Final Thesis On Air Conditioning PDF

Project on Design of air conditioning system for Patient room in Jimma hospital 2015
Date 15/10/2007
DECLARATION
To: School of Mechanical Engineering
Jimma Institute of Technology
Jimma Universty
We hereby declare that the research paper titled by Design of Air conditioning system for Jimma hospital
submitted by us is based on actual and original work carried out by us. Any reference to work done by
any other person or institution or any material obtained from other sources have been duly cited and
referenced. We further certify that the research paper has not been published or submitted for publication
anywhere else nor it will be send for publication in the future.
Advisor’s Name: Mr. Wassihun Diriba Examiner Name: Mr. Dawit Kebede
_____________ ______________
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Acknowledgment
Above all, we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty God for giving
us the patience, courage and strength during our study.
Our special thanks and appreciations goes to our advisor, Mr. Wassihun Diriba for his providing
us with the opportunity to study the different forms of air conditioning system, exceptional
guidance and insightful comments and observations throughout the duration of this project.
We are also greatly indebted to express our sincere gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to
Biomedical Engineer Dawit and Medical doctor Wengel Tena for whole hearted and innovate
guidance and persistent encouragement during the period of thesis work.
Finally, we also express sincere thanks to Department of Mechanical Engineering and also
the other staff members of Department of Mechanical Engineering, for providing the necessary
facilities for the project work.
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Abstract
Nowadays every competition in technologies is to make life easier and comfortable to human
beings. Central air conditioning is more reliable for easy operation with a lower maintenance cost.
The effective design of central air conditioning can provide lower power consumption, capital cost
and improve aesthetics of a building.
An air conditioner is system designed to extract heat and humidity from an area using vapor refrigeration
cycle. Temperature and humidity have a significant affect of human comfort and health in Jimma Hospital
patient room. Heat related stress can result in increased fatigue, caused by increases heart rate, blood
pressure, sweat production, dehydration and collapse the body becomes increasingly devoted to remaining
cool, resulting in a reduced capacity for physical and mental work.
In an effort to remedy of air conditioning problems, we have designed an air conditioning system which is
comfortable for human at dry bulb temperature 20 and relative humidity 50%. This project contains
data collection, load calculation and duct design. All information required to design an air conditioning
system for Jimma hospitals patient room has obtained including wall and floor materials, population data,
appliance and equipment characteristics. By using this data the expected cooling loads are calculated.
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Table of Content
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... II
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ III
Table of Content .......................................................................................................................................... IV
List of Table ................................................................................................................................................. VII
List of Figure ................................................................................................................................................ VII
Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................................ VIII
List of Constants ............................................................................................................................................ X
Chapter 1....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.4.2 Specific Objective ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Expected Outcome .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.7 Scope of the project ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.8 Limitation of the Project ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.8 Organization of the Project ............................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Historical Background of Air conditioning ........................................................................................ 11
2.2 Air conditioning systems ................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Air conditioning system for Hospitals ........................................................................................ 12
2.3 Types of Air-Conditioning Systems ................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 All air systems: ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 All water systems: ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Air-water systems: ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.4 Unitary refrigerant based systems: ............................................................................................ 17
2.4 Application of Air Conditioning System ............................................................................................ 17
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2.4.1. Industrial Air Conditioning ........................................................................................................ 18

2.4.2. Comfort Air-Conditioning .......................................................................................................... 18
2.5 Indoor Design Conditions and Thermal Comfort .............................................................................. 19
2.6 Duct System ...................................................................................................................................... 19
2.6.1 Duct Components ...................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.2 Duct Classification ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Ductwork Pressure Drop ................................................................................................................... 21
2.8 Duct Materials ................................................................................................................................... 22
2.8.1 Metallic Ducts ............................................................................................................................ 22
2.8.2 Non Metallic ducts ..................................................................................................................... 23
2.9 Pump ................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.10 Fan................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.11 Water cooling coil ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.12 Working Principle of Air conditioning system................................................................................. 25
2.12.1 Simple air conditioning ............................................................................................................ 25
2.12.2 Large air conditioning systems................................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 28
The Thermo Physical Properties of Building Materials and Terminology ................................................... 28
3.1 The Thermo Physical Properties of Building Materials ..................................................................... 28
3.2 Building Materials ............................................................................................................................. 29
3.2.1 Roof and Ceiling Materials ......................................................................................................... 29
3.2.2 Wall Materials ............................................................................................................................ 29
3.2.3 Floor and Floor Finishing Materials............................................................................................ 30
3.2.4 Windows and Doors ................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Terminology ...................................................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Cooling Load calculation and Duct Design .................................................................................................. 37
4.1 Data gathered from Jimma Hospital ................................................................................................. 37
4.2 Internal Load Calculation for Each room .......................................................................................... 38
4.3 External Load Calculation for Each room .......................................................................................... 46
4.4 Duct Layout and Design .................................................................................................................... 54
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4.4.1 Duct Shapes................................................................................................................................ 55

4.4.2 Layout of the duct and size determination ................................................................................ 56
4.5 Total Pressure Loss of duct ............................................................................................................... 60
4.6 Return air duct design ....................................................................................................................... 66
4.7 Fan..................................................................................................................................................... 68
4.8 Dampers ............................................................................................................................................ 68
4.9 Air Cleaning and Filtration ................................................................................................................ 69
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 70
Cost Analysis and Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 70
5.1 Cost Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 70
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 72
Recommendation........................................................................................................................................ 74
References .................................................................................................................................................. 75
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List of Table
Table 1 the data gathered from Jimma hospital………………………………………………….37
Table 2 costs of the equipment’s used…………………………………………………………...71
List of Figure
Fig 1 Layout of the patient room under our design consideration…………..………………….38
Fig 2 Intensive care unit..……………………………………………………..……….…..……39
Fig 3 Recovery room………………………………………………………….……...………...41
Fig 4 Operational room 1…………………………………………………….……...…………42
Fig 5 Operational room 2…………………………………………………….…………...........43
Fig 6 Operation room 3……………………...……………………………………………………….44
Fig 7 Jimma Hospital layout of supply and return duct…………………………….………….55

Fig 8 Layout of the supply duct………………………………………………………………..56
Fig 9 Return Air duct…………………………………………………………….…………….67
Fig 10 Layout of the air conditioning system with part drawings…………….……………….69
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Nomenclature
Density ρ
Mass flow rate ma
Volume va
flow rate Q,
Specific Enthalpy h
Specific heat q
Specific heat capacity of air Cp
Temperature T
Specific humidity W
Relative humidity ᶲ
Dynamic loss coefficients Cu-b,exit,elbow
Power P
Gravity g
Height H
Pressure ∆P
Velocity V
Specific volume ν
Diameter D
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Mass in filtration Minf
Area A
Effective temperature difference ETD
Over all heat transfer coefficient U
Energy E
Sensible heats due to occupant
latent heats due to occupant
the sensible heat gain SHG
Load due to appliance Qs,app
Load due to Lightening Qs
rated input of electric lights Wlamp
ratio of wattage in use to installation wattage Fusl
indicates an allowance factor for light fixtures Fal
latent heat gain LHG
total sensible and latent heat gain Qs total
Relative humidity RH
Room Sensible Heat Factor RSHF
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List of Constants
U-value for brick 2 W/m2k
U-value for sheet metal 7.8 W/m2k
U-value for glass 3.12 W/m2k
U-value for concrete and iron 0.2
Solar heat gain of glass 300
Internal shading coefficient (SC) 1
Density of hollow block concrete 1920kg/m3
Conductance of hollow block concrete 1.23w/m2k
Thermal conductivity hollow block concrete 1.73w/mk
Specific heat concrete and iron 0.88kj/kgk
Density concrete and iron 1920kg/m3
Thermal conductivity of concrete and iron 1.73w/mk
Specific heat hard wood 2.39kj/kgk
Density of hard wood 720kg/m3
Thermal conductivity of hard wood 0.158w/mk
Specific heat of glass 0.84kj/kgk
Density of glass 2700kg/m3
Thermal conductivity of glass 0.78w/mk
Sensible heat gain ((SHG) 155
Latent heat gain (LHG) 245
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Allowance factor 1.2
Ratio of wattage 0.25
Density of dry air 1.153 kg/m3
Sensible heat gain factor (SHGF) 300
Dynamic loss coefficient for upstream to downstream 0.3
Dynamic loss coefficient for upstream to branch 0.8
Dynamic loss coefficient for the elbow 0.3
Dynamic loss coefficient for exit 0.6
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Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Nowadays every competition in technologies is to make life easier and comfortable to human
beings. The balance between thermal comfort and air quality in healthcare facilities to optimize
the indoor air quality is the main aim of this paper. Comfort does not come easily since the
desires of the human body and the weather usually are not compatible. Achieving comfort
requires a constant struggle against the factors that cause discomfort, such as high or low
temperature and high or low humidity. As an engineer, it is our duty to help people feel
comfortable and healthy. Especially in health care stations or hospitals in our country lack of Air
conditioning systems is widely observed problem. Hospital air conditioning assumes more than
just comfort. [1][2]
The basic science of air conditioning has been known for many years. Air conditioning is a
branch of engineering science which deals with the study of conditioning of air i.e. supplying
and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric conditions for human comfort, irrespective of
external conditions.[17]
This project, in its broad sense, also deals with the conditioning of air for Patient rooms
specifically; intensive care unit, Recovery and operational rooms with its load estimation in
Jimma hospital. The specified locations are very critical and many people will die through cross
contamination and different infection which it can be controlled by the air conditioning system
significantly. The construction of air conditioning system for health facilities presents many
precautions not encountered in the usual comfort air conditioning systems.
Air conditioning implies a great deal more than only temperature control. Beside this, four
atmospheric conditions affects the human comfort, those are temperature of the surrounding air,
humidity of air, air purity, and air movement. Based on this air-conditioning is a process of
producing air, controlling, simultaneously its temperature, humidity cleanliness and distribution
for the fulfillment of required condition of the confined space. True air-conditioning system
implies that all four of these atmospheric conditions for human comfort are being met.[2]
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1.2 Background
As pioneer of cooling and air conditioning Willis Carrier (1876-1950) noted “Development of air
conditioning is the natural outgrowth of excessively detailed, intelligent minds aiming towards
improvement.” We already know that the driving force for the development of ventilation was
the fact that indoor air quality affects both comfort and health.[17][5]
Ensuring asepsis to prevent postoperative infections in surgery has been an established practice
since the end of the 19th century. When HVACs (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning
system) were first installed, about 1960, it was endeavored to also incorporate the air into the
concept of surgical asepsis. At that time air-conditioning systems were still uncommon and,
indeed if it all present, they were even sometimes the cause of aerogenic infections. [19]
People realized that not only fresh air volume has an influence on their comfort. They started to
look for different ways of controlling other factors in order to become independent of the
external environment. That’s how air conditioning was born as a science. Its principle is to
control temperature, humidity, purity and motion of air in an enclosed space independently of
outdoor conditions. The quest for comfort is probably as old as the human race. Fire was used for
warmth at least100 000 years ago and perhaps before that.[3]
The beginning of comfort cooling is buried in obscurity; we have to rely on written records for
the history of cooling. Since there was no mechanical refrigeration before the 19th century, any
attempts to artificially cool the air would have used ice, snow, cold water or evaporative cooling.
One of the earliest records, the Bible, mentions “The coolness of snow in the heat of the
harvest.” There are other sporadic accounts of ancient peoples using ice or snow for cooling. For
example, the Roman Emperor Various Aviates ordered that mountain snow be brought and
formed in mounds in his garden so that the natural breezes might be cooled. An early method of
cooling air in India was to hang wet grass mats over windows where they cooled incoming air by
evaporation. [1]
Other examples, most unrecorded, are scattered across the centuries. However, not much was
done in the comfort cooling field until the 1800s.Tesla’s invention of the electric fan in 1882 was
considered a major innovation in helping people feel more comfortable during hot weather.
However, it obviously had limitations on effective cooling. At most, an electric fan makes the air
feel 7-8 degrees cooler by increasing convective heat transfer from the body. It was a logical step
for many people to place ice in front of the fan to provide additional cooling. Indeed, physicians
used steam- powered fans and over 20 tons of ice to cool American President James A.
Garfield’s bedroom during the summer months of 1881.The development of air conditioning, as
we know it today, started with the birth of refrigeration. [16][19]
Early refrigeration plants often were used to make ice as an alternative to naturally harvested ice
from frozen lakes. Their machinery was driven by steam engines, hence used mostly in industrial
installations. One of the earliest successful vapor compression refrigeration machines was
developed by Charles Tellier in France. In the 1870s, important advances were made by David
Boyle who developed an ice machine using ammonia, and Raoul Pictet who developed one using
SO2.While comfort cooling was rarely applied to individual homes in the US before 1920, it was

a steadily growing industry serving commercial, cultural, and industrial markets. By 1911, air
conditioning proved itself to be of great economic value in “lithography, the manufacture of
candy, bread, high explosives and photographic films, and drying and preparing of delicate
hygroscopic materials such as macaroni and tobacco” according to Willis Carrier’s experience.
At that time control of indoor humidity started to be of major concern to several branches of
industry, thus resulting in the expansion of this science as a part of air conditioning engineering.
Air conditioning was used not only because of technological constraints, but it was also observed
that workers in such plants were often more comfortable, more productive, and less prone to
absenteeism. The first exposure to air conditioning for most Americans was in cinemas and
theatres during the 1920s and1930s. Without air conditioning, most theatres were closed during
summer months. Theatre operators found that they were able to recover the cost of their air
conditioning equipment in just one summer. After World War II, comfort air conditioning
became increasingly popular and affordable to the growing middle class. Advertising of air
conditioning systems moved from engineering and architectural trade journals to popular
magazines. Air conditioning was gaining wide acceptance and was on the path to becoming a
common appliance and not only a luxury. The first console coolers appeared as a fine piece of
furniture like a radio in the mid-1930s.[16][12][6]

1.3 Statement of the problem

Nowadays, use of air conditioning is common in hospitals, individual homes, offices, hotels,
theaters, marines, aircrafts, and large industries for different purposes like heating, ventilating,
air conditioning, and refrigerating (HVAC&R). Human being needs comfortable conditions such
as temperature and humidity and cleanliness of air in a space where they live and it highly relate
with human health. Currently in Ethiopia only few and newly constructed hospitals are having
HVAC systems. On the place this project aimed to be placed which is Jimma hospital, there is no
HVAC system even in critical sections like intensive central units instead the air is conditioned
by opening the window which is risks patients to death. Due to lack of the air conditioning
patients are suffering and cross contamination and infection is taking much life. This project
aimed to work on Intensive care unit, recovery and operation rooms since the patients located in
this room are in need of a lot care and conditioned air to survive the environment unless their life
will be in danger. Most of Ethiopian hospitals do not consider the standard working environment,
number of patient, occupants, energy consumption and geographical whether condition when
they design the hospital room. Although the problem arises due to the above reasons, depend on
the size of the rooms specified above and makeup of the building, the project aimed to design the
load estimation, select the fun and AC system with the duct layout and design for the intensive
care unit, recovery and operation rooms in Jimma hospital.

1.4 Objective
1.4.1 General Objective
The general objective of the project is to design air conditioning system for Jimma hospital to
selected rooms like intensive care unit, recovery and operational rooms as per the rooms’
requirement. This project addresses the main preferable air condition for occupant in each
specified patient room.
1.4.2 Specific Objective

The focus areas of this project will be;
 To design air conditioner particularly for the intensive care unit, recovery and operation
rooms in Jimma hospital.
 To calculate and design the best HVAC system based on sensible and latent heat load
and power consumption and other detailed criteria including the duct design and layout,
from the detailed building information, location, site and weather data acquired.
 To engages in the engineering design process to complete a team challenge designing of

air conditioner for hospitals.
 To construct the model of HVAC system and sketching part drawings using software
like catia.

1.5 Research Methodology

To attain our stated objectives the following methodology has been followed. Literature review
has been done to have a more detailed background and theoretical knowledge regarding air
conditioning parameters, load estimation and duct design. Biomedical engineer and Medical
doctors of the hospital have been interviewed about the condition of air required to each section
and the appliances or machineries used in the sections under our project area.
As primary data source observation, measuring the selected sections of the hospital which is
intensive care unit, recovery and operation rooms as well as recording the size, material it made
of and air conditions. In addition to this data have been gathered from Jimma metrology agency
(data 2015) for the dry bulb temperature and humidity of the outside condition, different
engineering data books and review of literatures are used as a secondary data source. After
studying the data and studies subsequently, the problem faced on the hospital is identified. The
air conditioning systems selection and load calculations and duct design are selected to be
studied. Tools including Psychometric chart or diagram, ASHREE standards are used.

1.6 Expected Outcome

Installing an Air conditioning system for the intensive care unit, recovery and operation room in
Jimma hospital with accurate and effective load estimation and duct design is the expected
outcome of the project. After applying the project on Jimma Hospital and show the expected
outcome with economical feasibility, then spread to all over the country’s health care center.
This project considers medical and the engineering science together to care for the comfort and
health of the occupants. After the project become successful patients life will be saved from
sudden death due to infection and cross contamination due to the movement and condition of the
air will have comfortable working and treatment area.

1.7 Scope of the project

This project covers only design of air conditioning system for Jimma Hospital patient
room. The project is concentrating on load estimation of patient room and duct design. The
project is not cover how to design compressor, condenser, expansion valve, thermostat, tubes
(coil), filters, fan motors, blowers and other fittings. Its perfection is on Jimma area and the
condition, building and character of material familiar to this can be benefited from this project.

1.8 Limitation of the Project

There were so many difficulties while doing the project. Beginning from unavailability of
material, the concerned sectors of health care center managers and administrators including
owners for private health care centers did not give especial consideration or attention about the
air conditioning system. The necessity of the air conditioning system is not clearly stated and
controlled over the country. Quality control unit of health care centers are not working well to
have courage on saving patients life in using the system which is Air conditioning system.

1.8 Organization of the Project

The project contains five chapters out of which two are on literature review. The first chapter
covers the introduction part which deals with the background and objective of the project with its
scope and limitation. Chapter two is on literature review of design system of air conditioning. It
also covers different types and application of air conditioning system with in relation to hospital.
Chapter three deals with building construction material and its thermo physical property like;
density, thermal conductivity, specific heat. Parameters and their thermal effect on the building
are also included. The fourth chapter discusses the loading calculations and duct design. The fifth
chapter contains the cost analysis of the equipment’s, and at last recommendation and conclusion
with references used are forwarded.

CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
2.1 Historical Background of Air conditioning
As part of heating system using fans and coils, the first rudimentary ice system in the united
states, designed by Mckin, Mead and White was installed in New York City’s Madison square
Garden in 1880. The system delivered air at opening under the seats, in 1890s, a leading
consulting engineer in New York City, Alfred R. Wolf, and used ice at the outside air intake of
the heating and ventilating system in Carnegie Hall.[15]
Air conditioning system was first systematically developed by Willis H. carrier, who is
recognized as the father of air conditioning. In 1902, carrier discovered the relationship between
temperature and humidity and how to control them. In 1904, he developed the air washer, a
chamber installed with several bank of water sprays for air humidification and cleaning.[1]
The variable-air-volume (VAV) systems reduce the volume flow rate of supply air at reduced
loads instead of varying the supply air temperature as in constant–volume systems. These
systems were introduced in the early 1950s and gained wide acceptance after the energy crisis of
1973 as a result of their lower energy conception in comparison with constant volume system.
Because of the rapid development of space technology after the 1960s, air conditioning systems
for clean rooms were developed into sophisticated arrangements with extremely effective air
filters. Central air conditioning systems always will provide a more precisely controlled, healthy
and safe indoor environment for high-rise buildings, large commercial complexes, and precision
manufacturing areas. Ensuring asepsis to prevent postoperative infections in surgery has been an
established practice since the end of the 19th century. When HVACs (Heating, Ventilation and
Air conditioning system) were first installed, about 1960, it was endeavored to also incorporate
the air into the concept of surgical asepsis. At that time air-conditioning systems were still
uncommon and, indeed if it all present, they were even sometimes the cause of aerogenic
infections. [19]
2.2 Air conditioning systems

Air conditioning is a combined process that performs many functions simultaneously. It
conditions the air, transports it, and introduces to the conditioned space. It provides heating and
cooling from its central plant or rooftop units. It also controls and maintains the temperature,
humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential in a space within
predetermined limits for the comfort and health of the occupants of the conditioned space or for
the purpose of product processing.

The comfort of the human body depends primarily on three factors:-

a. (Dry bulb) temperature,
b. Relative humidity, and
c. Air motion.
The temperature of the environment is the single most important index of comfort. The relative
humidity has considerable effect on a comfort since it affects the amount of heat a body can
dissipates through evaporation. A relative humidity is a measure of airs ability to absorb more
moisture, high relative humidity slows down heat rejection by evaporation and low relative
humidity speeds it up.
2.2.1 Air conditioning system for Hospitals

Ventilation is used extensively in all types of healthcare premises to provide a safe and
comfortable environment for patients and staff. More specialized ventilation is provided in
primary patient treatment areas such as operating departments, critical care areas and isolation
units. It is also installed to ensure compliance with quality assurance of processed items in
pharmacy and sterile services departments, and to protect staff from harmful organisms and toxic
substances. The sophistication of ventilation in healthcare premises is increasing. Patients and
staff have a right to expect that it will be designed, installed, operated and maintained to
standards that will enable it to fulfill its desired functions reliably and safely.
2.3 Types of Air-Conditioning Systems

In institutional, commercial, and residential buildings, air-conditioning systems are mainly for
the occupants’ health and comfort. They are often called comfort air conditioning systems. In
manufacturing buildings, air-conditioning systems are provided for product processing, or for the
health and comfort of workers as well as processing, and are called processing air-conditioning
systems.
Based on the fluid media used in the thermal distribution system, air conditioning
systems can be classified as:
1) All air systems

2) All water systems
3) Air- water systems
4) Unitary refrigerant based systems
2.3.1 All air systems:

As the name implies, in an all air system air is used as the media that transports energy from the
conditioned space to the air conditioning plant. In these systems air is processed in the air
conditioning plant and this processed air is then conveyed to the conditioned space through
insulated ducts using blowers and fans. This air extracts (or supplies in case of winter) the
required amount of sensible and latent heat from the conditioned space. The return air from the
conditioned space is conveyed back to the plant, where it again undergoes the required

processing thus completing the cycle. No additional processing of air is required in the
conditioned space.
All air systems can be further classified into:
1) Single duct systems, or

2) Dual duct systems
The single duct systems can provide either cooling or heating using the same duct, but not both
heating and cooling simultaneously. These systems can be further classified into:
a) Constant volume, single zone systems

b) Constant volume, multiple zone systems
c) Variable volume systems
The dual duct systems can provide both cooling and heating simultaneously. These systems can
be further classified into:
I. Dual duct, constant volume systems

II. Dual duct variable volume systems
A. Single duct, constant volume, single zone systems:
Outdoor air for ventilation and recalculated air are mixed in the required proportions using the
dampers and the mixed air is made to flow through a cooling and dehumidifying coil, a heating
coil and a humidifier using an insulated ducting and a supply fan. As the air flows through these
coils the temperature and moisture content of the air are brought to the required values. Then this
air is supplied to the conditioned space, where it meets the building cooling or heating
requirements. The return air leaves the conditioned space, a part of it is re circulates and the
remaining part is vented to the atmosphere.
A thermostat senses the temperature of air in the conditioned space and controls the amount of
cooling or heating provided in the coils so that the supply air temperature can be controlled as
per requirement. A humidistat measures the humidity ratio in the conditioned space and controls
the amount of water vapor added in the humidifier and hence the supply air humidity ratio as per
requirement.
This system is called as a single duct system as there is only one supply duct, through which
either hot air or cold air flows, but not both simultaneously. It is called as a constant
volume system as the volumetric flow rate of supply air is always maintained constant. It is a
single zone system as the control is based on temperature and humidity ratio measured at a single
point. Here a zone refers to a space controlled by one thermostat. However, the single zone may
consist of a single room or one floor or whole of a building consisting of several rooms. The
cooling/heating capacity in the single zone, constant volume systems is regulated by regulating

the supply air temperature and humidity ratio, while keeping the supply airflow rate constant. A
separate subsystem controls the amount of outdoor air supplied by controlling the damper
position.
Since a single zone system is controlled by a single thermostat and humidistat, it is

important to locate these sensor sin a proper location, so that they are indicative of zone
conditions. The supply air conditions are controlled by either coil control or face-and
bypass control.
In coil control, supply air temperature is controlled by varying the flow rate of cold and hot water
in the cooling and heating coils, respectively. As the cooling season gradually changes to heating
season, the cooling coil valve is gradually closed and heating coil valve is opened. Though coil
control is simpler, using this type of control it is not possible to control the zone humidity
precisely as the dehumidification rate in the cooling coil decreases with cold water flow rate.
Thus at low cold water flow rates, the humidity ratio of the conditioned space is likely to be
higher than required.
Applications of single duct, single zone, constant volume systems:
 Spaces with uniform loads, such as large open areas with small external loads. E.g.
theatres, auditoria, departmental stores.
 Spaces requiring precision control such as laboratories The Multiple, single zone
systems can be used in large buildings such as factories, office buildings etc.
For our project we have selected Single duct, constant volume, single zone systems.
B. Single duct, constant volume, multiple zone systems:
For very large buildings with several zones of different cooling/heating requirements, it is not
economically feasible to provide separate single zone systems for each zone. For such cases,
multiple zone systems are suitable. A constant volume of this air is supplied to the reheat
coil of each zone. In the reheat coil the supply air temperature is increased further to a required
level depending upon the load on that particular zone. This is achieved by a zone thermostat,
which controls the amount of reheat, and hence the supply air temperature. The reheat coil may
run on either electricity or hot water.
C. Single duct, variable air volume (VAV) systems:
Air is cooled and dehumidified to a required level in the cooling and dehumidifying coil (CC) A
variable volume of this air is supplied to each zone. The amount of air supplied to each zone is
controlled by a zone damper, which in turn is controlled by that zone thermostat as shown in the
figure. Thus the temperature of supply air to each zone remains constant, whereas its flow rate
varies depending upon the load on that particular zone.

I. Dual duct, constant volume systems
A dual duct system the supply air fan splits the flow into two streams. The cold and hot streams flow
through separate ducts. Before each conditioned space or zone, the cold and hot air streams are mixed
in required proportions using a mixing box arrangement, which is controlled by the zone
thermostat. The total volume of air supplied to each zone remains constant.
II, Dual duct, variable air volume systems
These systems are similar to dual duct, constant volume systems with the only difference
that instead of maintaining constant flow rates to each zone, the mixing boxes reduce the
air flow rate as the load on the zone drops.
Outdoor air control in all air systems:
Outdoor air is required for ventilation purposes. In all air systems, a sub-system controls the
amount of outdoor air by controlling the position of exhaust, re-circulated and outdoor air
dampers. From mass balance, since the outdoor airflow rate should normally be equal to
the exhaust airflow rate (unless building pressurization or depressurization is required), both
the exhaust and outdoor air dampers open or close in unison. Again from mass balance, when the
outdoor air damper opens, the re-circulated air damper closes, and vice versa.
Applications of all air systems:
All air systems can be used in both comfort as well as industrial air conditioning
applications. They are especially suited to buildings that require individual control of multiple
zones, such as office buildings, classrooms, laboratories, hospitals, hotels, library, ships etc.
They are also used extensively in applications that require very close control of the conditions in
the conditioned space such as clean rooms, computer rooms, operation theatres, research
facilities etc.
2.3.2 All water systems:

In all water systems the fluid used in the thermal distribution system is water, i.e., water
transports energy between the conditioned space and the air conditioning plant. When cooling is
required in the conditioned space then cold water is circulated between the conditioned space and
the plant, while hot water is circulated through the distribution system when heating is required.
Since only water is transported to the conditioned space, provision must be there for supplying
required amount of treated, outdoor air to the conditioned space for ventilation purposes.
Heat transfer between the cold/hot water and the conditioned space takes place either by
convection, conduction or radiation or a combination of these. The cold/hot water may flow
through bare pipes located in the conditioned space or one of the following equipment can
be used for transferring heat:

a. Fan coil units

b. Convectors
c. Radiators etc.
A fan coil unit is located inside the conditioned space and consists of an eating and/or cooling
coil, a fan, air filter, drain tray and controls. The cold water circulates through the finned tube
coil while the blower draws warm air from the conditioned space and blows it over the cooling
coil. As the air flows through the cooling coil it is cooled and dehumidified. The cold and
dehumidified air is supplied to the conditioned space for providing required conditions inside the
conditioned space. The water condensed due to dehumidification of room air has to be drained
continuously. A cleanable or replaceable filter is located in the upstream of the fan to
prevent dust accumulation on the cooling coil and also to protect the fan and motor from dust.
In some designs, the fan coil unit also consists of a heating coil, which could be in the form of an
electric heater or steam or hot water coil. A convector consists of a finned tube coil through
which hot or cold fluid flows. Heat transfer between the coil and surrounding air takes place
by natural convection only; hence no fans are used for moving air.
Convectors are very widely used for heating applications, and very rarely are used for cooling
applications. In a radiator, the heat transfer between the coil and the surrounding air is
primarily by radiation. Some amount of heat is also transferred by natural convection.
Radiators are widely used for heating applications, however, in recent times they are also being
used for cooling applications.
Applications of all water systems:
All water systems using fan coil units are most suitable in buildings requiring individual room
control, such as hotels, apartment buildings and office buildings.
2.3.3 Air-water systems:

In air-water systems both air and water are used for providing required conditions in the
conditioned space. The air and water are cooled or heated in a central plant. The air supplied to
the conditioned space from the central plant is called as primary a ir, while the water supplied
from the plant is called as secondary water. The complete system consists of a central plant for
cooling or heating of water and air, ducting system with fans for conveying air, water
pipelines and pumps for conveying water and a room terminal.
The room terminal may be in the form of a fan coil unit, an induction unit or a radiation panel.
Even though only one conditioned space is shown in the schematic, in actual systems, the air-
water systems can simultaneously serve several conditioned spaces.
Normally a constant volume of primary air is supplied to each zone depending upon the
ventilation requirement and the required sensible cooling capacity at maximum building load.

For summer air conditioning, the primary air is cooled and dehumidified in the central
plant, so that it can offset the entire building latent load.
Applications of air-water systems:
These systems are mainly used in exterior buildings with large sensible loads and where
close control of humidity in the conditioned space is not required. These systems are thus
suitable for office buildings, hospitals, schools, hotels, apartments etc.
2.3.4 Unitary refrigerant based systems:

Unitary refrigerant based systems consist of several separate air conditioning units with
individual refrigeration systems. These systems are factory assembled and tested as per standard
specifications, and are available in the form of package units of varying capacity and type. Each
package consists of refrigeration and/or heating units with fans, filters, controls etc. Depending
upon the requirement these are available in the form of window air conditioners, split air
conditioners, heat pumps, and duct able systems with air cooled or water cooled condensing units
etc. As the name implies, these units are normally mounted either in the window sill or through
the wall. As shown in the figure, this type of unit consists of single package which includes the
cooling and dehumidification coil, condenser coil, a hermetic compressor, expansion
device (capillary tube), condenser fan, evaporator fan, room air filter and controls. Sometimes, in
addition to the on-and-off, the fan speed can also be regulated to have a modular control of
capacity. It is also possible to switch off the refrigeration system.
Applications of unitary refrigerant based systems:
Unitary refrigerant based systems are used where stringent control of conditioned space
temperature and humidity is not required and where the initial cost should be low with a small
lead time. These systems can be used for air conditioning individual rooms to large office
buildings, classrooms, hotels, shopping centers, nursing homes etc. These systems are
especially suited for existing building with a limitation on available floor space for air
conditioning systems.
2.4 Application of Air Conditioning System

Air conditioning is required for improving process and material apart from comfort air
conditioning required for comfort of person. The life and efficiency of electronic device increase
at lower temperature. Computer and microprocessor based equipment also require air
conditioning for their efficient operation. Modern electronic equipment with very large scale
integrated chips dissipated relatively large quantities of energy in small volume. As a result,
unless the cooling is provided, the chip temperature can become extremely high.
As the computing power increases, more and more cooling will be required in small
volume. Some super computer required liquid nitrogen for cooling.

Air conditioning application can be divided in to two categories. Those are:-
1) Industrial air conditioning and

2) Comfort air conditioning.
2.4.1. Industrial Air Conditioning

The main purpose of industrial air conditioning systems is to provide conducive condition
so that the required process can be carried out and required product can be produced.
Of course the industrial air conditioning system must also provide the partial measure of
comfort to people working in the industries.
The following are application to name of few:
Laboratories:-This many involves precision measurement to performance testing of material,

equipment and process at controlled temperature and relative humidity. Laboratories carrying
out research in electronic and biotechnology areas require very clean atmosphere. Many
laboratories using high voltage like in lasers require very low humidity to avoid the sparking.
Printing: - Some color printing presses have one press for each color. The paper passes from
one press to another press. . The ink of one color must get dried before it reaches the second
press, so that the colors do not smudge. And the paper should not shrink, so that the picture does
not get distorted. This requires control over temperature as well humidity.
Manufacture of Precision Part:-If the metal parts are maintained at uniform temperature during
manufacturing process, these will neither expand nor shrink, maintaining close tolerances. A
lower relative humidity will prevent rust formation. A speck of dust in a switch or relay can
cause total or partial malfunction in spacecraft. The concept of Clean rooms has been introduced
for such Industries. In fact, all precision industries that use microprocessors require these clean
rooms.
Textile Industry: The yarn in the textile industry is spun and it over moves spools at
every high speeds in modern machines. It is very sensitive to humidity the generation of
electricity should be avoided. Its flexibility and strength should not change. If it breaks during
the process, the plant will have to be stopped and yarn repaired before restarting the plant.
2.4.2. Comfort Air-Conditioning

The air temperature, humidity and velocity at which human body does not have to take any extra
action, is called comfort condition. Energy of food is converted into chemical energy for
functioning of brain, lungs, heart and other organs and this energy is ultimately rejected to
the surroundings. Human beings do not feel comfortable if some extra effort is required by the
body to reject this energy.

