Professional Documents
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*1
D.S.Ajitha#2Mr.N.Kathick M.E,
1
Postgraduate Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.S.V. College of Engineering and Technology, Krishnagiri - 635108
Abstract—Battery storage is usually employed in Photovoltaic for power storage, and a centralized bidirectional inverter that
(PV) system to mitigate the power fluctuations due to the charac- interfaces the DC to AC power system [4], [5]. A unidi-
teristics of PV panels and solar irradiance. Control schemes for rectional DC/DC converter is installed to control the power
PV-battery systems must be able to stabilize the bus voltages as
well as to control the power flows flexibly. This paper proposes a of PV arrays, while the battery bank is charged/discharged
comprehensive control and power management system (CAPMS) by controlling a bidirectional converter that bridges the bat-
for PV-battery-based hybrid microgrids with both AC and DC tery and the DC bus. DC loads are supplied through direct
buses, for both grid-connected and islanded modes. The proposed connection to the DC bus and AC loads and the point of
CAPMS is successful in regulating the DC and AC bus voltages common coupling (PCC) is located on the AC side. Before
and frequency stably, controlling the voltage and power of each
unit flexibly, and balancing the power flows in the systems au- connecting to the utility grid, a transformer is employed to
tomatically under different operating circumstances, regardless step up the AC voltage to that of the grid. The PV-battery
of disturbances from switching operating modes, fluctuations of system can be working in either grid-connected or islanded
irradiance and temperature, and change of loads. Both simulation modes by changing the breaker status at the PCC, subject to
and experimental case studies are carried out to verify the the condition of the system and the grid, e.g., a serious fault
performance of the proposed method.
on the AC bus may require opening the breaker to prevent
Index Terms—Solar PV System, Battery, Control and Power the back-feeding current from the grid [6]. Since PV output
Management System, Distributed Energy Resource, Microgrid, power and load demand may change constantly during a day,
Power Electronics, dSPACE.
the power management algorithms for PV-battery system are
required to manage the power flow and promptly respond to
I. INTRODUCTION any change to maintain the balance between power productions
CONTINUALLY increasing demand for energy and con- cerns and consumptions. Furthermore, both DC bus and AC bus
of environmental deterioration have been spurring electric voltages must be stabilized regardless of changes in the system
power experts to find sustainable methods of power generation. to ensure a reliable power supply.
Distributed generations (DG) in the form of renew- able A number of power management methods for PV-battery
resources, such as solar energy, are believed to provide an systems have been proposed in the literature. An energy
effective solution to reduce the dependency on conventional management and control system is introduced in [7] which
power generation and to enhance the reliability and quality of provides stable operation for a wind-PV-battery system. The
power systems [1]. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems have control algorithm is designed for single-phase inverter and it
become one of the most promising renewable generation is not able to control the reactive power. Ref. [8] introduces
technologies because of their attractive characteristics such as another control method for a wind-PV-battery system, which
abundance of solar and clean energy. Rapid PV technology focuses on optimizing the sizes and costs of the PV array and
development and declining installation costs are also stim- battery instead of dynamic power balancing. Moreover, the
ulating the increasing deployment of PV in power systems. proposed method requires massive historical data of 30 years
However, due to the nature of solar energy and PV panels, to estimate the power generated by the wind turbine and PV
instantaneous power output of a PV system depends largely on array. Similarly, in [9], a method to optimize the wind-PV-
its operating environment, such as solar irradiance and battery system is proposed. Both [8] and [9] focus on size
surrounding temperature, resulting in constant fluctuations in optimization instead of detailed control methods for individual
the output power [2], [3]. Therefore, to maintain a reliable power source. A power management strategy for a PV-battery
output power, battery storage systems are usually integrated unit is discussed in [10] based on droop control for load
with PV systems to address the variability issue. sharing between the PV-battery unit and another power source.
A typical configuration of PV-battery system is illustrated An improved version, which considers multiple power units,
in Fig. 1, which is a hybrid microgrid system consisting of a has been presented in Ref. [11]. Although these strategies
PV array that contains a number of PV panels, battery bank successfully manage the power demand and production, both
of them mainly focus on the power management between the
PV-battery unit and other generation units. Additionally, these
methods do not consider systems with DC bus and loads.
