INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY PRINCIPLES

ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS

ELECTRIC MACHINES: a device that can convert mechanical energy to electric energy and vice versa.
Generator – called when it converts mechanical energy to electric energy
Motor – called when it converts electric energy to mechanical energy
TRANSFOMERS: a device that converts ac electrical energy at one voltage level to ac electrical energy at
another voltage level.
: it operates on the same principle as generator and motor.
COMMON TERMS AND PRINCIPLES

MAGNETIC FIELD: energy is converted from one form to another in motors, generators and transformers
by the action of magnetic fields.
THESE ARE THE PRINCIPLES THAT DESCRIBE HOW MAGNETIC FIELDS ARE USED IN THESE DEVICES:
PRODUCTION OF A MAGNETIC FIELD
AMPER’S LAW is the basic law that governs the production of magnetic field:

H – Magnetic field intensity produced by current Inet

I is measured in amperes while H is in ampere-turns per meter.
 If the core is made of ferromagnetic material (such as iron) most of the magnetic field produced
By the current will remain inside the core.
AMPER’S LAW becomes:

H –is the measure of “effort” that the current is putting out to establish a magnetic field

The material of the core affects the strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the core. The
Magnetic field intensity H is linked with the resulting magnetic flux density B within the material by

MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL

The magnetic permeability is defined by the equation:

-the permeability of ferromagnetic material is up to 6000 times higher than the permeability of
Free space; However it is not constant.
 -Electric machines and transformers use ferromagnetic material for their cores because these
materials produce much more flux than other materials.

ENERGY LOSS IN A FERROMAGNETIC CORE

The amount of flux present in the core depends on the history of the flux in the core and the magnitude
of the current applied to the windings of the core.

The dependence on the history of the preceding flux and the resulting failure to retrace the flux path is
called hysteresis.

To understand the cause of hysteresis, it is necessary to know the structure of the metal. There are
many small regions within the metal called domains.

The cause of hysteresis is that when the external magnetic field is removed, the domains do not become
completely random again.This is so because energy is required to turn the atoms in the domains.

Some of the domains will remain aligned until an external source of energy is supplied to change them.
A large mechanical shock and heating are examples of external energy that can change the alignment of
the domains.

The energy required to reorient the domains during each cycle of the alternating current is called the
hysteresis loss in the iron core.

FARADAY’S LAW—INDUCED VOLTAGE FROM A MAGNETIC FIELD CHANGING WITH TIME

Faraday’s law states that if a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the
turn of wire that is directly proportional to the rate of change of the flux with time. The equation is:
If the coil has N turns the formula is: