FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

BME 322 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION II

LABORATORY REPORT

RESPİRATORY CYCLE 1

Student Name: Naz Pulat

Student ID: 216BM2042
Lab Section: 01
Date the experiment: 15/03/2019
Date the submission: 29/03/2019
OBJECTIVE
In this experiment, first we studied durations and breating rate and secondly we studied
amplitudes and temperature difference of conditions like hyperventilation, hypoventilation, cough
and read alond.

THEORY
The two lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system.
Other components of the respiratory system conduct air to the lungs,
such as the trachea (windpipe) which branches into smaller
structures called bronchi. The process of breathing (respiration) is
divided into two distinct phases, inspiration (inhalation) and
expiration (exhalation). During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts
and pulls downward while the muscles between the ribs contract and
pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and
decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the
lungs. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of
the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases.
As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.[1]
Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of
carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs
between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries,
which are located in the walls of the alveoli. The walls of the alveoli actually
share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide
move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen
molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the
same time, the carbon dioxide molecules in the alveoli are blown out of the
body with the next exhalation. [2]
Hyperventilation is a condition in which you start to breathe very fast. Healthy breathing occurs
with a healthy balance between breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. You upset
this balance when you hyperventilate by exhaling more than you inhale. This causes a rapid
reduction in carbon dioxide in the body. Low carbon dioxide levels lead to narrowing of the blood
vessels that supply blood to the brain. This reduction in blood supply to the brain leads to
symptoms like lightheadedness and tingling in the fingers. Severe hyperventilation can lead to
loss of consciousness. [3]
Hypoventilation is the state in which a reduced amount of air enters the alveoli in the lungs,
resulting in decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Hypoventilation can be due to breathing that is too shallow (hypopnea) or too slow (bradypnea),
or to diminished lung function. The opposite of hypoventilation is hyperventilation (overbreathing).
[4]
A pneumograph, also known as a pneumatograph or spirograph, is a device for recording velocity
and force of chest movements during respiration. [5]
METHOD
First of all we connected cables to BIOPAC system;
 Respiratory Transducer to Channel 1,
 Temperature Transducer to Channel 2.
We attached the Respiratory Transducer around the subject’s chest and Temperature
Transducer under Subject’s nostril.
For the calibration, subject remain relaxed, seated position and breathing normally through nose.
After calibration, we started to get our data as follows;
 Subject breathed normally through nose during the first 20 second,
 Subject hyperventilates for 30 second, breathing rapidly and deeply though mouth and
nose.
 Subject hypoventilates for 30 second, breathing normally though nose.
 Subject coughs once and after reads aloud from provided materials.
 Record until Subject has finished reading.

DATA AND CALCULATIONS

Subject Profile
Name: Zainab Sajjad Age: 22 Gender: Female Height: 169 cm Weight: 60 kg
A. Eupnea (Normal Breathing)
Table 8.1
Measurement Rate Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Mean
Inspiration Duration 1.66 1.77 2.65 2.027
40 Delta T
Expiration Duration 1.83 2.42 1.98 2.073
(sec)
Total Duration 3.3 4.03 4.37 3.9
40 BPM
Breathing Rate 18.293 15.306 13.187 15.595
(BPM)

B. Comparation of Ventilation Rates

Table 8.2
40 Delta T (sec) 40 BPM (BPM)
Rate Mean Mean
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3
Hyperventilation 0.64 0.65 0.76 0.683 93.75 92.31 78.947 88.336
Hypoventilation 2.18 2.2 2.91 2.43 27.523 27.272 20.618 23.471
Cough 1.22 49.180
Read Aloud 5.96 6.95 4.43 5.78 10.067 8.633 13.544 10.748
 C. Relative Ventilation Depths
Table 8.3
40 P-P (mV)
Depth Mean
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3
Eupnea 1.235 1.309 1.639 1.394
Hyperventilation 0.466 0.512 0.525 0.501
Hypoventilation 1.618 1.925 1.562 1.702
Cough 12.359

D. Association of Respiratory Depth and Temperature

Table 8.4
Measurement Eupnea Hyperventilation Hypoventilation
2 P-P (ƼC) 1.041 0.116 1.06
40 Delta T (sec) 1.75 0.27 1.078

