Introduction 21 6

Pool shells 21 6
Filtration 21 8
Heating 21 9
Treatment 220

215
Domestic swimming pools
Introduction
Pools have been installed in this country
for many years and although there are
some dating back to the nineteenth
century it has only been in the last fifty
years that they have become really
popular. There are now many companies
that have been designing and installing
swimming pools for a substantial number
of years and it is a large industry with
two to three thousand pools being put in
the ground each year.
These range from the large leisure
centre pool incorporating swimming
areas and recreational areas to the
smaller club and school pools and down
to the domestic pool in the family home.
The primary aim being to provide clear,
warm, water that is pollutant free and
safe to swim in and enjoy.
The installation of a swimming pool is not
a particularly difficult operation but like
most specialities if you don’t know what
you are doing things can go horribly
wrong. It requires a great deal of
specialist knowledge in the fields of
construction, in some cases civil
engineering, filtration, chemical
treatment, and environmental control.
The Swimming Pool and Allied Trades
Association (SPATA) publishes Standards
as a guide to best practice in the whole
field of ‘Swimming Pools’.The Institute of
Swimming Pool Engineers provides a
home learning course for Technicians
and organises four or five seminars per
year on various topics. The Pool Water
Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG) is a
research body mainly concerned with the
pool water. The Institute of Sport and
Recreation Managers (ISRM) deals with
the day-to-day operation of commercial
pools and also runs various course in
that area. The Institute of Leisure
Amenity Managers (ILAM) also concerns
itself with the running of commercial
pools as well as other matters.
Information is widely available from these
organisations. Additionally the Water
Regulations give guidance and
recommendations for the connection of
main supplies to pools and the Electrical
Regulations (BSI 7671) cover swimming
pools in Special Locations Guidance
Note 7.
The Health and Safety Commission has
produced a booklet called ‘Managing
Health and Safety in Swimming Pools’. In
that publication is the now accepted
demarcation definition between the
private and public sectors. It states that
all pools are commercial except certain
medical and therapeutic pools, when
used for the designed purpose, and
pools in a private dwelling for the use of
216
Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide
the home owner, the immediate family,
and invited guests.
There are basically four areas, which are
to be discussed
1. The pool shell construction and
finishes
2. Filtration
3. Heating
4. Treatment.
Naturally enough it is not possible to
cover everything in a short paper such as
this.
There are basically five types of pool
shell; those erected above ground; the
concrete, the liner, the fiberglass
modular, and the stainless steel.
The above ground pool is designed, as
its name implies, to sit on a flat surface
above the ground. The word flat is
included here, although it might sound
superfluous, as water will always be in
the horizontal plane regardless of the
container in which it is put. In the above
ground pool this could prove disastrous if
the base is not flat, as the whole
structure could topple over and collapse.
There are two types of above ground
shell. The first is a framework, which is
erected on the ground comprising
uprights and sheets of constant depth
material fitted between them. The basic
shape for this pool is round but with the
addition of support ‘buttress’frames the
two halves of the circle can be elongated
with the insertion of straight pieces.The
walls are of a constant depth and the
floor flat or with a shallow indentation to
give a slightly deeper deep end. The floor
is covered with soft sand placed directly
on the flat cleared soil and a liner is the
means of retaining the water. This is
somewhat in the style of the liner pool
described later.
The second type is a heavy-duty liner
bag, which is tailored to a circular shape
with the material forming the walls as
well. A flotation collar is placed around
the top of the walls and when water is
introduced the collar floats upward and
the pool fills. The result is a flexible wall
bowing outwards. This means that the
basic and only shape is circular although
there is a range, which with air-inflated
sides achieve a rectangular shape.
Both these designs have been
extensively tested to show they can
withstand the pressure of water pushing
outwards. Videos show a demolition ball
being dropped into a pool and the sides
staying upright and another showed an
elephant getting in and out of the full
vinyl type. They are not designed to be
installed in the ground.
As has been noted these pools have
limitations in shape and depth and sit on
the ground, consequently they are in
great demand in the DIY market and are
very much cheaper than the in ground
shells. This is not intended to demean
this type of pool, as with extensive and
