Vibration Analysis of Composite and Sandwich Plates

Original Article
Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials

0(0) 1–37
Vibration analysis of ! The Author(s) 2018
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DOI: 10.1177/1099636218780542
plates reinforced with journals.sagepub.com/home/jsm
parabolic fibers using an

alternative hierarchical
finite element method
SMN Serdoun1 and

SM Hamza Cherif2
Abstract
This paper presents a numerical method for determining natural frequencies and vibra-
tion modes of sandwich thick plates reinforced with parabolic fibers. The approach is
based on the p-version finite element method with hierarchical trigonometric functions
and Reddy’s high order shear deformation theory. The equations of motion of free
vibration of thick composite laminated and sandwich plates are obtained based on
Hamilton’s principle. A very fast convergence is obtained by increasing the number
of hierarchical shape functions. The accuracy of the present method is established by a
comparisons made between the present results and published results. The effects of
boundary conditions, thickness ratio, material properties, and orientation angle on
natural frequencies and normalized cross-sections of mode shape for sandwich plates
reinforced with parabolic fibers are studied and investigated.
Keywords
Free vibration, thick composites plates, sandwich plate, parabolic fiber, hierarchical
finite element method, high order shear deformation theory
1
Department of Technology, Higher School of Applied Sciences, Tlemcen, Algeria
2
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
Corresponding author:
SMN Serdoun, Faculty of technologie, Kiffane, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria.
Email: Serdounn2006@hotmail.com
2 Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 0(0)
Introduction
Composite materials are utilized in many fields of engineering, including civil engi-
neering, aerospace structures, hydraulic structures, etc. These structures are made
by combining layers with different fibers orientation, material properties, and
thicknesses.
The studies of free vibration of laminate composite and sandwich plates have
been the subject of several researches. Phan and Reddy [1] developed a non-
conforming rectangular element with seven degrees of freedom per node based
on C1 Reddy’s third order theory to analyze the vibration of laminated composites
plates. Kant et al. [2] investigated the free and transient vibration analysis of
composites and sandwich plates based on a refined hypothesis by using the ana-
lytical solution and finite element method (FEM). Nayak et al. [3,4] studied the
free vibration and transient response of composite and sandwich plates by utilizing
two C0 assumed strain finite element based on Reddy’s third-order theory. Carrera
and Brischetto [5] used the Carrera unified formulation (CUF) for a large model of
plate theories to evaluate the vibration behavior of sandwich structures. Recently,
Brischetto [6] proposed an exact tridimensional solution for free vibrations analysis
of composite plates, the technique used a layer-wise approach that forces the con-
tinuity of displacements and transverse shear/normal stresses at the interfaces
between layers. Makhecha et al. [7] have studied the effects of higher-order
theory, on the modal loss factors and natural frequencies of thick composite lam-
inated and sandwich plates, by using the finite element procedure with C0 eight-
node quadrilateral plate element.
Recently, a new generation of composite materials with curved fibers (variable
stiffness composite laminates) has been developed to obtain a high-performance
material that combine high-stiffness, high-strength, and low-weight. In variable
stiffness composite laminates, the fiber can be steered in plane with the fiber
angle as a function of space, allowing the stiffness properties of fiber-reinforced
composites to vary from one point to another and also provides flexibility for
trading-offs between various structural.
The mechanical properties of composite laminates with variable stiffness have
given good motivation for researchers to investigate in this field. Several studies
have been performed to analyze the behavior of variable stiffness plates. Martin
and Leissa [8] presented a variable stiffness concept to improve the buckling per-
formance of the plate by utilizing the Ritz method. Hyer and Lee [9] employed
finite element analysis to evaluate the buckling performance of plates with variable
stiffness constructed by curvilinear fibers. Gürdal and Olmendo [10] proposed an
examination technique for the in-plane response of a variable stiffness plate con-
structed by sinusoidal wave fibers. Honda et al. [11] proposed an approach based
on the Ritz method where variable fiber direction can be accommodated. Honda
and Narita [12] studied an optimum design method for proposing new types of
fiber-reinforced composite plates with locally anisotropic structures by using FEM.
These last authors [13] used in another work an analytical method for determining
Serdoun and Cherif 3
natural frequencies and vibration modes of laminated plates with curvilinear rein-
forcing fibers. Spline functions are employed to represent arbitrarily shaped fibers.
Ritz solutions are used to determine frequency equations with series type
shape functions.
Different accurate numerical methods can be employed to get accurate solutions
of free vibration analysis of plates. The differential quadrature method (DQM)
[14], the discrete singular convolution (DSC) [15], and differential quadrature ele-
ment method (DQEM) [16] belong to the strong form methods. The FEM and the
weak form quadrature element method (QEM) [17] belong to the weak
form methods.
Zhao et al. [15] presented a novel computational approach, for high frequency
vibration analysis of plate structures, by using the DSC algorithm. The investiga-
tion of Wang and Yuan [14] concern the stress analysis of sandwich panels, the
DQM is used to provide a simple way to obtain accurate displacement and stress
distributions in the core of sandwich panels.
The DQM has some difficulty in dealing with differential equations with multiple
boundary conditions at a boundary points (Dirac-delta function); special treatments
are used to circumvent these difficulties. The DSC has some difficulty in handling
general boundary conditions, however, for free vibration analysis; the DSC has a
merit over the DQM that the DSC can yield accurate higher-order frequencies.
Tornabene et al. [16] presented several methods under the heading of strong
formulation FEM on the basis of the DQEM, The main advantage of the strong
form is that, it uses DQM for the discretization of the equations of motion and the
mapping technique for the coordinate transformation from the Cartesian to
the computational domain. Wang et al. [17] presented a state-of-the-art review
of the weak form QEM and its applications in science and engineering. The dif-
ference between the weak form QEM and the time domain spectral element
method (SEM) has been clarified in this paper.
The p-version of the FEM has been investigated during the past 25 years.
Babuska et al. [18] established a theoretical basis for p-elements, where the mesh
is kept unchanged and the polynomial degree of the shape functions is increased;
however, in the standard h-version of the FEM the mesh is refined to achieve
convergence and the polynomial degree of the shape functions remains unchanged.
The number of publications that address vibrations of laminated with curvilin-
ear fiber combined with P-FEM is particularly small.
Akhavan and Ribeiro [19] studied natural frequencies and vibration mode
shapes of variable stiffness composite laminated (VSCL) plates with curvilinear
fibers in each ply, in which the fiber-orientation angle changes linearly with respect
to the horizontal coordinate.
Akhavan et al. [20] studied the large deflection and stresses of VSCL plates with
curvilinear fibers by using a new p-version finite element in conjunction with the
third-order shear deformation theory.
A study of non-linear vibrations of VSCL plates is investigated by Ribeiro and
Akhavan [21]. In order to verify to what extent variable stiffness laminates respond
differently from constant stiffness laminates, a p-version finite element with hier-
archic basis functions is developed by the authors. The element follows first-order-
shear deformation theory.
The aim of the work of Yazdani and Ribeiro [22] is to analyze the linear modes
of vibration of thick VSCL plates, based on a layerwise theory and p-version
FEM. The model predictions are compared with Abaqus commercial software
and the published literature available on layerwise or equivalent single layer
higher order theories.
Yazdani et al. [23] developed a new p-element model based on a zig-zag layer-
wise theory for calculated the deflections of VSCL in the linear and non-linear
regimes. Houmat [24] developed a skew p-element for the nonlinear free vibration
of variable stiffness symmetric skew laminates. The governing equations are based
on thin plate theory and Von Karman strains.
The contribution of this work is to study the free vibrations of VSCL plates with
parabolic fibers unlike the hyperbolic fibers used in the works cited above. The aim
of this study is to present new results and discussions that can be used as a refer-
ence in other works. The advantages of VSCL and that of the p-version of FEM
mentioned before, deserves a specialized and thorough study.
In the present paper, the hierarchical FEM is employed to study the free vibra-
tion of sandwich plate with parabolic fibers according to C1 higher order shear
deformation theory. In the developed p-element, the function of the fiber angle is
computed exactly within the mass and stiffness matrices and thus overcomes the
computational errors caused by the space discretization introduced by the h-ver-
sion. Explicit and easily programmed enriched matrices are derived for laminated
and sandwich plates by using symbolic computation. To exhibit the convergence
and precision of the proposed technique, the obtained results are compared with
existing data available from analytical and other numerical methods. The effects of
fiber-orientation angle of laminated and sandwich plate, number of layers, and
boundary conditions on the frequencies are presented and investigated.
Formulation
Constitutive equations and energy formulation
Consider a laminate composite thick plate of uniform thickness h, length a and
width b as shown in Figure 1. According to the higher-order shear deformable
theory [25] the displacement field u, v and w at a point (x, y, z) are defined as