The required cooling capacities vary widely depending upon the application. These systems use a
vapor compression refrigeration system with a sealed compressor and forced convection
type evaporators and condensers. The outdoor and indoor units are connected by refrigerant
piping. For medium sized buildings factory assembled package units are available, while for
very large buildings a central air conditioning system is used not affect the other persons.
This is specially so for the operation theatres and intensive care units. In these places no part of
the room air is re-circulated after conditioning by air conditioning system.
2.5 Indoor Design Conditions and Thermal Comfort

The indoor design conditions are directly related to human comfort. Current comfort standards,
ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 and ISO Standard 7730 specify a ―comfort zone,‖ representing the
optimal range and combinations of thermal factors (air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity,
humidity) and personal factors (clothing and activity level) with which at least 80% of the building
occupants are expected to express satisfaction. The environmental factors that affect the thermal
comfort of the occupants in an air-conditioned space are mainly:
a. Metabolic rate, expressed in met determines the amount of heat that must be released from the human
body and it depends ma inly on the intensity of the physical activity.
b. Indoor air temperature and mean radiant temperature, both in °c. Indoor air temperature affects
both the sensible heat exchange and evaporative losses, and means radiant temperature affects only
sensible heat exchange.
c. Relative humidity of the indoor air in %, which is the primary factor that influences evaporative heat
loss.
d. Air velocity of the indoor air in fpm, which affects the heat transfer coefficients and therefore the
sensible heat exchange and evaporative loss.
Indoor air quality and outdoor air requirements
According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 1989, the
causes of indoor air quality complaints in buildings are inadequate ventilation air.
There are three basic means of improving indoor air quality:
1 Eliminate or reduce the source of air pollution,
2 Enhance the efficiency of air filtration, and
3 Increase the ventilation (outdoor) air intake Indoor data gathering.
2.6 Duct System

Most air conditioning and heating systems require some form of duct work to channel or direct
the air to places where the conditioned air is needed. There are many types of ductwork available

and often times the ductwork can make a big difference in your utility bills. For that reason, it is
important that the ductwork is designed and installed correctly. A poor installation job will result
in poor performance, bad air flow, leaky duct systems, and higher than usual utility bills.
Another important factor in the installation process is to make sure the duct work is sized
properly. Over sizing systems cost more and does not maintain the desired air flow and
undersized duct work causes the system to strain mechanically and can be noisy.
Several issues must be considered in an effective design. A primary issue is the tradeoff between
the initial cost of the duct system and the energy cost of the air distribution system; larger ducts
require a larger initial investment, but result in lower fan energy costs over the life of the system.
Other issues include space available, noise level, capacity for expansion, appearance etc. It is
important that the air conditioning ductwork system be designed for the air conditioning load.
Each room or space of the facility should be evaluated and a determination of how much air flow
will be required to ensure that each room remains at a desirable and comfortable temperature.
2.6.1 Duct Components

Starting with the basics, let's start at the most elementary level by identifying components of a
duct system. A duct system is a network of round or rectangular tubes—generally constructed of
sheet metal, fiberglass board, or a flexible plastic and- wire composite—located within the walls,
floors, and ceilings. Usually, you can see only the outlet, which is a register covered with
grillwork.
The purpose of a duct system is to transmit air from the central air source to the air diffusers
located in the building control zones. Figure below shows a central heating furnace connected to
supply and return air ductwork. The furnace is connected to the air plenum at the starting point.
Furnace fan/s draw air in through grilles called returns and force air through the plenum and into
the conditioned space through supply registers.
2.6.2 Duct Classification

Duct systems are classified in terms of their application, velocity, and pressure.
Velocity Classification
Ducts are classified according to the velocity into 3 basic categories:
1. Low Velocity Duct Systems: Low-velocity ducts are characterized by air velocities in the
range of 400 to 2000 feet per minute (fpm).
2. Medium Velocity Duct Systems: Medium-velocity (MV) duct systems are characterized by air
velocities in the range of 2000 to 2500fpm.
3. High Velocity Duct Systems: High-velocity (HV) duct systems are characterized by air
velocities in the range of 2500 to 3500 fpm.
Pressure classification

Duct systems are also divided into three pressure classifications, matching the way supply fans
are classified. The pressures are total pressure and include all losses through the air source unit,
the supply ductwork, and the air terminals, return air grilles, and return ductwork.
The pressure classifications are:
 Low pressure
 Medium pressure
 High pressure
Velocity Classification versus Pressure classification
Generally it can be said that
 Duct strength, deflection and leakage are more functions of pressure than of velocity.
 Noise, vibration and friction loss are more related to velocity than to pressure.
2.7 Ductwork Pressure Drop

The duct designer needs to know what the total pressure loss is for a duct run in order to select
the proper size fan. The static pressure at the fan outlet must be equal to the resistance of the duct
system. The pressure losses of the air during its movement inside the ducts are of two types:
1. Friction Losses – occur due to fluid viscosity and turbulence in the flow through the ductwork
and occur along the entire length of the ductwork. The moving air is subjected to a certain
amount of resistance which inevitably turns into a load loss. This depends on
a. The nature and physical state of the air
b. Average speed
c. Duct dimensions
d. Roughness of the material
e. Length of the duct
For all constant-area straight duct sections, the static pressure losses are equivalent to the total
pressure losses.
2. Dynamic or turbulence losses result from flow disturbances caused by fittings that change the
airflow direction or area. The pressure losses increase more rapidly in the smaller cross-sectional
area ducts. When duct cross-sectional areas are reduced abruptly, both the velocity and velocity
pressure increase in the direction of airflow.
Total Pressure Loss

Pressure loss is the loss of total pressure in a duct or fitting. There are three important
observations that describe the benefits of using total pressure for duct calculation and testing
rather than using only static pressure:
1) Only total pressure in ductwork always drops in the direction of flow. Static or dynamic
pressures alone do not follow this rule.
2) The measurement of the energy level in an air stream is uniquely represented by total pressure
only. The pressure losses in a duct are represented by the combined potential and kinetic energy
transformation, i.e., the loss of total pressure.
3) The fan energy increases both static and dynamic pressure. Fan ratings based only on static
pressure are incorrect.
2.8 Duct Materials

Ducting may be categorized according to the materials of construction and are either metallic or
non-metallic ducts. The majority of ducts are constructed of metal and installed by tradesmen
called sheet metal workers. In fact, sheet metal use in HVAC is greater than all other materials
combined. The steel and aluminum used for ductwork is a "high achiever" in the 21st-century
move toward sustainable buildings because of the high recycling rates and cleanliness.
2.8.1 Metallic Ducts

A great majority of metallic ducts is made of galvanized steel. Next in popularity in metal ducts
is aluminum. Aluminum ducts are light in weight, but basic cost per pound is higher than
galvanized steel. Other metals used under special circumstances are copper and stainless steel
and non-metallic ducts may include glass fiber, compressed paper, plastic, cement-asbestos,
vitrified clay, and concrete.
Each material has characteristics that may favor its use in specialized applications. Sheet metal
has a number of advantages: It is made from recycled materials; it is non-combustible; it is the
sturdiest material; and it is the easiest to clean. Following is a list of key characteristic of duct
materials:
1. Galvanized Steel - Widely used as a duct material for most air handling systems; not
recommended for corrosive product handling or temperatures above 400ºF. Advantages include
high strength, rigidity, durability, rust resistance, availability, non-porosity, workability, and
weldability.
2. Carbon Steel (Black Iron) - Applications include flues, stacks, hoods, other high temperature
duct systems, and ducts requiring paint or special coating. Advantages include high strength,
rigidity, durability, availability, weldability, and non-porosity. Some limiting characteristics are
corrosion resistance and weight.
3. Aluminum - Aluminum ducting is most commonly used for clean room applications. These
are also preferred systems for moisture laden air, special exhaust systems and ornamental duct

systems. Some advantages include weight and resistance to moisture corrosion. Limiting
characteristics include low strength, material cost, weldability, and thermal expansion.
4. Stainless Steel - Used in duct systems for kitchen exhaust, moisture laden air, and fume
exhaust. Advantages include high resistance to corrosion from moisture and most chemicals and
the ability to take a high polish. Limiting characteristics include labor and material costs,
workability, and availability.
5. Copper - Copper applications include duct systems exposed to outside elements and moisture
laden air, certain chemical exhaust, and ornamental ductwork. Advantages are durability and
corrosion resistance and that it accepts solder readily and is nonmagnetic. Limiting
characteristics are cost, ductility, electrolysis, thermal expansion, and stains.
2.8.2 Non Metallic ducts

1. Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP): Applications include chemical exhaust, scrubbers, and
underground duct systems. Limiting characteristics include cost, weight, range of chemical and
physical properties, brittleness, fabrication (necessity of moulds and expertise in mixing basic
materials), and code acceptance. Fiberglass duct board is insulated and sealed as part of its
construction. Fiberglass duct board provides excellent sound attenuation, but its longevity is
highly dependent on its closure and fastening systems. Resistance to corrosion and ease of
modification are advantages of FRP. It is usually used to form rectangular supply and return
trunks, branches, and plenums, although it can be used for run outs as well.
2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Applications are exhaust systems for chemical fumes and
underground duct systems. Advantages include resistance to corrosion, weight, weldability, and
ease of modification. Limiting characteristics include cost, fabrication, code acceptance, thermal
shock, and weight.
3. Polyvinyl Steel (PVS): Applications include underground duct systems, moisture laden air,
and corrosive air systems. Some advantages are resistance to corrosion, weight, workability,
fabrication, and rigidity. Some limiting characteristics include temperature limitations (250ºF
maximum), weldability, code acceptance, and susceptibility to coating damage.
4. Flexible Nonmetallic Duct: Flexible or flex duct consists of a duct inner liner supported on
the inside by a helix wire coil and covered by blanket insulation with a flexible vapor-barrier
jacket on the outside. Flex duct is often used for run outs, with metal collars used to connect the
flexible duct to supply plenums, trunks, and branches constructed from sheet metal or duct
board. Flex duct is also commonly used as a return duct. Flex duct is factory-insulated and has
fewer duct connections and joints. However, these connections and joints must be mechanically
fastened using straps and sealed using mastic. Flex duct is easily torn, crushed, pinched, or
damaged during installation. It has the highest resistance to air flow. Consequently, if used, it
must be properly specified and installed.

