ELIXIR Formulation:

- A clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid intended Iso Alcoholic Elixir

for oral use containing flavoring substance or active Low Alcoholic 15mL
medicinal agent High Alcoholic 15mL
- Their primary solvents are alcohol and water Low Alcoholic Elixir
- Glycerin, sorbitol and syrup are additional solvent Compound
and/or sweetening agents 10mL 0.15mL ≈ 3 gtts
Orange Spirit
 Alcohol  solvent Alcohol 100mL 1.5mL
- 10-12% self-preserving Glycerin 200mL 3mL
- 5-40% (limit) Sucrose 320g 4.8g
- used as vehicle or for their therapeutic effect Purified water,
- has less sugar than syrups 1000mL 15mL
qs ad
2 GROUPS OF ELIXIR High Alcoholic Elixir
Compound 0.06mL ≈ 1.2 gtts
1) Flavored Elixir 4mL
Orange Spirit ≈ 2 gtts
2) Medicated Elixir Saccharin 3g 45mg
Propylene Glycol can be used as substitute for glycerin Glycerin 200mL 3mL
and alcohol Alcohol, qs ad 1000mL 15mL

Alcohol is an excellent solvent for drugs but it Procedure:

accentuates the saline taste of bromides and similar salts LOW ALCOHOLIC
1. Mix alcohol, glycerin and 7.5 mL of purified water
METHODS PREPARATION
thoroughly
1) Simple solution with agitation (separation occurs when water is added before
2) Admixture of 2 or more liquids alcohol; alcohol to water prevents turbidity)
2. Add compound orange spirit and agitate. Cover
Preparation 19: Iso-alcoholic Elixir and let it stand f or 24 hours
Category: Non-medicated elixir 3. Filter until a clear solution is obtained
4. Dissolve sucrose by agitation in the filtrate
Synonyms: Iso-Elixir
5. Add enough water to complete the volume
Use: General vehicle for various medicaments or
HIGH ALCOHOLIC
preparation that requires a solvent of different alcohol
1. Mix compound orange spirit and saccharin in 7.5
strength
mL alcohol
Suitable as vehicle for 2. Add glycerin and stir
Low Alcoholic High Alcoholic preparations of the 3. Add sufficient amount of alcohol to make the
Elixir Elixir following Alcoholic required volume
Strength
ISO-ALCOHOLIC
Undiluted None 0-10%
4 volumes 1 volume 10-20% 1. Mix 15 mL of Low Alcoholic Elixir and 15 mL of
2 volumes 1 volume 20-30% High Alcoholic Elixir
3 volumes 1 volume 30-40% High to Low - manner of addition to prevent turbidity
1 volume 1 volume 40-50%
Label: White
1 volume 2 volumes 50-60%
1 volume 3 volumes 60-70% Container: 30 mL amber bottle
none undiluted 70 or more
Remarks:
Description of Final Product: - When Iso-alcoholic elixir is specified in a
- A clear, colorless, hydroalcoholic solution prescription, the proportion of its 2 ingredients to be
used is that which produce a solution of the required
alcohol strength; can be determined by alligation.
- The method – admixture of two or more liquid
ingredients
 - LAE was allowed to stand for 24hrs to ensure Preparation 20: TERPINE HYDRATE ELIXIR
saturation of hydroalcoholic solvent, permit oil Category: Medicated Elixir
globules to coalesce so that they may be easily - Each 100ml of T.H.E. contains nlt 1.53 g and nmt
removed during filtration 1.87 g of TH. The preparation has 1.7 g of TH per
100 mL of elixir.
𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
% alcoholic strength = 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑟 x 100 Synonyms:
- Elixir Terpin Hydrate
= 100 mL/1000 mL X 100
- Terpinol Elixir
= 10% v/v
- Terpin Hydrate Oral Solution (former official name)
 What volume (in mL) of the prepared low and
Category: Medicated elixir
high alcoholic elixirs is to be combined if Rx
requires 100 mL of an alcoholic elixir with 55% Description of Final Product
v/v alcoholic strength? - It is colorless with striations and it contains 43%
alcohol
 To determine the amount of alcohol, add first the
ingredients and subtract it from 1000 mL. Use: Expectorant
However, saccharin is in g, so conversion to mL is Formulation:
necessary.