@w0
u ¼ u0 þ zhx fðzÞ þ hx
@x

@w0 (1)
v ¼ v þ zhy fðzÞ þ hy
@y
w ¼ w0
z
h
hk+1
hk
0
x
b
h2
h1
Figure 1. Laminate geometry with a positive set of laminate reference axes, displacements.
The main plate theory employed in this section is the parabolic shear deform-
able theory obtained by using the following function
4 3
fðzÞ¼ z (2)
3 h2
where u0 ; v0 ; and w0 are the displacements of the middle surface of the plate, hx and
hy are rotations of transverse normal about y-axis and x-axis of the plate respectively.
Based on the higher-order shear deformable theory, the linear strains–displace-
ments relationships are given by
8 9
>
> @u0 @hx @ 2 w0 @hx >
>
>
> þz f ðz Þ þ >
>
>
> @x @x @x @x >
>
>
>
2
>
>
8 >
9 > ! >
>
>
> >
>
>
> e >
> > @v0
> @hy @ w0 @hy
2 >
>
>
>
xx >
> >
> þ z f ð zÞ þ >
>
>
> >
> >
> @y @y @y 2 @y >
>
>
> e >
> >
> >
>
>
<
yy >
= >
< >
=
cyz ¼ @w 0 @f ð z Þ @w 0 (3)
> > > þ hy þ hy >
>
> >
> >
> @y @z @y >
>
>
> cxz >> >
> >
> >
>
>
> > > >
>
>
> > >
> >
> @w @f ð z Þ @w >
>
: cxy ; >
0
þ h
0
þ h >
>
>
> @x
x
@z @x
x >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
>
> @v @u @h @h @h @h @ 2
w >
>
>
> 0
þ
0

y
þ z
y
þ
x
þ
x
þ 2
0 >
>
: @x @y @x @x @y @y @x@y ;
The constitutive stresses–strains relationships for kth layer, in the orthotropic

local coordinate and under plane stress conditions are expressed as
8 9k 2 3k 8 9k
>
> r1 >> C11 C12 0 0 0 >
> e1 >
>
> >
> 6 7 >> > >
>
>
> > > e2 >
>
>
> r2 >>
>
6 C21
6 C22 0 0 0 7 7 >>
>
>
>
< = 6 7 < =
r23 ¼6
60 0 C44 0 7
0 7 e23 (4)
>
> >
> 6 7 >> >
>
> >
>
> r13 > 60 > e13 >
> >
>
> > 4 0 0 C55 0 7 5 >> >
>
>
> >
> > >
> >
: ; : ;
r12 0 0 0 0 C66 e12
Here, ri is stress and ei is strain. The elasticity constants Cij are expressed in
function of material properties, like Young’s modulus Ei , Poisson’s ratio vij , and
shear modulus of the lamina Gij and are defined as [4]
C11 ¼ E1 =ð1 12 21 Þ; C22 ¼ E2 =ð1 12 21 Þ; C12 ¼ 21 E12 =ð1 12 21 Þ
C21 ¼ C21 ; C66 ¼ G12 ; C44 ¼ G23 ; C55 ¼ G13 (5)
where 1 and 2 indices represent respectively, the directions parallel and perpendic-
ular to the fibers direction.
The stresses and strains from principal coordinates should be transformed to
local coordinate of x and y by
8 9k 2 3k 8 9k
> r > cos 2
h sin 2
h 0 0 2sinhcosh >
> r >
>
>
>
1 >
> 6 7 >>
x >
>
>
> >
> 6 7 >
> >
>
>
> r >
> 6 sin 2
h cos 2
h 0 0 2sinh cosh 7 >
> r >
>
>
<
2 >
= 6 7 <> y >
=
6 7
r23 ¼6 0 0 cosh sinh 0 7 ryz (6)
>
> >
> 6 7 > >
>
> >
> 6 7 >>
>
>
>
>
>
> r >
> 6 0 0 sinh cosh 0 7 >
> rxz >
>
>
>
13
>
> 4 5 >> >
>
: ; >
: >
r12 sinh cosh sinh cosh 0 0 sin h þ cos h
2 2 rxy ;
8 9k 2 3k 8 9k
> e1 > cos2 h sin2 h 0 0 sinh cosh > ex >
> >
>
> >
> 6 7 >> > >
>
> >
> 6 7 >> >
>
>
> e >
> 6 sin 2
h cos 2
h 0 0 sinh cosh 7 >
> e >
>
> >
<
2
= 6 7 >
<
y >
=
6 7
e23 ¼6 0 0 cosh sinh 0 7 e yz
>
> >
> 6 7 > >
>
> >
> 6 7 >>
>
>
>
>
>
> e >
> 6 0 0 sinh cosh 0 7 >
> e xz >
>
>
>
13
>
> 4 5 >
> >
>
: ; >
: >
;
e12 2sinhcosh 2sinh cosh 0 0 sin h þ cos h
2 2 e xy
(7)
From the two previous equations, the stresses–strains relationships of a single

lamina in the global coordinate system (x, y, z) can be written as
8 9k 2 3k 8 9k
>
> r >
> Q11 Q12 Q13 0 0 >
> e >
>
>
>
x >
> > x >
>
> >
> 6 7 >>
>
>
>
>
>
> ry >> 6 Q12 Q22 Q23 0 0 7 >
> e >
>
>
< >
= 6 7 > y >
6 7 < =
rxy ¼6
6 Q13 Q23 Q33 0 0 77 c xy (8)
>
> >
> 6 7 >> >
>
>
> >
> 6 0 >
> >
>
>
> rxz >
> 4 0 0 Q44 Q45 7
5 >> c >
>
>
> >
> >
>
xz
>
>
: ryz >
> ; >
: >
;
0 0 0 Q45 Q55 c yz
The sandwich plate consists of layers k containing a parabolic shape fibers with
an orientation angle h (Figure 2), Qij (i,j ¼ 1,2,3,4,5) is transformed stiffness.
Figure 2. Plate element coordinates and dimensions, and fiber orientation.

The curvature of these fibers is given by the following parabolic equation [11]

a2
fðxÞ ¼ A x 2
(9)
2
where A is a proportion constant of a parabola are given by
2c
A¼ (10)
a
The shape of parabola is controlled by c

The local and global coordinates are related by
x y
n¼ ; g¼ (11)
a b
In local coordinates equation (9) becomes as
2 !
2c a a
fðnÞ ¼ n (12)
a 2 2
The relation between fiber-orientation angle h and curvature can be expressed as
dfðnÞ
tanh ¼ (13)
dn
so the orientation angle h is obtained as
hðnÞ ¼ tan1 ðacnÞ (14)
After substituting equation (14) into coefficients of matrix [Q], the variable
bending stiffness for a multilayer plate are obtained by
0 ! ! !1
1 c 2 a2 n2 c4 a4 n4
Q11 ¼ @C11 2 þ 2ðC12 þ 2C33 Þ 2 þ C22 2 A
c 2 a2 n2 þ 1 c 2 a2 n2 þ 1 c 2 a2 n2 þ 1
! !
c2 a2 n2 c4 a4 n4 þ 1
Q12 ¼ ðC11 þ C22 4C44 Þ 2 þ C12 2
c2 a2 n2 þ 1 c2 a2 n2 þ 1
! ! !
c4 a4 n4 c2 a2 n2 1
Q22 ¼ C11 2 þ 2ðC12 þ 2C33 Þ 2 þ C22 2
c 2 a2 n2 þ 1 c 2 a2 n2 þ 1 c 2 a2 n2 þ 1
! !
c2 a2 n2 c4 a4 n4 þ 1
Q33 ¼ ðC11 þ C22 2C12 2C33 Þ 2 þ C33 2
c2 a2 n2 þ 1 c2 a2 n2 þ 1
! !
can c 3 a3 n3
Q13 ¼ ðC11 2C12 2C33 Þ 2 þ ðC12 C22 2C33 Þ 2
c a n2 þ 1
2 2 c2 a2 n2 þ 1
! !
c3 a3 n3 can
Q23 ¼ ðC11 C12 2C33 Þ 2 þ ðC12 C22 2C33 Þ 2
c2 a2 n2 þ 1 c2 a2 n2 þ 1

1 1
Q44 ¼ C44 þ C55 1
c2 a2 n2 þ 1 c2 a2 n2 þ 1
!
can
Q45 ¼ ðC44 C55 Þ
c2 a2 n2 þ 1

1 1
Q55 ¼ C44 1 þ C 55 (15)
c2 a2 n2 þ 1 c2 a2 n2 þ 1
The equation motion of free vibration of composite plate is derived by the

Hamilton’s principle
Z t2
d ðEC EdÞdt ¼ 0 (16)
t1
where EC the kinetic energy of the plate and Ed is the potential energy of the system.
t1 and t2 are the times at which the system configuration is known
The extreme conditions of this functional are the Euler equations
!
@ @Ec @Ec @Ed
þ ¼ Fi ðtÞ (17)
@t @ q_i @qi @qi
in which the vector of external forces Fi(t) ¼ 0.

