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Table of Contents

OVERVIEW .......................................................................................... vii

MODULE 1: WHAT IS ENGLISH GRAMMAR? ............................ 1.1

Unit 1:
What is Grammar? ............................................................................. 1.3
Exercise ............................................................................................ 1.8
Summary ........................................................................................... 1.9
Formative Test 1 ................................................................................... 1.10

Unit 2:
Why Is It Ungrammatical? ................................................................ 1.11
Exercise ............................................................................................. 1.24
Summary ............................................................................................ 1.26
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 1.26

Unit 3:
Why Should We Study Grammar? ....................................................... 1.30
Exercise ............................................................................................. 1.43
Summary ............................................................................................ 1.47
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................ 1.47

ANSWER KEY .................................................................................. 1.50

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS .......................................................... 1.52
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 1.53

MODULE 2: LEVEL, LABEL, & FUNCTION .................................. 2.1

Unit 1:
Word Structure .................................................................................... 2.3
Exercise ............................................................................................. 2.7
Summary ............................................................................................ 2.9
Formative Test 1 ................................................................................ 2.9
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Unit 2:
Word Class ........................................................................................ 2.11
Exercise ............................................................................................. 2.30
Summary ............................................................................................ 2.31
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 2.31

Unit 3:
Phrase Structure .................................................................................. 2.33
Exercise .............................................................................................. 2.49
Summary ............................................................................................ 2.50
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................ 2.51

Unit 4:
Clause and Sentence ........................................................................... 2.52
Exercise ............................................................................................. 2.62
Summary ........................................................................................... 2.64
Formative Test 4 ............................................................................... 2.65

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS ......................................................... 2.67

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................. 2.72
FURTHER READINGS ..................................................................... 2.73
SOURCES OF EXTRACTS ............................................................... 2.75

MODULE 3: COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE ............ 3.1

Unit 1:
Compound Sentence ........................................................................... 3.2
Exercise ............................................................................................. 3.14
Summary ............................................................................................ 3.16
Formative Test 1 ................................................................................ 3.17

Unit 2:
Complex Sentence .............................................................................. 3.18
Exercise ............................................................................................. 3.42
Summary ............................................................................................ 3.45
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 3.45
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KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS ......................................................... 3.47

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. 3.54
FURTHER READINGS ..................................................................... 3.55

MODULE 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ................................... 4.1

Unit 1:
What is a Conditional Sentence? .......................................................... 4.3
Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 4.8
Summary ............................................................................................ 4.10
Formative Test 1 ................................................................................ 4.10

Unit 2:
The Patterns and Meanings of Conditional Sentences ......................... 4.12
Exercise 2 ......................................................................................... 4.16
Exercise 3a ........................................................................................ 4.18
Exercise 3b ........................................................................................ 4.19
Exercise 4a ........................................................................................ 4.21
Exercise 4b ........................................................................................ 4.22
Exercise 5 .......................................................................................... 4.23
Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 4.25
Exercise 7 .......................................................................................... 4.27
Exercise 8 .......................................................................................... 4.28
Exercise 9 ......................................................................................... 4.30
Exercise 10 ........................................................................................ 4.31
Exercise 11 ........................................................................................ 4.32
Summary ........................................................................................... 4.33
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 4.34

Unit 3:
Conditional Sentences in Texts ............................................................. 4.38
Exercise 12 ........................................................................................ 4.41
Exercise 13 ........................................................................................ 4.45
Summary .......................................................................................... 4.46
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................... 4.47
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ANSWER KEY ................................................................................ 4.50

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS .......................................................... 4.60
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 4.62

MODULE 5 : NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, &

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE ................................................. 5.1
Unit 1:
Noun Clause ...................................................................................... 5.3
Exercise ............................................................................................. 5.25
Summary ............................................................................................ 5.28
Formative Test 1 .................................................................................... 5.29

Unit 2:
Adjective Clause ............................................................................... 5.31
Exercise ............................................................................................. 5.42
Summary ........................................................................................... 5.46
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 5.47

Unit 3:
Adverbial Clause ............................................................................... 5.48
Exercise ............................................................................................ 5.52
Summary .......................................................................................... 5.57
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................... 5.58

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS ........................................................ 5.59

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS ...................................... 5.67
FURTHER READINGS ..................................................................... 5.68

MODULE 6: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ............................................. 6.1

Unit 1:
Using Defining and Non-Defining Adjective Clauses ........................ 6.3
Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 6.4
Exercise 2 .......................................................................................... 6.5
Exercise 3 .......................................................................................... 6.6
Exercise 4 .......................................................................................... 6.7
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Exercise 5 .......................................................................................... 6.9

Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 6.10
Exercise 7 .......................................................................................... 6.11
Summary ........................................................................................... 6.11
Formative Test 1 .................................................................................. 6.12

Unit 2:
Choosing Relative Pronouns and Adverbs .......................................... 6.16
Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 6.17
Exercise 2 .......................................................................................... 6.18
Exercise 3 .......................................................................................... 6.19
Exercise 4 .......................................................................................... 6.20
Exercise 5 .......................................................................................... 6.21
Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 6.21
Exercise 7 .......................................................................................... 6.22
Exercise 8 .......................................................................................... 6.23
Exercise 9 .......................................................................................... 6.24
Summary ........................................................................................... 6.24
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................. 6.25

