3.3.

1 Definition

Let f a function defined on a closed interval [a, b] and xk any point on the subintervals
[a, b]. If there is, then we say f

integrated on the interval [a, b]. Hereinafter referred to as the integral of f

from a to b, is given by

Note:
1) Differences over the broad approach to the integral of course is the comprehensive
approach, the value of the function f is always positive but the integral of f can be
positive and negative. In addition to the sub-interval length on the above
comprehensive approach is the same. While the definite integral length of each
subintervals can be different and allowed xk of points on subintervals [a, b]
2) There is a difference between writing with writing, where n represents a positive
integer, and x is not a restriction. At the end of the analysis of real materials will
be discussed more thoroughly about but for the moment we simply need to say the
fact that:
If lim f (x) = L then f (x) = L as well.

3) a so-called lower limit of the integral

b is called the upper limit of the integral
variable x is called integrase

Example 1:
Calculate the Riemann sum for f (x) = x on a fixed interval [1,2] taking partition
with dots partition 1 <1.25 <1.40 <1.70 <1.85 <2 and any points on subintervals
x1 = 1.20; x2 = 1.35; x3 = 1.60; x4 = 1.75; x5 = 2
completion:

Rp

These results are compared to how wide pemdekatan above results are almost the
same, namely 1.5. If the area is searched with a comprehensive formula rectangles
and triangles result is 1.5.
3.3.2 Theorem
If the function f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] then f integrated on [a, b]
example:
1
Compute ∫−2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

completion:
f (x) = 3x continuous on the interval [-2,1], then f (x) integrated on the interval [-2,1],
we divide the interval [-2,1] into n sub-intervals of length:

suppose we choose (xk*) on the right end of each sub-interval, it is obtained:

(Xk *)

Thus, obtained:

Note that the integral of the second sample is negative. It is not stated the area
bounded by the curve f (x) = 3x

Integral course of the function f on the interval [a, b] must meet conditions such
as the following theorem:

3.3.3 Theorem
If f is continuous and non-negative on the interval [a, b] then the area bounded
by the curve f, the x-axis, the line x = a and x = b is expressed as:
area =

Example 2:
Compute
Completion:
The function f (x) = x + 3 is defined on the interval [-3.3] and value
Partition hose cap [-3.3] into n equal intervals, each of length. In each
subinetrval take any xk* as the sample point
Xk* = a + k (Δx)
= -3 + 6k / n
Thus, obtained:

In a district bounded geometry curve f (x) = x + 3 on the interval [-3.3] form a triangle
with the base length and height = 6. So that the formula for the area of triangle
obtained by the area under the curve is L = ½ area of the base × height = 18. This
spacious equal to the integral of the above.

3.3.4 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and if we can determine f derivative of f
on [a, b]

proof:
Suppose
point in [a, b] such that

These points divide the interval [a, b] be u subinetrval

With a length of each interval

Take
Thus, F (b) -F (a) can be written as the sum of mutually abolished:

Because F antiderivatif f then. It meets the hypothesis

(requirements) the average value theorem has been learned in the material derivative,
which states that. If F differensiabel on (a, b) and continuous on the closed interval [a,
b]. then there is at least one point c in the interval (a, b) so that

By using the average value theorem on each subintervals, then there are a number xi *
in subintervals to-I, such that

By taking the limit (ie max Δx→ 0 or n → ∞), then we obtain

F (b) -F (a) = =

Example 1:
Use the fundamental theorem to determine
completion:
For example:

Then:
3.3.5 Theorem
If the function f is continuous on the interval [a, b] then there are numbers x* in the
interval (a, b) such

proof:
Case 1: f constant
If f is a constant function on the interval [a, b] then it can be taken any x * in the
interval (a, b) that apply

Case 2: f is not constant

Let m and M respectively are the smallest and largest value of the function f at close
intervals [a, b] then or

For example:

Because f (x) is continuous with values between m and M then there is a

Example 2:
Determine the value of x * such that:

completion:

Thus we get:
 2 = 2f (x *)
f (x *) = 1 or (x *) = 1 (because f (x) = x)

3.3.6 Definition
a) If a in the domain of f, then defined

b) If b <a and f is integrated the closed interval [b, a] then defined

𝑏 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

Example 3:
a.

b.