Ingredients OA CA
HIGH ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR Terpin Hydrate 17g 255mg
COS = 4 mL Alcohol 930mL 13.95mL
Saccharin (0.828 g/mL) = 3 g (3.623 mL) Orange Peel
20mL 0.3mL ≈ 6 gtts
Glycerin = 200 mL Tincture
Alcohol, qs ad = 1000 mL 0.00075mL
Benzaldehyde 0.05mL
≈ 0.015gtts ≈ 1 gtt
1. Convert g to mL saccharin using the density given Glycerin 400mL 6mL
3g x 1mL/0.828 = 3.623 mL Syrup 100mL 1.5mL
2. Add the Ingredients Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 15mL
4 mL COS + 3.623 mL saccharin + 200 mL glycerin
= 207.623 mL Procedure:
3. Subtract the total ingredients from 1000 mL 1. Triturate terpin hydrate
1000 mL – 207.623 mL = 792.377 mL alcohol 2. Dissolve terpin hydrate in alcohol
Then Alcohol strength may now be computed 3. Add successively orange-peel tincture,
benzaldehyde, glycerin and syrup. Stir after every
𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
% alcoholic strength = x100 addition
𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑟
4. Add sufficient amount of water
= 792.377 mL/1000 mL X 100 5. If it becomes turbid, filter until clear
= 79%
Label: White
Determine in mL of the LAE and HAE to be combined
Container: 15mL amber bottle
HAE 79% 45 parts
55% Remarks:
LAE 10% 24 parts
- Method of preparation is simple solution with
69 parts 100 mL
agitation
HAE: 69 parts: 100mL = 45 parts: x mL x = 65 mL of HAE - Orange peel tincture is a flavoring agent
LAE: 69 parts: 100mL = 24 parts; x mL x = 35 mL of LAE - Benzaldehyde is used as preservatives
- Gylcerin & Syrup are thickening and sweetening
agents; co-solvent
- Dilution of this elixir with water causes
precipitation of TH
SPIRIT
- Aka essences, are clear, saturated, alcoholic or
hydroalcoholic solution of volatile oil or aromatic
substances
- over 60% alcoholic content due to the greater
solubility of the volatile ingredient in alcohol than
in water
- The active ingredient in spirit like aromatic water
may be solid, liquid or gas
- Used internally for their medicinal value
- Flavoring agent
- Stored in tight light resistant container and in a cool
place, preventing evaporation and volatilization of
either the alcohol or the active principles
- 27.5 mL of mixed oils are present in the preparation.
COS contains nlt 25 mL and nmt 30 mL of mixed oils in
100 mL of spirit. It contains 65% to 70% alcohol
Procedure:
1. Measure 21.75 mL alcohol
2. Add orange oil, lemon oil, coriander oil and anise
oil, stirring after each addition until the oil is
mixed or dissolved thoroughly
3. Filter until clear, add sufficient amount of alcohol
to make 30 mL
Label: White Label
Container: 30 mL amber bottle

Preparation of Spirits Remarks:

1. Simple Solution - Method of preparation is simple solution method

- Solutes are dissolved in a solvent - Container should be tight and light resistant
- 65 mL volatile oil/1000 mL preparation - Store in a cold place
2. Solution with Maceration Preparation 22: PEPPERMINT SPIRIT
- Leaves are soaked in alcohol to extract
volatile substance Category: Medicated Spirit
- macerates leaves in water to extract water
Synonyms: Essence of Peppermint
soluble components (cleansing)
Spiritus Menthos Piperitas
3. Distillation
- takes advantage of fermentation Description of Final Product:
 Brandy – fermented juice of ripe grapes
 Whisky – fermented mash of wholly - A clear, brilliant green solution with odor and taste
germinated malted cereal grain of peppermint
4. Chemical Reaction Uses:
