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G. GOMATHI JAWAHAR
Department of Mathematics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the oscillatory and non oscillatory behavior of all solutions of the second order neutral delay
difference equations of the form mentioned by the equation is dealt with.
∆(a n ∆( x n + p n xn−l )) − q n f ( x n−m ) = 0, . Where nεN(n0), {an},{bn },{cn} are positive sequences and l,
m>0.
Original Article
AMS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION: 39A10.
Received: Feb 07, 2019; Accepted: Feb 27, 2019; Published: Mar 23, 2019; Paper Id.: IJMPERDAPR201966
1. INTRODUCTION
Consider the second order neutral delay difference equation of the form
Where, nεN(n0), {an},{bn },{cn} are positive sequences and l, m>o. ∆ is the forward difference operator
defined by ∆ yn = yn+1 – yn. f is a continuous function such that uf (u) ≠ o for ∀ u ≠ o.
By a Solution of (1.1), we mean a real sequence {xn} which satisfies (1.1) for all n ε N(no). A solution
{xn} of (1.1) said to be oscillatory if the terms {xn} of the sequence are not eventually positive or not eventually
negative. Otherwise, it is called non oscillatory.
In the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of oscillatory and non oscillatory
behavior of all solutions of (1.1). Followings this trend, in this paper, we obtain some sufficient conditions for the
oscillation and non oscillation of all solutions of (1.1). Examples are provided to illustrate the main results.
2. MAIN RESULTS
Theorem 2.1
Let ρn be defined such that ∆ ρn > o and ∆ (an-m ∆ ρn) < o for ∀nεN(n0). Also, assume that
A1 : fnm> fn fm,
∞
u
A2: ∑ < ∞ , for some ε > 0.
u = ε f (u )
n
If lim sup ∑ ρ s + 1 q s f (1 − p s − m ) = ∞
, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
n→∞
s=N 0
Proof: Suppose xn be a non oscillatory solution of (1.1). Without loss of generality we may assume that
xn is eventually positive.
f(zn-m)
∆wn< ρn+1 qn f (1- pn-m) – an ∆ zn {[ρn f(zn+1-m) – ρn+1 f (zn-m)]/ (f (zn-m )2}
∆wn < ρn+1 qn f (1-pn-m) –{an ∆znρn f (zn+1-m)/ (f ( zn-m) 2}+ ρn+1 an ∆zn/f (zn-m)
f ( zn-m)
∑ρ
s = N0
s +1 qs f ( 1- ps-m) < ∞, for n ≥ N0, which contradicts the given condition. Hence every solution of (1.1) is
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Qualitative Analysis on Second Order Neutral Delay Difference Equations 661
oscillatory.
Theorem 2.2
∞
A4: ∑ γq (1- p
s =n
s s-m) < ∞. Suppose, the sequence { vn} is defined as, vn1 = Qn,
∞
vnk + 2 = Qn,+
v
∑{Q v
s =n
s sk +1 / a s −m }
n−m ∞
Then, lim sup( ( ∑1 / a s )(−Qn + ∑ (Qs2 / a s −m ))≤1.
n→∞
s=N0 s=n
Proof
Let xn be a non oscillatory solution of (1.1). Without loss of generality assume xn>0, for n≥N0.
Let zn = xn + pn xn-l
{∆vn. zn-m zn+1-m +an ∆zn ∆zn-m }/zn-m < γ qn (1- pn-m)
N ∞ 2
vN - vn ≤ ∑ γ q (1 − p s s −m )−∑
vs
a s −m
(2.5)
S =n s =n
∞ 2
v
Since lim VN exists, ∑
n→∞
s
< ∞
δ = n a s − m
∞
Equation(2.5) becomes, - vn < Qn- ∑v
s =n
2
s / a s −m
∞
vn≥ -Qn+ ∑v
s =n
2
s / a s −m , n≥N0.
Since vn ≥ Qn,
∞ ∞ 2
∞
vn ≥- Qn + ∑Q v
s =n
s s / a s −m , for n≥N0.
n−m
1
z n−m 1 Σ ( )as∆zs n−m
1 n−m
1
Σ
as
Thus = = z N0 + s = No
≥ {a s ∆ z s ∑ } / an =
an∆zn vn an∆zn s= N 0 as s = No as
n−m
1
Hence vn Σ
s = No as
≤1
n−m
1
Since an >0, lim sup vn
n→∞ Σ
s = No as
≤ 1. (2.7)
∞
vn2 =-Qn + ∑Q v
s =n
s s1 / a s −m ,
n−m
1
lim sup vn2
n→∞ Σ
s = No as
≤1 (2.8)
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Qualitative Analysis on Second Order Neutral Delay Difference Equations 663
∞ n−m
1
lim sup ( -Qn+
n→∞
∑ Qs2 / as−m )
s =n
Σ
s = No as
≤ 1. This completes the proof.
Theorem 2.3
Let xn be a non oscillatory solution of (1.1) and zn = xn+ pn xn-l. If {an} is an increasing sequence, then {zn ∆zn} is
eventually negative.
Proof
Without loss of generality, we may assume that xn-m-l > 0 for n≥ No.
Then zn> o.
Equation (1.1) becomes ∆ (an ∆zn) = qn f ( xn-m) < 0 for n≥ No. (2.9)
To prove ∆ zn < 0
Hence zn< 0.
This contradicts the fact that zn >0. Hence ∆zn <0. This completes our proof.
3. EXAMPLES
Example 3.1
All conditions of theorem (2.1) are satisfied. Hence all solutions of (3.1) are oscillatory. one such solution is (-1)n.
Example 3.2
1 1 xn−1
∆( ∆ (xn+ xn-1) ) - = 0, for n>1 (3.2)
n n −1 n(n + 1)(n − 1)
All conditions of theorem (2.2) are satisfied and n is a non-oscillatory solution of (3.2).
∞ n−m
1
Hence, lim sup ( -Qn+
n→∞
∑ Qs2 / as−m )
s =n
Σ
s = No as
≤ 1.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, by using summation averaging techniques and comparison principle some new oscillation criteria
for second order neutral delay difference equation is obtained. Examples are provided to illustrate the results. Further none
of the results in the papers [3-8] can be applied to Eq. (1.1) to yield any conclusion.
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