
(4) All the above
(3) 30 days (4) 40 days
Q.163 Gestation period in human is-
Q.154 In menstrual cycle ovum is released during-
(1) Beginning (2) Midway (1) 10 weeks (2) 28 weeks
(3) End (4) Any time (3) 32 weeks (4) 38 weeks
Embryology [112]

Q.164 Onset of pregnancy- Q.173 Growth occurs when–
(1) Stimulates testosterone secretion (1) Anabolism is higher than catabolism
(2) Inhibits further ovulation (2) Catabolism is higher than anabolism
(3) Leads to degeneration of ovary
(3) Protoplasmic synthesis is more than
(4) Inhibits fusion of egg and sperm nuclei apoplasmatic synthesis
Q.165 Loss of reproductive capacity in women after
(4) Apoplasmatic synthesis is more than
age of 45 years is-
protoplasmic synthesis
(1) Menstruation (2) Ageing
Q.174 Degrowth takes place when–
(3) Menopause (4) Menarche
(1) Anabolism is higher than catobolism
Q.166 On fertilization, the urine of would be mother
contains- (2) Catabolism is higher than anabolism
(1) LH (2) Progesterone (3) Protoplasmic synthesis is more than
(3) FSH (4) hCG apoplasmatic synthesis
Q.167 Which is correct ? (4) Apoplasmatic synthesis is more than
(1) Menstrual cycle is present in all mammals protoplasmic synthesis
(2) Menstrual cycle is present in all primates Q.175 Auxetic growth is characterised by–
(3) Estrous cycle occurs in all mammals (1) Increase in cell number
(4) Most mammals are ovoviviparous
(2) Growth without increase in cell number
Q.168 In mammals, the onset of pregnancy causes
(1) Secretion of testosterone (3) Both increase in cell number and cell growth
(2) Degeneration of ovary (4) Expansion in transverse direction
(3) Inhibits further ovulation Q.176 Accretionary growth is due to–
(4) Inhibits fertilization (1) Reserve cells (2) Meristematic cells
Q.169 Human embryo is about an inch in length after
(3) Embryonic cells (4) Differentiated cells
(1) Eight weeks (2) Six weeks
Q.177 In human beings, which part shows the minimum
(3) Four weeks (4) Two weeks
increase in weight from birth to adulthood–
Q.170 In human beings, the developing embryo resides
in (1) Brain (2) Fat
(1) Fallopian tubes (2) Uterus (3) Muscles (4) Skeleton
(3) Ovaries (4) Vagina Q.178 Adult females tend to have less weight than adult
Q.171 Pseudopregnancy differs from normal pregnancy males due to lesser development of–
in (1) Muscles
(1) Development of ovum
(2) Skeleton
(2) Developmental changes in endometrium
(3) Absence of foetus (3) Both muscles and skeleton
(4) Absence of corpus luteum (4) Fat
Q.179 As compared to whole body, the head of new
J. GROWTH REPAIR REGENERATION AGEING born human baby is–
(1) One–third (2) One–half
Q.172 Growth is– (3) One–fifth (4) One–fourth
(1) Increase in size
Q.180 Approximate age of sexual maturity in human
(2) Increase in weight being is–
(3) Synthesis of new proptoplasm
(1) 10–14 years (2) 8–11 years
(4) All of the above
(3) 10–13 years (4) 11–16 years
Embryology [113]

Q.181 Growth at the end of childhood and during puberty Q.191 Gerontology is the branch of science that deals
is controlled by– with–
(1) Thyroxine (1) A sexual reproduction
(2) Thymosin (2) Ageing
(3) Somatorophic hormone (3) Embryo development
(4) Thyroxin and somatotrophic hormones
(4) Asexual reproduction
Q.182 Human body regularly loses cells in the region
Q.192 During ageing, collagen present in intercellular
of–
spaces become–
(1) Skin surface (2) Lining layer of gut
(1) Destroyed
(3) Red blood cells (4) All of above
(2) Impermeable and rigid
Q.183 Repetitive regeneration is found in–
(1) Tadpole (2) Molluscs (3) More elastic
(3) Hydra (4) Human beings (4) All of the above
Q.184 Reparative regeneration occurs in– Q.193 In an ageing person, there is a–
(1) Invertebrates (1) Increase in mucopolysaccharide
(2) Vertebrates (2) Gradual alteration in components of
(3) Both invertebrates and vertebrates connective tissue
(4) A few vertebrates (3) Increasing collagen rigidity of connectvie
Q.185 Restorative regeneration is common in– tissue
(1) Vertebrates (4) Both '2'and '3
(2) Mostly invertebrates Q.194 According to immunity theory, ageing is due to–
(3) In some verebrate groups (1) Accumulation of errors
(4) In some invertebrate groups (2) Reduced functioning of endocrine glands
Q.186 Salamander and Axolotl larve regenerate–
(3) Degeneration of thymus
(1) Limbs, eye structures and intestine
(4) Accumulation of waste products
(2) Jaws and external gills
Q.195 With the advancenment of age, hair of males start
(3) Both '1' and '2'
thinning due to–
(4) Trunk
(1) Falling of hair
Q.187 What is true about regeneration–
(2) Low ATP formation
(1) beak in birds (2) Tails in lizards
(3) Fish fins (4) All the above (3) Reduced rate of protein synthesis
Q.188 Autotomy is recorded in– (4) None of the above
(1) Legs in crabs (2) Tail of lizards Q.196 Regeneration of Hydra is–
(3) Viscera in holothurian (1) Morphollaxis by interstitial cells
(4) All of the above (2) Epimorphosis by interstitial cells
Q.189 Morphallaxis is– (3) Epimorphosis by archaeocytes
(1) Reconstruction of the whole body (4) Epimorphosis by glandular cells
(2) Growth of lost limb Q.197 The correct sequence of growth curve for
(3) Healing of injury bacteria is–
(4) Regeneration with the help of blastema (1) Lag, log, decline and stationary
Q.190 Factors controlling regeneration seem to be– (2) Lag, log, decline and stationary
(1) Neural (2) Hormonal
(3) Stationary, lag , log decline
(3) Both neural and hormonal
(4) Decline, lag and log phase
(4) Genetic
Embryology [114]

K. GENERAL QUESTION Q.201 Gestation period of elephant is
(1) 22 months (2) 15 months
Q.198 Formation of whole body from a fragment is– (3) 11 months (4) 10 months
(1) Morphallaxis (2) Epimorphosis Q.202 Gestation period of Rat is
(3) Epigenesis (4) Auxetic growth (1) 5 weaks (2) 4 weaks
Q.199 Gestation period is duration of (3) 3 weaks (4) 2 weaks
(1) Between egg growth and ovulation Q.203 Gestation period of Rabbit is
(2) Of fertilization (1) 18 - 20 days (2) 28 - 32 days
(3) Between fertilization and parturition (3) 48-50 days (4) 60-70 days
(4) Between preparation of sex cells and
fertilisation
Q.200 Gestation period in humans is
(1) 10 weaks (2) 25 weaks
(3) 7 months (4) 9 months
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – 1
Que . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 3 3 4 2 2 4
Que . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 2 1 3 1 4 3 1 3 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 4
Que . 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 4 4 2 1 1 3 1
Que . 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 2 3 2 4 4 1 3 2 4 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 4 3 3 4
Que . 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 3 2 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 2 2 1 3 3
Que . 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 4 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 4 1 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 3 1 2
Que . 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 3 3 1
Que . 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
Ans. 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 4
Que . 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
Ans. 3 1 4 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 3 3 4 4
Que . 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Ans. 4 4 3 3 4 1 4 4 1 3 2 2 4 3 3 1 2 1 3 4
Que . 201 202 203
Ans. 1 3 2
Embryology [115]

EXERCISE - 2
Q.1 Cleavage takes place in– Q.10 Law of organiser was given by –
(1) Ovum (2) Zygote (1) Spemann (2) Leeuwenhoek
(3) Neuron (4) All (3) Von- Baer (4) Wolff
Q.2 Egg in which yolk is found in the centre. The Q.11 Double axial gradient theory was given by–
peripheral part is yolk-less– (1) Child (2) Roux
(1) Homolecithal (2) Microlecithal (3) Driesch (4) Horstadius
(3) Centrolecithal (4) Telolecithal Q.12 Connective tissues originate form–
Q.3 The type of cleavage in a egg is determined by– (1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm
(1) Number of egg membranes
(3) Mesoderm (4) Meso-endoderm
(2) Amount & distribution of yolk
Q.13 The correct sequence of various stages in
(3) Size & position of nucleus embryonic development –
(4) Size & shape of sperm (1) Fertilization – Cleavage –Morula – Blastula
Q.4 The sperms gain the capacity of fertilization on – Gastrula
contact with vaginal secretion is called as– (2) Cleavage – Fertilization – Gastrula – Blastula
(1) Cortical reaction (2) Capactitation (3) Blastula – Cleavage – Gastrula – Fertilization
(3) Acrosomal reaction (4) None
(4) Gastrula– Fertilization – Cleavage – Blastula
Q.5 In an egg of frog is divided in a way that one
Q.14 Eggs which have large amount of yolk–
part has animal hemisphere and an other part is
deficient in that then- (1) Microlecithal (2) Macrolecithal
(1) Only animal hemisphere region forms embryo (3) Oligolecithal (4) Mesolecithal
(2) Both the sites form embryo Q.15 The group which originate from mesoderm –
(3) Embryo is not formed from any region (1) Thyroid, Pancrease, Kidney
(4) Animal hemisphere deficient region forms the (2) Heart, Spleen, Gonad
embryo (3) Pineal body, Stomodium, Proctodaeom
Q.6 Sequential and regular conversion of zygote into (4) Nervous system, Epidermis, Internal ear
an animal is known as- Q.16 Chromosomes in primary sex cell –
(1) Transformation (2) Genetic characters (1) Haploid (2) Diploid
(3) Embryonic induction (4) Stimulation (3) Similar to sperm (4) Similar to ovum
Q.7 Body cavity is found between – Q.17 In which animal parthenogenesis is common–
(1) Ectoderm & endoderm (1) Rats (2) Hens
(2) Ectoderm & mesonephros (3) Aphids (4) Monkeys
(3) Ectoderm & body wall Q.18 Meroblastic cleavage takes place in–
(4) Body wall & mesoderm (1) Spiral cleavage (2) Equal cleavage
Q.8 Polar bodies are formed in – (3) Complete cleavage (4) Partial cleavage
(1) Oogenesis (2) Spermatogenesis Q.19 In which blastula is called as blastocyst –
(3) Gametogenesis (4) Spermiogenesis (1) Frog (2) Fish
Q.9 The release of the egg from the ovary is called (3) Bird (4) Eutherian
as –
Q.20 5th cleavage results in the formation of–
(1) Oogenesis (2) Ovulation
(1) 16– cells (2) 48– cells
(3) Oviposition (4) Ovo-viviparity (3) 64– cells (4) 32–cells
Embryology [116]

Q.21 Convergence & divergence of embryonic cells Q.31 The upper coloured part of the frog egg is
is called as – associated with –
(1) Differentiation (2) Induction (1) Nutrition (2) Camouflage
(3) Morphogensis (4) Blastulation (3) Respiration (4) To provide colour
Q.22 Which of the following is haploid– Q.32 Blastopore is found in –
(1) Primary oocyte (1) Blastula & opening of archenteron
(2) Oogonia (2) Blastula & opening of blastocoel
(3) Secondary oocyte (3) Gastrula & opening of archenteron
(4) Primary spermatocyte (4) Gastrula & opening of blastocoel
Q.23 In sperm , the acrosome is found – Q.33 How many secondary spermatocyte will form
(1) On the top part (2) In the mid piece 400 spems –
(3) Behind the nucleus (4) On the tail part (1) 100 (2) 400
Q.24 Enzyme secreted by the acrosome of sperm– (3) 40 (4) 200
(1) Hyaluronidase (2) Pepsin Q.34 100 primary oocyte will form how many egg –
(3) Carboxylase (4) Dehydroginase

(1) 300 (2) 400
Q.25 Begining of embryonic development in the egg is
indicated by– (3) 200 (4) 100
Q.35 Oogenesis involves –
(1) Cleavage (2) Differentiation
(1) Multiplication phase (2) Growth phase
(3) Polarity (4) organogenesis
Q.26 Liver and pancreas develops from–
(3) Maturation phase (4) All
(1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
Q.36 The mid-piece of the sperm contains –
(3) Ecto-mesoderm (4) Endoderm
Q.27 Brain originates from– (1) Nucleus (2) Proteins
(1) Mesoderm (2) Ectoderm (3) Centriole (4) Mitochondria
(3) Ecto-mesoderm (4) Endoderm Q.37 Frog's eggs is –
Q.28 Following is an example of recapitulation theory (1) Isolecithal (2) Mesolecithal
(1) Extra-embryonic membrane in reptiles (3) Megalecithal (4) Centrolecithal
(2) Tadpole larva of frog Q.38 If an unfertilized egg of frog is pricked by a minute
(3) Placenta in mammals needle–
(4) Gill cleft in human foetus (1) It will remain live but undivided
Q.29 What is present in the vegetal pole of the frog's (2) It will change into youngone soon
egg – (3) It will begin to divide
(1) Pigment (2) Gray crescent (4) It will die
(3) Yolk (4) Germinal cup Q.39 External fertilization occurs in–
Q.30 The name of the small cell separates from the (1) Lizard (2) Bird
ovum during maturation is – (3) Rat (4) Frog
(1) Primordial germinal cell Q.40 Development of embryo from unfertilized egg is
(2) Polocyte called as–
(3) Secondary germinal cell (1) Parthenogenesis (2) Apogamy
(4) Primary spermatocyte (3) Pseudogamy (4) Parthenocarpy
Embryology [117]