Flex duct, which is used extensively in commercial construction, has more than 60% higher
pressure drop than galvanized metal duct of the same diameter. Flex duct runs should be limited
to six feet or less. When longer runs must be used, make sure the duct is well supported at five
foot intervals to minimize sag. Flex duct should be fully extended to minimize pressure drop.
5. Concrete: Concrete can be used for underground ducts and air shafts. Advantages include
compressive strength and corrosion resistance. Cost, weight, porosity, and fabrication (requires
forming processes) are some limiting characteristics.
6. Rigid Fibrous Glass: Fibrous glass ducts are fabricated from sheets of materials that have
been manufactured from resin bonded inert and inorganic glass fibers. A factory applied facing
(typically aluminum or reinforced aluminum) is applied to one face, and serves as a finish and a
vapor barrier. Fibrous glass air ducts have been limited to 2 in- WG pressure and below.
Advantages include weight, thermal insulation and vapor barrier, acoustical qualities, ease of
modification, and inexpensive tooling for fabrication. Limiting characteristics include cost,
susceptibility to damage, system pressure, and code acceptance.
2.9 Pump
Centrifugal pumps are the most widely used pumps for transporting chilled water, hot water, and
condenser water in HVAC&R systems because of their high efficiency and reliable operation.
Centrifugal pumps accelerate liquid and convert the velocity of the liquid to static head. A
typical centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating inside a spiral casing, a shaft,
mechanical seals and bearings on both ends of the shaft, suction inlets, and a discharge outlet.
The impeller can be single-stage or multistage. The vanes of the impeller are usually backward-
curved. Three types of centrifugal pumps are often used in water systems in HVAC&R; double
suction horizontal split-case, frame-mounted end suction, and vertical in-line pumps. Double-
suction horizontal split-case centrifugal pumps are the most widely used pumps in large central
hydraulic air conditioning systems.
2.10 Fan
A fan is the prime mover of an air system or ventilation system. It moves the air and provides
continuous airflow so that the conditioned air, space air, or outdoor air can be transported from
one location to another through air ducts or other air passages. A fan is driven by a motor
directly or via belt and pulleys. Some large industrial fans in power plants are driven by steam or
gas turbines. Two types of fans are widely used in air conditioning and ventilation systems:
centrifugal fans and axial fans. Fans can be mounted individually as ventilating equipment to
provide outdoor air or air movement inside a building. They can also transport air containing
dust particles or material from one place to another via duct systems. In air conditioning systems,

fans are often installed in air-handling units, packaged units, or other air conditioning equipment.
In both centrifugal fans and axial fans, the increase of air static pressure is created by the
conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure.
2.11 Water cooling coil

A water cooling coil uses chilled water as the coolant inside the tubes. The chilled cools or cools
and dehumidifies the moist air that flows over the external surface of the tubes and fins. To
maintain a higher rate of heat transfer, the air and water normally air meets the warmest water.
The water tubes are usually copper tubes of 13 to 16mm diameter with a thickness of 0.25 to 0.5
mm. they are spaced at center to center distance of 19 to 31mm longitudinally and 25 to 38mm
transversely.
2.12 Working Principle of Air conditioning system

The essential ingredients in an air conditioning system are a fan to blow air around, a cold
surface to cool and dehumidify the air, a warm surface and a source of water vapor. In a large
system there will also be a tangle of tubes to distribute the air and collect it again. How air
conditioning system works is described below from the simple air conditioning system to larger
system.
2.12.1 Simple air conditioning

A fan draws air from the room first through a cooling device, consisting of metal fins extending
from a pipe through which cooling fluid circulates, at a rate determined by the thermostat or by
the humidistat. The air next passes over a heater, usually electrical, which is energized on
instructions from the room thermostat. Air conditioning has in the past been used where the
climate is too hot for comfort. Cooling will increase the relative humidity of the air, so
humidification is not usually built into these systems. If it is necessary, the usual method is to
inject steam from electrically boiled water.
The cooling fluid used to be a chlorofluorocarbon compound, and often still is, though they all
more or less ravage the earth's ozone layer. The essential characteristics of these fluids is that
they have quite a low boiling point at atmospheric pressure and that they can stay in the pipes for
a long time without decomposing either themselves or the pipes. Finally they need to have some
lubricating ability, or the ability to carry a lubricant, because the fluid has to be compressed and
pumped round the system. This rare set of necessary properties has proved difficult to combine
with friendliness to the earth's atmosphere. The liquid is let into the cooling unit through a valve.
It evaporates while it passes through the pipe, taking heat from the air just as water evaporating
from a towel laid on your fevered brow cools. the minimum temperature at the cold surface can
be fixed by controlling the pressure in the cooling coil, with the valve. The reason for wanting to
limit the minimum temperature is to stop ice clogging the air passage. There are clever systems
which notice when ice has formed and hold a melting pause, but that adds to the cost. The
pressure controller is therefore set to make the cooling fluid boil at the lowest temperature that is
likely to be needed to control the humidity, but always over zero degrees. The temperature

needed for cooling is nearly always higher than that needed for dehumidification so it is the RH
setting that is decisive. The vapor that emerges through the pressure controller is gathered up by
a compressor. The compression also heats the gas, as will be understood by anyone who has
pumped up a cycle tire. The hot gas is then led away from the room, to be cooled down. This is
often done on the roof or in a small enclosure which vibrates to the roar of the fan blowing air
over the fins of a condenser. The cooled, now liquid coolant is piped back to the reservoir, ready
for its next tour through the room air conditioner.
The entire process described above is inefficient and uses electricity, which is itself produced by
inefficient conversion of heat energy. Such systems are therefore confined to small places where
the inefficiency is compensated by the generally high reliability and freedom from maintenance.
2.12.2 Large air conditioning systems

The principle of operation is the same as that of the small system described above except that the
cooling fluid is usually water, which has itself been cooled by the refrigeration system described
above. Large air conditioning system functions much like that described above, except that
chilled water is used to cool the air. Outside air is drawn in, filtered and heated before it passes
through the main air conditioning devices. The air is circulated through ducts, with a portion of
fresh air added. There is therefore a pre-heater, because the outside air may be below zero and
will therefore freeze the water in the cooling coil. A humidifier and various filters also have to be
added.
Putting together the entire system
There are many variations on the basic design sketched in this article. Most refinements are to
save energy. The ratio of recycled air to fresh air can be increased when the outside air has, by
chance, the right water content and temperature to push the room climate in the right direction.
This is called enthalpy control, to make common sense seem scientific. The heat generated in the
coolant condenser can be re-used in the heater, fed by re circulating hot water.
The amount of air circulating in the system is vastly more than that required for the inhabitants to
breath, to avoid carbon dioxide narcosis and to avoid smelling each other. Air is mainly used to
carry heat and moisture to all corners of the building. Since the heat capacity of air is rather
small, quite large amounts are needed to ensure the uniformity of temperature that is required by
the specification. Here is another example of the danger of specifying without adequate
understanding. If the building is old and uninsulated the heat loss through the outer walls will
force a large air circulation, which will in turn require large ducts or make a lot of noise. A leaky
building requires considerable moisture added in winter. The RH of the air leaving the
humidifier will then be rather high, with a risk that pathological microorganisms will thrive in
remote corners of the ducts. Fitting air conditioning into existing buildings is not easy.
Hospital Facilities
As, perfect air conditioning system is helpful in the prevention and treatment of disease, the
construction of air conditioning system for health facilities presents many precautions not
encountered in the usual comfort air conditioning systems.

Critical Care and Isolation Rooms

In the isolation rooms for infectious patients, the patient bed should be located close to the
extract ports. The infectious isolation rooms should be maintained at negative pressure. The
immune suppressed patients are highly susceptible to diseases.
Surgical Operating Rooms
Operating room air distribution systems that deliver air from the ceiling, with a downward
movement to several exhaust inlets located on opposite walls, is probably the most effective air
movement pattern,

CHAPTER 3
The Thermo Physical Properties of Building Materials and Terminology

3.1 The Thermo Physical Properties of Building Materials
In designing an energy efficient building, the first step is to understand the thermal
behavior of the building and materials used in the construction. The relationship between
building orientation and the apparent motion of the sun, the heat transfer characteristics
of building materials and the response of the building envelop to variation of the outdoor
climate are the basic thermal design factors to be considered when selecting building materials.
The thermal properties of materials which affect the rate of heat transfer in and out of a building
are:
 Thermal conductivity
 Surface characteristics with respect to radiation: absorptivity, reflectivity and emissivity
 Surface convective coefficient
 Heat capacity (density, thickness) and thermal mass
 Transparency to radiation of different wave lengths
Thermal conductivity
It is the property of a material which determines the heat flow in unit time by conduction through
a unit thickness of a unit area of the material across a unit temperature gradient. The thermal
conductivity varies with the density, porosity, moisture content and absolute temperature.
In calculations, it is often convenient to use the reciprocal of the thermal conductivity

which is called the thermal resistivity. The thermal resistance is a measure of the resistance to
heat flow of a material or a combination of materials.
Heat capacity
This is defined as to the amount of heat required to elevate the temperature of a unit
volume of the wall, or the unit area of the surface, by one degree.
Thermal mass
Thermal mass is a term used to describe the ability of building materials to store heat (thermal
storage capacity).The basic characteristic of materials with thermal mass is their ability to
absorb heat, store it, and release it at a later time.

Building materials that are heavy weight store a lot of heat so are said to have high
thermal mass. Materials that are lightweight do not store much heat and have low
thermal mass.
3.2 Building Materials

Building materials are those used to construct the building. These include materials used in
roofing and ceiling, wall, flooring and foundation, windows and doors, and insulation
constructions. They are the envelopes which separate the inside from the outside
environment and on this way modify or prevent the direct effect of climatic variables
such as outdoor air temperature, humidity, wind, etc. Their effects depend on the thickness and
thermo physical properties of the envelope.
3.2.1 Roof and Ceiling Materials

Different roof designs and materials are used for residential and commercial buildings.
Commercial buildings typically use low-slope or flat roofs, while residential roofs are
mostly sloped.
Some of the common roofing materials available are:
 Concrete and Tiles
Concrete and Clay Tile Roofing
Roofing tiles can be ceramic (e.g., clay fired at a high temperature) or fabricated from cement
concrete. Some of the lighter types use fibers (e.g., cellulose) added for strength. The
color of a tile may be dispersed throughout, or it may be applied in the form of a coating.
Perhaps the most venerable type of roof tile is the red barrel tile made from fired clay. The
modern version of this tile is sometimes a cement tile with a suitable coating. Advantages of tile
include fire safety, as they are non-combustible, durability, aesthetically appealing, and low in
maintenance. They also provide energy savings and are environmentally friendly. Disadvantages
include increased weight and cost compared with some other roofing like low-cost asphalt
shingle roofs.
3.2.2 Wall Materials

Walls are required in buildings to divide up spaces into areas of convenient size, keep out dust
and rain yet let in air, and provide shade, coolness, privacy and protection. The most common
materials used for buildings walls are; stone, concrete, and burnt clay.
Concrete Blocks
These are also widely used wall materials and are manufactured in many shapes and size. The
standard blocks are of 200mm and 150mm thickness, thick are also available. Usually they are
made in form of hollow blocks which are machine pressed and lighter than the solid block of the
same size. Hollow concrete blocks also improve insulation, and can be handled easily.

Steel
Steel is commonly used in the construction of commercial buildings. Steel buildings use nearly
the same framing techniques as employed in wood-framed buildings. Construction costs also run
about the same. Unlike wood, however, steel is impervious to termites.
It provides added resistance to fire and earthquake. Steel ceiling joists can span greater
distances than wooden ones, allowing new design possibilities for architects and builders.
Wall Finishing
Wall finishing materials have a greater impact on the heat gain of a building. Their effect mostly
lay on their surface texture and color, because their thickness is very small their thermal
resistance can be neglected.
3.2.3 Floor and Floor Finishing Materials

Floor has no or little effect on the building cooling load compared to other envelops like roof,
wall and windows. Hence, choice of the materials for these is basically based on cost, strength,
durability and aesthetic value of the materials.
For each foundation type basement, slab-on-grade, and crawlspace there are several construction
systems and products from which to choose. Some of them are Cast-In-Place Concrete and
Insulating Concrete. Floor finishing materials: Many materials are available in the market, such
as hardwood flooring, ceramic tiles, marble and granite, parquet flooring, Cork tiles,
terrazzo, PVC tiles, and carpet. Among these materials, the most popular here in Ethiopia are
marble, parquet, terrazzo and PVC tiles.
3.2.4 Windows and Doors

Commonly clear glass has been the primary material available for window panes in many
building in this country. They are low cost and readily available but poor in energy saving.
However in recent years, the market for glazing has changed significantly in the
developed countries so that several types of special glazing are available that can help control
heat gain and condensation. Some of these types of glazing are: Reflective glass has been coated
with a reflective film and is useful in controlling solar heat gain. It also reduces the passage of
light all year round, and, like heat-absorbing glass, it reduces solar transmittance.
Window frames and dividers are also important materials that should be addressed in any energy
efficient building design. Window frames and dividers can have smaller effect in the total
heat gain of the building compared to the glass cover of the window, but can reduce a significant
amount of energy by using more efficient window frames. They are available in a variety of
materials including steel, aluminum, wood, vinyl, and fiberglass with steel and aluminum frames
which are widely used in Ethiopia.

