Fluid bench project

Muhammad Uzair Shakeel 211073

Aiza Tahir 220157
Fatima Khalid 235420

ME-09-A

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
ISLAMABAD

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the semester

project of
ME-235: Fluid Mechanics II
(Semester 4)
 Turnitin Report

[Screenshot]

I
 Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the whole IMeche team including Dr. Sajid and especially Saad
Shabir who have rendered valuable assistance to my study.

II
 Abstract

The project is based upon the pipe network of water supply in the urban area where
water comes from the overhead tanks and are supplied to the overhead tanks located on the
top of each house. Our project is smaller version of that system in which we calculate the
head losses to provide head at the node with reasonable tolerance. For head losses
calculations, we used minor and major losses approach to calculate the length of approach to
calculate the length of the pipe which will be placed between the nodes by varying the flow
rate at the inlet.

Key Words: Loss coefficient, Pipe network, head losses, friction factor, Reynolds number

III
 Table of Contents

Turnitin Report .................................................................................................................................................... I

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. II
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. III
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... IV
List of Figures...................................................................................................................................................... V
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... VI
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 2
APPROACH ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
PIPE NETWORK ................................................................................................................................................ 3
CALCUALATIONS & EXPLANATION ............................................................................................................ 5
THEORETICAL RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 6
ERROR SOURCES .............................................................................................................................................. 7
POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 7
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................... 8
APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 10

IV
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Nodes arrangement on bench .............................................................................................................. 8

Figure 2.1: Pipe network arrangement ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3.1: For typical conical nozzle and diffuser .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 3.2: Straight and branched flow in tee joint .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 4.1: Screenshot of excel sheet calculations .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 5.1: Loss coefficient values ..................................................................................................................... 15

V
VI
 List of Tables

Table 1.1: Required static heads at nodes ............................................................................................................... 8

VI
 INTRODUCTION

In this project we are required to design a pipe network which should provide the assigned
static heads at specified five nodes with three nodes which would have variable static heads.
Source tank is at an elevation of 1.2 meter. There is a ball valve at the inlet and source and
sump are nearest to node A. The maximum flow rate is between 15-20 L/min in ideal case.
The end of inlet pipe has a diameter of 12mm so we should use a pipe which has outer
diameter of 12mm. The required static heads at nodes are given in table below:

Nodes Static head(cm)

A Variable
B 25
C Variable
D 15
E 35
F Variable
G 25
H 35

Table 1.1: Required static heads at nodes

The maping which shows the position of targeted nodes on fluid bench is given below:

Figure 1.2: Nodes arrangement on bench

2
 APPROACH

We calculated the initial flow rate to be 4.8 L/min and found velocity by using flow rate and
area and then calculated Remold’s number. The next step was to calculate friction factor by
Colebrook’s formula and knowing loss coefficient found minor loss. Then we calculated
major loss from initial head, minor loss and head at node and using friction factor and major
loss we calculated length for each pipe.

PIPE NETWORK

H and E have same heads(35cm) , G and B have same heads(25cm) and D has 15cm head
whereas A,C and F have variable heads. We divided the source flow rate into two by using a
tee so H and E points would get same flow rate in order to achieve same maximum heads.
Then we connected E to G(second highest head), G to F(variable head), F to A(variable
head), H to B(second highest head), B to D(third highest head), D to C(variable head) and
drained C and A out.

Figure 2.1: Pipe network arrangement

3
 CALCULATIONS & EXPLANATION

First of all, we assumed a specific initial flow rate Q i.e.

Q = 4.8 L/min.
And we know that
1 L/min = (10-3/60) m3/s
So,
Q = 0.00008 m3/s
This is initial flow rate but when we introduce a Tee-joint in the network, the flow rate
divides itself equally between both of the branches. Also we know that diameter of different
components of the network. So, we can find area as
A= (π/4) d2
From equation of continuity, velocity can be calculated from flow rate i.e.
Q = Av
v = Q/A
So,
Re = Ꝭvd/µ = vd/ʋ
From Reynolds’s Number we find the flow regime that is either the flow is laminar,
transitional or turbulent. For laminar flow friction factor ẝ can be calculated as
ẝ = 64/Re
And for turbulent flow, our case, Colebrook equation is used where the roughness (ɛ) of each
material is already known. i.e.
1/√f = −1.8 log10[(ɛ /3.7d)1.11 + 69/(Re)]
This friction factor is then used to calculate major losses in the pipe network i.e.
hl (major) = ẝ*(l/d)*(v2/2g)
Minor losses are calculated similarly but instead of friction factor we use loss coefficients
there i.e.
hl (minor) = kl*(v2/2g)
For our network different components involved are diffuser, nozzle, connectors, ball valve
and Tee-joints. For each component calculation of kl is given as

4
 Figure 3.1: For typical conical nozzle and diffuser

In our case for diffuser

That is

So,
Ѳ’ = tan-1 (0.25/2.48) = 5.756 ̊

Ѳ = 2 Ѳ’ = 11.512 ̊
For 11.52 ,̊ from graph

= 0.48

Kl = 0.48 [1- (0.75)2/ (1.25)2]2 = 0.196608

In our case for nozzle

That is

5
So,
Ѳ’ = tan-1 (8.375/44) = 10.777 ̊

Ѳ = 2 Ѳ’ = 21.554 ̊
For 11.52 ,̊ from graph

= 0.75

Kl = 0.75 [1- (15)2/ (31.75)2]2 = 0.4525631599

For ball valve

Typical values are given as
Ball valves fully open 0.05
Ball valve 1/3 closed 5.5
Ball valve 2/3 closed 210
As we have opened 2/3 of valve so kl value in our case is 5.5

Figure 3.2: Straight and branched flow in tee joint

For Tee joints

Typical values are given as
Line flow, flanged 0.2
Line flow, threaded 0.9
Branch flow, flanged 1.0
Branch flow, threaded 2.0
We have used flanged tees. So, in our case when the head at node is being measured, value of
kl is 1.0 as it is referred as Branch Flow. While we know that head at a node is actually

6
initial head for another node. So, when considering initial head, the value of k l is not 1.0, it is
0.2 as in this case flow is referred as line flow. Thus we can write
Initial head at a node = [head at node + minor head loss – (0.2 v2/2g)] previous node

Also, the tank that is water source for pipe network is at a height of 1.2 m. So, the initial head
is 1.2m. After that head at each node is to be calculated i.e.
Head at node = initial head – (major head loss + minor head loss)
As we have to find lengths of pipe between different nodes to achieve specific head so we
have to find major loss. And once we find it length can be calculated i.e.
Major Head loss = initial head – minor head loss – head at node (given)
And l = (hl (major) *d*2g)/ (f*v2)

THEORETICAL RESULTS

In this study we have designed a pipe network that has different pressure heads at different
points. Losses were taken into consideration and a network was designed that can have given
pressure heads.
An excel file is made that is designed such a way that by changing a specific value like flow
rate, friction factor or pressure head corresponding lengths of network could be found

And

7
 Figure 4.1: Screenshot of excel sheet calculations

Excel sheet is attached as

https://1drv.ms/x/s!AiaFtYq54ls2hV0o0PvPpwIXNqAI

ERROR SOURCES

There were number of errors that occurred during the experimental demonstration due
to the number of reasons:
1- Leakage at the joints
Leakage causes the loss of flow rate causes uncertainties in the experiments.
2- Approximation of loss coefficient
We assumed the values of nozzle, diffuser, connectors and ball valve.
3- Approximation of the flow rate
We assumed the value of flow rate which mean we have to change the angle of ball
valve in order to get the required flow rate which is again a problem because we
cannot it is too difficult to calculate the loss coefficient of the ball valve.

8
 Figure 5.1: Loss coefficient values

4- Bending of pipes
When the pipe are experimentally connected to the nodes, they are bent which cause
some extra loss coefficient.

POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS

 About the leakage that occurs at the joints, as our fluid project represents the model of
a city where we have to provide a specific head in houses, so it is important to avoid
leakage otherwise the flow rate will alter, causing for head loss.
 The exact value to loss coefficient can be calculated by experiment with the help of
the pressure measuring gauge and then finding the difference between the initial and
final head.
 The flow rate issue can be resolved by keeping the water level of the head constant by
using a float valve so that the flow rate remains same throughout the experiment.
 The loss coefficient for the bending of pipes can be calculated through CFD by
calculating the initial and final head and then calculating the loss coefficient.

9
 CONCLUSION

Our calculations and our final testing were quite same because of the accuracy in
calculations we have made, even though lots of values were assumed by our self in order to
have a perfect experiment. The similar model can be used in the actual urban areas so that
houses of every heights could meet their needs without the use of pumps. Similarly, cities
with severe water shortage can redesign their pipe network in order have proper water supply
system considering every house in the town.

10
 APPENDIX A

Excel Formula
When the pipe is passed through the nodes, the value at the head node is not exactly
equal to the next initial head, because of the variation in loss coefficient value of branch and
straight path in the tee joint. For that, we calculated the values on excel sheet:
Initial head at a node = [head at node + minor head loss – (0.2*v2/2g)] previous node

Formula placed in insert function of excel for J12 (initial head):

=L11+M11-((0.2*F11*F11)/(2*9.81))
And this formula was copied to the next line which are J13, J14, etc.

11
 REFERENCES

[1] Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H. (2006). Fundamentals of fluid
mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons.

12