A hierarchical control algorithm for a PV-battery-hydropower
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
DC Bus
P PV
Boost
Converter P AC AC Bus
To Utility Grid
RT LT PCC
T PV Inverter
PV Array
Breaker
P bat
T inv
Battery Bidirectional
Bank Converter RL
load
PDC
LL
T bat DC Load
bus
VDC
load
PAC P grid
Fig. 1. The proposed control and power management system (CAPMS) for PV-battery-based hybrid microgrids.
system in [12] regulates the AC bus voltage by the hydropower reviewed literature takes into account the stabilization of the
generator and manage the active and reactive power by the DC bus voltage, which is of great importance for reliable
PV-battery unit, and Ref. [13] introduces a similar method power supply for DC loads.
for a hybrid PV-battery-diesel system. However, both these In an attempt to address the issues discussed above, this
algorithms fail to consider the voltage control for the case paper proposes a control and power management system
where the hydropower or diesel generator is out of service. (CAPMS) for PV-battery systems, which is a centralized con-
A decentralized method for an islanded PV-battery system is trol system that flexibly and effectively controls power flows
presented in [14]. This method aims at solving load sharing in among the power sources, loads, and utility grid. The proposed
system configurations with multiple PV and battery units. Ref. method succeeds in regulating the voltage on both DC and
[15] introduces a similar method which only aims at single- AC buses, transferring between grid-connected and islanded
phase low voltage islanded microgrids. None of the aforemen- operating modes smoothly, and balancing power quickly in the
tioned methods considers the grid-connected situation, where hybrid PV-battery system. The rest of the paper is organized
there is power exchange between the hybrid system and the as follows: Section II and III explain the proposed CAPMS
utility grid. Ref. [16] introduces a supervisory control system and detailed controllers, after which the proposed method is
based on 24-hour forecasted data for a grid-connected wind- verified in the case studies of Section IV; Section V concludes
PV-battery system. The topology of the studied system, where the paper.
PV and battery bank are interfaced with the grid using decen-
tralized inverters, is different from the system configuration of II. T HE P ROPOSED CONTROL AND POWER M ANAGEMENT
this study. Similar methods using day ahead data for power SYSTEM
prediction of a PV-battery system are proposed in [17] and
[18], which are based on dynamic programming and neural Fig. 1 illustrates the configuration of a typical PV-battery
networks, respectively. Ref. [19] proposes a mathematical system with the proposed CAPMS. In this topology, the PV
model for controlling battery storage in PV systems. All these array is interfaced with the DC bus by a DC/DC boost
four methods mainly focus on forecasting the power generation converter while the battery bank uses a bidirectional DC/DC
and demand, and scheduling the power flow of PV or battery, converter to control the charging and discharging processes. A
instead of specific control algorithms. Additionally, there are centralized inverter is installed to interconnect the DC and AC
also works trying to manage the power more effectively networks. DC load block generally represents the loads that are
by using new topologies of converters [20]–[22] instead of connecting at the DC bus, which can be multiple types of loads
modifying controlling methods. None of the works in the such as electric vehicles or office buildings. There are also AC
loads consuming power at the AC bus. This is a typical PV-
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
−PAC
required
− connects to the grid via a circuit breaker, can operate either in
demand | >
Pgrid
N
• PV in MPPT mode;
max
|P bat |? islanded or grid-connected mode, depending on the conditions
• PV in MPPT mode;
•
•
Discharge battery;
ref = P load +P load +
Pbat • Charge battery; and plans of both the microgrid and main grid. Firstly, the
DC AC Y • max = P MPPT −
Pbat
demand − P MPPT.
Pgrid PV load − P
PDC
PV
load
AC −
CAPMS monitors the status of circuit breaker and determines
N demand.