Q.41 Yolk plug in gastrula is future – Q.52 Unfertilized egg of honey bee develops into–
(1) Anterior (2) Posterior end (1) Sterile male (2) Sterile female
(3) Dorsal side (4) Ventral side (3) Fertile male (4) Fertile female
Q.42 The organ which form gametes in animals is – Q.53 The cells forming ectoderm spread & stretch to
(1) Ovary (2) Testes cover the embryo except a pore called blstopore.
This movement in gastrulation is called as–
(3) Gonad (4) Oviduct
(1) Emboly (2) Involution
Q.43 Which form microlecithal eggs –
(3) Invagination (4) Epiboly
(1) Insects (2) Fishes
Q.54 Intestine in both invertebrates & vertebrates
(3) Birds (4) Mammals develops from –
Q.44 Entry of sperm into the ovum results in– (1) Ectoderm (2) Pharyngeal pouch
(1) Formation of Ist polocyte (3) Endoderm (4) Mesoderm
(2) Formation of 2nd polocyte
Q.55 Which of the following egg is found in cockroach–
(3) Ist meiosis
(1) Alecithal (2) Microlecithal
(4) Formation of pronuclei
(3) Centrolecithal (4) Oligolecithal
Q.45 The egg of placental mammals are–
Q.56 Grey crescent structure is found in–
(1) Microlecithal (2) Alecithal
(1) Eye of cockroach (2) Eye of frog
(3) Mesolecithal (4) Homolecithal
(3) Brain of rabbit (4) Fertillized egg of frog
Q.46 The part of the sperm which has mitochondria–
Q.57 Vegetal pole of egg has –
(1) Head (2) Middle-piece
(1) Yolk (2) Pigment
(3) Neck (4) Tail
(3) Grey Crescent (4) Germinal Vesicle
Q.47 The ovum released from human ovary contains–
(1) One X- chromosome Q.58 Spermatogenesis involves–
(2) One Y- chromosome (1) Mitosis (2) Meiosis
(3) Two X- chromosome (3) Transformation (4) 1 & 2 both
(4) XY- chromosome Q.59 Hormone which control spermatogenesis is–

Q.48 The number of chromosome in the spermatid of (1) FSH (2) LH
man – (3) LTH (4) Vasopressin
(1) 48 (2) 23 Q.60 Acrosome of sperm helps in-
(3) 24 (4) 46 (1) Locomotion (2) Ovum penetration
Q.49 Head of the sperm contains– (3) To provide energy (4) None
(1) Nucleus (2) Golgi body
Q.61 During fertilization, the point of entry of sperm
(3) Centriole (4) Mitochondria is–
Q.50 Sperm locomotes by – (1) Rotation centre of embryo
(1) Head (2) Acrosome (2) Axis of cleavage
(3) MId-piece (4) Tail (3) Grey crescent
Q.51 The cleavage which cleaves the egg partially- (4) Dorsal lip of blastopore
Q.62 Sperm in frog's egg enters from–
(1) Holoblastic (2) Meroblastic
(1) Animal pole (2) Vegetal pole
(3) 1 & 2 Both (4) Spiral
(3) Grey crescent (4) From any where
Embryology [118]

Q.63 Apomixis is– Q.72 The site of fertilization in mammals is-
(1) Vegetative reproduction (1) Ovary (2) Abdominal
(2) Asexual reproduction (3) Uterus (4) Fallopian tube
(3) Sexual reproduction which is without meiosis Q.73 Natural parthenogenesis is found in-
& gametogenesis (1) Housefly (2) Honey bee
(4) None (3) Drosophila (4) All of these
Q.64 In which of following, fertilization of ovum takes Q.74 Spermatogenesis is induced by-
place in Rabbit and Man– (1) FSH (2) ACTH
(1) Ovary (2) Vagina (3) ICSH (4) ATH
(3) Fallopian tube (4) Uterus Q.75 Cleavage found in mesolecithal egg is-
Q.65 Eggs of egg laying mammals are – (1) Holoblastic and equal
(1) Macrolecithal (2) Alecithal (2) Holoblastic and unequal
(3) Mesolecithal (4) Telolecithal (3) Meroblastic
Q.66 Jelly of frog egg is laid – (4) Discoidal
(1) During ovulation Q.76 Egg of frog is-
(2) After fertilization in water (1) Alecithal (2) Macrolacithal
(3) In oviduct (3) Microlecithal (4) Mesolecithal
(4) In ovary Q.77 Which is formed in gastrulation ?
Q.67 Noncleidoic eggs are found in – (1) Archenteron (2) Heart
(1) Fish (2) Bird (3) Brain (4) None of these
(3) Reptile (4) Mammals (Platypus) Q.78 How many sperms are produced from first
spermatocyte-
Q.68 Hyaluronic acid is present in –
(1) 4 (2) 2
(1) Human sperm
(3) 1 (4) 8
(2) Ovary
Q.79 Which chemical attracts sperms towards egg-
(3) Ovum of the female
(1) Fertilizin (2) Antifertilizin
(4) A type of protein of blood
(3) Agglutinin (4) Thromobin
Q.69 The human sperm releases a substance to
Q.80 Grey crescent is the area-
dissolve egg membrane, called–
(1) At the point of entry of sperm into ovum
(1) Hyaluronidase (2) Hyaluronic acid
(2) Just opposite to the site of entry of sperm into
(3) Fertilizin (4) Antifertilizin ovum
Q.70 Polar bodies are found during – (3) At the animal pole
(1) Oogenesis (2) Spermatogenesis (4) At the vegetal pole
(3) Spermeogenesis (4) None of these Q.81 If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which
Q.71 Insect's eggs are - one of the following is unlikely-
(1) Microlecithal and centrolecithal (1) Corpus luteum will disintegrate
(2) Megalecithal and isolecithal (2) Progesteron secretion rapidly declines
(3) Megalecithal and centrolecithal (3) Estrogen secretion further decreases
(4) Megalecithal and telocithal (4) Primary follicle starts developing
Embryology [119]

Q.82 Withdrawal of which of the following hormones Q.84 Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an
is the immediate cause of menstruation? endocrine gland after ovulation?
(1) Progesterone (1) Stroma (2) Germinal epithelium
(2) Estrogen (3) Vitelline membrane (4) Graffian follicle
(3) FSH Q.85 Compared to a bull a bullock is docile because
(4) FSH-RH of-
Q.83 Sertoli cells are regulated by the pituitary hor- (1) Higher levels of cortisone
mone known as- (2) Lower levels of blood testosterone
(1) LH (2) FSH (3) Lower level of adrenaline/noradrenalin in its
(3) GH (4) Prolactin blood
(4) Higher level of thyroxin
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 2 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 1
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 2 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 2 3 4 3 3 4 1 4 1 2
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 4 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2
Ques. 81 82 83 84 85
Ans. 4 1 2 4 2
Embryology [120]

