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Introduction to Analytics Geometry

MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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³ Distance Formula
Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be two points in a plane
B( x2 , y2 )
and d be a distance between A and B then
A ( x1 , y1 )
d = ( x2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2
or d = ( x1 - x2 ) 2 + ( y1 - y2 ) 2 O (0,0)

See proof on book at page181

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³ Ratio Formula
Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be two points in a plane. The coordinates of the point
C dividing the line segment AB in the ratio
k1 : k2 are
k2
æ k1 x2 + k2 x1 k1 y2 + k2 y1 ö k1
ç , ÷ B( x2 , y2 )
è 1 2k + k k1 + k2 ø C
A ( x1 , y1 )
If C be the midpoint of AB i.e. k1 : k2 = 1:1
then coordinate of C becomes O (0,0)
æ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ö
ç , ÷.
è 2 2 ø
See proof on book at page 182
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³ Intersection of Median
Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle.
Intersection of median is called centroid of triangle and can be determined as
æ x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 ö
ç , ÷ See proof at page 184
è 3 3 ø
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³ Centre of In-Circle (In-Centre)

Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle.
And AB = c , BC = a , CA = b
æ ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 ö
Then incentre of triangle = ç 1
a + b + c ÷ø
, See proof at page 184
è a+b+c
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³ Rotation of Axes
Let ( x, y) be the coordinates of point P in xy-coordinate system. If the axes are
rotated through at angle of q and ( X , Y ) are coordinate of P in new XY-coordinate
system then
X = x cosq + y sin q
Y = y cosq - x sin q
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³ Inclination of a Line:
The angle a (0o £ a < 180o ) measure anti-
clockwise from positive x - axis to the straight line B( x2 , y2 )
l is called inclination of a line l .
A ( x1 ,y1)
³ Slope or Gradient of Line a
The slope m of the line l is defined by:
m = tan a
If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be any two
distinct points on the line l then
y -y y - y2
m= 2 1 = 1
x2 - x1 x1 - x2
See proof on book at page: 191
³ Note: l is horizontal, iff m = 0 (Q a = 0 )
o

l is vertical, iff m = ¥ i.e. m is not defined. (Q a = 90o )

If slope of AB = slope of BC , then the points A, B and C are collinear
i.e. lie on the same line.

³ Theorem
The two lines l1 and l2 with respective slopes m1 and m2 are
(i) Parallel iff m1 = m2
1
(ii) Perpendicular iff m1m2 = -1 or m1 = -
m2
(with m1 and m2 non-zero)
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³ Equation of Straight Line:

(i) Slope-intercept form
Equation of straight line with slope m and y - intercept c is given by:
y = mx + c
See proof on book at page 194
(ii) Point-slope form
Let m be a slope of line and A( x1 , y1 ) be a point lies on a line then equation of
line is given by:
y - y1 = m ( x - x1 )
See proof on book at page 195

(iii) Symmetric form

Let a be an inclination of line and A( x1 , y1 ) be a point lies on a line then
equation of line is given by:
y - y1 x - x1
=
cosa sin a
See proof on book at page 195

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(iv) Two-points form

Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be points lie on a line then it’s equation is given by:
x y 1
y -y y -y
y - y1 = 2 1 ( x - x1 ) or y - y2 = 2 1 ( x - x2 ) or x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 - x1 x2 - x1 x2 y2 1

See proof on book at page 196

(v) Two-intercept form
When a line intersect x - axis at x = a and y - axis at y = b
i.e. x - intercept = a and y - intercept = b , then equation of line is given by:
x y
+ =1
a b
See proof on book at page 197
(vi) Normal form
Let p denoted length of perpendicular from the l
origin to the line and a is the angle of the perpendicular
from +ive x-axis then equation of line is given by: p
x cosa + y sin a = p a

See proof on book at page 198

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³ General equation of the straight line

A general equation of straight line (General linear equation) in two variable x
and y is given by:
ax + by + c = 0
where a , b and c are constants and a and b are not simultaneously zero.
See proof on book at page: 199.

a c
Note: Since ax + by + c = 0 Þ by = - ax - c Þ y=- x-
b b
a c
Which is an intercept form of equation of line with slope m = - and c = - .
b b
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³ Position of the point with respect to line (Page 204)

Consider l : ax + by + c = 0 with b > 0

Then point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies
i) above the line l if ax1 + by1 + c > 0
ii) below the line l if ax1 + by1 + c < 0

³ Corollary 1 (Page 205)

The point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies above the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have the same sign
and the point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies below the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have opposite signs.
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³ Point of intersection of lines

Let l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be non-parallel lines.
Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be the point of intersection of l1 and l2 . Then
a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 = 0 .............(i )
a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 = 0 .............(ii )
Solving (i ) and (ii ) simultaneously, we have
x1 - y1 1
= =
b1c2 - b2c1 a1c2 - a2c1 a1b2 - a2b1
bc -b c a c - a2c1
Þ x1 = 1 2 2 1 and y1 = - 1 2
a1b2 - a2b1 a1b2 - a2b1
æ bc -b c a c - a2c1 ö
Hence ç 1 2 2 1 , - 1 2 ÷ is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 .
è 1 2
a b - a b
2 1 a b
1 2 - a2 1ø
b
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³ Equation of line passing through the point of intersection.

Let l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Then equation of line passing through the point of intersection of l1 and l2 is
l1 + k l2 = 0 , where k is constant.
i.e. a1 x + b1 y + c11 + k ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0 .
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³ Angle between lines Y

Let l1 and l2 be two lines. If a1 and a 2 l2 l1

be inclinations and m1 and m2 be slopes of
y
lines l1 and l2 respectively, Let q be a angle
from line l1 to l2 then q is given by q a2
a1
m - m1 X
tanq = 2
1 + m1m2
See proof on book at page 219
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³ Homogenous 2nd Degree Equation

Every homogenous second degree equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 represents
product of straight lines through the origin.
Let m1 and m2 be slopes of these lines. Then
a 2h
m1m2 = and m1 + m2 = -
b b
Let q be the angles between the lines. Then
2 h2 - ab
tan q =
a+b
See proof on book at page 227.
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