imaginative planning they can be very
attractive.
First it is important to note that every in
ground pool must be designed to suit the
ground in which it is to be installed; the
type of soil, the water table and the
general surrounds. It is obvious to say
but clay, chalk and sandy loam exhibit
very different properties and it is vital that
the contractor be aware of the conditions
prevailing on the site before the pool is
designed. Therefore if the ground
conditions are unknown it is wise to have
a trial hole dug and if necessary a soil
analysis which should be passed to the
structural engineer. It is also important to
establish the use to which the pool is to
be put and what is required of it. The
bathing load will determine in part the
size and vice versa and the type of
swimming or leisure may also play a
part.
Concrete shell can be designed to one of
two different standards either BS 8007
which is for ‘Water retaining structures’or
BS 81 10 for ’Structures for retaining
Aqueous Liquids’.The former is used
when absolute water tightness is
required and demands that the concrete
shell will hold water before the internal
rendering is applied, in cases when it is
to be installed over or immediately
adjacent to habitable accommodation
and in the commercial sector. The latter
relies on the internal rendering to retain
the water. Indeed SPATA Standards state
that an acceptable water loss from any
type of pool shell, excluding splash,
evaporation and backwashing is 12mm in
a seven-day period. This magnitude of
loss is virtually and practically impossible
to detect. However it is not unusual for
new shells to be tested for water
tightness where no water loss is
accepted. This will depend on the
specification.
A structural engineer should design
concrete pool shells and according to
SPATA Standards the calculations should
be made available to the client if
required. This shell is described as a
monolithic structure in that it is an entity
in its own right and should in theory be
able to hold the volume of water whether
in or out of the ground. In commercial
and some domestic installations a void or
undercroft is designed around the pool to
Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide
house air heating ductwork and water
pipes and in this case the strength of the
pool shell is of paramount importance.
The method of constructing shells can
also vary. In commercial installations one
method is a poured floor and shuttered
walls with both thickness and reinforcing
according to the design. This is also
suitable for smaller pools but the cost of
the shuttering can be a high. Cavity block
wall containing reinforced concrete tied
to a poured floor is a method widely used
in the domestic market and for smaller
commercial pools. In this case the two
block walls act as shuttering for the
poured concrete in between once again
both thickness and reinforcing according
to the design. The blockwork is quicker
and cheaper to construct but due to the
block size is limited to gentle curves and
therefore shape.
Sprayed concrete, either Shotcrete or
Gunite depending on the aggregate size
is applied by spraying it under pressure
onto the pre-assembled reinforcement
frame. The constituents of the concrete
mixing at the nozzle of the spray gun.
This method of application results in a
much lighter shell but one with a greater
degree of flexibility in shape.
Stainless steel pools are structurally
designed to retain the weight of the water
in the same manner as the concrete
pool. Some products have supporting
frames and others have reinforcing built
into them. They are considerably lighter
than the concrete type of shell and are
usually restricted to the deck level type of
pool as the surround channel adds to the
strength. In some cases stainless steel
can be the finish and in others vinyl.
Angular shapes are favoured rather than
free form.
Liner pools have a shell that is radically
different. To start with the water tightness
is achieved by a vinyl container (the
liner). The structure is non-reinforcedand
the floor of the pool is porous. The
porosity of the floor is to allow ground
water to permeate through it should the
ground water pressure become greater
than the weight of the water in the pool
at which time the flexibility of the liner
allows movement to prevent collapse.
The liner is supported by a structure,
which is not meant to have any great
strength in relation to the ground and
water, but is there to give shape to the
pool and to keep the liner in place. For
this reason, this liner system is not
generally used for large commercial
installations however there are some
products which are similar and due to
their more robust design have structural
strength.
The supporting structure can be
constructed of a variety of materials.
Years ago one would see liner walls
Domestic swimming pools
made of wood or even steel as difficulties the shell should be installed
developments progressed galvanised very quickly. There is, once again, a size
metal and basic fibreglass were used but and shape limitation.
today there are many composite ‘plastic’