P grid
Discharging? different voltage and power control schemes to be applied to
P load +P required + Y corresponding converters or inverter. In particular, in grid-
DC AC
demand −
Pgrid
N • ref = P max ;
P bat
connected mode, the inverter controls the DC bus voltage
P MPP T > P max? bat
PV bat • Reduce
loads or grid
max < P MPPT −
Pbat PV
demand −
Pgrid
(VDCbus) and reactive power (QAC) that is exchanged with the
N
Y demand. Y
PACload
− P ? DC load
AC side; the PV converter controls the power output of the PV
• ref =
Pbat max ;
P bat array (P PV); and the battery converter manages the charging or
• Reduce loads or grid • P ref = P max;
demand. •
bat bat
Send excess power discharging of the battery bank. In islanded mode, where the
to the grid.
breaker is open, CAPMS has to ensure the reliability of electric
power supplied to the loads, i.e., DC and AC bus voltages
Islanded Mode
and AC frequency have to be maintained around set points
within acceptable limits, to prevent damaging the loads during
• AC bus regulated by the inverter;
• DC bus regulated by the battery converter. transitions. Therefore, upon transferring from grid-connected
• PV in MPPT
to islanded mode, the inverter switches to regulate the AC
bus
SoC ≥ SoClimit
upper
SoClower upper
limit < SoC < SoClimit SoC ≤ SoClower
limit
•
mode;
Reduce
bus voltage (va, vb, and vc) and frequency (f ), while VDC is
loads. regulated by the battery converter. Secondly, state of charge
+ P ? AC
MPPT ≥ P load
PPV load MPP T > P load + P load?
P PV
(SoC) of the battery bank is always monitored in both modes.
DC DC AC N
Therefore, CAPMS is aware of the available energy storage
Y •
•
PV in MPPT mode;
MPPT +P bat = P load +P load .
PPV
Y that can be used in the battery. The upper and lower limits
DC AC
of the SoC (SoCupper lower
limit and SoC limit) are set up to make sure
•
•
PV in power-ref mode.
ref = 0;
P bat
• PV in MPPT mode; the battery is not over-charged or discharged and to increase
• Charge battery;
• ref = P load + P load.
P PV DC AC
• ref = P MPPT −P
Pbat PV −P . AC
load load
DC its cycle life [27]. Depending on the PV output power, SoC
MPPT − Pload
and power limit of the battery, DC and AC loads, and the grid
max
|Pbat
|> |PPV − P |?AC
load
DC
N demand, CAPMS decides the operation modes of the PV array
• PV in power-ref mode.
MPPT − Pload
PPV − P > AC
DC
load
P? max
bat N (MPPT or power-reference mode) and the battery (charging
• ref = 0;
P bat Y
• P ref = P load + P load.
or discharge mode) and provides proper reference values to
PV DC AC
Charging?
Y the controllers, if applicable. Therefore, power flows in the
N
Y
• PV in power-ref mode; hybrid microgrid are always balanced. The power management
• = P + bat
ref
P PV P +load
max P load
.DC
• PV in power-ref mode;
AC
criteria are based on
• Pbat = P bat
max
ref = P load + P load + P max.
• PPV
DC AC bat
battery microgrid system and similar or same configurations where P PV is the output power of the PV array, P bat is the
have been widely used and investigated [23]–[26]. power flows in the battery converter (P bat< 0 in charging
The proposed CAPMS is a centralized power management mode and P bat> 0 in discharging mode), P load load
DCand P ACare
system consisting of a supervisory module that monitors the DC and AC loads, respectively, and P grid generally represents
required real-time parameters (dashed lines in Fig. 1) from the power exchanging between the main grid and the microgrid
the PV-battery system and multiple controllers for each of the through the breaker (P grid< 0 when receiving power and
power converters. According to the situation of the monitored P grid> 0 when sending power). Note that the power demand
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
ref
PPV g2
P ref Ctrl
Lbat
P PV +
-
PI PWM T2
V PV 1
V PV bus
0 Battery C1 T1 g1 C2 VDC
V MPPT
MPPT +- PI PWM
IPV
0 T PV
1
Fig. 4. Bidirectional DC/DC converter for the battery bank.
V bus -
+
PI PWM
DC
Y
ref
DC ref Ctrl S1 = 1, S2 = 0
V DC
P ref >0?
bat
Fig. 3. PV array controller.