- NaNO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4  - carminative
C2H5NO3 (ethyl nitrate spirit) + NaSO4+ H2O - for nausea and vomiting
Preparation 21: COMPOUND ORANGE SPIRIT Formulation
Category: Non-medicated elixir
Ingredients OA CA
Synonym: Spiritus Auranti Compositus Peppermint oil 100mL 1.5mL
Peppermint leaves 10g 150mg
Description of Final Product:
Alcohol, qs ad 1000mL 15mL
- It is an alcoholic solution with the odor of orange
Procedure:
- between 65.0% - 70.0% of C2H5OH
1. Macerate peppermint leaves in 20 mL of purified
Use: Flavoring agent
water for 1 hour with agitation
Formulation 2. Strongly express through filter paper to dry the
leaves and add 20 mL of alcohol to macerate
Ingredients OA CA leaves and allow to stand for 2 hours with
Orange oil 200mL 6mL frequent agitation
Lemon oil 50mL 1.5mL 3. Filter through muslin cloth or filter paper
Coriander oil 20mL 0.6mL ≈ 12 gtts 4. Add peppermint oil to filtrate and complete to
Anise oil 5mL 0.15mL ≈ 3 gtts complete the required volume with alcohol
Alcohol, qs ad 1000mL 30mL
Label: White Label
Container: 15 mL amber bottle
Remarks: Label: Red Label
Container: 30 mL amber bottle
- The method of preparation is maceration method Remarks:
- Macerate the leaves thoroughly with water to
exhaust the leaves of water-soluble extractives. - Preserve in tight, light resistant container at
- Traces of water in the apparatus make the solution temperature not exceeding 300C
turbid - During inhalation, place a small amount of the
solution between your fingers approximately 4
Preparation 23: AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT inches away from nostrils, inhale the spirit
- A hydroalcoholic solution that is intended to be Equation involved:
INHALED
- Ammonia gas passed into a strong aqueous
Category: Spirit solution of the sesquicarbonate (mixture of
(NH4)HCO3, (NH4)2CO3, and H2O) and converts it
Synonyms:
into normal ammonium carbonate [ (NH4)2CO3 ],
- Smelling salts
which can be obtained in the crystalline condition
- Sal volatile
from a solution prepared at about 30°C. This
- Salt of hartshorn
compound on exposure to air gives off ammonia
Description of Final Product: and reverts to ammonium bicarbonate.
- A clear yellow solution with a strong ammonia  Simple solution
odor  Inhalation
Use:
- treat and prevent syncope (fainting)
- reflex stimulation Aside from spirits prepared...
Formulation
Ingredients OA CA Camphor spirit
Ammonium Synonym: Spiritus Camphorae
34g 1.02g
Carbonate
Strong Ammonia 1.08mL ≈ 21.6gtts Description: Clear colorless liquid
36mL
Solution ≈ 22gtts Use: temporary relief of minor aches, muscle and joint
Lemon oil 10mL 0.3mL ≈ 6gtts pain with arthritis, strains, bruises, and simple backache
Myristica oil 0.03mL ≈ 0.6gtts
1mL
≈ 1gtt Formula: Camphor 100g; alcohol, a sufficient quantity, to
Lavender oil 1mL 0.03mL make 100 mL.
Alcohol 700mL 21mL
Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 30mL
Available spirit in the market:
- USP states that each 100 mL of the preparation
contains nlt 1.7 g and nmt 2.1 g of the total H3 and nlt Brand Name: Rhea
3.5 g and nmt 4.5 g of (NH4)2CO3
Manufacturer: Philusa
Procedure:
Direction for use: External use only
1. Dissolve Ammonium carbonate in strong
ammonia solution and 6 mL of purified water Use: mild circulatory stimulant as in case of fainting
(Mixture 1) Available: 15 mL, 120 mL, and 1 liter
2. Stir. Stand for 24 hours
3. In another container, dissolve all the volatile oils
in alcohol (Mixture 2)
