5/6/2019

Induction 1
Motors

ME-2402
Electromechanical Systems
Chapter 6

Induction Motors
Spring 18
4th Semester
SZABIST, Karachi
CH 6
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Induction
Motors

Course Support
humera.rafique@szabist.edu.pk
Office: FR-404
100 Campus

Official: ZABdesk

CH 6

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Induction 3
Motors Chapter Contents
• Construction
• Basic Induction Motor
• Equivalent Circuit
• Power & Torque
• Torque-Speed Characteristics
• Design Classes
• Starting Induction Motors
• Ratings

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Induction 4
Motors

Construction

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Induction 5
Motors Construction
Induction Motor:

• A machine with only Amortisseur windings

• The rotor voltage (which produces the rotor current and the rotor
magnetic field) is induced in the rotor windings rather than being
physically connected by wires
• No dc field current is required to run the machine

Large synchronous machine

with Damper windings

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Induction 6
Motors Construction
Induction Motor Construction:
• Stator: same as synchronous machines
• Rotor: Different

The stator of a typical

induction motor, showing
the stator windings

Rotor Types:
1. (Squirrel) Cage rotor
2. Wound rotor

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Induction 7
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
Squirrel Cage Rotor:
• Consists of conducting bars laid into slots
carved in the face of the rotor

• Bars shorted at either end by large shorting

rings

• No windings

• No slip rings

• Rotor is made up of laminated

steel bars, not by coil windings
Sketch of cage rotor
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Induction 8
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
Squirrel Cage Rotor:

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Induction 9
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
Squirrel Cage Rotor:

Typical cage rotor

Cutway diagram
of small cage Cutway diagram
rotor IM of small cage
rotor IM

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Induction 10
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
Squirrel Cage Rotor:

Squirrel cage rotors

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Induction 11
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
Squirrel Cage Rotor:

Stator and rotor laminations

Stator and rotor

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Induction 12
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
2. Wound Rotor:

• Has a complete set of three-phase windings

that are mirror images of the windings on
the stator
• Usually Y-connected
• Ends are tied to slip rings on the rotor’s shaft
• Rotor’s windings are shorted through
brushes riding on the slip rings

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Induction 13
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
2. Wound Rotor:
• Rotor currents are at the stator brushes (an extra resistor inserted into
the rotor’s circuit is used to modify the ‘torque-speed’ characteristics of
the motor)

• More expensive due to maintenance cost (slip rings, carbon brushes) and
rotor windings

The rotor
windings are
Brushes and skewed to
slip rings eliminate slot
harmonics

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Induction 14
Motors Construction
Rotor Types:
2. Wound Rotor:

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Induction 15
Motors Construction
Induction Motors Types Comparison:

Cage Rotor Wound Rotor

• Same stator • Same stator

• Bare copper bars slotted around the rotor,
slightly larger than rotor’s length, shorted at
both terminals with shortening rings (both
of die-cast iron)
• Singularly fed (one supply)
• 3 phase winding on rotor (mirror of stator
windings), 3-wire y-connected (usually),
connected to 3-slip rings and brush set, a
separate ac source from that of the stator
• Doubly fed (Separately excited)

• Rotor winding is connected to starting

resistance

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Induction 16
Motors

Basics

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Induction 17
Motors Basics
Basic Induction Motor:
• Same as that of Amortisseur windings on synchronous motors

Working Principle:

1. The development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor

2. The Rotor Slip

3. The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor

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Induction 18
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor:
• Stator current → BS (stator magnetic field) that will rotate at a speed:

120
system frequency in hertz

• BS passes over the rotor bars and induces a voltage in them:

Velocity of the bar relative to the magnetic field

• It is the relative motion of the rotor compared to the stat or magnetic field that produces
induced voltage in a rotor bar

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Induction 19
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor:

Finally, the induced torque in the machine:

The development of induced torque in an

induction motor:

(a) The rotating stator field BS induces a

voltage in the rotor bars;

(b) the rotor voltage produces a rotor

current flow, which lags behind the
voltage because of the inductance of the
rotor

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Induction 20
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor:

The development of induced torque

in an induction motor:

