FOURIER TRANSFORM

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
AND ITS APPLIC ATIONS

K. Go • C. Teh • S. Ty
 WHAT IS
SPECTROSCOPY?

THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION

BETWEEN MATTER AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
 A pair of functions denoted by h(ν) and g(δ)
are related as
,
FOURIER TRANSFORM ℎ ( = * - . / 01234 5.
+,

and
,

g . = * ℎ 6 / +01234 5(
+,

where / ±01234 = cos 2<(. ± =sin(2<(.)

 A pair of functions denoted by h(ν) and g(δ)
are related as
,
FOURIER TRANSFORM ℎ ( = * - . / 01234 5.
+,

and
THIS MEANS THAT IF WE CAN ,
DETERMINE g(δ) FOR SOME g . = * ℎ ( / +01234 5(
RANGE OF δ THEN WE MAY BE +,
ABLE TO RECOVER h(ν) MORE
where / ±01234 = cos 2;(. ± <sin(2;(.)
RAPIDLY OR ACCURATELY
THAN WE COULD DIRECTLY
MEASURE IT
FOURIER PAIRS
OF INTEREST

Fig. A: Monochromatic signal

of frequency ν0 partnered
with a cosine wave of
wavelength 1/ν0
Fig. B: Polychromatic source
of radiation partnered with
what can be viewed as the
addition of an infinite
number of cosine waves of
different amplitudes and
wavelengths
FOURIER PAIRS
OF INTEREST

What this means: h(ν) can

be determined by g(δ) but
the range of δ is finite and
will necessarily lead to
truncation.
The limitations of g(δ) is
determined by the
apparatus used to measure
it.
 The principal optical component of a
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT IR)
spectrometer is a Michelson
interferometer.

INTERFEROMETRIC
SPECTROSCOPY
 moving fixed mirror
mirror
beam splitter

The input beam is divided

at O, with one ray travelling
INTERFEROMETRIC
to A and returning and the
SPECTROSCOPY other to B. The rays are
then recombined at O.
 moving fixed mirror
mirror
beam splitter

If length(OB) = length(OA),
then the optical path
INTERFEROMETRIC difference δ made by
SPECTROSCOPY moving the mirror by L is
δ = 2L.
 moving fixed mirror
mirror
beam splitter

The output of the

interferometer is measured
INTERFEROMETRIC as a signal intensive I, a
SPECTROSCOPY function of the optical path
difference δ. This is the
interferogram, I(δ).
 The spectrum S(ν) is related to I(δ) by means
of the Fourier integral
INTERFEROMETRIC
SPECTROSCOPY '
1
! " = $ % Ī ) − Ī 0 . &/0123 4)
2
&'

where $ is a constant and Ī(0) is the signal

intensity at δ = 0.
 The spectrum S(ν) is related to I(δ) by means
of the Fourier integral
INTERFEROMETRIC
SPECTROSCOPY ,
1
& ' = ) * Ī - − Ī 0 2 +34567 8-
2
IF THE OUTPUT SIGNAL IS +,

PASSED THROUGH A SAMPLE,

THE SAMPLE WILL ABSORB where ) is a constant and Ī(0) is the signal
CERTAIN SPECTRAL intensity at δ = 0.
COMPONENTS FROM I(δ). THE
SIGNAL THAT EMERGES FROM
THE SAMPLE IS Ī(δ).
 To measure a spectrum with an FT
spectrometer, a Michelson
interferometer is illuminated with a
white or polychromatic source of
radiation.
The movable mirror is translated
IN SUMMARY over a distance (-L,L) which depends
on the desired resolution.
The output signal is passed through a
sample, and the resulting
interferogram signal is received by an
IR detector.
 The signal produced is sampled at
certain increments of δ, depending
on the highest frequency contained
in I(δ).
The spectrum S(ν) is recovered from
I(δ) using the real part of the integral
transform:
IN SUMMARY
,
1
' ( = * + Ī . − Ī 0 cos(26(.) 7.
2

where L = 2δ is the displacement of

the moving mirror.
 FELLGETT’S ADVANTAGE
GRATING SPECTROMETER
• In the traditional grating
spectrometer, a white light
illuminates a sample and the radiation
is dispersed by a grating
• The small segments of light are
passed through a small slit set to
produce a resolution of ∆ν
• The time it takes to scan is nTG
FT SPECTROMETER
• The spectrum can be recorded n
times faster than with the grating
instrument since the FT
spectrometer contains no dispersing
element or slit
• All spectral information contained in
the interval is received by the
dectector in time TFT
 If it is assumed that the
response times of both
methods are the same, then
FELLGETT’S ADVANTAGE TG = TFT
and
,/-
("/$)&' *+(
= = *,/-
("/$)( +&'
 JACQUINOT’S ADVANTAGE

GRATING SPECTROMETER FT SPECTROMETER

• There is a loss in energy of the • Such losses do not occur in an

input source in the dispersion FT spectrometer since those
because of the presence of a components are not used
grating and slit between the
source and the detector
 The ratio of the throughputs for
an FT and a grating instrument is
approximately given by
JACQUINOT’S ADVANTAGE
!"# (
≅ 2'
!$ )

where F is the focal length of the

collimator and l is the slit height
 The ratio of the throughputs for
an FT and a grating instrument is
approximately given by
JACQUINOT’S ADVANTAGE
!"# (
≅ 2'
IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE !$ )
FOCAL LENGTH F, THE AREA OF
THE COLLIMATOR l, AND THE
RESOLVING POWER ARE THE where F is the focal length of the
SAME IN BOTH INSTRUMENTS
collimator and l is the slit height
APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROSCOPY
 SPECTROSCOPY
IN MATERIAL
ENGINEERING

USED TO STUDY THE CHEMICAL

AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MOLTEN SALTS AND CERAMICS AT
HIGH TEMPERATURES
 SPECTROSCOPY
IN BIOCHEMISTRY

OBTAINING SPECTRA OF DISSOLVED

SPECIES IS DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF
WATER’S VERY STRONG IR
ABSORPTION BANDS BUT IS EASILY
DONE IN AN FT IR SYSTEM
 SPECTROSCOPY
IN ART

A NON-INVASIVE METHOD OF
DETERMINING PIGMENTS AND
MEDIA THAT AIDS IN THE
CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION
OF ARTWORKS
 REFERENCE

Bates, J. B. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." Science191, no. 4222 (1976):

31-37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1741844.