Whole properties described below are for each rooms:-
1. For Intensive care unit
Wall material-hollow block concrete =20cmx25cm
Length=12m, Width=8m, Height=3.5m, thickness=0.35m
Conductance-1.23w/m2k
Density=1920kg/m3 and thermal conductivity=1.73w/mk
Floor material-concrete and iron
Length=12m, Width=8m, Thickness=0.35m
Specific heat=0.88kj/kgk
Density =1920kg/m3
Thermal conductivity=1.73w/mk
Door material-hard wood
Height=1.75m, Width=3.5m
Lightening=3*36watt
Window material-glass
Height=2.5m, Width=2m, thicknes=0.02m
2. For recovery room

Density =1920kg/m3
Lightening=2*36watt
3. For operational room 1
Density =1920kg/m3

Lightening=3*36watt
Density =1920kg/m3
Lightening=2*36watt

Density =1920kg/m3
Lightening=3*36watt

3.3 Terminology
Commonly used terms relative to heat transmission and load calculations are defined below in
accordance with ASHRAE Standard 12-75, Refrigeration Terms and Definitions.
Room – is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as single load
Space – is either a volume or a site without a partition or a partitioned room or group o f rooms.
Sensible Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space by conduction, convection and/or
radiation.
Latent Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space when moisture is added to the space
by means of vapor emitted by the occupants, generated by a process or through air infiltration
from outside or adjacent areas.
Radiant Heat Gain – the rate at which heat absorbed is by the surfaces enclosing the space and
the objects within the space.
Zone– is a space or group of spaces within a building with h eating and/or cooling
requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout
by a single controlling device.
Space Heat Gain – is the rate at which heat enters into and/or is generated within the
conditioned space during a given time interval.
Space Cooling Load– is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to maintain a
constant space air temperature.
 1 ton is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/hr. and

 12,000 BTU/hr is equivalent to 3,516 Watts or 3.516 kW (kilo-Watts).
Space Heat Extraction Rate- the rate at which heat is removed from the conditioned space and
is equal to the space cooling load if the room temperature remains constant.
Dry Bulb Temperature– is the temperature of air indicated by a regular thermometer.
British thermal unit (Btu) - is the approximate heat required to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree
Fahrenheit, from 590F to 600F. Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal
Units (Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common rating term for air conditioning
size is the "ton," which is 12,000 Btu per hour and Watts. Some countries utilize one
unit, more than the others and therefore it is good if you can remember the relationship
between BTU/hr, Ton, and Watts.
Wet Bulb Temperature– is the temperature measured by a thermometer that has a bulb
wrapped in wet cloth. The evaporation of water from the thermometer has a cooling effect, so
the temperature indicated by the wet bulb thermometer is less than the temperature

indicated by a dry-bulb (normal, unmodified) thermometer. The rate of evaporation from

the wet-bulb thermometer depends on the humidity of the air. Evaporation is slower when
the air is already full of water vapor. For this reason, the difference in the temperatures
indicated by ordinary dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers gives a measure of atmospheric
humidity.
Dew point Temperature – is the temperature to which air must be cooled in order to reach
saturation or at which the condensation of water vapor in a space begins for a given state of
humidity and pressure.
Relative humidity- describes how far the air is from saturation. It is a useful term for expressing
the amount of water vapor when discussing the amount and rate of evaporation. One way
to approach saturation, a relative humidity of 100%, is to cool the air. It is therefore useful to
know how much the air needs to be cooled to reach saturation.
Thermal Transmittance or Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-factor) – is the rate of heat flow
through a unit area of building envelope material or assembly, including its boundary films,
per unit of temperature difference between the inside and outside air. The U -factor is expressed
in Btu/ (hr 0F ft2).
Thermal Resistance (R) – is the reciprocal of a heat transfer coefficient and is expressed
in (hr 0F ft2)/Btu. For example, a wall with a U-value of 0.25 would have a resistance value of
R = 1/U = 1/0.25=4.0. The value of R is also used to represent Thermal Resistivity, the
reciprocal of the thermal conductivity.

CHAPTER 4
Cooling Load calculation and Duct Design

4.1 Data gathered from Jimma Hospital
The data organized below is the data collected from the project area by measuring, observation
and interview.
N Sections of Size Types

o the hospital (length × No of No of No of of
under width × Occupant Appliance Bulbs Appliance
consideration height)
• Ventilator
1 Intensive 12×8×3.5 10 3 3 • Monitor
central Unit • Concentrator
2 Recovery
room 8×5×3.5 5 - 2 -
• Mobile OR light
3 Operational • Electrosurgical
room 1 12×6×3.5 8 4 3 • Monitor
• Oxygen-concentrator
• Mobile OR light
room 2 10×5×3.5 8 4 2 • Monitor
• Mobile OR light
room 3 12×6×3.5 8 4 3 • Monitor
Table 1 the data gathered from Jimma hospital

Fig 1 Layout of the patient room under our design consideration
The layout contains five rooms totally with their structural locations the load calculation is done
by analyzing the data gathered from the hospital as stated on the table above including
appliances, occupancies, bulbs size of rooms and related.
4.2 Internal Load Calculation for Each room

Calculation of the load includes different sources of heat inside the room;
 Occupants
 Appliance
 lightning

1 For Intensive central Unit
Fig 2 Intensive care unit
A) Load due to occupant
The sensible and latent heats due to occupant are:-
=number of occupant × SHG
=number of occupant × LHG
SHG which is the sensible heat gain depends on the person under consideration. The heat gain from
occupants in conditioned space can be determined also on the bases of their degree of activity. In our case
since it is a hospital and specifically the rooms under our selection holds patients in need of intensive care
as a result there will not be significant activity of the occupants. It is selected based on the criteria seated
and very light work from the table. For the sensible heat gain (SHG=155) and Latent heat gain
(LHG=245) from this we have;
Qs,occ = No of occupants × SHG

Qs,occ =10×155
Qs,occ =1.55kw
Ql,occ= No of occupants × LHG
Ql,occ =10×245
Ql,occ =2.45kw

B) Load due to appliance
Qs,app= 3×4×0.35 kw/hr

Qs,app = 4.2 kw
C) Load due to Lightening
Qs= 3.413 Wlamp FuslFal
Where Wlamp rated input of electric lights,

Fusl ratio of wattage in use to installation wattage
Fal indicates an allowance factor for light fixtures, such as Ballast losses. 40-W
fluorescent fixtures, Fal varies from 1.18 to 1.3 with a recommended value of 1.2
Number of fluorescent=3,
Each contain 36w power, Total watt=3×36=108
Qs= 3.413×3×36×0.25×1.2
Qs= 110.58 w
The total sensible and latent heat gain for Intensive care unit
Qs total =0.110kw +4.2kw+ 1.55kw=5.86 kw
Ql total = 2.45kw
QTotal = Qs total + Ql total
QTotal =2.45+5.86
QTotal= 8.31 kw

2 For Recovery room
Fig 3 Recovery room

=5×155
=775 w
LHG which is the latent heat gain is 245

=5×245
=1225 w=1.22 kw
B) Load due to Lightening
Qs= 3.413×2×36×0.25×1.2
Qs= 73.72 w
The total sensible and latent heat gain for Recovery room
Qs total =73.72+775= 848.72w Ql total =1225 w=1.22 kw
QTotal = Qs total + Ql total= 848.72+1225
QTotal =848.72+1225
QTotal = 2073.72 w = 2.073 kw

3 For Operational room 1
Fig 4 Operational room 1

= 8×155
= 1240 w
LHG which is the latent heat gain is 292.5

= 8×245
= 1960 w
Qs,app = 5.6 kw

Qs= 3.413 Wlamp Fusl Fal
Qs= 3.413×3×36×0.25×1.2
Qs= 110.58 w
The total sensible and latent heat gain for Operational room 1
Qs total =1240+5600+110.58= 6.95 kw Ql total =1960 w= 1.96 kw
QTotal = Qs total + Ql total= 6.95+1.96
QTotal= 8.91 kw
Fig 5 Operational room 2

= 8×155
= 1240 w

= 8×245
= 1960 w
Qs,app = 5.6 kw

Qs= 3.413×2×36×0.25×1.2
Qs= 73.72 w
Qs total =1240+5600+73.72= w= 6.91 kw Ql total = 1960 w=1.96kw
QTotal = 8.87 kw
Fig 6 Operation room 3

= 8×155
= 1240 w


= 8×245
= 1960 w
Qs,app = 5.6 kw
Qs= 3.413 Wlamp Fusl Fal
Qs= 3.413×3×36×0.25×1.2
Qs= 110.58 w
Qs total = 1240+5600+110.58= w = 6.95 kw Ql total = 1960 w= 1.96 kw
QTotal= kw
Total sensible and latent internal load for all 5 rooms
Sensible Qs total=5.86+6.95+6.91+0.848+6.95
Qs total==27.51 kw
Latent Ql total =1.96+1.96+1.96+1.22+2.45
Ql total ==9.55 kw
QTotal= Qs total+ Ql total=27.51+9.55
QTotal=37.06 kw

4.3 External Load Calculation for Each room

From psychometric chart
• For the inside conditions of 200C dry bulb, 50 percent RH:
Wi = 6.5 x 10-3 kgw/kgda
hi=39kj/kg
• For the outside conditions of 270C dry bulb, 58 percent RH:
ho=59kj/kg
Wo = 12.4 x 10-3 kgw/kgda,
ρ=
From the ASHRAE psychometric chart No 1 The Volume cubic meter per kilogram is 0.867
ρ=
Density of dry air = 1.153 kg/m3
N.B. Using the change in temperature of the inside and outside conditions we calculate the heat
transfer due to the external loads having different sub divisions the roof, wall and floor with
different criteria like material types for instance metal sheet bricks glass … with given U values.
1 For Intensive central Unit
a) heat transfer through brick walls:
Qwall,sh=Uwall x Awall x ETDwall
= 2 [2 (12 x3.5)+2 (8 x3.5)-2 x2.75-2 (1.5 x2.5)] x (28.7-27)
= 254 x 1.7
= 431.8 w

b) heat transfer through the roof:
Qroof =UroofAroofETDroof
=7.8*12*8*1.7
= 1272.6 w
c) heat transfer through glass:

Q=Aglass[Uglass(T0-Ti)+SHGFmax*SC]
=2*1.5*2.5*(3.12*1.7+300*1)
=2289.78w
d) heat transfer through floor:

Qfloor=UfloorAfloorETDfloor
=0.2*12*8*1.7
= 32.64 w
e) Heat transfer through infiltration:
Minf= density of air*(ACH*volume of the room)/3600
=1.153*(0.5*12*8*3.5)/3600
=0.054kg/s
Qs,inf = Minf Cp (T0-Ti)
=0.054*1.0216*1.7
=0.094kw
Latent heat transfer rate due to infiltration,
Ql,inf=minf*hfg (wo-wi)
=0.054(2501((12.4_6.5)*10-3))
= 7.56 kw

Total external load for Intensive care unit;
Qs total = 94+2289.78+1272.6+431.8=4088.18 w = 4.08 kw Ql total = 1960 w= 7.56 kw
QTotal= 11.64 kw
2 For Recovery room

a) Heat transfer through brick walls:
= 2 (2 (8 x3.5)+2 (5 x3.5)-2 x2.75-2 (1.5 x2.5)) x (28.7-27)
= 156 x 1.7
= 265.2 w
=7.8*8*5*1.7
= 530.4 w

=2*1.5*2.5*(3.12*1.7+300*1)
=2289.78w

=0.2*8*5*1.7
= 13.6 w

e). Heat transfer through infiltration:

