Me6502 QB

DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Dr.VPR Nagar, Manimangalam, Tambaram)

Chennai - 601 301
ACADEMIC YEAR (2016 - 2017) - ODD SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

III YEAR MECHANICAL - V SEMESTER
ME 6502 - HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
2 MARKS (Q & A)
Prepared by HOD
ME6502 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
UNIT – 1: CONDUCTION
Part –A (2 Marks)
1. State Fourier’s Law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured – normal to the direction
of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
dT dT
Q - A Q  - KA where A – are in m2
dx dx
dT
- Temperature gradient in K/m K – Thermal conductivity W/mK.
dx
2. Define Thermal Conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
3. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Toverall
Heat transfer Q  Where  T = T1 – T2
R
L
R - Thermal resistance of slab
KA
L = Thickness of slab, K = Thermal conductivity of slab, A = Area
4. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Toverall
Heat transfer Q  Where,  T = T1 – T2
R
1 r 
R in  2  thermal resistance of slab
2 LK  r1 
L – Length of cylinder, K – Thermal conductivity, r2 – Outer radius , r1 – inner radius
5. State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law.
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newton’s law of cooling
Q = hA (Ts - T)
Where
A – Area exposed to heat transfer in m2 , h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
[2 MARKS & 16 MARKS - Q & A] Page 2

Ts – Temperature of the surface in K, T - Temperature of the fluid in K.
6. Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab or
plane wall with and without heat generation.
 2T  2T  2T 1 T  2T  2T  2T q 1 T
      
x 2 y 2 z 2  t x 2 y 2 z 2 K  t
7. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.
The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall
conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’.
Heat transfer Q = UA T.
8. Write down the equation for heat transfer through composite pipes or cylinder.
Toverall
Heat transfer Q Where , T = Ta – Tb,
R ,
r  r 
In  2  In  1  L2
  1  2 
1 1 r r 1
R .
2 L ha r1 K1 K2 hb r3
9. What is critical radius of insulation (or) critical thickness?
Critical radius = rc Critical thickness = rc – r1
Addition of insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amount of heat transfer
rate always. In fact under certain circumstances it actually increases the heat loss up to certain
thickness of insulation. The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer is maximum is called
critical radius of insulation, and the corresponding thickness is called critical thickness.
10. Define fins (or) extended surfaces.
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer.
The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces or sometimes known
as fins.
11. State the applications of fins.
The main applications of fins are
1. Cooling of electronic components

2. Cooling of motor cycle engines.
3. Cooling of transformers
4. Cooling of small capacity compressors
12. Define Fin efficiency.
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer by the fin to the
maximum possible heat transferred by the fin.
Q fin
 fin 
Qmax
13. Define Fin effectiveness.
Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin
Q with fin
Fin effectiveness =
Qwithout fin
14. Define fins or extended surfaces
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer .the
surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces or sometimes known as
fins.
15. State the applications of fins
The main applications of fins are
1. Cooling of electronic components
2. Cooling of motor cycle engines
3. Cooling of transformars
4. Cooling of small capacity compressors
16. What is periodic heat flow
In periodic heat flow the temperature varies on a regular basis. e.g;
1. Cylinder of an ic engine
2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours

17. What is non-periodic heat flow?
In non periodic heat flow the temperature at any point within the system varies non linearly with
time. e.g;
1. Heating of ingot in a surface
2. Cooling of bar
18. What is meant by Newtonian heating or cooling process?
The process in which the thermal resistance is assumed as negligible in comparison with its
surface resistance is known as Newtonian heating or cooling process
19. What is meant by lumped heat analysis ?
In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temperature throughout the solid is considered to
be a uniform at a given time. Such an analysis is called lumped heat capacity analysis
20. What is meant by semi infinite solids?
In a semi infinite solid at any instant of time, there is always a point where the effect of heating
or cooling at one of its boundaries is not felt at all . at this point the temperature remains
unchanged.in semis infinite solids the biot number value is ∞

UNIT – 2; CONVECTION
PART – A
1. Define – Convection (Nov/Dec-2012)
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different temperatures.
2. Define – Nusselt number (Nu) (Nov/Dec-2012)
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature
gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a
stationary thickness (L) of meter.
Qconv
Nusselt number (Nu) = .
Qcond
3. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow? (April/May-2012)
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow,
the fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid
particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is
frequency observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any
individual particle is zig – zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar
and turbulent flow.
4. What is meant by free or natural convection & forced convection? (April/May-2012)
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan,
that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
5. Define – Reynolds number (Re) , Prandtl number (Pr) (Nov/Dec-2011)
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Inertia force
Re 
Viscous force
Prandtl number is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal diffusivity.