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we measured the ventilation by recording its rate, duration, amplitude and
change of temperature; where each of these parameters gives information about ventilation
process. The pneumography transducer converts the change expansion, which is mechanical, to
electrical voltage. Also the temperature transducer gives information about temperature
waveform of breating in and out temperature coming from the outside and inside of the body. The
recordings of eupnea is the references for compare shown in Table 8.1. The breating rate interval
is 13-15 BPM and so our mean value is 15.595 BPM, little bit much more than average interval.
Hyperventilation durations are less than eupnea values because when a person hyperventilates
the rate of breathing is increased so the cycle number is increased. According to these cahnges
total duration is much lower and breathing rate is much higher. Hypoventilation is reverse of
hyperventilation, so decreased in breathing rate, decreased in cycle number, also total duration is
much higher and breating rate is much lower than hyperventilation. But our results is wrong
because we get the hypoventilation values right after the hyperventilation, we not waited the
return breathing normally. For the cough part we only saw the spike at the voltage waveform. For
the reading aloudly part the waveforms depending on difficulty and length of the word.
The depth of the conditions can be described as, for eupnea the mean value is 1.394 mV; we
wanted to see hyperventilation depth is much less and hypoventilation depth is much higher than
eupnea, for cough there has to be spike so maximum value has to be seen in cough part.
Because hyperventilation means cycles getting shorter and deeper, hypoventilation means cycles
getting longer and shallower.
The temperature changes proveides information about air flow. For hyperventilation the air stays
less in lungs so the temperature change (0.116 ƼC) is less than eupnea referance value (1.041
º∆C). For hypoventilation the air stays more in lungs so the temperature change (1.06 ∆ºC) is
more than eupnea referance value (1.041 ƼC).
The main reason of the breating is providing O2 and removing CO2 from tissues and body. While
breathing inside (inhalation) volume of lung is increased and while breathing out (exhalation)
volume of lung is decreased. The pH value of blood is changes in every inhalation and
exhalation, if CO2 level is increasing in lungs and tissues pH value is decreasing detected by
chemoreseptors, for homeostasis breathing rate must be increases. Also for the resting state
inhalation is in active and exhalation is in passive status, because of the pressure difference. For
the after exercise state inhalation (help with accessory muscles) and exhalation is in active
status, because of the pressure is much higher in lungs rather than atmosphere.

QUESTIONS
1. If the subject had held their breath immediately after hyperventilation and hypoventilation,
would the subject hold their breath longer after hyperventilation or hypoventilation? Why?
Subject would hold their breath longer after hyperventilation. Hyperventilation reduces the
level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide is the strongest stimulus for changes in
the respiratory cycle so the lower the level of carbon dioxide, the longer the duration of
apnea.

2. After a brief period of hyperventilation, “apnea vera” occurs.

i. Define hyperventilation.
Hyperventilation is when there is increased movement of air in and out of the lungs with the effect
of reducing carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Mechanically, hyperventilation is effected by
increasing rate or depth or both.

ii. Define apnea vera.

Apnea vera is the temporary cessation of breathing after hyperventilation.

iii. Describe the feedback loop causing apnea vera.

Carbon dioxide levels are reduced so that the chemoreceptors reduce their input to the respiratory
center in the medulla.

3.
i. What changes occur in the body with hypoventilation?
In hypoventilation, carbon dioxide levels rise due to the metabolic activities of the cells. This rise in
carbon dioxide levels (and accompanying lowering of pH) is sensed by chemoreceptors. Their input
overrides the conscious effort to breathe shallowly and slowly, effecting increased depth of
respiration.

ii. How does the body adjust rate and depth of ventilation to counteract the effects of
hypoventilation?
Increased depth, and while carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high, increased rate.

4. In which part of the respiratory cycle is temperature:

Highest? Expiration Lowest? Inspiration

Explain why the temperature varies with the respiratory cycle.

The air is warmed as it passes through the respiratory passages. Air that has been within the
alveoli for some time will have equilibrated to the core body temperature.

5. Describe or define cough in terms of modification of the breathing cycle.

Coughing is an active, quick, and forced expiratory effort.

6. What modifications of the breathing cycle occur when reading aloud? Why?
 In order to talk, the expiratory airflow rate has to be modulated so that the airflow through the
larynx can cause sound vibrations. (The sound is then “shaped” by the upper passages, e.g.,
mouth, tongue, and lips.)

7. Refer to Table 8.1 data: During eupnea, did the subject inspire immediately after the end
of expiration or was there a pause? Explain the stimulus and mechanism to initiate
inspiration.
There may be a pause during resting, normal breathing. The rhythm of quiet breathing is due to the
rhythmical activity of the respiratory center in the brain. When the inspiratory neurons fire, the
inspiratory muscles contract. When the inspiratory neurons stop firing, the inspiratory muscles relax
and exhalation occurs as a passive process. Expiration or the breath out can end before inspiration
is initiated by the inspiratory center.

8. Referring to Table 8.3 data: Are there differences in the relative ventilation depths?
Yes, ventilation is defined as volume of air/time, so students can affect the volume of air by
changing depth and/or they can change the timing or rate to achieve hyperventilation or
hypoventilation.

REFERENCES
[1] https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000018.htm
[2] https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm
[3] https://www.healthline.com/symptom/hyperventilation

[4] https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=32266

[5] http://www.wikizeroo.net/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUG5ldW1vZ3JhcGg