=1.153*(0.5*8*5*3.5)/3600
=0.022kg/s
=0.022*1.0216*1.7
=0.038kw
=0.022(2501((12.4-6.5)*10-3))
=0.324kw
Total external load for recovery room
Qs total = 38+13.6+2289.78+530.4+265.2=3136.98w = 3.13 kw Ql total =324 w= 0.32 kw
QTotal = Qs total + Ql total=3.13+0.32
QTotal= 3.45 kw
3 For Operation room 1

= 2((12 x3.5)+2 (6 x3.5) - 2x2.75) x (28.7-27)
= 156 x 1.7
= 162.5 w
=7.8*12*6*1.7
= 954.72 w


=2*1.5*2.5*(3.12*1.7+300*1)
=2289.78w

=0.2*12*6*1.7
= 24.48 w

=1.153*(0.5*12*6*3.5)/3600
=0.04kg/s
=0.04*1.0216*1.7
=0.069 kw
=0.04(2501((12.4-6.5)*10-3))
=0.59kw
Total external load for operation room 1
Qs total = 69+24.48+2289.78+954.72+162.5=3500w = 3.5 kw Ql total =590 w= 0.59 kw
QTotal= 4.09 kw

4 For Operation room 2
= 2((10 x3.5)+(5 x3.5) - 2x2.75-1.5*2.5) x (28.7-27)
= 86.5 x 1.7
= 147.05 w
=7.8*10*5*1.7
= 663 w

=1.5*2.5*(3.12*1.7+300*1)
= 1144.89 w

=0.2*12*6*1.7
= 24.48 w

=1.153*(0.5*10*5*3.5)/3600=0.028kg/s
=0.028*1.0216*1.7
=0.048 kw


=0.028(2501((12.4-6.5)*10-3))
=0.41kw
Total External load for Operation room 2
Qs total = 48+24.48+1144.89+147.05+663=2027w = 2.02 kw Ql total =410 w= 0.41 kw
QTotal= 2.43 kw
5 For operation room 3
It is symmetrical and the same to operation room 1 so it will be;
Qwall,sh=162.5 w
Qroof = 954.72 w

Q=2289.78 w
Qfloor= 24.48 w
Minf=0.04 kg/s
Qs,inf =0.069 kw
Ql,inf=0.59 kw

Total external load for operation room 3
Qs total = 69+24.48+2289.78+954.72+162.5=3500w = 3.5 kw Ql total =590 w= 0.59 kw
Total external load for all rooms under the design condition
Qs total=3.5+3.5+2.02+3.13+4.08
Qs total==16.23 kw
Ql total =0.59+0.41+0.59+0.32+7.56
Ql total =9.47 kw
QTotal = Qs total+ Ql total
QTotal = (16.23+9.47) kw
QTotal =25.7kw
The Total load for external and internal condition
Qs=16.23+27.51 = 43.74 kw
Ql=9.47+9.55= 19.02 kw
Total cooling load, Qt=Qs+Ql

Qt =19.02+43.74
Qt = 62.76kw
Tone of Refrigeration = = = 17.93 TR
The mass flow rate of dry air can be calculated as follows:
Ma =
Ma =
Ma =3.138 kg/s

The volume flow rate also estimated as follows:
V=Ma*ν
V =3.138 *0.867
V = 2.72 m3/s
Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) is given by:

RSHF =
= =0.69
RSHF=0.69
4.4 Duct Layout and Design

Most air conditioning and heating systems require some form of duct work to channel or direct
the air to places where the conditioned air is needed. There are many types of ductwork available
and often times the ductwork can make a big difference in your utility bills. For that reason, it is
important that the ductwork is designed and installed correctly. A poor installation job will result
in poor performance, bad air flow, leaky duct systems, and higher than usual utility bills.
Another important factor in the installation process is to make sure the duct work is sized
properly. Over sizing systems cost more and does not maintain the desired air flow and
undersized duct work causes the system to strain mechanically and can be noisy.
Several issues must be considered in an effective design. A primary issue is the tradeoff between
the initial cost of the duct system and the energy cost of the air distribution system; larger ducts
require a larger initial investment, but result in lower fan energy costs over the life of the system.
Other issues include space available, noise level, capacity for expansion, appearance etc. It is
important that the air conditioning ductwork system be designed for the air conditioning load.
Each room or space of the facility should be evaluated and a determination of how much air flow
will be required to ensure that each room remains at a desirable and comfortable temperature.
The purpose of a duct system is to transmit air from the central air source to the rooms in
consideration of the design to be diffused.

Fig 7 Jimma Hospital layout of supply and return duct
Low-velocity duct work design is very important for energy efficiency in air distribution
systems. From the data calculated it is needed to be Low-velocity ductwork which ranges from
Low-velocity ducts are characterized by air velocities in the range of 400 to 2000 feet per minute
(fpm).It would be also preferable for occupants specially patients under care.
4.4.1 Duct Shapes

Ducts are usually fabricated in round or rectangular shapes. Both types have advantages and
disadvantages, and both find applications where one is definitely superior to the other. For this
project it is selected to be
Round Ducts Salient features of round ducts are listed below:
1. A round duct has a smaller cross-sectional area and has less duct wall exposed to moving air.
An 18 inch diameter duct, for example, has the same air-carrying capacity as a 26” x 11”
rectangular duct. The round duct has a cross-sectional area 254.5 sq-in and a perimeter of 4.7 ft,
while the rectangular duct has 286 sq-in area and a perimeter of 6.2 ft.

The rectangular duct thus has 32% more metal in it and would cost proportionately more. Also
the insulation, supports and labor shall be higher for rectangular ducts of similar capacity.
2. Round ducts have a smaller pressure drop per unit area of all duct types and are generally the
most cost effective. Round ductwork provides maximum air-carrying capacity with minimum
pressure loss.
3. Round spiral duct leaks less than rectangular duct due the lack of longitudinal joints and
generally fewer transverse joints when run in long straight duct sections.
4. The low-frequency sound is well contained a round duct. The flat sections of rectangular duct
and wide flat oval duct behave like a drum, easily transmitting low frequency duct rumble.
5. Round ductwork is stiffer than rectangular, is easier to insulate, and can be sealed more easily
than rectangular ducts.
4.4.2 Layout of the duct and size determination

Accepted methods of duct design usually indicate a reduction in duct area after each terminal
and/or branch takeoff. However, unless a reduction of two inches can be made, the original duct
size should be maintained. Savings of as much as 25 percent in installed cost can be made by
running the duct at the same size for several terminals. Generally, all duct sizes should have even
dimensions. There are different methods in designing duct lay-out from thus
 Velocity Method
 Equal Friction Method
 Static Regain Method
In our case we choose Equal friction method having typical duct layout given by
Fig 8 Layout of the supply duct

a= b= c= d= e……
Segment B
[ a= b
DB=DA(QB/QA)1.852/4973
DB=0.5
DB=0.462m
Area AB
AB
AB = 0.168m2
Segment C
[ a= c
Dc=DA(QC/QA)1.852/4973
DC=0.5
DC=0.492m

=0.676m2
Segment E
[ a= e
De=Da(Qe/Qa)1.852/4973
De= 0.5
De=0.462m
Area AB
AB
=0.168m2
Segment F
[ a= f
Df=Da(Qf/Qa)1.852/4.973
Df= 0.5
Df= m

Segment I
[ a= i
Di=Da(Qi/Qa)1.852/4973
Di= 0.5
Di=0.46m
Segment k
[ a= k
Dk= Da(Qk/Qa)1.852/4973
Dk= 0.5
Dk=0.46m
A=3.14*0.832/4
=0.54m2
A=1.5b2=0.54
b=0.6m
a=1.5*0.6=0.9m
Segment L
[ a= l

Dl= Da(Ql/Qa)1.852/4973
Dl= 0.5
Dl=0.46m
4.5 Total Pressure Loss of duct

Pressure loss is the loss of total pressure in a duct or fitting. There are three important
observations that describe the benefits of using total pressure for duct calculation and testing
rather than using only static pressure:
1) Only total pressure in ductwork always drops in the direction of flow. Static or dynamic
pressures alone do not follow this rule.
2) The measurement of the energy level in an air stream is uniquely represented by total pressure
only. The pressure losses in a duct are represented by the combined potential and kinetic energy
transformation, i.e., the loss of total pressure.
3) The fan energy increases both static and dynamic pressure. Fan ratings based only on static
pressure are incorrect.
Pressure drops due to factor like length of the duct dynamic pressure drop are calculated bellow
Section ab
∆PA-B =∆PA,f + ∆PB,f + ∆Pu-b +∆Pexit
∆PA,f=(0.022243(2.721.852)L)/DA4.973
=(0.022243*2.721.852)6)/0.54.973
= 26.74 Pa
∆PB,f=(0.022243(QAIR1.852)L)/DB4.973
= (0.22243*2.21.852*4)/0.9874.973
= 4.089 Pa

The dynamic pressure drop from upstream to branch velocity for inlet duct becomes
velocity V= = 5.48
∆PU_B= v2
= 0.8*(1.2*(5.482))/2
= 14.20 Pa
∆Pexit= ρv2
= 0.6(1.2*5.482)/2
= 10.65 Pa
∆PA-B =∆PA,f + ∆PB,f + ∆Pu-b +∆Pexit
∆PA-B = 10.65+14.20+4.089+26.74
∆PA-B = 55.68 Pa
Section acd
∆PA-C-D =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-d+∆Pexit
∆PC,f=(0.022243(2.61.852)L)/DC4.973
∆PC,f=(0.022243(2.61.852)15)/0.4924.973
∆PC,f= 66.63 Pa
∆PD,f=(0.022243(2.591.852)3.5)/0.4924.973
∆PD,f=15.43 Pa
∆PU_d= v2

Velocity V= = 5.28
∆PU_d=
∆PU_d= 5.01 pa
∆Pexit= ρv2
∆Pexit=
∆Pexit= 10.03 Pa
∆PA-C-D =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-d+∆Pexit
=10.03+5.01+14.20+15.43+66.63+26.74
=138.04 Pa
Section acde
∆Pa-c-d-e =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆PE,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-d+∆Pu-e+∆Pexit
∆PE,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DE4.973
∆PE,f=
∆PE,f= 17.83 Pa
PU_E= v2
∆PU_E=
∆PU_E= 10.03
∆Pexit= ρv2

= 6.97 Pa
Section acdfghi
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-i =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆PF,f +∆PG,f+∆PH,f +∆PI,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-d+∆Pu-e+∆Pexit
∆PF,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DF4.973
∆PF,f =
∆PF,f = 11.64 Pa
∆PG,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DG4.973
∆PG,f=
∆PG,f= 53.49 Pa
∆PH,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DG4.973
∆PH,f=
∆PH,f= 13.37 Pa
∆PI,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DI4.973
∆PI,f=
∆PI,f= 26.74 Pa
∆PU_F = v2
∆PU_F=

∆PU_F= 3.48 Pa
PU_G= v2
∆PU_G=
∆PU_G= 3.46 Pa
∆PU_I= v2
∆PU_I=
∆PU_I= 9.2 Pa
∆Pexit= ρv2
= 6.91 Pa
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-i =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆PF,f +∆PG,f+∆PH,f +∆PI,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-d+
∆Pu-e+∆Pu_f+∆Pu_g+∆Pu_i+∆Pexit
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-i =10.03+5.01+14.20+11.64 +53.49+13.37+26.74 +15.43+66.63