The kinetic energy of a composite thick plate is given by

" 2 #
Z 1 Z 1 2 2
1 @u0 @v0 @w0
Ec ¼ abq þ þ dndg (18)
2 0 0 @t @t @t
Replacing u0 , v0 ; and w0 in equation (19), gives the following relation

Z 1Z 1
1 2q @ w_ 2q @ w_
Ec ¼ ab qA u_02 þ qA v_02 B u_0 0 B v_0 0 þ 2ðqC Þv_0 h_y þ 2ðqC Þu_0 h_x
2 0 0 a @n b @g
2 2
q @ w_ 0 2q @ w_ q @ w_ 0 2q @ w_
þ D2 þ F 0 h_x þ qG h_x 2 þ D2 þ F 0 h_y þ qG h_y2 þ qA w_ 02 dndg
a @n a @n a @g b @g
(19)
in which

4
X
N X
N ðhkþ1 Þ4 ðhk Þ
qA ¼ qk ðhkþ1 hk Þ; qB ¼ qk ; (20, 21)
k¼1 k¼1
3 h2
!
2 4
X
N 2
ðhkþ1 Þ ðhk Þ 4
ðhkþ1 Þ ðhk Þ
qC ¼ qk ;
k¼1
2 3 h2
! (22, 23)
7
X
N 16 ðhkþ1 Þ7 ðhk Þ
qD ¼ qk ;
k¼1
63 h4
! !!
7 5
X
N 16 ðhkþ1 Þ7 ðhk Þ 4 ðhkþ1 Þ5 ðhk Þ
qF ¼ qk ; (24)
k¼1
63 h4 15 h2
! ! !!
3 5 7
X
N ðhkþ1 Þ3 ðhk Þ 8 ðhkþ1 Þ5 ðhk Þ 16 ðhkþ1 Þ7 ðhk Þ
qG ¼ qk þ
k¼1
3 15 h2 63 h4
(25)
where qk is the mass density per unit volume, N denotes the number of layers.
The strain energy of a thick plate is expressed as
Z 1 Z 1
1
Ed ¼ ab ½rx ex þ ry ey þ rxy exy þ rxz exz þ ryz eyz dndg (26)
2 0 0
In replacing all the terms of r and e in equation (26), gives the follow-
ing relation
N Z 1Z 1 k 2 2
1 X Q11 @u0 Qk33 @u0 2 Qk13 @u0 @u0
Ed ¼ a b Ak þ þ
2 k¼1 0 0 a2 @n b2 @g ab @n @g

Qk @v0 2 Qk33 @v0 2 2Qk23 @v0 @v0 Qk13 @u0 @v0
þ 22 þ þ þ
a2 @g b2 @n ab @n @g a2 @n @n

Q k
@u0 @v0 Q k
@u0 @v0 Q k
@u0 @v0
þ 12 þ 23 þ 33
a b @n @g b 2 @g @g a b @g @n

2Q13 @u0 @ w0
k 2
4Q13 @u0 @ 2 w0
k
2 Qk12 @u0 @ 2 w0
þE 3
k
2
a @n @n2 a b @n @n@g a b2 @n @g2

2Qk @u0 @ 2 w0 2Qk13 @u0 @ 2 w0 4Qk33 @u0 @ 2 w0 2Qk12 @v0 @ 2 w0
323
b @g @g2 a2 b @g @n2 a b2 @g @n@g a2 b @g @n2

2Qk @v0 @ 2 w0 2 Qk22 @v0 @ 2 w0 2Qk23 @v0 @ 2 w0
313
a @n @n2 b3 @g @g2 a b2 @n @g2

4Qk33 @v0 @ 2 w0 4Qk23 @v0 @ 2 w0
2 þ B E k k
a b @g @n2 a b2 @g @n@g

2 @u0 @hx 2 k @u0 @hx 2 @u0 @hx
2 Qk11 þ Q13 þ 2 Qk33
a @n @n ab @n @g b @g @g

2 k @u0 @hx 2 k @u0 @hy 2 k @u0 @hx 2 k @u0 @hx
þ Q þ 2 Q13 þ Q þ 2 Q23
a b 13 @g @n a @n @n a b 12 @n @g b @g @g

2 k @u0 @hx 2 @v0 @hx 2 k @v0 @hx 2 @v0 @hx
þ Q33 þ 2 Qk13 þ Q33 þ 2 Qk23
ab @g @n a @n @n ab @n @g b @g @g

2 k @v0 @hx 2 k @v0 @hy 2 k @v0 @hy 2 k @v0 @hy
þ Q þ 2 Q33 þ Q þ 2 Q22
a b 12 @g @n a @n @n a b 23 @n @g b @g @g
k 2 2 2 2 2
2 k @v0 @hy k Q11 @ w0 Q22 @ w0
k
2 Q12 @ w0 @ 2 w0
k
þ Q23 þH þ 4 þ 2 2
ab @g @n a4 @n2 b @g2 a b @n2 @g2

4Qk @ 2 w0 @ 2 w0 4Qk23 @ 2 w0 @ 2 w0 Qk33 @ 2 w0 2
þ 3 13 þ þ
a b @n2 @n@g a b3 @n@g @g2 a2 b2 @n@g
k 2 2
Q44 @w0 2Qk45 @w0 @w0 Qk55 @w0
þ Fk þ þ
a2 @n ab @n @g b2 @g
" ! !
kh
2
2 @ 2 w0 @hx 2 k @ 2 w0 @hx
þ H G k
Q k
þ 3 Q11
2 a2 b 13 @n2 @g a @n2 @n

4 k @ 2 w0 @hx 2 k @ 2 w0 @hx 2 k @ 2 w0 @hx
þ 2 Q33 þ 3 Q23 þ 2 Q12
ab @n@g @g b @g2 @g a b @n2 @g
2 2
4 @ w0 @hx 2 @ w0 @hy 2 k @ 2 w0 @hy
þ 2 Qk13 þ 2 Qk12 þ Q
a b @n@g @n a b @n2 @g a3 13 @n2 @g
2 2 2
4 @ w0 @hy 2 @ w0 @hy 2 @ w0 @hy
þ 2 Qk23 þ 3 Qk22 þ Q k
ab @n@g @g b @g2 @g a b2 23 @g2 @n
2 k
4 @ w0 @hy 2Q45 @w0 2Qk @w0
þ 2 Qk33 þ Fk hy þ 55 hy
a b @n@g @g a @n b @g (27)

2Qk @w0 2Qk @w0
þ 44 hx þ 45 hx þ Qk44 ðhx Þ2 þ Qk55 ðhy Þ2 þ 2Qk45 ðhx hy Þ
a @n b @g
k 2
k Q22 @hx Qk11 @hx 2 2Qk13 @hx @hx
þI þ 2 þ
b2 @g a @n ab @n @g

Qk33 @hx 2 Qk33 @hy 2 2Qk23 @hy @hy 2Qk13 @hx @hy
þ 2 þ 2 þ þ 2
b @g a @n ab @n @g a @n @n

2Q k
@hx @hy 2Q k
@hx @hy 2Q k
@hx @hy
þ 12 þ 33 þ 23 dndg
ab @n @g ab @g @n ab @g @g
where

2
ðhkþ1 Þ2 ðhk Þ
Ak ¼ ðhkþ1 hk Þ; Bk ¼ ;
2 ! (28, 29, 30)
2 2 4 4
ð hkþ1 Þ ð h k Þ ð hkþ1 Þ ð h k Þ
Ek ¼ ;
2 3 h2
! !
5 5 3 5 5
16 ðhkþ1 Þ ðhk Þ 3
2 ðhkþ1 Þ ðhk Þ 8 ðhkþ1 Þ ðhk Þ
Fk ¼ 4
; Gk ¼ ;
5h 3 15 h2
(31, 32)
!
3 5 7
ðhkþ1 Þ3 ðhk Þ 8 ðhkþ1 Þ5 ðhk Þ 16 ðhkþ1 Þ7 ðhk Þ
H ¼
k
þ ;
3 15 h2 63 h4
!
7
16 ðhkþ1 Þ7 ðhk Þ
Ik ¼
63 h4
(33, 34)
p-hierarchical approximation
Using the hierarchical FEM the displacements u0, v0, w0 and rotations hx, hy given
by equation (1) are expressed with shape functions
X
Pu X
Pu
u0 ðn; g; tÞ ¼ qu m n ðtÞ fm ðnÞfn ðgÞ
m¼1 n¼1
X
Pu X
Pu
v0 ðn; g; tÞ ¼ qv m n ðtÞ fm ðnÞfn ðgÞ
m¼1 n¼1
X
Pw X
Pw
w0 ðn; g; tÞ ¼ qw m n ðtÞ gm ðnÞgn ðgÞ
m¼1 n¼1
X
Ph X
Ph
hx ðn; g; tÞ ¼ qhxm n ðtÞ fm ðnÞfn ðgÞ
m¼1 n¼1
X
Ph X
Ph
hy ðn; g; tÞ ¼ qhym n ðtÞ fm ðnÞfn ðgÞ (35)
m¼1 n¼1
in which qu , qv , qw , qhx , and qhy are the vectors of generalized displacements, and
Pu , Pw , and Ph are the number of shape functions used in the hierarchical finite
element. Equation (35) can be written in matrix form by
8 9 2 38 9
>
> > ½ N1 > >
> u0 >
> >
>
0 0 0 0 >
> q u >
>
>
> >
> 6 7>>
>
>
>
>
>
> v0 >
> 6 0 ½ N1 0 0 0 7 >
> q >
>
< >
> = 6 7><
v >
=
6 7
w0 ¼ 6 0 0 ½ N2 0 0 7 qw 7 (36)
>
> > 6 7> >
> >
> >
>
6
60
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> hx >
> 4 0 0 ½ N1 0 7 5>> q h x >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
> >
: hy ; >
: >
0 0 0 0 ½ N1 qhy ;
The model requires a C0 continuity for in-plane displacements and rotations u0 ,

v0 , hx , and hy and a C1 continuity for out-of-plane displacement w0 . A four node
rectangular
hierarchical finite element with eight
degrees of freedom per node
u0 ; v0 ; w0 ; @w0 =@x; @w0 =@y; @ w0 =@xy; hx ; hy i is developed on the basis of a
2
third-order plate theory, where indices (i ¼ 1,2,3,4) define node number