S1 = 0, S2 = 1
N S1
demand
from the main grid is denoted as P (Fig. 2), which
grid × g1
might be obtained by forecasting data. Before switching from Pbat +- 0
bus PI PWM Tbat(g1, g2)
islanded to grid-connected mode, CAPMS will synchronize VDC +- 1
the AC voltages at the PCC of the microgrid to follow the × g2
grid-side voltages to ensure a smooth transition. ref
V DC S2
DC ref Ctrl
With well-balanced power and regulated voltages, CAPMS
ensures an uninterrupted power on both DC and AC buses
and allows loads to plug and play in the PV-battery system, Fig. 5. Battery charging/discharging controller.
regardless of disturbances from switching operating modes.
Additionally, since the DC bus voltage is controlled, as long
converter accordingly. In this case, to balance the power flows,
as voltage level matches, DC loads will be able to connect
CAPMS will decide proper power references for the PV array,
to the DC bus without additional converters. When necessary,
PPVref, according to the value of which the operating voltage of
the PV-battery system can also provide reactive power to the
the PV array, VPV, will be moving between its VMPPT and
grid. Detailed controlling schemes for each part of the system
the open-circuit voltage, VOC. Since the DC bus voltage is
will be elaborated in the next section.
regulated by the battery converter in this situation, there will
be a stable voltage at the DC bus in spite of the fluctuations
III. CONTROLLER D ESIGN OF T HE CAPMS in VPV. In MPPT mode (P ref Ctrl = 0 and DC ref Ctrl =
A. PV Array Controller 0), real-time PV current, IPV, and V PV are measured and
sent to the MPPT module, which then provides V MPPT as the
The PV array converts solar energy into DC power, and voltage reference for the PV array. Additionally, in islanded
is connected to the DC bus via a boost DC/DC converter. mode, when the battery is not available, e.g., due to faults,
However, due to nonlinear characteristics of PV panels and the PV converter has to switch to control the DC bus voltage
the stochastic fluctuations of solar irradiance, there is always to ensure a stable power supply to the loads on the DC bus
a maximum power point (MPP) for every specific operating (P ref Ctrl = 0 and DC ref Ctrl = 1). Fig. 3 illustrates the
situation of a PV array. Therefore, maximum power point controller for these three modes. Note that the situation where
tracking (MPPT) algorithms are typically implemented in PV both P ref Ctrl = 1 and DC ref Ctrl = 1 is not applicable.
system to extract the maximum power a PV array can provide
[28]. The proposed CAPMS employs one of the most popular
methods, the Incremental Conductance MPPT, which provides B. Battery Controller
a reference voltage V MPPT that the PV array will track to As an energy buffer, battery bank is necessary in PV systems
produce the maximum power under various operation condi- for power balancing. The battery bank of this system is
tions (different combinations of irradiance and temperature). connected to the DC bus and is controlled by a bidirectional
There are three possible control schemes for the PV array: DC/DC converter (Fig. 4) which includes two switches, T1
MPPT control, power-reference control, and DC bus voltage and T 2 , that control the charging/discharging process. Fig. 5
control, depending on the situation of the PV-battery system. explains the detailed control process. In grid-connected mode,
For example, in islanded mode, when PPVMPPT is greater than with the command DC ref Ctrl = 0, the converter controls the
the total load demand (DC and AC), and the battery is fully power flow (Pbat) in or out of the battery, where in discharging
charged or the charging rate P bat reaches its upper limit, the mode Pbat > 0, and in charging mode Pbat < 0. The final
CAPMS will generate control commands P ref Ctrl = 1 and output of the battery controller is a two-dimensional switching
DC ref Ctrl = 0 to set the PV array to work in power-reference signal T bat (g1 , g2 ). In Islanded mode, the control command
control mode by sending PWM streams, T PV, to the DC/DC DC ref Ctrl is set to “1” by the CAPMS, which switches
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
ia , i b , i c
Id , I q to
discussed above, the control scheme of inverter depends on the
Idref dq0
operating (grid-connected or islanded) mode of the system. As
θ
is illustrated in Fig. 1 and 6, in grid-connected mode, a phase- -+ PI
va, vb, vc
ABC
locked loop (PLL block) is employed to extract θ, angle the Vd, Vq to
of phase-A voltage after the breaker(ea). In islanded mode, θ + dq0
Vd +
-
+
is generated locally, which is periodical ramp signal varying
from 0 to 2π with frequency f . It is used to decompose the Id ω LT dq0 Sa, S b , Sc T inv
three-phase AC bus voltages (va, vb and vc) and the inverter to PWM
Iq ω LT ABC
e a, e b, e c
output currents (ia, ib and i c) into d-q frame variables Vd
and Vq, and Id and Iq by Park transformation, respectively, Vq ++ +
+ PLL
for control purposes. Depending on the operating mode, the θ
controller selects different sets of variables to be controlled. ABC
Under islanded mode, CAPMS sets the signal “Islanded” to 1,
-+ PI to
dq0 Ed, Eq
forcing the converter to regulate the AC bus voltage Vd and Vq. Iqref
Frequency of the AC bus voltages (f ) is set to 60 Hz in a open-
loop manner. Before closing the breaker and reconnecting the
Fig. 6. Control scheme of the inverter.