4. Slowly add the mixtures (1 & 2)
5. Add enough water to make 30 mL
6. Stand for 24 hours. Agitating occasionally
7. If turbidity occurs, filter it.
EXTRACTIVES PREPARATION 24: Iodine Tincture
- Product prepared by extraction of drug with Category: Topical Tincture
suitable solvent
Synonyms:
Methods of Extraction
- Tincture of Iodine
 Percolation - Tinctura Iodi
 Maceration - Solutio Iodi
 Digestion Description of Final Product:
 Infusion - The tincture has a reddish-brown color which
 Decoction produce stain on the skin
Uses:
EXTRACT
- local anti-infective agent applied topically to the
- 2x to 6x more potent than crude drug skin
1. Semi liquid - germicide, fungicide, and antiseptic
- syrupy, 20 mL of the solvent is left
Formulation:
2. Pilular
- solid extract, plastic masses,all solvent has been Ingredients OA CA
evaporated Iodine Crystal 20 g 300mg
3. Dry Powder Sodium Iodide 24 g 360mg
- powdered extract, starchy drug – cassava, raddish Alcohol 500 mL 7.5 mL
Purified water, qs ad 1000 mL 15 mL
TYPES
Procedure:
1. TINCTURE
- alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solution prepared from 1. Weigh and measure the required amount of each
vegetable or animal drug or from chemical ingredient
substances 2. Dissolve NaI in purified water
- 10 to 20% potency (10-20 g/100mL) 3. Dissolve I2 crystals in alcohol
- ≤ 50% alcohol content 4. Combine (Mixture 1 & 2)
- Package in a tight light resistant container and 5. Add enough purified water to complete the volume
avoid exposure to direct sunlight and excessive
Sodium Iodide
heat
PREPARED BY - Solubilizing agent
 Simple solution – Iodine Tincture - Used to stabilize the tincture and make it miscible
 Extraction with water in all proportions
 Percolation (Process P) – Belladona - Prevents the formation of ethyl Iodide
Tincture
3I2 + 3CH3CH2CH2OH  CH3CH2I + 2CH3CHO + 5HI
 Maceration (Process M) – Sweet Orange (Ethyl iodide)
Peel Tincture; Compound Benzoin Tincture IODINE
2. FLUID EXTRACT
- 1g/mL - NaI will react with I2 to form NaI3 thus this reaction
- alcohol as solvent prevents formation of CH3CH2I from interaction
- 100% tincture between I2 and alcohol which will result:
- potent, too bitter taste
Ethyl IODIDE
Preparation:
 Percolation - decrease bacteriostatic activity of the tincture
 Process A
– extract is ready for Assay Label: Red
 Process B Container: 15 mL amber bottle
– hot water is used as menstruum (solvent)
 Process E
– use of longer and narrower percolator
Remarks:
- Method  simple solution method
- Alcohol used was 49% diluted alcohol
- Store in a tight container
LINIMENTS
- alcoholic or oil-based solutions or emulsions
containing therapeutic agents intended for
external application
- Applied with friction and rubbing to the affected
area - “embrocations”
- The oil and soap base provide ease of
application and massage
Compositions
 Counterirritant
 Antiseptic
 Local anesthetic
 Analgesic
Factors to be considered in choosing solvent based in
the preparation of liniments
1. Type of action desired – rubefacient,
counterirritant, just massage – oil or alcohol
2. Solubility of desired components
PREPARATION 25: Camphorated Soap Liniment
Category: Alcoholic based Liniment

Importance: to provide temporary, fast-acting pain relief Synonyms:

- Linimentum Camphoras El Salponis
Uses:
- Linimentum Saponis mollis
1. Sore and inflamed joints, muscles, tendons, and
- Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum
ligaments
- Soap Liniment
2. Alleviation of the discomfort of arthritis, bursitis,
- Liquid Opodeldoc
and rheumatism
3. Circulation problems Description of Final Product:
4. Sprains, strains, and bruises - Clear, colorless to yellow solution. It has the odor
Examples of liniments of camphor
1. Emulsion – White liniment Uses:
2. Suspension – Calamine liniment - Rubefacient
3. Solution – Camphor liniment - counterirritant effect
Types of Liniment - local anesthetic for sprains
- rheumatism
1. Alcoholic Liniments
- Intended generally for their rubefacient, Formulation:
counterirritant, mild astringent and penetrating
Ingredients OA CA
effect
- Penetrate the skin readily than the oil base Camphor 45g 1.35g
Soap 70g 2.1g
*rubefacient (redness of skin) increase blood Rosemary oil 10mL 0.3mL ≈ 6gtts
circulation, dilation f arteries; relive acute/chronic Alcohol 750mL 22.5mL
pain Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 30mL
2. Oily Liniments Procedure:
- Milder in their action but are more useful when
1. Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in alcohol
massage is desired
2. Shake until camphor is dissolved
- Used as protective coating depending on the
3. In a separate container, dissolve grated soap in
ingredient in the preparation should not be
9 mL purified water
applied on bruises and broken skin
4. Shake the mixture for few minutes
5. Mix the 2 solutions and allow to stand for 24
hours in a cool place
6. Add enough water to complete volume and
filter
Label: Red Procedure:
Container: 30 mL flint/amber bottle 1. Triturate starch and benzoic acid in a mortar.