(See Figure 2). The hierarchical shape functions used for this element are derived
from the trigonometric functions. The expressions of these functions are given in
Appendix 1 (Table A1).
The sub-matrices of the shape functions are given respectively by
h i
½N1 ¼ f1 ðnÞf1 ðgÞ 1 ; f1 ðnÞf2 ðgÞ 2 ; . . . fi ðnÞfj ðgÞ m ; . . . fPh ðnÞfPh ðgÞ P (37)
h Ph
where i ¼ 1; . . .; Ph , j ¼ 1; . . .; Ph , and m ¼ j þ ði 1Þ Ph .
and
h i
½N2 ¼ g1 ðnÞg1 ðgÞ 1 ; g1 ðnÞg2 ðgÞ 2 ; . . . gk ðnÞgl ðgÞ r ; . . . gPw ðnÞgPw ðgÞ P (38)
w Pw
where k ¼ 1; . . .; Pw , l ¼ 1; . . .; Pw , and r ¼ j þ ði 1Þ Pw
The first shape functions f1 , f2 and from g1 to g4 are the same shape functions
used in the classic FEM. The shape functions ðfnþ2 and gnþ4 Þ are the trigonometric
shape functions and lead to zero transverse displacement, and zero slope at each
node. This feature is highly significant since these functions give additional free-
dom to the edges and the interior of the element, where fi are C0 continuity and
gi C1 continuity. It should be noted that, the vector of generalized coordinate qw
contains the degree of freedom relative to displacements and rotations of different
nodes and edges of the elements, for example the rotation ð @w0 =@xÞ1 of the first
node (n ¼ 0, g ¼ 0) is given by
@w0 X Pw XPw
¼ qw m n ðtÞg0 m ð0Þgn ð0Þ ¼ qw21 (39)
@x m¼1 n¼1
in which g0 2 ð0Þ ¼ 1 and g1 ð0Þ ¼ 1 (property of shape functions), and that the
others shape functions are zero.
The equation motion of free vibration of composite plate is derived by the
Hamilton’s principle
Z t2
d ðEc EdÞdt ¼ 0 (40)
t1
where Ec is the kinetic energy of the plate and Ed is the potential energy of
the system.
t1 and t2 are the times at which the system configuration is known
The potential energy and the kinetic energy for a p-element can be written in
terms of element displacement vector as
1
Ep ¼ qT Kq (41)
2
1 T
Ec ¼ q_ M q_ (42)
2
where K and M are defined as element stiffness and mass matrices, respectively and
q is the displacement vector of the element.
Substituting equations (41) and (42) in equation (40) and carrying out the var-
iation the equation of motion for the element can be written as
M q€ þ K q ¼ 0 (43)
the solutions are of the type
q ¼ qeixt (44)
According to Equations cited above, the equation of motion of free vibration of

the element is obtained
½K x2 M q ¼ 0 (45)
where q is the vector of generalized amplitudes, x the natural frequency.

K and M are respectively the stiffness and mass matrices, the hierarchical finite
element, the forms of these matrices are given as
2 3
Muu 0 Muw Muhx 0
6 7
6 7
60 Mvv Mvw 0 Mvhy 7
6 7
6 7
6 T MTvw 7
M ¼ 6 Muw Mww Mwhx Mwhy 7 (46)
6 7
6 T 7
6 Muhx 0 MTwhx M hx hx 0 7
6 7
4 5
0 MTvhy MTwhy 0 Mhy hy
2 3
Kuu Kuv Kuw Kuhx Kuhy
6 7
6 T 7
6 Kuv Kvv Kvw Kvhx Kvhy 7
6 7
6 7
6 T Kwhy 7
K ¼ 6 Kuw Kvw Kww Kwhx 7 (47)
6 7
6 T 7
6 Kuhx KTvhx KTwhx K hx hx K hx hy 7
6 7
4 5
KTuhy KTvhy KTwhy KThx hy K hy hy
The coefficients of the above matrices are given in Appendix 1. They are
expressed in terms of integrals of the form
Z 1
I1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ðnÞfma ðnÞfnb ðnÞdn (48)
0
Z 1
mn ¼
I2ab fma ðgÞfnb ðgÞdg (49)
0
Z 1
J1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ðnÞgam ðnÞgbn ðnÞdn (50)
0
Z 1
J2ab
mn ¼ gam ðgÞgbn ðgÞdg (51)
0
Z 1
IJ1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ðnÞfma ðnÞgbn ðnÞdn (52)
0
Z 1
mn ¼
IJ2ab fma ðgÞgbn ðgÞdn (53)
0
Z 1
JI1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ðnÞgam ðnÞfnb ðnÞdn (54)
0
Z 1
mn ¼
JI2ab gam ðgÞfnb ðgÞdg (55)
0
where the indices a and b (a,b ¼ 0,1,2) denote the order of the derivatives
Analytical calculations of the above integrals are generally impossible.
Therefore, the integrals will be calculated numerically using the Gaussian quadrature.
The application of Gaussian quadrature yields
X
NP
I1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þfma ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þfnb ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (56)
l¼1
X
NP
mn ¼
I2ab fma ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þfnb ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (57)
l¼1
X
NP
J1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þgam ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þgbn ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (58)
l¼1
X
NP
mn ¼
J2ab gam ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þgbn ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (59)
l¼1
X
NP
IJ1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þfma ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þgbn ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (60)
l¼1
X
NP
mn ¼
IJ2ab fma ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þgbn ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (61)
l¼1
X
NP
JI1abk
ijmn ¼ Qkij ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þgam ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þfnb ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (62)
l¼1
X
NP
mn ¼
JI2ab gam ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þfnb ð0:5 tl þ 0:5Þ0:5 wpl (63)
l¼1
where Np are number of points, tl and wpl are weights

Applying the boundary conditions by ignoring the lines and columns associated
with restrained degrees of freedom, the matrix reduced, mass M and stiffness K
are formed.
The sub-matrix of M and K are given in Appendix 1.
Numerical results and discussion

In this study, the parabolic fiber with orientation angle h is defined between two
angles T0 and T1, where T0 and T1 denote the fiber-orientation angle at position
n¼0.5 and n¼1, respectively. The symbol [<T0, T1>] designates a single layer
containing an orientation of the parabolic fiber. Figure 3 shows some cases of
orientation angles with parabolic fibers used in this study.
Convergence study
In this section, Tables 1 and 2 show solution accuracy and convergence studies of
the present formulation are carried out. The convergence study is performed on
[<0, þ 60>,<0, 60>] square plate with simply supported (SSSS) and totally
clamped (CCCC) edges. The increase in number of shape functions, allows to
obtain more precise results, the relative errors are given in Table 3.
Figure 3. Orientation of the parabolic fibers.