PV-battery system to the grid, the AC bus voltage must be
synchronized with the grid. During islanded mode, the signal
“Sync” is set to 0 so that CAPMS has fullref controlrefof the TABLE I
BASIC PARAMETERS OF THE PV-BATTERY S YSTEM UNDER STC
AC bus voltage by adjusting the references, V and V .
d q
However, to ensure a smooth transition upon switching to grid- Parameters Values
connected mode, “Sync” will be set to 1 to synchronize the
PV Maximum Power PV (P MPPT) 170 kW
AC bus and grid side voltages right before closing the breaker. PV Maximum Power Voltage (VMPPT) 122 V
To this end, θ will be synchronized to follow the output angle Battery Capacity 45 kAh
of PLL, and the AC voltages after the breaker in d-q frame, Ed Battery Fully Charged Voltage 412.5 V
Battery Nominal Voltage 400 V
and Eq, will be chosen as the references for Vd and Vq (Fig. Battery Max Charge/Discharge Power 150 kW
6), respectively. In grid-connected mode (Islanded = 0), the ref )
DC Bus Voltage (V DC 450 V
inverter is responsible for regulating the DC bus voltage VDC AC Bus Voltage (line to line) 208 V
Transformer Voltage Ratio 208 V : 1.2 kV
and controlling the reactive power transferring from DC to
AC side. Additionally, in both operating modes, the current
references of inner loop of the controller (Idref and Iref
q ) can be
150 kW loads) under low irradiance conditions. The proposed
enforced to proper limits to prevent overloading of the inverter.
CAPMS monitors the required variables out of the PV-battery
system mentioned in the above sections, process the data
IV. CASE STUDIES
following the schemes in Fig. 2, and, according to the situation
In order to verify the performance of the proposed CAPMS, observed, switches the control schemes automatically. The
numerous simulation and experimental case studies are carried case studies test the CAPMS’s responses for multiple scenarios
out in this section using the PSCAD/EMTDC and Mat- that the PV-battery system is working in or switching to.
lab/Simulink software package and the dPACE-DS1104 plat- Results are analyzed individually in each case.
form. A PV-battery system is constructed with the configura-
tion presented in Fig. 1, with the parameters listed in Table I.
Note that the parameters for the PV array are under standard A. Simulation Verification: Grid-Connected Mode
testing condition (STC, irradiance = 1000 W/m2, temperature 1) Case A-1: The first case is the normal operation situation
= 25◦C). The battery bank uses a general Ni-Cd characteristic of the PV-battery system in grid-connected mode, when the
model whose capacity is sized according to the IEEE Standard battery is fully available for power balancing (10% < SoC
1562-2007 [29] to support 5 days of autonomy operation (for < 90%). PV array is working in MPPT mode, tracking the
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
200 PPV
200
PPV load
PDC
Pgrid
P (kW)
100 100
load
PAC
P (kW)
load
P DC
load
P AC 0 Pgrid
0
Pbat Pbat
-100
-100
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (s) Time (s)
(a)
Fig. 8. Grid-connected mode Case A-2: power flows of the PV-battery system.
bus
VDC
400 va
vb 200
vc
200 PPV
v (V)
100 Pgrid
0
P (kW)
PDload
C
lo ad
PAC
-200 0
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 Pbat
-50
Time (s)
(b) 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (s)
Fig. 7. Grid-connected mode Case A-1: (a) power flows and (b) voltage
values of the PV-battery system. Fig. 9. Grid-connected mode Case A-3-1: PV array in power-reference mode.