Add water. Levigate until smooth paste is
Remarks: formed
- Method used was agitation without the aid of heat 2. Add glycerin and mix thoroughly
- Official hand soap should be used 3. Heat the mixture in a sand bath (140 – 144oC)
- If soap is made from animal oils are used, with gentle and occasional agitation until
gelatinization may occur translucent, jelly like mass is formed
4. Transfer to the final container
Label: Red
GLYCERITES
Container: 30 mL wide mouth amber bottle
- Solution or mixture of medicinal substances in not
less than 50% by weight of glycerin Remarks:
- Most glycerites are viscous while some are jelly like - The method used is trituration
- Solvent for the preparation of Antipyrine and - It should be freshly prepared and stored in tightly
Benzocaine Otic Solution. closed container
- Protectant, emollient, substitute for fatty ointment
- Hygroscopic  tightly closed container
MIXTURES
Glycerin
- particle size > 0.5 µm
- Reducing agent - aqueous liquid preparation which contains
- Should not be triturated with strong oxidizing agent suspended (suspensoid), insoluble solid substances
like KMnO4 chromium trioxide or KClO3  intended for internal use.
explosion will likely occur - The insoluble substance maybe held in suspension
- It produces coloration with phenol, salicylates, by the use of suitable suspending or thickening
tannins, etc. due to contamination with iron agent since the insoluble substance does not make
- Strong HNO3 /H2SO4 converts glycerin into an the mixture very viscous
explosive nitroglycerin
Insoluble Substances
PREPARATION 26: Starch Glycerite
- must be in very finely divided state and it must be
Category: Gel uniformly distributed throughout the preparation
- this is accomplished by the use of colloid mill,
Synonyms:
special methods of precipitation and suspending
- Glyceratum amyli
agent
- Starch Glycerin
- Glycamyl Reasons for having the Insoluble substance in a finer
Description of Final Product: state of subdivision
- Translucent, jelly like mass
Uses: - The more active they become as adsorbent and
- Topical vehicle protectives when in contact with the inflamed
areas
- Protectant - Suspended more readily and settle out much slowly
Formulation: than large particles, thus enabling the patient to
Ingredients OA CA obtain uniform doses of suspended particles
Starch 100g 3g - To increase palatability of the preparation with the
Benzoic acid 2g 60mg use of colloidal suspending agent
Purified water 200g(200mL) 6mL
Glycerin(d=1.26g/mL) 700g(560mL) 16.8mL
1000g 30g
EMULSION Method of Preparation
- 2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in 1. Wet or English
the form of small globules throughout another - G+W+O
liquid in which it is immiscible - 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum)
- L in L - gum and water first = mucilage, then add oil
- Solute immiscible in vehicle so solution is slowly
impossible - in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with
*immiscible – small globules dispersed in vehicle crackling sound
*more difficult to use but produces more stable product
Three components *produces o/w emulsion
1. Dispersed liquid/Internal phase/Discontinuous *gum arabic: usual surfactant
Phase
- Small volume 2. Dry or Continental
- Small globules - G+O+W
2. Dispersion medium/External Phase/ - 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum)
Continuous Phase - gum and oil first then add water at once
- Vehicle - in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with
- Where internal phase is dispersed cracking sound
3. Intermediate agent/ Emulsifying agent/ *surfactant/gum is usually gum arabic
Dispersing or Stabilizing agent *cod liver oil (vitamin a source): prepared by continental
method
Type of Emulsifying agent
1. Natural 3. Bottle or Forbes
 Animal – gelatin, egg yolk, casein (from milk), - 2 (oil): 2 (water): 1 (gum)