EXERCISE-3 PREVIOUS YEAR'S QUESTIONS
Q.1 Human placenta is : [AIIMS 99] Q.10 Extrusion of second polar body from egg
(1) Haemochorial (2) Syndesmochorial nucleus occurs [CBSE 2000]
(3) Yolk sac (4) Haemo-endothelial (1) After entry of sperm before completion of
Q.2 Human eggs are [MPPMT 2000] fertilization
(1) Alecithal (2) Microlecithal (2) After completion of fertilization
(3) Before entry of sperm
(3) Mesolecithal (4) Macrolecithal
(4) Without any relation of sperm entry
Q.3 Middle piece of mammalian sperm possesses :
Q.11 Termination of gastrulation is indicated by :
[CBSE 1991]
[CBSE 1993]
(1) Mitochondria and centriole (1) Obliteration of blastocoel
(2) Mitochondria only (2) Obliteration of archenteron
(3) Centriole only (3) Closure of blastopore
(4) Nucleus and mitochondria (4) Closure of neural tube
Q.4 Human egg has : [MPPMT 2000] Q.12 In telolecithal egg the yolk is found :
(1) One Y-chromosome [CBSE 1993]
(2) One X-chromosome (1) All over the egg (2) On one side
(3) Two Y-chromosome (3) Both the sides (4) Centre
(4) One X-chromosome and one Y- Q.13 Acrosome reaction in sperm is triggered by
[CBSE 1993]
chromosome
(1) Capaciation (2) Release of lysin
Q.5 Fertilizins are emitted by : [J.I. PMER 2000] +
(3) Influx of Na (4) Release of fertilizin
(1) Immature eggs (2) Mature eggs
Q.14 Amounnt of yolk and its distribution are
(3) Sperms (4) Polar bodies changed in the egg. Which one is affected?
Q.6 Meroblastic cleavage takes place in : [CBSE 1993]
[MPPMT 1991] (1) Pattern of cleavage
(1) Hydra (2) Amphioxus (2) Formation of zygote
(3) Frog (4) Chick (3) Number of blastomeres
Q.7 During cleavage, what is true about embryo ? (4) Fertilisation
[CBSE 1991, CPMT 99] Q.15 Fertilization is : [KARNATAKA 1994]
(1) Nucleocytoplasmic ratio remains (1) Union of diploid spermatozoon with
unchanged diploid ovum to form diploid zygote
(2) ovum of haploid sperm with haploid ovum
(2) Size does not increase
to form haploid zygote
(3) There is less consumption of oxygen
(3) Union of haploid sperm with haploid ovum
(4) The division is like meiosis
to form diploid zygote
Q.8 Meroblastic cleavage is division (4) Union of diploid sperm with haploid ovum
[CBSE 1992, MPPMT-97] to form triploid zygote
(1) Horizontal (2) Partial/Parietal Q.16 At the end of first meiotic division, male germ
(3) Total (4) Spiral cell differentiates into :
Q.9 Eye lens is formed from : [CBSE 1992] [CBSE 1994, MPPMT 96]
(1) Ectoderm (1) Secondary spermatocyte
(2) Mesoderm (2) Primary spermatocyte
(3) Endoderm (3) Spermatogonium
(4) Ectoderm and mesoderm (4) Spermatid
Embryology [121]

Q.17 Extra-embryonic membranes of the mammalian Q.25 Which one develops from endodermis?
embryo are derived from : [CBSE 1994] [BHU 1995]
(1) Inner cell mass (2) Trophoblast (1) Nervous system urinary bladder and eye
(3) Formative cells (4) Follicle cells (2) Liver, connective tissue and heart
Q.18 What is true about cleavage in fertilized egg of (3) Thymus, spiral cord and brain
humans? [CBSE 1994] (4) Liver, pancreas and thymus/thyroid
(1) Meroblastic Q.26 Reptile and bird eggs are: [AIIMS 1996]
(2) Starts when egg reaches uterus (1) Macrolecithal (2) Oligoleithal
(3) Starts in fallopian tubes (3) Mesolecithal (4) Alecithal
(4) It is identical to normal mitosis Q.27 Fertilization is fusion of : [AIMS 1996]
Q.19 Vascular tissue is derived from : (1) Diploid spermatozoan with diploid ovum
[KARNATAKA 1994] to form diploid zygote
(1) Epithelium (2) Haploid spermatozoan with diploid ovum
(2) Ectoderm to from diploid zygote
(3) All germinal layers
(3) Diploid spermatozoan with haploid ovum
(4) Mesoderm
Q.20 In a mamanalian sperm, spiraly arranged
(4) Haploid spermatozoan with haploid ovum
mitochondria around an axial filament occurs
in [BHU 1994, 2000]
Q.28 Spermatozoa are nourished during their
(1) Middle piece
development by [KARNATAKA 1997]
(2) Head
(1) Setroli cells
(3) End piece of tail
(2) Interstitial cells
(4) Principal piece of tail
(3) Connective tissue cells
Q.21 A mature sperm has [AFMC 1994]
(1) A pair of flagella
Q.29 Correct sequence in development is :
(2) A nucleus, an acrosome, and a centriole
[CPMT 1998]
(3) A nucleus, an acrosome, a pair of centrioles
(4) A nucleus, an acrosome, a pair of centroiles (1) Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage →
and a tail. Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
Q.22 Ovulation occurs under the influence of : (2) Fertilization → Zygote → Blastula →
[AIIMS 96] Morula → Cleavage → Gastrula
(1) LH (2) FSH (3) Fertilization → Cleavage → Morula →
(3) Estrogen (4) Progesterone Zygote → Blastula → Gastrula
Q.23 Part of sperm involved in penetrating egg (4) Cleavage → Zygote → Fertilization →
membrane is [MP PMT 99, 2000] Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
(1) Tail (2) Acrosome Q.30 Eye develops from : [CBSE 1998]
(3) Allosome (4) Autosome (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
Q.24 Type of cleavage in an egg is determined by :
(3) Endoderm (4) Both 2 and 3
[CBSE 1995, RPMT 99]
Q.31 Middle piece of mammalian sperm contains :
(1) Amount and distribution of yolk
[AIIMS 1998, CBSE 99]
(2) Number of egg membranes
(1) Nucleus (2) Vacuoles
(3) Size and location of nucleus
(3) Mitochondria (4) Centriole
(4) Shape and size of sperm
Embryology [122]