100 100
600
V bus
DC
500 VPV Pgrid
400 50 50
Q (kVar)
P (kW)
MPPT Mode Power Reference Mode MPPT Mode
v (V)
100
-50 -50
0
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1.2 1.4
Time (s) Time (s)
Fig. 10. Grid-connected mode Case A-3-2: DC bus and PV array voltages Fig. 12. Grid-connected mode Case A-5: Reactive power control of the
during transitions between MPPT and power-reference modes. inverter.
200 bus
VDC
400 va
PPV vb Grid-Connected Islanded
v (V)
100 load
PDC 200 vc
P (kW)
load
PAC 0
0 Pbat
-200
1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
-100 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Pgrid 4
Time (s)
Time (s)
Fig. 13. Grid-connected mode Case A-6: transition from grid-connected to
islanded mode.
Fig. 11. Grid-connected mode Case A-4: the PV-battery system is receiving
power from the grid after 2.2 s.
to settle.
and the grid. However, DC load increases suddenly at 2 s,
which causes the DC system to request power from the grid. B. Simulation Verification: Islanded Mode
Hence, Pgrid becomes negative, delivering reversed power in 1) Case B-1: When the PV-battery system works in is-
the inverter from the grid to the DC load. Immediately after landed mode, the available power is provided by PV or
that, at 3 s, the AC load increases. Since the battery bank is battery only, and the power balance criterion follows equation
still not available, power from the grid increases to balance the P PV + P bat = P DC
load
+ P AC
load
. Under normal operation condi-
system. Case study A-4 shows the proposed CAPMS rapidly tions, where the battery SoC is within the lower (10%) and
responds to this situation. upper (90%) limits, PV array tracks VMPPT provided by the
5) Case A-5: In grid-connected mode, since the inverter has MPPT module and provides power to the DC and AC loads.
full control of the DC bus voltage as well as the reactive power, Power going through the battery converter might be in either
it is able to provide reactive power to the grid if necessary. direction, depending on the load demand and PV output. Fig.
The waveforms associated with this case are plotted in Fig. 14 shows an example of power sharing between PV and the
load
12, where the blue and red curves are the active and reactive battery bank: a 20 kW increase of AC bus load (P AC ) at 1.2 s
power, Pgrid and Qgrid, respectively, that are being transferred results in a decrease of battery charging power (P bat) from
from the PV-battery system to the grid. The inverter controls 50 kW to 30 kW; and another precipitous increase of DC load
the reactive power flexibly. Regardless of changes of Qgrid, at 2.5 s poses the battery to discharge power in order to fulfill
Pgrid is stabilized at its value. the system demand. It is verified in this case that the proposed
6) Case A-6: As is mentioned in previous sections, the PV- CAPMS successfully responds to manage these changes.
battery system may work in either grid-connected or islanded 2) Case B-2: Solar irradiance may change in seconds,
modes. For example, when the utility grid is unstable or there resulting in PV power oscillations that will influence the load
are severe faults at the AC bus, to prevent drawing back- in both DC and AC buses. With the help of battery bank
feeding current from the grid, the circuit breaker at PCC will and the proposed CAPMS, the change of PV power can be
open, switching the system to work in islanded mode. After compensated effectively by adapting the power flow in the
operating the breaker, the inverter is switched to control the AC battery converter. Fig. 15 shows how the battery power (red
bus voltage and frequency (Fig. 6), while the DC bus voltage solid curve) responds to the decline of PV power due to
is controlled by the battery converter (Fig. 5). Fig. 13 presents reducing solar irradiance. Case study B-2 proves that CAPMS
the dynamics of the DC and AC bus voltages (operating mode is capable of controlling the battery to balance the power
is changed at 1.4 s), where the voltages take less than 0.05 s quickly and precisely.