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Table 1. Convergence of frequency parameters X ¼ x q h=D0 , with parabolic fiber
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>] for SSSS boundary condition. a/b ¼ 1, h/a ¼ 20, E1 ¼ 138 GPa, E2 ¼ 8.96
GPa, G12 ¼ 7.1 GPa, v12 ¼ 0.30.
Ph ¼ Pw DOF 1 2 3 4 5
4 80 36.462 68.798 74.911 77.373 87.311

5 125 34.761 65.466 71.483 74.744 84.026
6 180 34.046 61.994 69.619 71.760 80.127
7 245 33.877 61.860 68.823 69.497 79.716
8 320 33.774 61.735 68.06 69.166 79.300
9 405 33.672 61.632 67.818 69.082 79.161
10 500 33.625 61.590 67.636 69.006 79.056
11 605 33.584 61.577 67.542 68.910 78.998
12 720 33.568 61.565 67.398 68.899 78.952
13 845 33.538 61.552 67.352 68.884 78.918
14 980 33.527 61.545 67.287 68.873 78.896
15 1125 33.508 61.54 67.259 68.858 78.875
16 1280 33.501 61.536 67.207 68.854 78.861
17 1445 33.487 61.532 67.187 68.848 78.847
18 1620 33.482 61.53 67.154 68.844 78.838
19 1805 33.472 61.528 67.14 68.84 78.827
20 2000 33.468 61.526 67.113 68.837 78.821
21 2205 33.460 61.524 67.101 68.835 78.813
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Table 2. Convergence of frequency parameters X ¼ x q h=D0 , with parabolic fiber
[<0,þ60>,<0,-60>] for CCCC boundary condition, a/b ¼ 1, h/a ¼ 20, E1 ¼ 138 GPa, E2 ¼ 8.96
GPa, G12 ¼7.1 GPa, v12 ¼ 0.30.
Ph ¼ Pw DOF 1 2 3 4 5
4 80 134.253 173.35 186.145 214.784 134.253

5 125 121.612 126.02 163.934 168.995 121.612
6 180 76.131 85.662 105.693 121.696 76.131
7 245 75.364 82.530 104.517 111.284 75.364
8 320 74.741 79.874 102.706 111.056 74.741
9 405 74.344 79.704 102.549 110.173 74.344
10 500 74.040 79.124 101.768 110.099 74.040
11 605 73.906 79.064 101.680 109.638 73.906
12 720 73.741 78.819 101.359 109.569 73.741
13 845 73.648 78.777 101.271 109.299 73.648
14 980 73.562 78.608 101.104 109.235 73.562
15 1125 73.505 78.584 101.031 109.091 73.505
16 1280 73.453 78.502 100.949 109.027 73.453
17 1445 73.409 78.471 100.881 108.946 73.409
18 1620 73.379 78.417 100.838 108.888 73.379
19 1805 73.346 78.391 100.781 108.845 73.346
20 2000 73.326 78.361 100.758 108.792 73.326
21 2205 73.300 78.336 100.709 108.768 73.300

X Xn
Table 3. Relatif errors, Err ¼ pþ1
Xpþ1 100, with parabolic fiber [<0,þ60>,<0,60>] for SSSS
boundary condition and totally clamped CCCC.
Errors %
Boundary condition Ph ¼ P w X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
7 0,50 0,22 1,16 3,26 0,52

SSSS 14 0,03 0,01 0,10 0,02 0,03
21 0,02 0,00 0,02 0,00 0,01
7 4,30 1,02 3,795 1,125 9,356
CCCC 14 0,03 0,12 0,215 0,165 0,059
21 0,09 0,04 0,032 0,049 0,022
In the case of the SSSS plate, for p ¼ 7, the first five frequencies are computed
with max error 3.26%, for p ¼ 14, the first five frequencies are computed with max
error 0.1% and for p ¼ 24, the first five frequencies are computed with max error
0.02%. In the case of the CCCC plate, for p ¼ 7, the first five frequencies are
computed with max error 9.36%, for p ¼ 14, the first five frequencies are computed
with max error 0.22% and for p ¼ 24, the first five frequencies are computed with
max error 0.05%.
Discussion
The results obtained for symmetric, and antisymmetric laminated and sandwich
plates using one element are compared with those available in the literature. The
frequency parameters of rectangular simply supported plates with different layers
and variable bending stiffness are considered.
The first frequency parameters of SSSS cross-ply laminated square plates with
laminations [0/90], [0/90/90/0]) are given in Table 4. The solutions for various
values of the thickness ratio a/h are compared with exact 3D solutions and layer-
wise laminate theory (LLT) given by Nosier [26]. The global-higher order theory
(G-HSDT) [27], Local higher-order theory (L-HSDT) [28], individual-layer plate
theory [29] solutions are also used in the comparison. The present results are
compared also with FEM solutions, Co 4-noded quadrilateral element [30] and
cell based smoothed finite element [30] combined with CUF (CS-FEM Q4) are
employed. It can be noticed that the present results are in excellent agreement with
those of 3D, HSDT and FEM solutions. The numerical results show that the
present method is suitable for thick laminated plates as well as thin plates.
In the next example, fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) sandwich SSSS plates made
with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam core is considered. The fundamental frequency
parameters are compared with an analytical solution [31], finite element solution
[3], and hierarchical FEM [32] for two sandwich square plates: plate1:
[<0,0>,<0 þ90,0 þ90>,<0,0>, core,<0,0>,<0 þ90,0 þ 90>,<0,0>] and plate2:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Table 4. Comparison of fundamental frequency parameters X ¼ x b2 =h q=E2 for a SSSS cross-ply laminated square plate, E1 ¼ 40 E2,
G12 ¼ Gl3¼ 0.6 E2, G12 ¼ 0.5 E2, v12 ¼ v13 ¼ v23 ¼ 0.25, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14.
a/h
Layers Source 2 4 5 10 12.5 20 25 50 100
[<0,0>,<0 þ 90,0 þ 90>] Present 4.7338 8.3102 9.0253 10.4632 10.7004 10.9818 11.0509 11.1456 11.1702
Serdoun and Cherif
G-HSDT [27] 4.9562 7.6956 8.5301 10.3379 10.6545 11.0373 11.1324 11.2637 11.2973
L-HSDT [28] 4.9590 7.6930 8.5270 10.3370 10.6530 11.0370 11.132 11.264 11.300
3D [26] 4.9350 – 8.5180 10.3330 – 11.0360 11.131 11.263 11.297
LLT [26] 4.9390 – 8.5210 10.3350 – 11.0360 11.132 11.263 11.297
HSDT [29] 4.8100 – 8.3880 10.2700 – 11.0160 11.118 11.260 11.296
[<0,0>,<0 þ 90,0 þ 90>]S Present 4.7955 9.3236 10.7874 15.1076 16.1607 17.6472 18.0627 18.6728 18.8372
G-HSDT [27] 5.3211 9.1988 10.6876 15.0721 16.1367 17.6369 18.0557 18.6702 18.8352
L-HSDT [28] 5.3170 9.1930 10.6820 15.0690 16.1340 17.6360 18.055 18.670 18.835
HSDT [29] 5.9230 – 10.6730 15.0660 – 17.5350 18.054 18.670 18.835
FEM [30] 5.4029 9.3005 – 15.1790 – 17.7578 – 18.7993 18.9657
CS-FEM [30] 5.4026 9.2998 – 15.1766 – 17.7540 – 18.7947 18.9611
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Table 5. Comparison of the first four frequency parameters X ¼ xa2 =h qc =E2c for a SSSS sandwich square plate with a/h ¼ 10 and
hc=hf ¼ 16, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14.
Plate 1 Plate 2
p-FEM-HSDT HSDT FEM-HSDTa FEM-HSDTb p-FEM-HSDT HSDT FEM-HSDTa FEM-HSDTb

Modes Present [32] [31] [3] [3] Present [32] [31] [3] [3]
1 15.29 15.29 15.28 15.34 15.04 16.47 16.44 16.38 16.43 16.09
2 28.86 28.89 28.69 30.18 28.10 29.80 29.84 29.65 31.17 28.93
3 30.12 30.14 30.01 31.96 29.20 29.80 29.84 29.65 31.17 28.93
4 39.09 39.14 38.86 40.94 37.76 40.30 40.34 40.00 42.78 38.76
a
Element with 4 nodes.
21
b
Element with 9 nodes.
[<0 þ 45,0 þ 45>,<0–45,0–45>,<0 þ 45,0 þ 45>, core, [<0–45,0–45>,<0 þ 45,

0 þ 45>, <0–45,0–45>] lay-ups.
The composite materials used in face sheets are glass fiber in a polyester resin
matrix with the following properties: E1¼24.51GPa, E2¼7.77GPa, G12¼3.34GPa,
Gl3¼3.34GPa, G23 ¼1.34GPa, 12 ¼ 0.078, 21 ¼ 0.24 and q ¼ 1800 kg/m3 and the
properties of the Core made of HEREX C70.130 are Ec ¼ 103.63MPa, Gc¼50MPa,
12 ¼ 0.32 and qc ¼ 130 kg/m3.
Table 5 presents a comparison study of the first four frequency parameters for
SSSS sandwich square plate. It is clear that the results from the present formula-
tion are quite close to the analytical results compared to the results given by Nayak
et al. [3], in which two C0 elements with the assumed strain approach (4 nodes and
9 nodes rectangular assumed strain elements) are used.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Table 6. Comparison of first five frequency parameters X ¼ x qh=D0 ; with parabolic fiber,
a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼1000, E1 ¼ 138 GPa, E2¼8.96 GPa, G12 ¼7.1 GPa, v12 ¼ 0.30, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 19.
X
Boundary
condition Layers c Source 1 2 3 4 5
SSSS 1.2 Present 45.941 96.996 99.935 161.861 45.941

