TRACE ELEMENTS

Physiochemical Properties of Lavas

Magma Type: Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Felsic
Temperature: 1550º to 1200º 1250º to 1050º 1150º to 950º 1050º to 800º
Viscosity: Low Low Intermediate High
Gas Content: Very Low (<<1%) Low (<1%) Intermed (1-3%) High (2-5%)

Typical Composition
(wt. %)
SiO2 46.5 50.0 57.7 70.5
TiO2 0.3 1.9 1.0 0.3
Al2O3 3.1 15.9 16.6 14.1
FeO 11.2 10.3 7.2 2.8
MnO 0.2 0.2 0.1 < 0.1
MgO 32.9 7.0 3.7 0.7
CaO 4.8 9.7 6.5 1.7
Na2O .1 2.9 3.4 3.6
K2O .01 1.1 1.8 3.9
P2O5 n.a. 0.3 0.3 0.1
Total 99.0 99.3 98.3 97.8
Trace Elements (ppm)
Cr 3000 200 10 2
Ni 1000 150 15 2
Ba 20 40 300 350
Zr 10 35 200 170
 Controls on Viscosity (resistance to flow)

Viscosity increases with:

• SiO2 concentration
• decreasing temperature
• increasing crystallinity of magma
• decreasing volatile content (H2O, CO2, SO2, H2, HCl, Cl2, F2)
Trace elements:
– The elements which are present at less than 0.1
% level.
– Unit : ppm (parts per million), more rarely ppb
(parts per billion. However, sometimes trace
elements exceed 0.1% cited.
– Some elements behave as a major element in
one group of rocks and as trace elements in
another group of rocks.
Example: K is major elements in rhyolites
(>4wt.%); but K is trace element in basalts
 KLASIFIKASI (Mc Donough and Sun, 1995)

Siderophile –iron related

-Refractory : Mo, Ru, Rh, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt
-Transitional: Fe, Co, Ni, Pd
-Moderately volatile: P, Cu,Ga, Ge, As, Ag, Sb, Au
-Highly volatile : Tl, Bi
Chalcophile –sulphides related
-Highly volatile: S, Sc, Cd, In, Sn, Te, Hg, Pb
Lithophile – silicates related
-Refractory: Be, Al, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, REE, Hf, Ta, Th, U
-Transitional: Mg, Si, Cr
-Moderately volatile: Li, B, Na, K, Mn, Rb, Cs
-Highly volatile: F, Cl, Br, I, Zn
Trace elemen yang penting:

Base metal: Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Mn, Pb, Sn

Precious metal: Pt, Au, Ag, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir
 Trace Elements

Figure 9-1. Harker Diagram for Crater Lake. From data

compiled by Rick Conrey. From Winter (2001) An Introduction
to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Aplikasi Trace Elements pada batuan
beku
1.Mengidentifikasi proses diferensiasi magma:
fraksionasi kristal, pelelehan parsial, asimilasi dsb
 2. Indikator petrogenesis
Element Use as a petrogenetic indicator
Ni, Co, Cr Ni dan Co terkonsentrasi pada olivin, Cr pada spinel dan klinopiroksen, konsentrasi tinggi
Indikasi mantle source.

V, Ti Memiliki sifat fraksionasi kuat menjadi Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite or titanomagnetite). Jika tidak
Ti mungkin terfraksionasi menjadi sphene atau rutile.

Zr, Hf Very incompatible elements that do not substitute into major silicate phases (although they may
replace Ti in sphene or rutile).

Ba, Rb Incompatible element that substitutes for K in K-feldspar, micas, or hornblende. Rb substitutes
less readily in hornblende than K-spar and micas, such that the K/Ba ratio may distinguish these
phases.

Sr Substitutes for Ca in plagioclase (but not in pyroxene), and, to a lesser extent, for K in K-
feldspar. Behaves as a compatible element at low pressure where plagioclase forms early, but
as an incompatible at higher pressure where plagioclase is no longer stable.

REE Garnet accommodates the HREE more than the LREE, and orthopyroxene and hornblende do
so to a lesser degree. Sphene and plagioclase accommodates more LREE. Eu is strongly
partitioned into plagioclase.

Y Commonly incompatible (like HREE). Strongly partitioned into garnet and amphibole. Sphene
and apatite also concentrate Y, so the presence of these as accessories could have a
significant effect.
3. Determinasi lingkungan paleotektonik