Momentum diffusivity
Pr 
Thermal diffusivity
6. Define – Grash of number (Gr) , Stanton number (St) (Nov/Dec-2011)
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of
viscous force.
Inertia force  Buyoyancy force

Gr 
(Viscous force)2
Stanton number is the ratio of nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and
prandtl number.
Nu
St 
Re Pr
7. What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids? (April/May-2011)
The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and
those which do not obey are called non – Newtonian fluids.
8. Define boundary layer thickness. (April/May-2011)
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface at
which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or temperature.
9. What is the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer for flow through cylindrical
pipes? (April/May-2008)
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
n = 0.4 for heating of fluids
n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids
10. What is meant by dimensional analysis? (Nov/Dec- 1996)
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method which makes use of the study of the
dimensions solving several engineering problems. This method can be applied to all types of
fluid resistances, heat flow problems in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.
11. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
velocity.
12. What is thermal boundary layer ?
In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
temperature
13. Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different temperatures
14. What is meant by free or natural convection?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
15. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan,
that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
16. Define boundary layer thickness.
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface at
which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or temperature.
17. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer
In the boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is divided into two regions;
1. A thin region near the body called the boundary layer where the velocity and the
temperature gradients are large
2. The region outside the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature gradients
are very nearly equal to their free stream values
18. Define momentum thickness .
The momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the total loss of
momentum per second be equal to if it where passing a stationary plate
19. Define displacement thickness
The displacement thickness is the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which
the free stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer

20. Define energy thickness.
The energy thickness can be defined as the distance,measured perpendicular to the

boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the
reduction in the kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.

UNIT – 3: PHASE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGER
PART – A
1. What is meant by boiling and condensation? (Nov/Dec-2012)
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as boiling.

The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as condensation.
2. What is meant by pool boiling? (Nov/Dec-2012)
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process referred to
as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and its
motion near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by bubble growth and
detachment.
3. What is meant by LMTD? (April/May-2012)
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat
exchanger varies from point in addition various modes of heat transfer are involved.
Therefore based on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called
logarithmic mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature
difference, the total heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as
Q = U A (T)m Where U – Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2K A – Area in m2

(T)m – Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
4. Write about the applications of boiling and condensation. (April/May-2012)
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as mentioned below.

i) Thermal and nuclear power plant.
ii) Refrigerating systems
iii) Process of heating and cooling
iv) Air conditioning systems
5. What are the various types of heat exchangers? (April/May-2011)
The types of heat exchangers are as follows

i) Direct contact heat exchangers
ii) Indirect contact heat exchangers
iii) Surface heat exchangers
iv) Parallel flow heat exchangers
v) Counter flow heat exchangers
vi) Cross flow heat exchangers
vii) Shell and tube heat exchangers
viii) Compact heat exchangers.
6. Write about the merits of drop wise condensation. (Nov/Dec-2010)
In drop wise condensation, a large portion of the area of the plate is directly exposed to
vapour. The heat transfer rate in drop wise condensation is 10 times higher than in film
condensation.
7. What is meant by film wise and drop wise condensation? (April/May-2010)
The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a continuous film
over the entire surface is known as film wise condensation.
In drop wise condensation the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes
which fall down the surface in a random fashion.
8. What is meant by effectiveness? (April/May-2010)
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the
maximum possible heat transfer.
Actual heat transfer Q
Effectiveness   =
Maximum possible heat transfer Qmax
9. Define – Heat exchanger (April/May-2009)
A heat exchanger is defined as equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a
cold fluid.
10. What is meant by fouling factor? (April/May-2009)
We know the surfaces of heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been in use for
some time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits
the value of overall heat transfer coefficient. This effect is taken care of by introducing an
additional thermal resistance called the fouling resistance.
11. What is meant by film wise condensation?
The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a continuous film over
the entire surface is known as film wise condensation.
12 .What is meant by dropwise condensation?
In drop wise condensation the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various
sizes which fall down the surface in a random fashion.