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
200
600 bus
VDC
PPV va
400 vb
100 vc
load
PDC
P (kW)
v (V)
200
load
PAC
0 0
Pbat -200
-100
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1 1.5 2
Time (s) Time (s)
Fig. 16. Islanded mode Case B-3: bus voltage control of the PV-battery
Fig. 14. Islanded mode Case B-1: power flows of the PV-battery system with system.
changing loads.
ea
200
va
Islanded Grid-connected
200
PPV
100
P (kW)
v (V)
load
P DC
0 0
load
P AC
-100 -200
Pbat 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0.92 0.94
Time (s) Time (s)
(a)
ea
Synchronizing
Fig. 15. Islanded mode Case B-2: battery power changes with PV generation. va
Islanded Grid-connected
200
v (V)
bus
3) Case B-3: Unlike grid-connected mode, V DC and AC 0
bus voltages (va, vb and vc) are controlled by the battery
converter and inverter, respectively. Normally, bus voltages
have to be regulated at certain values in order to provide -200
reliable power to loads. Nevertheless, the CAPMS also has 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.06 1.08
0.92 1.02 1.04
full control of these voltages. Both DC and AC bus voltages Time (s)
can be scaled by changing their references (Fig. 5 and 6). A (b)
case study of changing the DC (at 1 s) and AC bus voltages
(at 1.55 s and 1.97 s) is presented in Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Islanded mode Case B-4: (a) unsynchronized and (b) synchronized
4) Case B-4: Disconnecting the PV-battery system might AC bus voltages (displaying phase-a) when closing the breaker at the PCC.
result from accidental actions of the breaker at the PCC.
However, reconnecting the system to grid is usually pre-
planned, i.e., before closing the breaker, the operator will have C. Experimental Verification
sufficient time to posture the standalone PV-battery system for To further verify the performance of the CAPMS, exper-
a smooth reconnection. One of the most important parameters imental case studies are carried out and presented in this
to control is the three-phase AC bus voltage, which has subsection. An islanded PV-battery hybrid system is built using
to be synchronized with the voltage at the grid side PCC the same configuration illustrated in Fig. 1. dSPACE-DS1104
to avoid disturbances introduced by the action of breaker. workstation is employed to interface the microgrid and the
This case compares the situations where the AC bus voltage CAPMS that is implemented in the Matlab/Simulink software
is synchronized by the CAPMS, and is not synchronized package. Fig. 18 shows the experimental setups. The PV panel
before closing the breaker. In Fig. 17 (a), waveform distortion and the lead-acid battery are interfacing the DC bus using
can be observed at the inception of closing the breaker (at two DC/DC converters, which control the PV power and the
1.025 s) without voltage synchronization. In contrast, Fig. charging/discharging of battery, respectively. A 100 Ω DC load
17 (b) presents the synchronizing process, which takes only is added to the DC bus. An inverter is used to convert DC
approximately one cycle but successfully avoids the distortion. to AC power and the three-phase AC loads are connected
This greatly reduces the disturbances, ensuring a stable power at the output of the inverter. Table II lists the specifications
supply to the loads on the AC bus when reconnecting the PV- for the experimental PV panel and the battery under STC.
battery system to the grid. The voltage, current, and power of each unit and the SoC
© May 2019 | IJIRT | Volume 5 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002
CAPMS AC Load
PV Panel Vbat
Oscilloscope
VPV
Battery
DC
Vbus
DC Load
dSPACE-DS1104 Vd
Inverter
Fig. 19. Experiment Case C-1: oscilloscope screen capture for the change of
PV panel voltage.
Fig. 18. Experimental PV-battery hybrid microgrid.
TABLE II
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PV PANEL AND BATTERY UNDER STC
Vbat
Device Parameter
ISTC = 3.1 A, V STC = 19.3 V,
SC OC VPV
PV Panel V STC = 17.5 V, P
STC = 59.83 W.
MPPT MPPT
Capacity = 7 Ah, DC
Vbus
Battery Nominal Voltage = 12 V,
Max Charging/Discharging Current = 2 A.
Vd