Q.32 Egg with peripheral cytoplasm around the yolk Q.40 Sperms produce an enzymatic substance for
is : [AIIMS 1998] dissolving egg coverings. It is called :
(1) Isolecithal (2) Microlecithal [KARNATAKA 2001]
(3) Telocithal (4) Centolecithal (1) Hylauronic acid (2) Hyaluronidase
(3) Androgamone (4) Diastase
Q.33 Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian
Q.41 Oocyte is liberated from ovary under the
egg is covered by a membrane called :
influence of LH, after completing :
[AIIMS 1998]
[AIIMS 2001]
(1) Chorion (2) Zona pellucida
(1) Metosis and before liberating polar bodies
(3) Corona raidata (4) 2 & 3 (2) Meiosis I and before liberating second
Q.34 Cleavage in the fertilized egg of humans : polar bodies
[AFMC 1999] (3) Meiosis
(1) Starts in uterus (4) Meiosis II after release of first polar body
(2) is meroblastic Q.42 Noncleiodic eggs occurs in : [BHU 2001]
(3) starts when egg is in fallopian tube (1) Birds (2) Fish
(4) is discoidal (3) Reptiles (4) Platypus
Q.43 In which one Meroblastic cleavage is found
Q.35 Polar body is produced during the formation
[RPMT 2000]
of: [Pb PMT 1999]
(1) Dog (2) Owl
(1) Sperm (2) Secondary oocyte
(3) Monkey (4) Rhinoceros
(3) Oogonium (4) Spermatocytes Q.44 In which of the following mosaic cleavage
Q.36 The head of mature mammalian sperm is made occurs : [RPMT 2000]
of : [AIIMS 1999] (1) Camel (2) Whale
(1) An acrosome (3) Dog fish
(2) Elongated nucleus covered by acrosome (4) Echinococcus granulosus
(3) Two centrioles and an axial filement Q.45 Microlecithal eggs are gound in :
(4) Nucleus, acrosome, cytoplasm and [RPMT 2001]
mitochondrial sheath (1) Reptilia + Aves
(2) Amphibia + Aves + Reptilia
Q.37 Ovulation or release of ovum occurs on the day
(3) Reptilia + Aves + Chiroptera
of menstrual cycle : [Manipal 2000]
(4) Eutheria
(1) 8 – 10 (2) 12 – 14
Q.46 Which cell div. is found during cleavage ?
(3) 4 – 14
[RPMT 2001]
(4) Last two day of menstrual cycle (1) Amitosis (2) Mitosis
Q.38 Division of human egg is : [CBSE 2000] (3) Closed mitosis (4) Meiosis
(1) Equal holoblastic Q.47 10 oogonia yield 10 primary oocytes, then how
(2) Unequal holoblastic many ova are produced on completion of
(3) Superficial meroblastic oogenesis: [RPMT 2001]
(4) Discodial meroblastic (1) 5 (2) 10
Q.39 First successful animal clone was : (3) 20 (4) 40
Q.48 At the time of fertilization sperm head enters in
[CBSE 2000]
the egg from [RPMT 2001]
(1) Dolly goat (2) Dolly sheep
(1) Any where (2) Animal pole
(3) Molly goat (4) Molly sheep
(3) Vegetal pole (4) Lateral side of egg
Embryology [123]

Q.49 Which have macrolecithal eggs?[RPMT 2001] Q.58 Insects eggs are : [RPMT 2002]
(1) Aves, Reptilia (1) Microlecithal & centrolecithal
(2) Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia (2) Megalecithal & isolecithal
(3) Aves, Reptilia, Chiroptera (3) Megalecithal & centrolecithal
(4) Aves, Eutheria (4) Megalecithal & telolecithal
Q.50 Which part of sperm provides energy it to Q.59 In rabbit at the time of fertilization zygote is
fertilize the egg : [RPMT 2001] formed in : [RPMT 2002]
(1) Sperm head (2) Acrosome (1) Coelom (2) Fallopian tube
(3) Sperm tail (4) Middle piece (3) Uterus (4) Vagina
Q.51 In which stage of development the embryonic Q.60 Sperm enters from which part of egg:
cells form the germinal layers by the [RPMT 2002]
movement : [RPMT 2001] (1) Any where in unfertilized egg from vegetal
(1) Morula (2) Blastula pole
(3) Gastrula (4) Nerula (2) From animal pole in unfertilized egg
Q.52 Cleidoic egg is an adaptation for : (3) In unfertilized egg from vegetal pole
[RPMT 2001] (4) None
(1) Aquatic life (2) Marine life Q.61 Completion of gastrulation is indicated by
(3) Terrestrial life (4) Aerial life [RPMT 2003]
Q.53 In mammals egg are microlecithal and (1) Obliteration of archenterone
isolecithal because these are : [RPMT 2001] (2) Obliteration of blastocoel
(1) Oviparou (2) Viviparous (3) Closing of blastopore
(3) Ovoviviparous (4) None of them (4) Closing of neural tube
Q.54 Eggs of birds are : [RPMT 2001] Q.62 In mammals, egg is fertilised in :
(1) Microlecithal (2) Centrolecithal [RPMT 2003]
(3) Megalecithal (4) Alecithal (1) Ovary (2) Fallopian tube
Q.55 In which of the following animal cleavage (3) Uterus (4) Vagina
divisions are restricted to a small part of Q.63 In mesolecithal eggs, the cleavage is :
cytoplasm & nucleus in animal pole of egg? [RPMT 2004]
[RPMT 2002] (1) Equal, holoblastic (2) Unequal holoblastic
(1) Cockroach (2) Frog (3) Meroblastic (4) Discoidal
(3) Chick (4) Rabbit Q.64 Cortical granules are absent in : [RPMT 2004]
Q.56 Which of the following is not the correct for (1) Fish (2) Frog
gastrulation [RPMT 2002] (3) Man (4) Rat
(1) Archenteron is formed Q.65 The egg of frog is : [RPMT 2004]
(2) All germinal layers are formed (1) Microlecithal (2) Mesolecithal
(3) Morphogenetic movements (3) Telolecithal (4) Alecithal
(4) Some blastomeres & blastocoel degenerate Q.66 What is formed at the time of gastrulation?
Q.57 At which stage of spermatogenesis sperm [RPMT 2004]
aquire their whole structural maturity and they (1) Gills (2) Heart
contain a haploid nucleus & other organs (3) Myotome (4) Archenteron
[RPMT 2002] Q.67 Which part of the spermatid forms acrosomes
(1) Spermiogenesis (2) Growth phase of sperm ? [RPMT 2004]
(3) Multiplication phase (1) Mitochondria (2) Golgibody
(4) Maturation phase (3) Nucleus (4) Lysosome
Embryology [124]

Q.68 How many sperms are formed by one primary Q.77 In the development of a frog, the gastrulation
spermatocyte ? [RPMT 2005] process involves :
(1) 4 (2) 3 [UP CPMT 2001, RPMT 08]
(3) 2 (4) 1 (1) Epiboly (2) Emboly
Q.69 The chemical in ovun which attracts sperms : (3) Invagination (4) All of these
[RPMT 2005] Q.78 Polar bodies are produced during the formation
(1) Fertilizin (2) Antifertilizin of : [UP CPMT 2001]
(3) Agglutinin (4) Thrombin (1) Sperm (2) Oogonium
Q.70 Which of the following organ is differentiated (3) Spermatocytes (4) Secondary oocyte
first during development ? [RPMT 2005] Q.79 The part where fertilization of ovum occurs in
(1) Heart (2) Skin placental mammals is : [UP CPMT 2001]
(3) Brain (4) Neural tube (1) Ovary (2) Uterus
Q.71 Blastopore is the pore of : [CBSE 2000] (3) Vagina (4) Fallopian tube
(1) Archenteron (2) Blastocoel Q.80 In a vertebrate which germ layer forms the
(3) Coelon (4) A.C. skeletal muscles [UP CPMT 2004]
Q.72 What is true for cleavage: [CBSE 2002]
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endodem
(1) Size of embryo increases
(3) Mesoderm (4) Both 1 and 2
(2) Size of cells decrease
Q.81 Grey crescent in fertilized frog's egg is the
(3) Size of cells increase
area: [UP CPMT 2006]
(4) Size of embryo decreases
(1) At the point of the entry of sperm into
Q.73 During embryonic development, the
ovum
establishment of polarity along anterior/
(2) at the vegetal pole
posterior, dorsal/ ventral or medial/ lateral axis
(3) at the animal pole (4) none of these
is called : [CBSE 2003]
Q.82 During embryonic development the establishment
(1) Organizer phenomenon
of polarity along anterio/posterior, dorsal/
(2) Axis formation
ventral or medial/lateral axis is called :
(3) Anamorphosis
[UP CPMT 2005]
(4) Pattern formation
(1) anamorphosis
Q.74 Grey cresent is the area: [CBSE 2005]
(2) organizer phenomenon
(1) At the point of entry of sperm in to ovum
(2) Just opposite to the site of entry of sperm in (3) pattern formation
to ovum (4) axis formation
(3) At the animal pole Q.83 Liver and pancreas of frog and rabbit are
(4) At the vegetal pole derived from : [UP CPMT 2006]
Q.75 Development of animal embryo from egg (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesentery
without fertilization is called : [BIHAR 2004] (3) Endoderm (4) Both 1 and 3
(1) Parthenogenesis (2) Parthenocarpy Q.84 Which layer develops first during embryonic
(3) Apospory (4) Apomixis development : [UP CPMT 2006]
Q.76 During embryonic development, endoskeleton (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
and muscle develop from which germinal layer (3) Endoderm (4) Both 1 and 3
[BIHAR 2006] Q.85 The egg of frog is : [UTTARANCHAL 2004]
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm (1) Telolecithal (2) Microlecithal
(3) Mesoderm (4) Blastopore (3) Alecithal (4) Centrolecithal
Embryology [125]