woolfat (lanolin), cholesterol - shaking vigorously (volatile oil)
 Vegetables – acacia, tragacanth, chondrus, *another variant of the continental method
pectin, karaya, carrageenan *use of emulsions of volatile oils or oleaginous (low
*chondrus and carrageenan – marine source viscosity) emulsions
(brown and red algae)
2. Synthetic 4. Auxiliary Method
 Finely Divided Solid – Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, and - hand homogenizer- more stable
Magnesium trisilicate - very minute particle
 Colloid – Kaolin, Bentonite Magma
 Anionic – SLS 5. In Situ Soap/ Nascent Soap
 Cationic – Benzalkonium chloride, - calcium soap and soft soap
cetylpyridinium chloride - Mix lime water Ca(OH)2 with fatty acid(olive oil)
 Non-ionic – PEG 400,
Spans (sorbitan esters)- lipophilic 6. Microemulsion
Tweens (polysorbate) - hydrophilic - 100 A (10 microns)
 Amphoteric – Lecithin - Appears like solution
- Very stable
Type of Emulsion
1. Simple PROBLEMS
- o/w; w/o 1. CREAMING
o/w – o-internal, w-external - Temporary separation of the 2 phase  shake
2. Multiple again
- o/w/o; w/o/w 2. CRACKING
- use homogenizer - Total separation of the 2 phase with coalescence
3. Microemulsion 3. PHASE INVERSION
- most stable of the 3 - Evaporation of water; o/w  w/o due to
- dispersed phase is in very small globules (100- evaporation
1000A) (1A=0.1nm)
Method of Identifying Emulsion Label: White label – Shake well
1. Drop Dilution Test Container: 30 mL wide mouth
- add water (drop) homogenous  o/w
2. Dye Solubility Test Mineral oil - cathartic,
- oil soluble  sudan red  w/o Acacia - suspending or an emulsifying agent,
- water soluble  amaranth green  o/w Syrup - sweetening agent,
Vanillin - flavorant
3. Electronic Conductivity Test
Alcohol as preservative
- water conduct electricity  o/w
4. Fluorescence Test
- oil can absorb UV light  w/o
PREPARATION 28: Chalk Mixture
Category: Medicated Mixture
PREPARATION 27: MINERAL OIL EMULSION Synonyms:
Category: Oral Emulsion - Mixture de Creta
Synonym: Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion - Mistura Cratae
Description of Final Product Description of Final Product:
- It is a whitish yellow color - A whitish mixture containing suspended, insoluble
Use solid substance
- It is employed as lubricating cathartic with a usual Uses:
dose of 30 mL. - Antacid
Formulation: - antidiarrheal agent
Ingredients OA CA
Mineral oil 500 mL 15 mL Formulation:
Acacia 125 g 3.75g
Ingredients OA CA
Syrup 100 mL 3mL
Precipitated chalk 60g 900mg
Vanillin 40 mg 1.2g
Glycerin 100mL 1.5mL
Alcohol 60 mL 1.8
Cinnamon water 400mL 6mL
Purified water, qs ad 1000 mL 30mL
Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 15mL

4 2 1 Procedure:
Oil Water Emulsifying 1. Triturate the calcium carbonate with 5 mL water
Agent 2. Add glycerin and levigate
15mL 7.5mL 3.75g 3. Add cinnamon water and triturate
4. Transfer mixture in a graduated cylinder
Procedure: Dry Gum 5. Wash mortar with purified water, add washings
1. Triturate mineral oil to the cylinder
2. Add emulsifying agent in portion and triturate 6. Add enough water to complete the volume
3. Add water and triturate
4. Add syrup in portion in trituration Label: White – shake well
5. Add vanillin, previously dissolved in alcohol, in
Container: 15 mL flint/amber bottle
portion with trituration
6. Add enough water to 30 mL Remarks:

Procedure: Wet Gum - Method used is simple hydration

1. Triturate emulsifying agent - Glycerin is a viscosity agent
2. Add water (all at once) and continue triturating
3. Add oil in portion with trituration
4. Add syrup in portion with trituration
5. Add vanillin previously dissolved in alcohol in
portion with trituration
6. Add enough water to make 30 mL
GEL
-Also called “jellies”
-Are semisolid systems consisting either
suspension made up of small inorganic particles
or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a
liquid.