(c) the rotor current produces a

rotor magnetic field BR lagging
90° behind itself, and Bnet to
produce a ccw torque in the
machine

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Induction 21
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor:
• Finite upper limit to the motor’s speed:
– Motor’s rotor is turning at synchronous speed
– The rotor bars: stationary (relative to the magnetic field)
– No rotor current
– No induced voltage
– No rotor magnetic field
– Induced torque = 0
– Rotor will slow down due to friction

• An induction motor can thus speed up to near synchronous speed but it can never reach
synchronous speed

• In normal operation both the rotor and stator magnetic fields BR and BS rotate together at
synchronous speed nsynch while the rotor itself tums at a slower speed
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Induction 22
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The Rotor’s Slip:
• The induced voltage at the rotor bar dependents on the relative speed of the rotor w.r.t the stator
magnetic field

• Two terms to define the relative motion of the rotor and magnetic fields:

Slip speed: the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed:

nslip : slip speed of the machine

nsync : speed of the magnetic fields
nm : mechanical shaft speed of motor
Slip: relative speed expressed on a per-unit or a percentage basis:

100%

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Induction 23
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The Rotor’s Slip:
2. Slip:
$ $
100% "# 100%
$

• if the rotor turns at synchronous speed, s = 0,

• if the rotor is stationary, s = 1

• All normal motor speeds fall somewhere between those two limits

• From above equations, the mechanical speed (rotor speed):

$ 1 $

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Induction 24
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor:

• An induction motor works by inducing voltages and currents in the rotor of the machine (thus
called a rotating transformer)

• Like a transformer, the primary (stator) induces a voltage in the secondary (rotor)

• Unlike a transformer, the secondary frequency is not necessarily the same as the primary
frequency

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Induction 25
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor:

• If the rotor is locked (cannot move), frotor = fstator

• On the other hand, if the rotor turns at synchronous speed, the frotor = 0

• %& 0 #'(, &ℎ + & 1

• %& , &ℎ + 0& 0

• For any speed in between, the rotor frequency is directly proportional to the difference between
the speed of the magnetic field nsync and the speed of the rotor nm

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Induction 26
Motors Basics
Working Principle:
The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor:
• Rotor’s frequency:

+
120
Example 7-1:
A 208-V, 10-hp, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent:

(a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?

(b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at the rated load?
(c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the rated load?
(d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load?

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Induction 27
Motors

Equivalent
Circuit

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Induction 28
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Equivalent Circuit:
• An induction motor relies for its operation on the induction of voltages and currents in its rotor
circuit from the stator circuit (transformer action)

• Equivalent circuit: very similar to the equivalent circuit of a transformer

• An induction motor (singly excited machine, as opposed to a doubly excited synchronous machine):
since power is supplied to only the stator circuit

• No independent field circuit, NO internal voltage source (EA)

• Derivation of the equivalent circuit of an induction motor will depend on:

• A knowledge of transformers
• The variation of rotor frequency with speed in induction motors

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Induction 29
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Equivalent Circuit:
• Three step procedure:
– Transformer Model
– Rotor Circuit Model
– Final Equivalent Circuit

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Induction 30
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Transformer Model:
Primary side (Stator): Secondary side (Rotor):
• Resistance of the coil (R1) • E1 induces ER (by effective turn ratio aeff)
• Inductance of the coil (X1) • ER produces IR (if loaded)
• The magnetizing reactance of the core (XM) • Rotor impedances RR & jXR
• Ohmic impedance of the core (RC)
• Primary internal stator voltage (E1)
aeff : The ratio of the conductors
per phase on the stator to the
conductors per phase on
the rotor

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Induction 31
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Transformer Model:

Rotor induced voltage

Primary internal
stator voltage

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Induction 32
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Transformer Model:

• The slope of the induction motor's curve is

much shallower than the curve of a good
transformer.