[11] – 96.210 – – –
CCCC 1.3 Present 72.817 138.238 141.857 219.753 72.817
[11] – 134.200 – – –
SFFC 0.7 Present 9.596 33.234 72.981 78.921 9.596
[11] – – 71.340 – –
FCSC 1.0 Present 45.82 74.412 124.286 128.838 45.82
[11] – – 121.100 – –
Table 7. Effect of p
angles [<T0, T1,<T0, T1>,. . .], with parabolic fiber on the frequency
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
parameters X ¼ x qh=D0 , a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼ 20, E1 ¼ 138 GPa, E2 ¼ 8.96 GPa, G12 ¼7.1 GPa,
v12 ¼ 0.30, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14.
X
Boundary
condition Layers 1 2 3 4 5
SSSS [<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 34.343 59.095 62.255 66.698 69.107

[<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 33.584 61.577 67.542 68.91 78.998
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 34.343 59.095 62.255 66.698 69.107
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>,<0,þ60>] 35.371 60.573 70.508 79.962 82.427
CCCC [<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 43.903 70.063 77.668 90.597 98.836
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 44.615 73.906 79.064 101.68 109.638
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 43.903 70.063 77.668 90.597 98.836
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>,<0,þ60>] 44.662 71.248 79.216 101.517 103.415
Table 8. Effect of angles [<T0, T1>, Core, <T0, T1>], with parabolic fiber on the
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
frequency parameters X ¼ xða2 =hÞ qc =Ec , for a simply supported SSSS, a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼ 100 and
5, hc/hf ¼ 16, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14.
a/h Layers 1 2 3 4 5
100 [<0,0>, Core, <0,0>] 141.514 215.602 359.538 458.578 510.360

[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>] 146.925 237.186 390.808 436.754 507.675
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,þ45>] 151.256 259.321 402.201 424.958 500.753
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,þ60>] 149.487 284.03 342.397 473.254 485.162
[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>] 131.285 230.485 388.469 389.379 421.607
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,45>] 126.682 245.367 333.609 388.135 418.923
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,60>] 115.030 253.609 283.399 369.571 442.270
5 [<0,0>, Core, <0,0>] 29.632 47.702 50.765 63.292 68.681
[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>] 30.421 31.881 31.998 50.105 59.331
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,þ45>] 30.287 48.524 50.365 63.852 69.678
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,þ60>] 30.318 48.965 49.776 63.873 70.406
[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>] 30.012 48.172 50.700 63.801 69.247
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,45>] 30.306 48.602 50.451 64.104 69.831
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,60>] 30.306 49.046 49.853 64.135 70.636
Table 9. Effect of angles [<T0, T1>, Core, <T0, T1>], with parabolic fiber on the
frequency parameters X ¼ xða2 =hÞ qc =Ec , for totally Clamped CCCC, a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼ 100 and
5, hc/hf ¼ 16, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14.
a/h Layers c 1 2 3 4 5
100 [<0,0>, Core, <0,0>] 263.964 338.38 486.325 599.611 653.136

[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>] 246.320 336.693 498.647 559.814 627.495
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,þ45>] 230.189 343.574 510.137 523.116 601.117
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,þ60>] 217.949 366.849 440.027 572.426 576.134
[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>] 207.380 313.067 475.238 485.584 548.742
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,45>] 188.494 315.089 402.263 490.339 503.801
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,60>] 180.746 331.341 342.534 459.478 541.588
5 [<0,0>, Core, <0,0>] 33.954 52.358 58.118 71.191 74.665
[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>] 33.171 33.21 54.524 58.532 67.489
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,þ45>] 33.642 53.062 56.19 70.736 75.700
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,þ60>] 33.517 53.603 54.784 70.637 76.720
[<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>] 33.816 52.776 57.318 71.182 75.239
[<0,þ 45>, Core,<0,45>] 33.688 53.204 56.335 71.217 75.946
[<0,þ 60>, Core,<0,60>] 33.565 53.786 54.944 71.214 77.096
Table 10. Effect of angles [<T0, T1>, [<T0, T1>, Core, <T0, T1>, [<T0,
T1>], with parabolic fiber on the frequency parameters X ¼ xða2 =hÞ qc =Ec , for a simply
supported SSSS, a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼ 100 and 5, hc/hf ¼ 16, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14.
X
100 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 141.514 215.602 359.538 458.578 510.360

[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>] 146.925 237.186 390.808 436.754 507.675
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,þ45>] 151.256 259.321 402.201 424.958 500.753
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 149.487 284.030 342.397 473.254 485.162
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>,<0,30>] 131.285 230.485 388.469 389.379 421.607
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,45>,<0,45>] 126.682 245.367 333.609 388.135 418.923
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,60>,<0,60>] 115.030 253.609 283.399 369.571 442.27
[<0,þ30>,<0,30>, Core, <0,þ30>,<0,30>] 160.679 266.356 425.400 455.397 558.105
[<0,þ 45>,<0,45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,45>] 172.539 301.951 436.023 477.672 585.292
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 173.323 333.511 384.758 546.275 591.132
5 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 29.632 47.702 50.765 63.292 68.681
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>] 29.988 48.106 50.608 63.584 69.127
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,þ45>] 30.278 48.514 50.341 63.814 69.647
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 30.310 48.953 49.761 63.841 70.369
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>,<0,30>] 30.012 48.172 50.700 63.801 69.247
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,45>,<0,45>] 30.306 48.602 50.451 64.104 69.831
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,60>,<0,60>] 30.306 49.046 49.853 64.135 70.636
[<0,þ30>,<0,30>, Core, <0,þ30>,<0,30>] 30.300 48.185 50.407 62.961 69.099
[<0,þ 45>,<0,45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,45>] 30.569 48.495 50.093 63.002 69.535
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 30.691 48.914 49.670 63.061 70.074
100 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 141.512 215.588 359.481 458.559 510.339
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>] 146.694 236.766 390.393 436.448 507.069
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,þ45>] 150.791 258.732 401.677 424.587 499.798
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 149.040 283.682 341.844 473.038 484.312
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>,<0,30>] 130.855 230.066 388.236 388.93 420.833
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,45>,<0,45>] 125.83 244.879 333.361 387.07 418.598
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,60>,<0,60>]
[<0,þ30>,<0,30>, Core, <0,þ30>,<0,30>] 160.676 266.345 425.349 455.366 558.086
[<0,þ 45>,<0,45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,45>] 172.538 301.946 435.998 477.649 585.282
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 173.317 333.493 384.68 546.213 591.091
5 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 29.631 47.698 50.731 63.259 68.653
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>] 29.979 48.098 50.598 63.565 69.107
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,þ45>] 30.264 48.503 50.33 63.788 69.622
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 30.300 48.944 49.753 63.821 70.342
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>,<0,30>] 29.998 48.162 50.669 63.762 69.212
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,45>,<0,45>] 30.285 48.592 50.426 64.064 69.791
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,60>,<0,60>]
[<0,þ30>,<0,30>, Core, <0,þ30>,<0,30>] 30.298 48.176 50.369 62.924 69.060
[<0,þ 45>,<0,45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,45>] 30.566 48.483 50.066 62.966 69.488
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 30.687 48.899 49.645 63.023 70.018
172.545 301.969 436.131 477.882 585.331.

Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 21:
Table 6 gives a comparison study of the first frequency parameters of SSSS

variable bending stiffness for a single layer plate with different c. The present
results are compared with Ritz method [11]. A very good agreement between
model predictions and Ritz method can be observed.
The effect of angle <T0, T1> and a number of layers on the vibration behavior
of a square plate with simply-supported and totally clamped edges are presented in
Table 7. The frequencies decrease in the simply-supported and totally Clamped
and changing angle <T0, T1> may result in a more significant change in the
natural frequencies.
Tables 8 to 11 present the effect of boundary conditions, number of layers and
angle lamination of a sandwich square plate with [<T0, T1>, Core, <T0,
T1>] and [<T0, T1>,[<T0, T1>, core, <T0, T1>,[<T0, T1>]
lay-ups on frequency parameters X is considered, The face sheets material is
CFRP (graphite/epoxy) of the range of HEREX C70.40 foam core are given by
Nayak et al. [3]. The material properties for face sheets and core are given respec-
tively by E1¼138 GPa, E2 ¼ 8.96 GPa, G12¼ G13 ¼ 7.1 GPa, v12 ¼ 0.30 and EC ¼
22.69 MPa, GC ¼14 MPa, qC ¼ 40 kg/m3, vC ¼ 0.32. Increasing the number of
layers of the face sheet without changing his thickness, do not affect the mass,
Table 11. Effect of angles [<T0, T1>, [<T0, T1>, Core, <T0, T1>, [<T0,
T1>], with curved Lines on the frequency parameters X ¼ xða2 =hÞ qc =Ec , for totally
Clamped CCCC, a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼ 100 and 5, hc/hf ¼ 16, P ¼ Pu ¼ Pw ¼ Ph ¼ 14:
X
100 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 263.964 338.38 486.325 599.611 653.136