- Semirigid systems in which movement of
dispersing medium is restricted by an interlacing
3d network of particles or solvated
macromolecules of the dispersed phase
- The official meaning of “gel” encompasses both
two-phase systems which are:
1. THIXOTROPIC suspension
2. Single phase system of synthetic
macromolecules
Thixotrophy - are semisolids on standing but liquid on
being shaken
2 CLASSES OF GEL
1. FIRST SCHEME
a. Organic Gels
- Single phase gel consists of organic
macromolecules uniformly distributed
throughout the liquid where no apparent
boundary is seen
- Examples: Carbomer, Carbopol, NaCMC,
Tragacanth gel
b. Inorganic Gels
- 2 phase system separation of insoluble matter
and the liquid vehicle
- Examples: Al(OH)3 Gel, Bentonite Magma
2. SECOND SCHEME
a. HYDROGELS
 Organic Hydrogels – Pectin paste, Tragacanth
jelly
 Natural and Synthetic gums – methylcellulose,
NaCMC, Pluronic
 Inorganic hydrogels - Bentonite gel (10-25%),
Veegum, Silica
b. ORGANOGELS
 Hydrocarbon Type – Petrolatum, Mineral
oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase)
 Animal, Vegetable fats – Lard Cocoa butter
 Soap base greases – Aluminum stearate with
heavy mineral oil gel
 Hydrophilic – Carbowax bases (PEG ointment)
 Not commonly prepared
PREPARATION OF GEL
1. By freshly precipitating the disperse phase upon
reacting an inorganic agent – gelatinous ppt
Example: (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O + 4Na2CO3 
(NH4)2CO3 + Al2(CO3)3 + 4Na2SO4 + 24H2O
2. By direct hydrating the inorganic material in
water
Example: Al2(CO)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
Al(OH)3 – antacid (local effect)
Adsorption – cover surface of stomach
Al Mg
Adverse constipation diarrhea
reaction
Gel
- Very fine particle size to achieve large surface
and thus maximum adsorption capacity
- May contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol,
sucrose, saccharin or other suitable flavor and
preservative in a total amount of not exceeding
0.5%
PREPARATION 29: ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL
Category: Medicated Gel
Synonyms:
- Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide
- Amphojel
- Alternagel
Description of the Final Product
- It is white, viscous preparation from which small
amount of water may be separated on standing
- It is translucent in thin layer.
- It affects both red and blue litmus paper slightly,
but it is not reddened by phenolphthalein
Uses:
- antacid (without systemic alkalosis)
- heartburn
- management of hyperacidity, peptic ulcer,
gastritis and esophagitis
- used as skin protectant and mild astringent
- it may cause constipation and acid indigestion
Formulation LOTION
Ingredients OA CA  Are aqueous liquid or sometimes(rarely)
Ammonium Alum 800 g 12g alcoholic preparation containing insoluble
Sodium carbonate 1000 g 15g materials in the form of suspension or emulsion
Peppermint oil 0.01% 0.003mL intended for external application without
(0.01g/100mL) rubbing.
Sodium benzoate 0.1% 0.03g  Applied without friction
(0.1g/100mL)  Also called washes – meaning “lotio” or “lavare”
Purified water, qs ad 2000 mL 30 mL to wash
Most are o/w emulsions (cetearyl alcohol to keep
Procedure emulsion together); w/o
1. Calibrate final bottle to 30mL 2 TYPES:
2. Dissolve sodium carbonate in 60 mL hot water 1. MEDICATED LOTION
(Mixture 1) 2. COSMETIC LOTION
3. Dissolve alum in 30 mL of hot water (Mixture 2) * O/W form is preferred*
4. Filter alum solution in the carbonate solution
5. Add 60 mL hot water with stirring to (5-10 mins.) METHODS OF PREPARATION
6. Dilute (add) to 1200 mL with cold water in 1. TRITURATING the ingredient to a smooth paste
softdrink container. Stand and decant the and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid
solution. phase (with the use of high-speed mixers and
7. Filter and wash residue with 10 mL cold water homogenizers)
8. Suspend residue in purified water to make 30 mL.  Example: Calamine Lotion
Flavour with peppermint oil and preserve with 2. CHEMICAL REACTION
sodium benzoate  Example: White Lotion - must be freely
9. Homogenize resulting gel prepared and does not contain
suspending agent.