• An air gap in an induction motor, which

greatly increases the reluctance of the flux
path and therefore reduces the coupling
between primary and secondary windings

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Induction 33
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Transformer Model:
• The higher reluctance caused by the air
gap =>
a higher magnetizing
current is required to
obtain a given flux level

• Therefore, the magnetizing reactance XM

in the equivalent circuit will have a
much smaller value than it would in an
ordinary transformer

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Induction 34
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Rotor Circuit Model:
• The greater the relative motion between the rotor and the stator magnetic fields, the greater the
resulting rotor voltage and rotor frequency

• Largest voltage & frequency @ largest relative motion

• Smallest voltage & frequency @ no relative motion (same speed)

• The magnitude and frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor at any speed between these extremes is
directly proportional to the slip of the rotor

- - .

• Frequency of the induced voltage at any slip: +

• Resistance of rotor is independent of the slip

• Reactance of rotor depends on rotor inductance, and frequency of the voltage and current in the rotor:

/ $+ 0 21 + 0
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Induction 35
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Rotor Circuit Model:

Constant voltage
source

3 .
2
45 / 7 8 9/ .

Blocked-rotor
rotor’s reactance

5
: 4 ;7 8 9/ .

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Induction 36
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Rotor Circuit Model:

The rotor circuit model with all the frequency

(s lip) effects concentrated in resistor RR

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Induction 37
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Rotor Circuit Model: At very low slips:
• the resistive term RR/s >> XRO
• The rotor resistance predominates
• Rotor current varies linearly with slip

At high slip:
• XRO >> RR/s
• Rotor current approaches a steady state value
as the slip becomes very large

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Induction 38
Motors Equivalent Circuit
The Final Equivalent Circuit:

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Induction 39
Motors

Power & Torque

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Induction 40
Motors Power & Torque
Power & Torque:
<=> < ? @&A

< ?
$

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Induction 41
Motors

Design Classes

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Induction 42
Motors Design Classes
Design Classes:
• NEMA & IEC design classes

1. Design Class A:
– Standard motor design
– Normal starting torque
– Normal starting current
– Low slip
– Pullout torque: 200 to 300% of the full load torque
– Driving fans, pumps, lathes and tool machines
– Below 7.5 hp & above 200

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Induction 43
Motors Design Classes
Design Classes:
2. Design Class B:
– Normal starting torque
– Lower starting current
– Low slip
– Same starting torque as class A at 25% less current
– Pullout torque: 200 % of the full load torque
– Similar applications as class A but preferred (Lower starting current)

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Induction 44
Motors Design Classes
Design Classes:
3. Design Class C:
– High starting torque
– Low starting current
– Low slip
– Pullout torque < Class A
– High starting torque applications: Compressors, loaded pumps

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Induction 45
Motors Design Classes
Design Classes:

4. Design Class D:
High starting torque (275% + of the rated)
Low starting current
High slip at full load
Much similar to class A
Applications: extremely high inertia type loads e.g., punch press

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Induction 46
Motors

Starting Induction
Motors

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Induction 47
Motors Starting
Starting Induction Motors:
• By simply connecting to power supply (Not applicable as require larger currents)

• Wound-rotor motors staring current is controlled by extra resistance in rotor circuitry during
starting (also increase the starting torque)

• Case-rotor motors: effective resistance (mentioned in data plate)

• Starting current:
B >C+>
FG I
3JK

B >C+> 4#%& D ℎ"# '" #74 "D E && # % &"#7

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Induction 48
Motors Starting
Example 7-7:
What is the starting current of a 15-hp, 208-V, code-letter-F, three-phase induction
motor?

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Induction 49
Motors

Ratings

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Induction 50
Motors Ratings
Ratings:
1. Output power
2. Voltage
3. Current
4. Power factor
5. Speed
6. Nominal efficiency
7. NEMA design class
8. Starting code

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Induction 51
Motors Practice
Problems:
• Odd number PROBLEMS
• Examples 7-1,4 & 7

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Induction 52
Motors Reference

1. Text
2. EEEB344 EM Devices (Lectures)
3. http://bobalden.com
4. Electrical installation vol II (Kennedy, Rankin)
5. http://avstop.com/AC/apgeneral/typesofacmotors.html
6. mindprod.com
7. electrical-info.com
8. electricalpowerengineering.blogspot.com
9. electrical-res.com
10. https://www.tecowestinghouse.com

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