Q.86 Which of the following undergoes Q.94 Acrosome of spermatozoa is formed from :
spermiogenesis [UTTARANCHAL 2004] [MP PMT 2004]
(1) Spermatids (1) Lysosomes (2) Golgi bodies
(2) Spermatogonia (3) Ribosome (4) Mitochondria
(3) Primary spermatocytes Q.95 Frog's egg is : [MP PMT 2006]
(4) Secondary spermatocytes (1) Alecithal (2) Centrolecithal
Q.87 Antifertilizin is present on : (3) Isolecithal (4) Telolecithal
[UTTARANCHAL 2004] Q.96 The whole nervous system including neuron in
(1) Egg (2) Tail frog and other vertebrates is derived from :
(3) Ovum (4) Spermatozoa [MP PMT 2006]
Q.88 Various changes in mammalian sperm which (1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm
prepare it to fetilise the ovum are called : (3) Mesoderm (4) All of these
[UTTARANCHAL 2004] Q.97 The cavity, which formed during gastrulation
(1) Capacitation (2) Regeneration is named as : [MP PMT 2007]
(3) Growth (4) None of these (1) Blastocoel (2) Archenteron
Q.89 In gastrulation, which is (are) formed : (3) Coelom (4) Pseudocoel
[Jharkhand 2005] Q.98 In a sperm, the mitochondria occurs :
(1) Endoderm [MP PMT 2001]
(2) Mesoderm (1) In tail (2) In acrosome
(3) Ectoderm, endoderm (3) In middle piece (4) In head
(4) Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm Q.99 Identical twins will be produced when :
Q.90 During oogenis, the small structure separated [MP PMT 2001]
from egg is : [Jharkhand 2006] (1) One spermatozoan fertilizes two ova
(1) Polar bodies (2) One ovum is fertilized by two spermatozoa
(2) Secondary endosperm (3) Two eggs are fertilized
(3) Herring bodies (4) One fertilized egg divides into two
(4) Hela cells blastomers and they becomes separae
Q.91 Foetal sex is determined by examining cells Q.100 Which set of enzymes is found in the acrosome
from amniotic fluid looking for of mammalian spermatozoa [MP PMT 2001]
[Jharkhand 2004] (1) Hyaluronidase, Corona penetrating
(1) Chiasmata (2) Autosomes Enzyme (CPE)
(3) Sex-chromosomes (4) Nucleus (2) Hyaluronidase, CPE, Zona lysine
Q.92 Which of the following is not correct for (3) Hyaluronidase, CPE, Peptidase
gastrulation [Jharkhand 2003] (4) Hyaluronidase only
(1) Archenteron is formed Q.101 Fixing up of the blastocyst in the wall of the
(2) All germinal layers are formed uterus is known as : [MP PMT 2002]
(3) Morphogenetic movements (1) Fertilization (2) Implantation
(4) Blastomeres and gastrocoel degenerate (3) Impreganation (4) Placentation
Q.93 In human foetus, the heart begins to beat at Q.102 The type of placenta found in human beings is
developmental age of : [Jharkhand 2002] of type [MP PMT 2002]
(1) 4th weak (2) 3rd week (1) Diffuse (2) Zonary
th th
(3) 6 week (4) 8 week (3) Cotyledonary (4) Discoidal
Embryology [126]

Q.103 The number of foetal membranes in man is : Q.113 The eggs of silkmoth are :
[MP PMT 2002] [BHU 2008; Uttarakhand PMT 2008]
(1) 1 (2) 3 (1) Telolecithal (2) Mesolecithal
(3) 4 (4) 0 (3) Homolecithal (4) Centrolecithal
Q.104 Placenta in human beings in formed by : Q.114 Fertilizin a chemical substance produced by :
[MP PMT 2002] [Manipal 2005; CMC, Vellore 2008]
(1) Amnion (2) Chorion
(1) Acrosome (2) Polar bodies
(3) Allantois
(3) Mature eggs
(4) Allantois, chorion and uterine wall
(4) Middle piece of sperm
Q.105 The phenomenon of nuclear fusion of sperm
Q.115 The fusion of male and female pronuclei is
and egg is known as : [MP PMT 2002]
known as : [JCECE 2008; JKCMEE 2009]
(1) Karyogamy (2) Parthenogenesis
(1) Eumixis (2) Endomixis
(3) Vitellogenesis (4) Oogenesis
Q.106 Cleidoic eggs are characteristic of : (3) Fertilization (4) Amphimixis
[MP PMT 2002] Q.116 The cell division that takes place in a zygote is
(1) Mammals known as : [JKCMEE 2007]
(2) Reptiles, Birds & Insects (1) Mitosis (2) Meiosis
(3) Insects only (4) Fishes (3) Cleavage (4) Differentiation
Q.107 Arrchenteron cavity is found in : Q.117 What is true for cleavage?
[MP PMT 2002] [CBSE 2002; RPMT 2007]
(1) In Blastula (2) In Gastrula (1) Size of cell increases
(3) In Morula (4) In planula (2) Size of embryo increases
Q.108 Microlecithal eggs with very small amount of (3) Size of cell decreases
food reserve are found in : [MP PMT 2002] (4) Size of embryo decreases
(1) Frog (2) Insects Q.118 In insects, cleavage is :
(3) Man (4) Fish
[RPMT 2002; AFMC 2006; JCECE 2007]
Q.109 Mammalian placenta originates from :
(1) Equal holoblastic
[MP PMT 2007]
(2) Meroblastic disoidal
(1) Allantois and chorion
(3) Unequal holoblastic
(2) Yolksac
(4) Meroblastic superficial
(3) Allantois (4) Amnion
Q.119 Differentiation of organs and tissues in a
Q.110 The eggs of reptiles and birds contain a large
developing organism is associated with :
amount of yolk. We refer to such eggs as :
[CPMT 2009] [CBSE 2007]
(1) Alecithal (2) Oligolecithal (1) Lethal mutations
(3) Mesolecithal (4) Telolecithal (2) Deletion of genes
Q.111 Human egg is : [Karnataka CET 2008] (3) Developmental mutations
(1) Alecithal (2) Centrolecithal (4) Differential expression of genes
(3) Telolecithal (4) Megalecithal Q.120 The brain is evolved from embryonic :
Q.112 Eggs having yolk in centre and cytoplasm in a [MH-CET 2003; Orissa JEE 2010]
peripheral region are called : [Pb. PMT 2007] (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
(1) Isolecithal (2) Telolecithal (3) Endoderm (4) Archenteron
(3) Microlecithal (4) Centrolecithal
Embryology [127]