Label: White Label – Shake well ZnSO4 + Sulfurated potash (K2S3)  ZnS +
Container: 30mL wide mouth amber bottle 2S + K2SO4
3. CLEAR SOLUTION in which the active ingredient
Remarks:
is a water soluble substance
Method  chemical reaction
 Example: Dimethisoquin hydrochloride
- produces no systemic alkalosis lotion
Sodium benzoate  preservative
- can cause constipation
Directions PREPARATION 30: CALAMINE TOPICAL LOTION
- shake well before using Category: Lotion
- do not take more than 12 teaspoonfuls in 24 Synonyms: Lotio Calaminae
hours Description of the Final Product:
- do not use the maximum dosage for more than 2 - A liquid suspension or dispersion that is pink in color
weeks
- dosage: 2 teaspoonfuls 5-6 times daily after Uses:
meals and at bedtime followed by a sip of water
- Astringent
if needed
- Antipruritic
- topical protectant and soothing lotion sunburn
- treatment for poison ivy poisoning
- skin protectant
Formulation PREPARATION 31: Hydrocortisone Suspension
Ingredients OA CA
Calamine 80 g 2.4 g Categor
Zinc oxide 80 g 2.4 g y: Suspension
Glycerin 20 mL 0.6 mL
Bentonite magma 250 mL 7.5 mL Synonyms:
Calcium hydroxide, qs ad 1000 mL 30 mL - Hydrocortison Cypionate
- Cortisol suspension
Procedure:
1. Dilute bentonite magma with an equal volume of Description of Final Product
calcium hydroxide topical solution
- It is a pink, viscous suspension. The dispersed
2. Mix calcium and zinc oxide alternately with
glycerin to form a smooth paste particles settle minimally on standing and easily
3. Add 7.5 mL of diluted magma redispersed with shaking
4. Triturate and add the remaining magma Uses:
5. Add enough calcium hydroxide topical solution to
complete volume - Temporary relief of minor skin irritation
- Itching
Label: Red Label – Shake well - Rashes
Container: 30mL amber bottle - Insect bites
Remarks: Formulation:
Method  levigation and trituration
Ingredients CA OA
Ferric oxide  characteristics of pink color
Calamine  skin protectant, astringent, antiseptic Hydrocortisone 1% 150 mg
Zinc oxide  skin protectant, astringent antiseptic Menthol (aliquot) 1/8% 18.75 (37.5 mg)
Glycerin  humectant, wetting agent, levigating agent Calamine (5%) 3g 0.75 g
Bentonite  suspending agent 70% alcohol 10% 2.14 mL
Calcium hydroxide - astringent Cetaphil (67%) 40 mL 10 mL
Distilled water, q.s. ad 60 mL 15 mL
Computations:
SUSPENSION  Hydrocortisone
- Are liquid preparations that consist of solid 1% (0.01) x 15 mL = 0.15g or 150 mg
particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in
which the particles are not soluble.  Menthol
0.125% x 15 mL = 0.01875g or 18.75 mg x 2 = 37.5 mg
Examples:
** Dissolve 37.5 mg (menthol) in 1 mL of IPA and take
1. Antacids – alumina, magnesia, simethicone, half (0.5mL) of this
magaldrate
2. Anthelmintics – Pyrantel pamoate, Thaibendazole  Calamine
3. Antibacterials – Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin 3g for (60 mL) 0.75g for (15mL)
estolate
4. Antiflatulent – Simethicone *** 0.75g:15mL::x:100mL = 5g/100mL or 5%
5. Antifungals – Nystatin  70% alcohol v/v (need 10%)
6. Antiprotozoal – Atovaquone
0.1 x 15 mL = 1.5 mL
*** 70mL:100mL::1.5mL:x x= 2.14 mL of 70% alcohol
 Cetaphil
40 mL for 60 mL 10 mL for 15 mL
*** 10mL:15mL::x:100mL = 66.7 mL/100mL or 67%
 Distilled water, q.s ad. 15 mL

Procedure:
1. Weigh specific amount of menthol,
hydrocortisone, and calamine.
2. Dissolve the menthol in 1 mL of IPA in graduated
cylinder
3. Place the hydrocortisone in a mortar, and add
calamine geometrically
4. Take 0.50 mL of the menthol-IPA solution and
add 1.64 ml IPA and add to the powders in
mortar and triturate = to form smooth &
uniform paste
5. Add 2.5 mL of water to the solution before
adding 10 mL of Cetaphil with trituration
Note: to dilute the alcohol because Cetaphil has
components that are soluble in IPA
*** too high IPA concentration will break down the
emulsion structure of Cetaphil
Note: Do not over triturate the preparation because
Cetaphil contains surfactant that facilitates the
introduction of air bubbles called “SUDS”
6. Transfer to a 15 mL bottle
7. Use little more water to rinse mortar and add to
the container
8. Then, q.s with water to 15 mL.
Label: Red Label
Container: 15 mL amber bottle