All the above comments apply to the
wall panels of high quality available.
freeboard pool whether commercial or
These are held in the vertical plane by
domestic. The deck level pool with the
braces usually known as ‘A’ frames.
water over flowing into a perimeter
These frames are set in concrete for
channel is usually built of reinforced
strength and support. Generally speaking
concrete rather than a traditional liner.
this type of liner construction gives a
Once again there are products that are
constant panel depth of approximately 1
the exception to this but they are few in
metre. The floor profile can then be
number. It would be technically possible
graded from the bottom of the wall into
to have a prefabricated fibreglass pool in
either a hopper or wedge shape.
this type but the practicality of it would be
Blockwork can also be used for liner pool in doubt.
walls; depending on the depth of the wall
One common factor in relation to the
either hollow agricultural type or ordinary
proper installation of all pool shells is the
blocks can be used. However this type of
question of ground water. If the ground
wall has to have sand and cement
water pressure builds up the shell of the
rendering to provide a smooth finish,
pool will be at risk unless the pressure is
which will not puncture the liner material.
relieved. Battleships were made of steel,
However the use of hollow blocks that
weighed thousands of tons and floated. If
can be reinforced can give greater wall
the pressure is greater than the water
and therefore water depths and this
and the weight of the concrete or
leads to gentle constant slope floors. The
fibreglass shell it could lift or float the
sand used on the walls and floor should shell. In concrete pools not only should a
be sharp sand as this gives a greater
hydrostatic relief valve be fitted in the
longevity. It is also good practice, with
lowest point but also the drainage under
block walls without reinforcement, to
and around the structure should be such
have a ring beam of concrete at the top
that the water can easily gravitate to the
of the wall, which is reinforced and runs
deepest point and if necessary operate
the length of the perimeter, to give added
the relief valve. Liner pools with their
strength.
porous base do not have hydrostatic
Again because of the construction of the relief valves because that water would
walls liner pool have limitations in shape. permeate through the liner floor. Again
the surround drainage should be
fibreglass pools were usually small one-
designed to take water away from the
piece shells or if larger were in two
structure as the liner will lift off the base
pieces. The fibreglass was not
and float and a floating liner is not
particularly thick and the general
conducive to swimming. This, in extreme
principle on installation was to bed them
cases, could mean the installation of a
soundly and then back fill between the
pumping chamber and float operated
shell and the dig with a lean-mix of
pump to take away the ground water. The
concrete, which would give some
fibreglass shell should be protected in
strength to the structure. Additionally
the same way as the concrete pool. It is
most, but not all, of these pools were of
therefore important to assess the ground
constant depth.
water situation, and consider the winter
In the last few years there has been a months, before the installation is started
resurgence of this type of pool but with so that all necessary precautions can be
better construction techniques used. The included in the specification.
shells are made of good marine
Although a discussion on the relative
fibreglass, with timber incorporated to
merits of the many pool finishes is not
provide structural support, and are
included here, the internal finish of the
designed to hold water in or out of the
pool does have a bearing on the
ground. They are now usually factory
selection of pool shell construction
fitted with flow control fittings and
method. The appearance and feel of the
pipework to ease plant installation.They
finished pool is important to the users,
also come in quite a range of sizes. This
especially in the domestic market.
in itself is one of the problems with this
type of shell. The larger they are the The different methods of construction
heavier and more difficult they are to described earlier indicate that there is an
transport and to get into the site. They obvious cost difference between concrete
are moved with the use of low loader pools and liner pools. Whether there is
lorries, large cranes and even an appreciable difference between liner
helicopters. Once the excavation is pools and fibreglass pools will depend on
completed the pool is lowered onto the the problems on site related to access
drainage bed on the floor of the hole, and general transportation.The actual
leveled and the backfilling carried out. costs will also depend on a number of
Consequently despite the logistical (factors,which vary from design to design
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Domestic swimming pools Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide

UWL on centre line of wall

UWL on centr dine of I

and 750mm from top i

Centre deck box on lig

R
fl

mmer lid to be set eturn water inlet

el with surround material
bv easiest and shortest
route

V I
, I Pump

‘First two risers to be 200mm.

Remaining three to be equal in
relation to slope

Figure 7 Schematic domestic swimming pool layout of family pool with large step area for small toddlers

and from project to project, consequently
it is very difficult to be precise. One must
bear in mind that the surround work,
filtration, heating etc are going to be the
same regardless of the shell construction
and that there will be some variation in
the cost of internal finish.
Internal finishes
The liner and fiberglass pool have their
finish as an integral part of the system. It
is only the concrete structure that is tiled
either with ceramic or vitreous glass
mosaics. The large commercial pool is
nearly always tiled with large ceramic tiles.
In a swimming pool the filtration system
is there to remove, as far as possible the
suspended inorganic matter from the
water. This is done in all pools by a
pump(s) sucking the water from the pool
tank, blowing it through a filter medium
and thereafter back into the pool tank.
The filter medium can be a fine powder
called diatomaceous earth or a material
similar to cartridge paper but these days
graded silica sand is mainly used. Sand
provides a particulate removal down to
10 microns and although the other two
media produce a finer filtration the
operational problems are such that they
are rarely if ever used.
The water in the sand filter should pass
uniformly through the surface area and it
is the relation of the speed of the water
and the surface area that give the
filtration rate in m3/m2/perhour.
Low rate filtration up to 10m3/m2/perhour
is rarely if ever used these days. Medium
rate from 11 - 30 m3/m2/perhour is
widely used in commercial pools and is
recommended by PWTAG and SPATA.
High rate from 31 - 50m3/m2/perhour is
the preferred rate for the domestic
market although it is true to say that this

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 Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide
Tile edge
render
1Concrete pour
300mm cove
Concrete flooi
-- I
cing iron linked from
Shingle drainage base
wall
T Although this method can be used on
Handling Unit JG-L -I_...___
Dimensions are as a guide only
Cad drawina not to scale
Copyright Gter Lang FlSP
October 2001
rate can be used in the commercial pool
providing the design work is to a high
standard.
Water circulation
In any pool, pollutants are going to enter
the system via the water with the
swimmers. In the outdoor pool the wind
blown debris has also to be taken into
consideration. It is therefore essential
that the water, having been taken out of
the pool, is returned and distributed in a
manner to ensure maximum mixing and
avoiding area where very little movement
occurs. The filtration and heating of the
water takes place in the plant room and
it is there that the chemical treatment is
introduced into it. Dead spots within the
0001 tank mean that the Dollution is
Base for neither treated nor removed and it will
suirrounds therefore proliferate.
Water is taken out of the pool by bottom
outlets usually placed at the deepest
point from the surface. It is returned into
the pool by inlets usually placed in the
wall but sometimes in the floor. The
positioning of these points will depend on
the shape and size of the pool tank.
The reason for taking water from the
surface is that the vast majority of
pollutants are found in the top 100mm of
the water. In the commercial pool it is
recommended that a ‘level-deck’system
be used. In this type of pool the water is
at the same level as the surrounds and
overflows the top of the pool wall into a
perimeter channel. To keep the water
level in the pool constant a ‘balance tank’
is built onto the pool outside the
perimeter of the shell. The tank holds a
quantity of water, which is added to the
volume of the shell and is pumped
around the system. As the capacity of
the shell is less than the total water
available the pool overflows. The overflow
water gravitates back into the ‘balance
tank’. This creates a surface water outlet
that is 100% of the perimeter.
any concrete pool it does add to the cost
and consequently in the domestic pool
water is taken off the surface over a weir
set into the side of the pool wall. The
water does not overflow and so there is a
!.
‘freeboard’ between the top of the pool
and the water of approximately 150mm.
In this case, and when the number of
bathers is very small, only one or two
outlets may be used.
I
1 Turnover
I The turnover is the length of time the
pump takes to move the total contents of
the pool tank through the filter. However
as the pump is sucking from the pool
tank and immediately pumping the water
back into the same tank the period over
which it can be guaranteed that every
drop of water has passed through the
filter is much longer. However this
theoretical figure is always used in
designing the filtration system for any
pool.
The turnover will vary from pool to pool
depending on its use. A commercial spa
with high temperature and high bather to
water ratio will have a turn over of 5-1 5
minutes, a conventional 25m pool from
2.5 - 3 hours and a domestic low use
pool up to 8 hours.
Domestic swimming pools
Pool water can be heated using any of
the fossil fuels and solar energy. There
are some heaters, specifically designed
for the pool industry where the pool
water flows directly through the heater
and is heated directly. It is also possible
to utilise a standard commercial or
domestic boiler and add to it a pool
water calorifier, primary pipe connection
with thermostat and motorised valve.
Solar energy is low-grade heat and can
be obtained either from a bank of panel
collectors or by an air to water heat
Pump.
Solar panels will provide heat into an
outdoor pool and are very rarely used on
indoor pools. On outdoor pools they
perform in proportion to the natural
ambient temperature and therefore the
heat input is erratic. They are best
installed as a back-up to a fossil fuel
heater. The installation can be expensive
but the heat obtained in general terms is
free.
Heat pumps will provide heat as required
but the input is slow and cannot give
bursts of high grade heat as can the
fossil fuel heater. They are mainly used
on outdoor pools in the domestic market
and although the installation is slightly
more expensive the running costs are
lower.
The water temperature varies depending
on the activity in the pool. A spa where
bathers are static, and for therapeutic
reasons is going to be in the region of
38-40°C. Similarly children and non-
swimmers in a teaching pool are going to
require a slightly higher temperature than
the average of 28-30°C. Outdoor pools
also vary and tend to be slightly lower on
average in the region of 24-26°C.
Indoor pools
Once a pool has been enclosed the air in
the pool hall must be heated otherwise
condensation can occur. This will not
only damage the fabric of the building
but can also be a hazard when visibility
is reduced. Consequently it is necessary
to heat the air as well, usually to 1°C
above that of the water and to maintain
that temperature in all parts of the pool
hall. This is done by moving the air by
blowing into the pool hall and sucking it
out. Relying on natural movement has
been proved not to be effective and the
use of radiators is to be avoided at all
times.
With the air temperature above that of
the water the evaporation will be reduced
but water will still find its way into the
atmosphere. If the humidity rises the risk
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Domestic swimming pools Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide

of condensation will again be increased The pH is in general terms the degree or

and this must be eliminated.The air in level of concentration of acid or alkalis
the pool hall can be extracted and fresh present in the water. Too alkaline and the
air drawn in from the outside. This will effectiveness of chlorine is reduced,
also reduce the build up of odours but is scale can be formed in small-bore
costly, as the new air will have to be re- waterways in calorifiers etc and there can
heated. be bather discomfort. To acidic and
erosion and corrosion can occur and
The incoming air can be heated by the
bathers will find discomfort. The Total
out going air by means of modern plate
Alkalinity is the quantitative analysis of
heat exchangers but re-cycling the air
the amount of alkali in the water. This
and reducing the air changing to a
has an effect on the movement of the pH
minimum means that the heat losses are
and can also encourage scaling as can
lower and the air handling unit can
the calcium hardness. Total dissolved
incorporate a de-humidifier to remove the
solids are, as the name implies the
humidity. Humidity is relative to the
dissolved matter in the water, which can
differential between the pool hall air
affect conductivity, and at levels water
temperatures and the ambient and the
clarity.
point at which condensation will happen,
the dew point, will vary. In an average It is recommended that in the commercial
pool hall the dew point could be as high pool the water treatment is auto-mated
as 21"C. so that the level of disinfectant and pH is
measure electronically compared against
Hot air is distributed around the pool hall
the recommended levels and the
either in underground or exposed
appropriate chemicals pumped into the
ductwork or, in smaller halls by single
water. In order to prevent the build up of
inlet and outlet grilles. Either way
matter in the water it is also
consideration must be given to the
recommended that water be replaced at
positioning of the return air grilles so that
a rate of 30 litres per bather per day. This
short cycling is avoided.
is partially achieved by backwashingl
The hot air must be contained within the cleaning the filter medium.
pool hall otherwise it will migrate. Of
particular concern in any pool hall is the
construction and generally speaking it is
wise to consider the inside of it as an
external construction.Voids are to be
avoided but if necessary a vapour barrier
must be inserted. This can be in the
vertical as well as the horizontal plane.
There are vapour barrier materials widely
available however great care must be
taken when fixing them as ANY puncture
hole, a nail, screw or tack MUST be
sealed with a sealant.
Heater batteries fitted in the ductwork or
in the air-handling unit heat the air. The
usual method is by LPHW from a
standard boiler with stats controlling
motorised valves. In this case the pool
water is heated in the same manner via
a calorifier.

Pool water needs to be treated to remove

the organic mater, bacteria etc,.which
enters the water on bathers and is
generally blown or taken into it. There are
several options but chlorine is the most
widely used. However ozone and ultra-
violet are also to be considered.
Not only should a 'disinfectant' be applied
but also water balance has to take into
account of the pH, the total alkalinity, the
calcium hardness and the total dissolved
solids.

220