[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>] 246.320 336.693 498.647 559.814 627.495
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,þ45>] 230.189 343.574 510.137 523.116 601.117
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 217.949 366.849 440.027 572.426 576.134
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>,<0,30>] 207.380 313.067 475.238 485.584 548.742
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,45>,<0,45>] 188.494 315.089 402.263 490.339 503.801
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,60>,<0,60>] 180.746 331.341 342.534 459.478 541.588
[<0,þ30>,<0,30>, Core, <0,þ30>,<0,30>] 254.697 352.222 518.776 580.227 665.579
[<0,þ 45>,<0,45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,45>] 244.968 372.319 547.467 562.627 675.820
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 236.932 409.067 488.375 639.026 685.484
5 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 33.954 52.358 58.118 71.191 74.665
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>] 33.465 52.012 56.045 69.452 74.075
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,þ45>] 33.285 52.292 54.925 69.143 74.629
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 33.148 52.732 53.663 69.014 75.637
[<0,þ30>,<0,þ30>, Core,<0,30>,<0,30>] 33.816 52.776 57.318 71.182 75.239
[<0,þ 45>,<0,þ45>, Core,<0,45>,<0,45>] 33.688 53.204 56.335 71.217 75.946
[<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>, Core,<0,60>,<0,60>] 33.565 53.786 54.944 71.214 77.096
[<0,þ30>,<0,30>, Core, <0,þ30>,<0,30>] 33.481 52.516 55.959 69.92 74.954
[<0,þ 45>,<0,45>, Core,<0,þ45>,<0,45>] 33.438 52.865 55.018 69.562 75.442
[<0,þ60>,<0,60>, Core,<0,þ60>,<0,60>] 33.457 53.366 54.067 69.391 76.219
Figure 4. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0,þT1>, core,

<0,þT1>,[<0, þT1>] laminate, simply supported SSSS, a/b ¼ 1, a/h¼ 5, hc/hf ¼ 16, Mode
1; g ¼ 0.5.

2; n ¼ 0.5.

3; g ¼ 0.5.

<0,þT1>,[<0, þT1>] laminate, simply supported SSSS, a/b ¼ 1, a/h ¼ 5, hc/hf ¼ 16,
Mode 4; g ¼ 0.25.

5; n ¼ 0.5.
Figure 9. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0, þT1>, core, <0,
T1>,[<0, þT1>] laminate, for totally Clamped CCCC, a/b ¼ 1, a/h¼ 5, hc/hf ¼ 16,) Mode
1; g ¼ 0.5.
Figure 10. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0, þT1>, core,
<0, T1>,[<0, þT1>] laminate, for totally Clamped CCCC, a/b ¼ 1, a/h¼ 5, hc/hf ¼ 16, Mode
2; n ¼ 0.5.
3; g ¼ 0.5.
4; g ¼ 0.25.
5; n ¼ 0.5.
of the plate. Therefore, the frequency parameter is not affected. On the other hand,
if we change the orientation of the fibers while keeping the total mass of the plate,
the rigidity of the plate will change. These frequency parameters, presented in these
different tables ought to be helpful as benchmark solutions for specialists who are
developing numerical techniques and software, for solving HSDT sandwich with
variable bending stiffness plate vibration problems.
Figures 4 to 13 show the normalized cross-sections of the five first mode shape,
with [<T0, T1>, Core, <T0, T1>] and [<T0, T1>,[<T0, T1>,
core, <T0, T1>, [<T0, T1>] lay-ups, The material of face sheets and
core is the same used in previous example, the displacement ratio increases if the
angle decreases. the variation of the angle causes a displacement shift as shown in
Figure 11. The mode shapes are normalized by dividing by their own maximum
displacement. It can be seen from this plots the effect of fiber-orientation angle on
normalized cross-sections first five fundamental mode shape of clamped and
simply supported plates. This is due to fact that the variation of orientation of
the angles contribute to the variation in the in-plane forces in the plates, which
influences in out-plane displacement.
Conclusion
This work presented a hierarchical FEM for free vibration analysis of sandwich
plate with parabolic fibers based on the Reddy’s high shear deformation theory.
The element shape functions were expressed in terms of hierarchical trigonometric
functions. The equations of motion of free vibration of thick sandwich plates are
obtained by the mean of the Lagrange’s equation. The convergence studies were
carried out for simply supported and clamped plates and comparisons were made
with published results. The numerical results show that the hierarchical finite ele-
ment give very accurate results for sandwich plate with parabolic fibers with a rea-
sonably small number of polynomial orders. The effects of thickness ratio, boundary
conditions, orientation angle, and material properties on natural frequencies of par-
abolic fiber composite sandwich plates are presented and discussed for the first time.
Not only the natural frequencies are influenced by fiber-orientation angle but the
mode shape of composite sandwich plates is also influenced.
Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, author-
ship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication
of this article.
ORCID iD
SMN Serdoun http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7392-1319
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Appendix 1
Coefficients of the mass matrix [M]
X
P X
P X P
P X
1
Muu ¼ Ml;q ¼ qA 2 I200 I200 (64)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
a im jn
X
P X
P X P h
P X i
Mvv ¼ MlþP2 ;qþP2 ¼ qA I200 00
im I2jn (65)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
X
P X
P X P
P X
1
Muw ¼ Ml;qþ2P2 ¼ qB IJ201 00
im IJ2jn (66)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
a
X
P X
P X P
P X
1
Mvw ¼ MlþP2 ;qþ2P2 ¼ qB IJ200 01
im IJ2jn (67)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
b
X
P X
P X P h
P X i
Muhx ¼ Ml;qþ3P2 ¼ qC I200 00
im I2jn (68)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
P X
X P X P h
P X i
Muhy ¼ Ml;qþ4P2 ¼ a b qC I200 I2
im jn
00
(69)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
Mww ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ2P2

XP X P X P X P
1 11 00 1 00 11
¼ qA J2im J2jn þ qD 2 J2im J2jn þ qD 2 J2im J2jn
00 00
(70)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
a b

XP X P X P X P
1 10 00
Mwhx ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ3P2 ¼ qF J2im J2jn (71)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
a

X
P X
P X
P X
P
1
Mwhy ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ4P2 ¼ qF J200 J210 (72)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
b im jn
X
P X
P X P h
P X i
Mhxhx ¼ Klþ3P2 ;qþ3P2 ¼ qG I200 00
im I2jn (73)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
X
P X
P X P h
P X i
Mhyhy ¼ Klþ4P2 ;qþ4P2 ¼ qG I200 00
im I2jn (74)
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1
Coefficients of the stiffness matrix [K]
X
P X
P X
P X
P X
N
1 11k 00 1 00k 11 1 10k 01
Kuu ¼ Kl;q ¼ Ak I111im I2jn þ 2 I133im I2jn þ I1 I2
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a 2 b a b 13im jn

1 01k 10
þ I1 I2
a b 13im jn
(75)
XP X P X P X P X N
1 1 1
Kvv ¼ KlþP2 ;qþP2 ¼ 22im I2jn þ 2 I133im I2jn þ
Ak 2 I100k 11 11k 00
I110k 01
23im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a b ab

1 01k 10
þ I1 I2
ab 23im jn
(76)

X
P X
P X
P X
P X
N
1 11k 00 1 00k 11 1
Kuv ¼ Kl;qþP2 ¼ Ak I1 I2 þ I1 I2 þ I101k I210
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a2 13im jn b2 12im jn ab 33im jn
(77)
Kuw ¼ Kl;qþ2P2
XP X P X P X P X N
1 2E13 1
¼ 11im IJ2jn 2 IJ113im IJ2jn
Ek 3 IJ112k 00 11k 01
2
IJ111k 01
12im IJ2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a a b a b

1 1 2E33
2 IJ100k
23im IJ2jn 2
12
13im IJ2jn
IJ102k 10
IJ101k 11
33im IJ2jn
a b ab a b2
(78)
Kvw ¼ KlþP2 ;qþ2P2

X P X P X P X P X N
1 2 12k 1
¼ Ek 3 IJ102k 12im IJ2jn 3 J113im IJ2jn 3 IJ122im IJ2jn
10 00 00k 12
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

a a b

1 2 2
2 IJ110k23im IJ202
jn IJ102k
33im IJ2 10
jn IJ1 01k
23im IJ211
jn
ab a2 b ab2
(79)
X P X P XP X P X N
2 2 10k 01
Kuhx ¼ Kl;qþ3P2 ¼ ðBk Ek Þ 2 I111k
11im I2jn þ
00
I113im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab

2 2 01k 10
þ 2 I100k I2 11
þ I1 I2
b 33im jn ab 13im jn
(80)
XP X P X P X P X N
2 2 10k 01
Kuhy ¼ Kl;qþ4P2 ¼ ðBk Ek Þ 2 I111k
13im I2jn þ
00
I112im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab

2 2 10k 01
þ 2 I100k I211
þ I1 I2
(81)
X P X P X P XP X N
2 2 10k 01
Kvhx ¼ KlþP2 ;qþ3P2 ¼ ðBk Ek Þ 2 I111k
13im I2jn þ
00
I133im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab

2 2 01k 10
þ 2 I100k I211
þ I1 I2
(82)
XP X P X P X P X N
2 2 10k 01
Kvhy ¼ KlþP2 ;qþ4P2 ¼ ðBk Ek Þ 2 I111k
33im I2jn þ
00
I123im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab

2 2 01k 10
þ 2 I100k I211
þ I1 I2
(83)
Kww ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ2P2

XP X P X P X P X N
k 1 1 00k 22 1
¼ H 4 11im J2jn þ 4 J122im J2jn þ 2 2 J112im J2jn
J122k 00 20k 02
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

a b a b
1 2 2 2
þ J102k J220 þ J121k J201 þ J112k J210 þ J110k J212
a2 b2 12im jn a3 b 13im jn a3 b 13im jn ab3 23im jn

2 4 k 1 1
þ 3 J123im J2jn þ 2 2 J123im J2jn þ F
01k 21 11k 11
J111k J200 þ J110k J201
ab a b ab 44im jn ab 45im jn

1 1 00k 11
þ J101k J201
þ J1 J2
ab 45im jn b2 55im jn
(84)
Kwhx ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ3P2

X
P X
P X
P X N
P X
h2 2 2
¼ H G
k k
2 13im JI2jn þ 3 JI111im JI2jn
JI120k 01 21k 00
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

2 a b a

4 2 2 4
þ 2 JI113im JI2jn þ 3 JI123im JI2jn þ 2 JI112im JI2jn þ 2 JI113im JI2jn
11k 10 00k 21 20k 01 10k 11
a b b ab ab

2 2
þ Fk JI110k44im JI2jn þ JI145im JI2jn
00 00k 10
a b
(85)
Kwhy ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ4P2

X
P X
P X
P X N
P X
h2 2 2
¼ Hk G k 2 12im JI2jn þ 3 JI113im JI2jn
JI120k 01 00k 21
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

2 a b a

4 2 2 4
þ 2 JI110k
23im JI2jn þ 3 JI122im JI2jn þ
11 00k 21
2 23im JI2jn þ 2 JI133im JI2jn
JI102k 20 10k 11
ab b ab a b

k 2 2
þF JI145im JI2jn þ JI155im JI2jn
10k 00 00k 10
a b
(86)
Khxhx ¼ Klþ3P2 ;qþ3P2

X P X P X P X P X N
k 1 1 10k 01 1
¼ I 2 11im I2jn þ
I111k 00
I113im I2jn þ I101k 10
13im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab ab (87)

1 00k 11
þ 2 I133im I2jn þ Fk I100k 00
44im I2jn
b
Khyhy ¼ Klþ4P2 ;qþ4P2
X P X P X P X P X N
k 1 1 10k 01 1
¼ I 2 33im I2jn þ
I111k 00
23im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab ab (88)

1
þ 2 I100k I2 11
þ Fk I100k 00
55im I2jn
b 22im jn
Khxhy ¼ Klþ3P2 ;qþ4P2
X P X P X P X P X N
k 2 2 10k 01 2
¼ I 2 13im I2jn þ
I111k 00
33im I2jn
i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1
a ab ab (89)

2
þ I100k I211
þ 2Fk I100k 00
45im I2jn
ab 23im jn
Table A1. The first 21 hierarchical shapes function.

p fp ðnÞ g p ðn Þ
1 f1 ðnÞ ¼ 1 n g 1 ðn Þ ¼ 2 n 3 3 n 2 þ 1
2 f2 ðnÞ ¼ n g2 ðnÞ ¼ n3 2 n2 þ n
3 f3 ðnÞ ¼ sinðpxÞ g3 ðnÞ ¼ 3 n2 2n3
4 f4 ðnÞ ¼ sinð2pxÞ g 4 ðn Þ ¼ n 3 n 2
5 f5 ðnÞ ¼ sinð3pxÞ g5 ðnÞ ¼ sinðp nÞ p n n2
6 f6 ðnÞ ¼ sinð4pxÞ g6 ðnÞ ¼ sinð2p nÞ 2p2n 3 n2 þ n
3
7 f7 ðnÞ ¼ sinð5pxÞ g7 ðnÞ ¼ sinð3p nÞ 3pn n2

8 f8 ðnÞ ¼ sinð6pxÞ g8 ðnÞ ¼ sinð4p nÞ 4p2n3 3 n2 þ n
9 f9 ðnÞ ¼ sinð7pxÞ g9 ðnÞ ¼ sinð6p nÞ 5p n n2
10 f10 ðnÞ ¼ sinð 8pxÞ g10 ðnÞ ¼ sinð6p nÞ 6p2n3 3 n2 þ n
11 f11 ðnÞ ¼ sinð 9pxÞ g11 ðnÞ ¼ sinð7p nÞ 7pn n2
13 f13 ðnÞ ¼ sinð 11pxÞ g13 ðnÞ ¼ sinð9p nÞ 9p n n 2

15 f15 ðnÞ ¼ sinð 13pxÞ g15 ðnÞ ¼ sinð11p nÞ 11pn n 2



21 f21 ðnÞ ¼ sinð 19pxÞ g21 ðnÞ ¼ sinð17p nÞ 17p n n 2

Vibration Analysis of Composite and Sandwich Plates

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Vibration Analysis of Composite and Sandwich Plates

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Original Article

Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials

parabolic fibers using an

SMN Serdoun1 and

The constitutive stresses–strains relationships for kth layer, in the orthotropic

C11 ¼ E1 =ð1 12 21 Þ; C22 ¼ E2 =ð1 12 21 Þ; C12 ¼ 21 E12 =ð1 12 21 Þ

C21 ¼ C21 ; C66 ¼ G12 ; C44 ¼ G23 ; C55 ¼ G13 (5)

From the two previous equations, the stresses–strains relationships of a single

Figure 2. Plate element coordinates and dimensions, and fiber orientation.

where A is a proportion constant of a parabola are given by

The shape of parabola is controlled by c

In local coordinates equation (9) becomes as

The relation between fiber-orientation angle h and curvature can be expressed as

so the orientation angle h is obtained as

hðnÞ ¼ tan1 ðacnÞ (14)

The equation motion of free vibration of composite plate is derived by the

in which the vector of external forces Fi(t) ¼ 0.

The kinetic energy of a composite thick plate is given by

Replacing u0 , v0 ; and w0 in equation (19), gives the following relation

The model requires a C0 continuity for in-plane displacements and rotations u0 ,

third-order plate theory, where indices (i ¼ 1,2,3,4) define node number

the solutions are of the type

According to Equations cited above, the equation of motion of free vibration of

where q is the vector of generalized amplitudes, x the natural frequency.

where Np are number of points, tl and wpl are weights

Numerical results and discussion

Figure 3. Orientation of the parabolic fibers.

4 80 36.462 68.798 74.911 77.373 87.311

4 80 134.253 173.35 186.145 214.784 134.253

7 0,50 0,22 1,16 3,26 0,52

Layers Source 2 4 5 10 12.5 20 25 50 100

p-FEM-HSDT HSDT FEM-HSDTa FEM-HSDTb p-FEM-HSDT HSDT FEM-HSDTa FEM-HSDTb

[<0 þ 45,0 þ 45>,<0–45,0–45>,<0 þ 45,0 þ 45>, core, [<0–45,0–45>,<0 þ 45,

SSSS 1.2 Present 45.941 96.996 99.935 161.861 45.941

SSSS [<0,þ60>,<0,þ60>] 34.343 59.095 62.255 66.698 69.107

100 [<0,0>, Core, <0,0>] 141.514 215.602 359.538 458.578 510.360

100 [<0,0>, Core, <0,0>] 263.964 338.38 486.325 599.611 653.136

100 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 141.514 215.602 359.538 458.578 510.360

172.545 301.969 436.131 477.882 585.331.

Table 6 gives a comparison study of the first frequency parameters of SSSS

100 [<0,0>,<0,0>, Core, <0,0>,<0,0>] 263.964 338.38 486.325 599.611 653.136

Figure 4. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0,þT1>, core,

Figure 5. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0,þT1>, core,

Figure 6. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0,þT1>, core,

Figure 7. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0,þT1>, core,

Figure 8. Normalized cross-sections of the modes shapes of [<0, þT1>,[<0,þT1>, core,

Declaration of conflicting interests

Mww ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ2P2

Coefficients of the stiffness matrix [K]

Kvw ¼ KlþP2 ;qþ2P2

i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

Kww ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ2P2

i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

Kwhx ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ3P2

i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

Kwhy ¼ Klþ2P2 ;qþ4P2

i¼1 j¼1 m¼1 n¼1 k¼1

Khxhx ¼ Klþ3P2 ;qþ3P2

Table A1. The first 21 hierarchical shapes function.

7 f7 ðnÞ ¼ sinð5pxÞ g7 ðnÞ ¼ sinð3p nÞ 3pn n2 

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7 f7 ðnÞ ¼ sinð5pxÞ g7 ðnÞ ¼ sinð3p nÞ 3pn n2