13. What is meant by indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried out
by transmission through a wall which separated the two fluids
14. What is meant by regenerators?
In this type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternatively through the same
space
e.g; ic engines, gas turbines
15. What is meant by receptors or surface heat exchangers?
This is most common type of heat exchanger in which the hot and cold fluid do not come
into direct contact with each other but are separated by a tube wall or a surface
e.g; Automobile radiators , air preheaters , economizers,etc.
16. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in same direction
17. What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite direction
18. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other
19. What is meant by direct heat exchanger or open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot
and cold fluids
20. What is meant by compact heat exchanger?
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. they
are generally employed when convective heat transfer coefficient associated with one of the
fluids is much smaller than that associated with other fluid.

UNIT – 4: RADIATION
PART – A
1. Define emissive power [E] and monochromatic emissive power. [Eb]
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit
time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2. The energy emitted by the surface at a given length
per unit time per unit area in all directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
2. What is meant by absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation.
3. What is black body and gray body?

Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction. For a
prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body.
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave length, the
body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the
black body.
4. State Planck’s distribution law.

The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and wave
length of a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following expression, by Planck.
C1 5
Eb 
 C2 
 
e   T  1
Where Eb = Monochromatic emissive power W/m2
 = Wave length – m
c1 = 0.374  10-15 W m2
c2 = 14.4  10-3 mK
5. State Wien’s displacement law.

The Wien’s law gives the relationship between temperature and wave length
corresponding to the maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that temperature.
 T = c3
mas
Where c3 = 2.9  10-3 [Radiation constant]
  mas T = 2.9  10-3 mK
6. State Stefan – Boltzmann law.
The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of absolute
temperature.
Eb  T4
Eb =  T4
Where Eb = Emissive power, w/m2
 = Stefan. Boltzmann constant
= 5.67  10-8 W/m2 K 4
T = Temperature, K
7. Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the
ratio of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.
E
Emissivity  
Eb
8. State Kirchoff’s law of radiation.
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorbtivity is constant for all
surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as
E1 E2 E3
 
1 2 3
It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when the body
remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
1 = E1; 2 = E2 and so on.
9. Define intensity of radiation (Ib).

It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid angle
per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
Eb
In 

10. State Lambert’s cosine law.
It states that the total emissive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any direction
proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission
Eb  cos 
11. What is the purpose of radiation shield?
Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used to
reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
12. Define irradiation (G) and radiosity (J)
It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
13. What is meant by shape factor?
The shape factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from on
surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is
represented by Fij. Other names for radiation shape factor are view factor, angle factor and
configuration factor.
14. State lamberts cosine law.
It states that the total emmisive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any direction
propotional to the cosine of angle of emission
Eb α cos Ø
15. What is the purpose of radiation shield?
Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used to
reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
16. Define irradiation.

It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2
17.What is radiosity?
It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2
18.. What are assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange exchange between the
surfaces?
1. All surfaces are considered to be either black or gray
2. Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse.
3. The absorptive of a surface is taken equal to its emissivity and independent of temperature of
source of the incident radiation
19.What is meant by shape factor and mention its physical significance?
The shape factor is defined as ‘’the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from
one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections ‘’. It is
represented by Fij. Other names for radiation shape factor are view factor, angle factor and
configuration factor. The shape factor is used in the analysis of radiating heat exchange between
two surfaces
20.When the heat is transferred from hot body to cold body in a straight line without
affecting the intervining medium it is refered to as heat transfer by ________________
Ans; Radiation

UNIT – 5: MASS TRANSFER

PART – A
1. What is mass transfer?
The process of transfer of mass as a result of the species concentration difference in a

mixture is known as mass transfer.
2. Give the examples of mass transfer.
Some examples of mass transfer.
1. Humidification of air in cooling tower