Q.121 Which of the following is correct grouping? Q.128 Yolk plug forms during : [BHU 2007]
1. Ectoderm–Retina,epidermis,nevous system (1) Neurulation
2. Mesoderm–Ovary, urinary bladder, kidney (2) Gastrulation
3. Mesoderm–Kiney, connective tissue, testis (3) Blastula formation
4. Endoderm–Thyroid, pineal gland, thymus (4) Morula formation
Answer codes : [BHU 2007] Q.129 During embryonic development, the
(1) 1 and 2 are correct establishment of polarity along anterior /
(2) 2 and 4 are correct posterior, dorsal / ventral or medial/lateral axis
(3) 1 and 3 are correct is called :
(4) 1, 2 and 3 are correct [CBSE 2003; CPMT 2005; RPMT 2007]
Q.122 Where is jelly deposited as a covering on the (1) Axis formation
egg of frog? [VMMC-Safdarjung 2008] (2) Anamorphosis
(1) Ovary (3) Pattern formation
(4) Organizer phenomena
(2) Oviduct
Q.130 The extraembryonic membranes of mammalian
(3) Water after fertilization
embryo are derived from :
(4) Water during fertilization
[BHU 2004; Uttarakhand PMT 2008]
Q.123 Grey crescent is the area :
(1) Triphoblast (2) Follicle cells
[CBSE 2005; JIPMER 2007]
(3) Formative cells (4) Inner cell mass
(1) At the animal pole (2) At the vegetal pole
Q.131 Find out the wrong statement :
(3) At the point of the entry of sperm into
[Kerala PMT 2007]
ovum
(1) In mammals allantois is not excretory in
(4) Just opposite to the site of entry of sperm
function
into ovum
(2) Amnion is the outer layer containing
Q.124 Blastula of frog has :
amniotic fluid that acts as shock absorber
[Uttarakhand PMT 2008] to the soft embryo
(1) Blastocoel (2) Blastopore (3) Yolk sac is a foetal membrane that helps in
(3) Gastrula (4) Neurula the nourishment of the embryo in general
Q.125 Main processes involved in gastrulation in frog (4) Chorio-allantoic membrane develops villi
are : [BHU 2007] and contribute much to the development of
(1) Epiboly, involution, cleavage placenta
(2) Involution, epiboly, invagination (5) Amnion and chorion develop as upward
(3) Involution, invagination, epiboly projecting folds of somatopleure called
(4) Cleavage, Invagination, involution amniotic folds
Q.126 In which stage, blastopore is found? Q.132 Which extraembryonic membrane in humans
[Karnataka CET 2010] prevents desiccation of the embryo inside the
(1) Morula (2) Blastula uterus? [CBSE 2008]
(3) Neurula (4) Gastrula (1) Amnion (2) Chorion
Q.127 A blastopore is found in : [AFMC 2007] (3) Yolk sac (4) Allantois
(1) Blastula and is the opening of blastocoel Q.133 The extrastructure that provides nutrition to the
(2) Gastrula and is the opening of blastocoel embryo is : [BHU 2005, 08]
(3) Blastula and is the opening of archenteron (1) Chorion (2) Amnion
(4) Gastrula and is the opening of archenteron (3) Placenta (4) Umbilicus
Embryology [128]

Q.134 In human being, placenta is formed by : Q.140 Notochord, skeletal system and dermis of the
[Manipal 2006; AMU 2007] skin are the derivatives of :
(1) Chorion (2) Amnion [Karnataka CET 2008]
(3) Allantois (4) All of these (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
Q.135 In rabbit, placenta is formed by : (3) Endoderm (4) All the there layers
[EAMCET 2007] Q.141 A gradual decrease in the size of the tail during
(1) Chorio-allantoic membrane and endometrium metamorphosis in the life cycle of frog is a
(2) Chorio-allantoic membrane and yolk sac good example for : [Karnataka CET 2008]
(3) Amnion, chorion and yolk sac (1) Cell necrosis
(4) Allantois and endometrium
(2) Cell senescene
Q.136 Which of the following has discoidal placenta?
(3) Pinocytic activity
[BCECE 2007]
(4) Programmed cell death
(1) Pig (2) Deer
Q.142 A change in the amount of yolk and its
(3) Rabbit (4) Sheep
distribution in the egg will affect :
Q.137 On the basis of nature of maternal and foetal
[CBSE 2009]
tissue, types of placenta are :
1. Haemo-endothelial placenta (1) Fertilization
2. Haemo-chorial placenta (2) Pattern of cleavage
3. Cotyledonary placenta (3) Formation of zygote
4. Deciduate placenta (4) Number of blastomeres produced
Answer code : [BHU 2007] Q.143 The chemical substance released by activated
(1) 1 and 2 are correct spermatozoa that acts on the ground substance
(2) 2 and 4 are correct of the follicle cells is known as :
(3) 1 and 3 are correct [Kerala PMT 2009]
(4) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (1) Relaxin (2) Teratogen
Q.138 Woman who counsumed the durg thalidomide (3) Progesterone (4) Hyaluronidase
for relief from vomiting during early months of (5) gonadotropin
pregnancy gave birth to children with : Q.144 Identify the correctly matched pair/pairs of the
[AIIMS 2004, 07] germ layers and their derivatives :
(1) Harelip A. Ectoderm – Epidermis
(2) No spleem B. Endoderm–Dermis
(3) Extra fingers and toes
C. Mesoderm – Muscles
(4) Underdeveloped limbs
D. Mesoderm –Norochord
Q.139 The organs which have dual origin from
E. Endoderm – Enamel of teeth
embryonic layers :
[Kernataka CET 2009]
1. Hypophysis 2. Adrenal gland
(1) A and D only (2) A and B only
3. Sense organs 4. Pancreas
Answer codes : [BHU 2008] (3) A, C and D (4) A, B, C and E only
(1) 2 and 4 are correct Q.145 The internal cavity commonly formed by cell
(2) 1 and 3 are correct division prior to gastrulation is the :
(3) 2 and 3 are correct [DUMET 2010]
(4) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (1) Coelom (2) Enteron
(3) Blastopore (4) Blastocoel
Embryology [129]