Unit 3:
Reducing Adjective Clauses ............................................................... 6.29
Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 6.29
Exercise 2 .......................................................................................... 6.30
Exercise 3 .......................................................................................... 6.31
Exercise 4 .......................................................................................... 6.32
Exercise 5 .......................................................................................... 6.33
Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 6.35
Summary ........................................................................................... 6.36
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................ 6.37

Unit 4:
Using Prepositions in Adjective Clauses ............................................ 6.41
Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 6.42
Exercise 2 ......................................................................................... 6.43
Exercise 3 .......................................................................................... 6.44
Exercise 4 .......................................................................................... 6.46
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Summary ........................................................................................... 6.47

Formative Test 4 ................................................................................... 6.47

ANSWER KEY ................................................................................. 6.50

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS .......................................................... 6.58
GLOSSARY ...................................................................................... 6.62
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 6.65

MODULE 7 : NOUN CLAUSES ........................................................ 7.1

Unit 1:
Using Noun Clauses
with WH-words, Whether, and If ........................................................ 7.2
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................... 7.3
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................... 7.4
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................... 7.5
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................... 7.6
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................... 7.7
Exercise 6 ........................................................................................... 7.9
Exercise 7 .......................................................................................... 7.9
Summary ............................................................................................ 7.10
Formative Test 1 ................................................................................ 7.11

Unit 2:
Using That-Clauses in Indirect Speech ................................................ 7.13
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................... 7.14
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................... 7.15
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................... 7.17
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................... 7.18
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................... 7.19
Exercise 6 ........................................................................................... 7.20
Exercise 7 ........................................................................................... 7.21
Exercise 8 ........................................................................................... 7.23
Exercise 9 ........................................................................................... 7.24
Summary ............................................................................................ 7.25
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 7.26
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Unit 3:
Exploring Other Constructions With Noun Clauses ........................... 7.30
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................... 7.30
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................... 7.31
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................... 7.32
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................... 7.34
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................... 7.35
Exercise 6 ........................................................................................... 7.36
Exercise 7 ........................................................................................... 7.37
Exercise 8 ........................................................................................... 7.38
Exercise 9 ........................................................................................... 7.39
Exercise 10 ........................................................................................ 7.40
Exercise 11 ......................................................................................... 7.40
Exercise 12 ......................................................................................... 7.42
Summary .......................................................................................... 7.43
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................ 7.44

ANSWER KEY .................................................................................. 7.49

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS ......................................................... 7.57
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 7.60

MODULE 8: ADVERB CLAUSES ................................................... 8.1

Unit 1:
Using Adverb Clauses of Time, Purpose, and Result ........................... 8.2
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................... 8.3
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................... 8.5
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................... 8.6
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................... 8.7
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................... 8.7
Exercise 6 ........................................................................................... 8.9
Exercise 7 ........................................................................................... 8.10
Exercise 8 ........................................................................................... 8.11
Exercise 9 ........................................................................................... 8.12
Summary ............................................................................................ 8.13
Formative Test 1 .................................................................................. 8.14
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Unit 2:
Using Adverb Clauses of Reason, Concession, and Contrast ................ 8.17
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................... 8.18
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................... 8.20
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................... 8.21
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................... 8.22
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................... 8.23
Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 8.25
Summary ......................................................................................... 8.26
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................ 8.27

Unit 3:
Using Adverb Clauses of Condition ................................................... 8.31
Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 8.33
Exercise 2 .......................................................................................... 8.34
Exercise 3 .......................................................................................... 8.36
Exercise 4 .......................................................................................... 8.37
Exercise 5 .......................................................................................... 8.40
Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 8.40
Exercise 7 .......................................................................................... 8.42
Exercise 8 .......................................................................................... 8.44
Exercise 9 .......................................................................................... 8.45
Exercise 10 ........................................................................................ 8.46
Exercise 11 .......................................................................................... 8.47
Summary ........................................................................................... 8.47
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................. 8.49

ANSWER KEY ................................................................................ 8.52

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS ........................................................... 8.60
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................ 8.
8.63
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 8.68

MODULE 9: PASSIVE VOICE ............................................................ 9.1

Unit 1:
What Is A Passive Sentence? .............................................................. 9.3
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Exercise 1 .......................................................................................... 9.7

Exercise 2 .......................................................................................... 9.9
Exercise 3 .......................................................................................... 9.11
Exercise 4 .......................................................................................... 9.14
Exercise 5 .......................................................................................... 9.15
Exercise 6 .......................................................................................... 9.17
Exercise 7 .......................................................................................... 9.18
Exercise 8 .......................................................................................... 9.20
Summary ........................................................................................... 9.21
Formative Test 1 ................................................................................... 9.21

Unit 2:
Why is The Passive Important? .......................................................... 9.25
Exercise 9 .......................................................................................... 9.27
Summary .......................................................................................... 9.28
Formative Test 2 ................................................................................... 9.29

Unit 3:
How Can The Passive Construction Be Used? ................................... 9.31
Exercise 10 ....................................................................................... 9.35
Exercise 11 ........................................................................................ 9.42
Summary .......................................................................................... 9.43
Formative Test 3 ................................................................................. 9.44

ANSWER KEY ............................................................................... 9.49

KEY TO FORMATIVE TESTS ........................................................ 9.55
REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 9.58