2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine.
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air.
3. What are the modes of mass transfer?
There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
1. Diffusion mass transfer

2. Convective mass transfer
4. What is molecular diffusion?
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of

higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known
as molecular diffusion.
5. What is Eddy diffusion?
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
6. What is convective mass transfer?
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between surface
and a fluid medium when they are at different concentration.
7. State Fick’s law of diffusion.
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element
per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.

ma dCa
 Dab
A dx
where,
ma kg -mole
 Molar flux,
A s-m2
Dab Diffusion coefficient of species a and b, m2 / s
dCa
 concentration gradient, kg/m3
dx
8. What is free convective mass transfer?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration
gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
Example : Evaporation of alcohol.
9. Define forced convective mass transfer.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.
10. Define Schmidt Number.
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular

diffusivity of mass.
Molecular diffusivity of momentum

Sc 
Molecular diffusivity of mass
11. Define Scherwood Number.
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
hm x
Sc 
Dab
hm  Mass transfer coefficient, m/s
Dab  Diffusion coefficient, m2 / s
x  Length, m


13. What is free convective mass transfer?

If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration gradients,
the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
Example : Evaporation of alcohol.
14.What is forced convective mass transfer?

If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that
type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.

16. What is molecular diffusion?
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known as
molecular diffusion.
17. What is Eddy diffusion?
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
19. What is convective mass transfer?
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different concentration.
20. State Fick’s law of diffusion.
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element per unit
area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.

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DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Dr.VPR Nagar, Manimangalam, Tambaram)

ACADEMIC YEAR (2016 - 2017) - ODD SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Define Thermal Conductivity.

Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.

L = Thickness of slab, K = Thermal conductivity of slab, A = Area

L – Length of cylinder, K – Thermal conductivity, r2 – Outer radius , r1 – inner radius

5. State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law.

Heat transfer by convection is given by Newton’s law of cooling

A – Area exposed to heat transfer in m2 , h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K

[2 MARKS & 16 MARKS - Q & A] Page 2

Ts – Temperature of the surface in K, T - Temperature of the fluid in K.

7. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.

Heat transfer Q = UA T.

9. What is critical radius of insulation (or) critical thickness?

Critical radius = rc Critical thickness = rc – r1

10. Define fins (or) extended surfaces.

11. State the applications of fins.

The main applications of fins are

1. Cooling of electronic components

12. Define Fin efficiency.

13. Define Fin effectiveness.

14. Define fins or extended surfaces

15. State the applications of fins

The main applications of fins are

1. Cooling of electronic components

2. Cooling of motor cycle engines

4. Cooling of small capacity compressors

16. What is periodic heat flow

In periodic heat flow the temperature varies on a regular basis. e.g;

2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours

[2 MARKS & 16 MARKS - Q & A] Page 4

17. What is non-periodic heat flow?

1. Heating of ingot in a surface

18. What is meant by Newtonian heating or cooling process?

19. What is meant by lumped heat analysis ?

20. What is meant by semi infinite solids?

[2 MARKS & 16 MARKS - Q & A] Page 5

1. Define – Convection (Nov/Dec-2012)

2. Define – Nusselt number (Nu) (Nov/Dec-2012)

3. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow? (April/May-2012)

4. What is meant by free or natural convection & forced convection? (April/May-2012)

5. Define – Reynolds number (Re) , Prandtl number (Pr) (Nov/Dec-2011)

Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.

[2 MARKS & 16 MARKS - Q & A] Page 6

6. Define – Grash of number (Gr) , Stanton number (St) (Nov/Dec-2011)

Inertia force  Buyoyancy force

7. What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids? (April/May-2011)

8. Define boundary layer thickness. (April/May-2011)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

n = 0.4 for heating of fluids

n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids

10. What is meant by dimensional analysis? (Nov/Dec- 1996)

11. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?

12. What is thermal boundary layer ?

13. Define convection.

14. What is meant by free or natural convection?

15. What is forced convection?

16. Define boundary layer thickness.

17. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer

18. Define momentum thickness .

19. Define displacement thickness