Q.146 in mesolecithal egg the cleavage is : Q.149 Medical Termination of Pregnency (MTP)
[MPPMT 2010] is considered safe up to how many weeks
(1) Meroblastic (2) Equal holoblastic of pregnancy [KARNATAKA 1996]
(3) Unequal holoblastic (1) Eight weeks (2) Twelve weeks
(4) None of these
(3) Eigtheen weeks (4) Six weeks
Q.147 The cavity formed during gastrulation is :
Q.150 The Test-tube Baby Programme employs
[MPPMT 2010]
which one of the following techniques ?
(1) Archenteron (2) Gastrocoel
(3) Primitive gut (4) All of these [AIPMT PRE 2012]
Q.148 Which one of the following is the most (1) Intra uterine insemination (IUI)
widely accepted method of contraception (2) Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
in India at present? [CET 2009] (3) Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
(1) Cervical caps (2) Tubectomy (4) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
(3) Diaphragms (ICSI)
(4) IUDs (intra uterine devices)
ANSWER-KEY
EXERCISE – 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 4 1
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 2 2 2 4 4 3 2 2 1 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 3 2 2
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 4 4 4 3
Ques. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 4 2 3 3 1 1 4 1 4 1 3 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 2
Ques. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 2 4 3 4 1 2 2 3 1 4 1 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 1
Ques. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 3 4 4 1 3 4 4 2 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 4 3 2
Ques. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Ans. 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 4 2 3
Embryology [130]

EXERCISE – 4 AIIMS SPECIAL
These questions consist of two statements Q.7 A : Cervix contains the largest and the most
each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While powerful spheneter muscles in the body.
answering to choose any one of the following
R : Cervix opens into the vagina by external O.S.
four responses.
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Q.8 A : The “Chorda-mesoderm” is regarded as the
reason is correct explanation of the ‘organiser’ of amphibians embryo.
Assertion. R : The “Corda mesoderm” later gives rise to
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are True but the notochord & the mesoderm.
Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Q.9 A : The fate of germ layers is same in all
Assertion. triploblastic animals.
(3) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
R : There is a close relationship Among all
(4) If both Assertion & Reason are false. triploblastic animals due to their evolution from
common source.
Q.1 A : Up to morula stage, the cells divide without Q.10 A : Foetal blood & maternal blood are in direct
any increase in size. contact.
R : Zona pellucida remains intact till cleavage is R : The placenta works as a link between them.
complete.
Q.11 A : Twins may arise from a single egg or from
Q.2 A : A sperm sticks to an egg for fertilization. two eggs..
R : Interaction of surface receptor’s, fertilizen R : One egg gives rise to identical twins by
on the egg and antifertilization on the sperm head, separtion of blastomeres, and two eggs produce
makes them, adhere together. nonidentical twins.
Q.3 A : Zona pellucida disappears when blastocyst Q.12 A : In a graffian follicles, the primary oocyte and
reaches the uterus. the follicle cells may be regarded sibling cells.
R : Role of zona pellucida is to check the R : Both arise from the same parent cell, the
implantation of the blastocyst at an improper site. oogonium by mitotic division.
Q.4 A : All members of bee society are diploid except Q.13 A : A tadpole whose thyroid gland has been
the drones. removed does not metamorphore into adult.
R : Drones are produced parthenogenetically. R : Calcitonin and thyroxine are produced from
thyroid gland ; these hormones stimulate protein
Q.5 A : Testes originates in the abdomen but later
synthesis for the development and growth of
descend in to the scrotum under the influence of
tadpole larva.
testesterone.
Q.14 A : Emboly involves the invagination and
R : The interstial cells of the testes secreates
involution.
male sex harmone the testosterone.
R : Emboly is exhibited by the formation,
Q.6 A : A woman passes out HCGH in the urine
elongation.
during pregnancy.
Q.15 A : Amniotic fluid serves as a protective cushion.
R : Excess harmones are excreted by the kidneys
presence of HCGH in urine is the basis for R : It breaks the mechanical shocks and lessens
pregnancy test. the effect of changes of temperature.
Embryology [131]

Q.16 A : Sperm of man not fertilized egg of rat. Q.19 A : The middle part of sperm term as energy
R : Fertilizine and antifertilizine reaction not takes chamber.
place between egg & sperm. R : Mitochondria of middle part provide the energy
for activation of sperm.
Q.17 A : Sperms of human being perform chemotaxis
movement. Q.20 A : There is generally monospermy in most
animals.
R : Egg of human being secrete antifertilizine.
R : Vitelline membrane of ovum checks
Q.18 A : Asexual reproduction is also called
polyspermy.
blastogenesis.
R : In asexual reproduction, there is no formation
& fusion of gametes.
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – 4
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 3
Embryology [132]

Bansal Quick Review Table
Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, striks off them in the manner so
that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.
COLUMN : A COLUMN : B
EXERCISE NO. Question I am unable to Good / Important

solve in first attempt questions
Exercise # 1
Exercise # 2
Exercise # 3
Exercise # 4
Other Exercise
Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is very difficult to
solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.
Embryology [133]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thank you for your love and support, we hope you are always being happy and get success in your life, we
are happy to see you again.
Regards from Learnaf team

Click on very top right corner for download and other more options.

Module 12 - Human Reproduction Health PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 12 - Human Reproduction Health PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bansal Classes

PRIMARY SEX ORGAN :

 The male gametes is the spermatozoan.

The female gamete is the ovum.

SECONDARY SEX ORGAN :

DEVELOPMENT OF SEX ORGAN : 

MMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMM

• Internally scrotum is lined by dartos muscle & spermatic fascia.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [1]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Internal Structure of Testis :

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [2]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Leydig cell Vasa efferentia

Testicular lobule Cauda epididymis

Fig. Median longitudinal section of mammalian testis

• Total number of seminiferous tubules in each testis is about 750 to 1000.

• In rabbit, epididymis is 3 m long and in man it is 6 m in length.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [3]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Accessary Reproductive Glands

4. Perineal or Rectal glands

Note : - In man, Perineal or Rectal glands are absent.

Semen - Semen = Sperm + Accessary reproductive gland fluid

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [4]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Tunica albuginea Deep artery of penis

Transverse section through the body of the penis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [5]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Other function of Sertoli cells -

(1) They phagocyte the injured or dead sperm cells

(2) They are the basis of blood testis barrier

(3) Sertoli cells produce inhibin.

Spermatogonia Spermatocytes Spermatids

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [6]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Excess levels Testosterone Inhibin

Reproductive ABP Excess Spermatogenesis

FFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [7]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

It is piriform (inverted pear) in shape,

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [8]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

Mons pubis (veneris)

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [9]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

SCHEME SHOWING GAMETOGENESIS

Primordial germ cells

Arrested first meiotic division in prophase stage at

Maturation of Graafian follicle (After puberty)

Completion of Ist meiotic division

Secondary oocyte Ist polar body

Not fertilized fertilized

Degeneration Completion of second meiotic division

Ovum II polar body

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [10]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

FFormation of ovarian or Graafian folliclee

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [11]

BANSAL Materials Provided By - Material Point Available on Learnaf.com

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM [12]