3.3.7. Theorem
If f is integrated the closed interval [a, b] which contain three points a, b, c, then

Example 4:

Compute
3.3.8 theorem

If f1 , f 2 , f 3 ,... f n is integrated functions on a closed interval [a, b] and c constants, then apply

b b


i) cf ( x)dx  c f ( x)dx
a

a

b b b b
ii) 
a
f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)  f 3 ( x)  ...  f n ( x)dx   f1 ( x)dx   f 2 ( x)dx  ...   f n ( x)dx
a c a

3.3.9 theorem
If g is continuous on [a, b]. and f is continuous and integrated at intervals containing values u = g (x),
b g (b )

for a  x  b , then  f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx   f (u)du.

a g (a)

Proof:

Let u = g (x) and F antiderivative of f on the interval that contains the value u = g (x), for a  x  b,
then the chain rule obtained

d d dF du du
F ( g ( x))  F (u )   f (u )  f ( g ( x) g ' ( x)), x  [a, b]
dx dx du dx dx
d
F ( g ( x))  f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x) means F (g (x)) anti-derivative of f (g (x)) g '(x) on the interval [a, b].
dx
With the fundamental theorem of calculus is first obtained
b g (b )

 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx  F ( g ( x))b  F ( g (b))  f ( g (a))   f (u)du.

a

a g (a)

b g (b )

concluded that 
a
f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx   f (u)du (proven)
g (a)

3.3.10 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Second

On the fundamental theorem of calculus first required that if F as antiderivative f there. This shows that
F is uncertain there is to it raised the following theorem.
Let f a continuous function in the open interval I and let a point on I. If f (x) is defined by
x
F ( x)   f (t )dt then F '(x) = f (x) at every point in the interval I.
a

Evidence
Remember the definition of the derivative of a function F
 F ( x  h)  F ( x )
F ' ( x)  lim
h 0 h

1 
xh x
= lim
h 0 h


a
f (t )dt   f (t )dt 
a 

1 
xh x
= lim
h 0 h


a
f (t )dt   f (t )dt 
a 

1 
xh
= lim
h 0 h



a
f (t )dt 

(see theorem 7)

Furthermore, based on the mean value theorem for integrals, we know that there is an x* in the interval
[x, x + h] such that
x  x

 f (t )dt  f ( x)h
x

Moreover x *→f (x) so that:

1 
F ' ( x)  lim  f ( x)h 

h 0 h


= lim f ( x)
h 0

F ' ( x)  f ( x)

example 5
x
d
dx 0
Specify t  1dt

completion:

we can check that f (t )  t  1 continuous on the interval [-1]. So it can be used a second fundamental
theorem:∞
x
Suppose F ( x)   f (t )dt
a

a
F ( x)   f (t )dt 
d
F ( x)   f (t )ax  x  1
x
dx
x
d
dx 0
Therefore t  1dt  x  1
Example 6
x3
Look for F '(x) if F ( x)  0
ln tdt

Completion:
Let u = x3 and f (t) = ln t

du
u = x3   3x 2
dx
x x
F ( x)   f (t )dt  F (u)   f (t )dt
a a

 F ' (u )  f (u )  ln u

dF du
F ' ( x)   3x 2 ln u  3x 2 ln x 3
du dx

Example 7
x
d sin t
dx 1 t
Specify dt

Completion:
x x
sin t d sin t
F ( x)   dt  F ' ( x)   dt
1
t dx 1 t

sin t
 F ' ( x) 
t
completion:
 FOREWORD
We would like to say thankyou to presence of God Almighty, because with his
help we can complete this paper. Despite the many obstacle that we experienced in
the process, we managed to finish it well. Do not we would like to thank to our
lecturer Mr. Budi Halomoan Siregar,S.Pd,M.Sc who have given the task to understand
and make this paper.
After all there are things we want to give to the people dfrom the result of this
paper. Therefore we hope that this paper can be something useful for us together.
Hopefully the paper we made can make us achieve better material and teaching.

Medan, April 2019

Author
 ATTACHMENT

1. Let f(x) = 𝑥 2 , x є[0,1], P = {0, ⅓, ¾, 1}, 𝑡1 = ⅓, 𝑡2 = ½, 𝑡3 = ⅞. So the Riemann

sum for f(x) to partition P and 𝑡𝑖 points is…
1
2. ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
𝜋
3. ∫02 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =…
4. Calculate the definite integral below by definition
1

 ( x  1)dx
2

a. 2
2
1)  (2 x  1)dx
b. 1

x2
Dx [  2t  1dt ]
5. 0
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tim Dosen. 2018. Kalkulus Integral. Medan : Unimed

 CALCULUS INTEGRAL

“DEFINITE INTEGRAL”

Written by :
GRACE DITA MARIA NAIBAHO( 4183121055)
KHAIRINA RANGKUTI (4183121048)
NAHDA NABILA(4183322003)

Class : Bilingual Physics 2018

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2019