+10.03+6.91+9.2+3.46+3.48
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-i = 249.62 Pa
Section acdfghjk
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-j-k =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆PE,f +∆PG,f +∆PH,f +∆PJ,f +∆Pk,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-d+∆Pu-e+∆Pu-
g +∆Pu-h+∆Pu-i +∆Pu-k +∆Pexit
∆PJ,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DI4.973
∆PJ,f=

∆PJ,f= 22.11 Pa
∆Pk,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DI4.973
∆Pk,f=
∆Pk,f= 26.74 Pa
∆PU_k= v2
∆PU_k=
∆PU_k= 9.2 Pa
∆Pexit= ρv2
= 6.91 Pa
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-j-k =10.03+5.01+14.20+11.64 +53.49+13.37+15.43+66.63

+10.03+6.91+9.2+3.46+3.48+22.11 +26.74 +9.2 +6.91
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-j-k = 287.84 Pa
Section acdfghjlm
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-j-l-m =∆PA,f + ∆PC,f +∆PD,f +∆PE,f +∆PG,f +∆PH,f +∆PJ,f +∆PL,f ∆PM,f +∆Pu-b+∆Pu-
d+∆Pu-e+∆Pu-g +∆Pu-h+∆Pu-i +∆Pu-k +∆Pu-m +∆Pexit
∆PL,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DL4.973
∆PL,f=
∆PL,f= 13.37 Pa
∆PM,f=(0.022243(2.21.852)L)/DM4.973

∆PM,f=
∆PM,f= 22.28 Pa
∆PU_L= v2
∆PU_L=
∆PU_L= 8.95 Pa
∆Pexit= ρv2
= 6.71 Pa
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-j-l-m =10.03+5.01+14.20+11.64 +53.49+13.37+15.43+66.63

+10.03+6.91+9.2+3.46+3.48+22.11 +6.91+6.71+8.95+22.28+13.37
∆Pa-c-d-f-g-h-j-l-m = 303.21 Pa
4.6 Return air duct design

Return air duct is one part of an air conditioning system. Air to the rooms is not only to the room
but also should be withdrawn from the rooms. As an assumption that made here is that the mass
flow into the room leaves the rooms’ i.e. steady state process.
With that assumption;-
Vin=vout where v is the volume flow rate
From the supply flow rate of air we have Vin=2.72m3/s
Using this value we can determine the return duct size,which is given as
V=a*v where a is the aria of the duct and
v is the velocity of the air.

V= *v
d = 0.482
Fig 9 Return Air duct
[ a= l
Db= Da(Qb/Qa)1.852/4973
Db= 0.48
Db= 0.45 m
Dc= Da(Qc/Qa)1.852/4973
Dc= 0.48
Dc= 0.43 m Dn=Dk=Dg=De= 0.43m
Return Air duct has similar make ups with that of the supply air duct except having air
conditioning parts like cooling heating and humidifying sections. And consumes less pressure
than the supply air duct because of the supply duct contain loss of pressure inside combined AC
system the filter and coil will have effect, so the loss of pressure of Return Duct is a bit less than
the pressure drop of return duct.

NB-We can generalize from this that a total pressure loss of 303.21 pa can be our base point for
purchasing or choosing fun needed for this specific design such that the fun have to generate a
pressure more than the total loss significantly to address the layout.
4.7 Fan
Fan is an air pump that creates a pressure difference and causes airflow. It is an essential and one
of the most important components of almost all air conditioning systems.
Thus a basic understanding of fan performance characteristics is essential in the design of air
conditioning systems. The centrifugal fan is most commonly use d in air conditioning systems as
it can efficiently move large quantities of air over a large range of pressures. The centrifugal fan
with forward-curved blades is widely used in low pressure air conditioning systems. And
from the calculated cooling load of 17.9 TR systems and in consideration of the maximum
pressure drop expected due to friction, dynamic and exit loss a fan will be selected. The amount
Fan Total Pressure (FTP) is 303.21 Pa. And the motor is selected based on the fan speed needed
and the flow rate specified around 8hp power which is calculated above and selected to be a
power of the motor
Principles of Operation
All fans produce pressure by altering the velocity vector of the flow. A fan produces
pressure flow because the rotating blades of the impeller impart kinetic energy to the air by
changing its velocity. Velocity change is in the tangential and radial velocity components for
centrifugal fans. Centrifugal fan impellers produce pressure from
(1) The centrifugal force created by rotating the air column contained between the blades
and
(2) The kinetic energy imparted to the air by virtue of its velocity leaving the impeller.
This velocity is a combination of relative velocity of the impeller and airspeed relative to the
impeller. A centrifugal fan creates pressure and air movement by a combination of
centrifugal (radial) velocity and rotating (tangential) velocity. From all this kind of fan
centrifugal fan is proper machine that is to be installed on the wall of the hospital. We
select this because of whole good characters described under above topic and the amount of air
that is needed for the rooms.
4.8 Dampers
A damper is an adjustable obstruction in a duct used to control or balance airflow. Types
of dampers used in an air conditioning system work include butterfly, multi blade opposed-blade
and parallel-blade, splitter, gate or slide, and shutter. Criteria for damper selection include
leakage when closed, control characteristics, and cost. Dampers may be operated manually or

by means of motor operators which can be pneumatic, hydraulic, electric, or electronic. The
selected ones are splitter and slide.
4.9 Air Cleaning and Filtration

Air cleaning is the process of removing airborne particles from the air. Air filtration
involves the removal of airborne particles presented in the conditioned air. Most of the airborne
particles removed by air filtration are smaller than 1 µm, and the concentration of these particles
in the airstream seldom exceeds 2 mg/m3.
The purpose of air filtration is to benefit the health and comfort of the occupants as well as meet
the cleanliness requirements of the working area in health care buildings. The equipment to filter
the conditioned air by inertial impaction or interception and to diffuse and settle fine dust
particles on the fibrous medium is essential on the system. For intensive care unit the standard
filter f11 is selected and for OR rooms f9 filters are set to be preferable.
Fig 10 Layout of the air conditioning system with part drawings

CHAPTER 5
Cost Analysis and Conclusion

5.1 Cost Analysis
An acceptable air conditioning design must present a process that is capable of operating
under conditions which yield profit. Capital investment is required for any industrial
process, and determination of the necessary investment is an important part of plant design
project. Purchased Equipment Cost The cost of purchased equipment is the basis of several
pre design method for estimating capital investment. To evaluate whether investing in air
conditioning system is an economic option and which alternative is the most economic, a cost
analysis must be done.
The initial cost includes the costs of equipment represented in air conditioning and other
components used in installation. It includes also labor and technicians costs for installation.
These costs depend on the size and type of a component. [(Renewable Energy Resources 2nd Ed.
- (Malestrom)]
The following table shows all components that we require for implementing air conditioning
system. These components are:
 Condenser and Compressor

 Fan,
 Duct,
 Filter,
 Damper and.
But the transportation, insulation, and maintenance costs are not included.

No Equipment Items Cost(birr)per each Total cost(birr)
1 Duct In length or diameter ------ 2100.00
2 Fan 2 5000.00 10000.00
3 Filter 7 650.00 4550.00
4 Damper 3 500.00 1500.00
5 Compressor, and 1 1550.00+7000.00 8550.00

Condenser
6 Motor 2 15,000 30,000.00
Total 56700.00
Table 2 costs of the equipment’s used
The price of the air conditioning system and its installation are important factors in the
economics of standalone air conditioning systems. The cost of installation must be taken into
consideration. All these costs are summed to give the overall initial cost which is about
56700.00 birr.
Profit Analysis
The purpose of investing money in an air conditioning system is to earn money; some means of
comparing the economic performance of the projects is need. Profitability is a measure of
amount of profit that can be obtained from a give situation. It is a base for evaluating project
feasibility

Conclusion
In this study, Jimma Hospital patient room located in Jimma town was considered for calculating cooling
loads. Cooling load items such as, people, light, infiltration and cooling load due to walls and roofs can
easily calculated. The mixture of cooled air and air that is inside the room will gives a comfortable air
condition for human beings, that is at dry bulb temperature of 20 and relative humidity of 50% . From
our project result the cooling capacity of the rooms is approximately 17.9 Tone of refrigerant (TR) and we
select central type of air conditioner, because the effective design of central air conditioning can
provide lower power consumption, capital cost and improve aesthetics of a building. This type of
air conditioner is more efficient than window type of air conditioner.


Recommendation
Design of air conditioning system of Jimma hospital patient room project paper was designed
theoretically, but if it is applied to practically it has great significance for the users.
To apply this designed project paper in practical the following manners are main factors that
should be improved for those who have interest to apply. Those factors are the economy for the
proper design system, bringing all necessary equipment’s, material and shortage of time should
be improved (avoided).
The project recommends the following points
 All residential and industries use air conditioning system for safe environment for the
workers.
 Hospitals must use air conditioning for patients comfort.
 Civil engineers should understand how to build constructions that are comfortable and
energy saving manner not only appearance dependent constructions those are great
challenge when air conditioning design work.
 We also want to recommend mechanical engineering have to understand structural
drawings to know different parameter in complex building.

References
[1] Norman cook, "Refrigeration and Air-conditioning technology", first ed, Machmillan
education LTD, London and Basingstoke, 1995.
[2] Prof. P.S. Desai, "Modern refrigeration and Air-conditioning For Engineers", first edition,
Romesh CHnadra Khana, Delhi, 2004.
[3] R.S. Khurmi, "A Text Book Of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning", first edition, Eurasia
publishing house LTD, New Delhi, reprint 2003.
[4] ASHRAE,ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 34-1997,Number Designation and Safety
Classification of Refrigerants, Atlanta, GA, 1997.
[5] Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur, 'Condensers & Evaporators' http://www.ntpel.net.edu
[6] http://www.wikipidia.com/air_conditioning/
[7] R.K. Rajput "A Text Book Of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning ", first edition, S.K.
Kataria & sons, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002, 2004.
[8] Rai, GD "non conventional energy sources", 2008, khana puplished.
[9] http://st-div.web.cern.ch/st-div/workshop/st 2000ws/proceeding/.../jkk
[10] www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/33283-the-purpose-and-type-of-condenser
[11] www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/51468/
[12] SHAN K. WANG, hand book of air conditioning and refrigeration,
[13] http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/courses/6140
[14] Yunus, A. Cengal, Heat Transfer: A practical Approach, McGraw-Hill series in Mechanical
Engineering, USA, 1998.
[15] Wang, S.K. and Lavan, Z. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration‖ Mechanical Engineering
handbook.
[16] C.P.ARORA ―Refrigeration and air conditioning‖ second edition.
[17] F.C. McQuiston, J.D. Parker & J.D.Spitler, John Wiley & Sons, Inc Heating, Ventilating
and Air Conditioning, 2001
[18] FRANK.P.INCROPERA, Principle of heat and mass transfer, 7TH edition.

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Project on Design of air conditioning system for Patient room in Jimma hospital 2015

Jimma Institute of Technology

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page I

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page II

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page III

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page IV

2.4.1. Industrial Air Conditioning ........................................................................................................ 18

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page V

4.4.1 Duct Shapes................................................................................................................................ 55

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page VI

Table 2 costs of the equipment’s used…………………………………………………………...71

Fig 2 Intensive care unit..……………………………………………………..……….…..……39

Fig 3 Recovery room………………………………………………………….……...………...41

Fig 4 Operational room 1…………………………………………………….……...…………42

Fig 5 Operational room 2…………………………………………………….…………...........43

Fig 6 Operation room 3……………………...……………………………………………………….44

Fig 7 Jimma Hospital layout of supply and return duct…………………………….………….55

Fig 10 Layout of the air conditioning system with part drawings…………….……………….69

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page VII

Mass flow rate ma

Specific heat capacity of air Cp

Dynamic loss coefficients Cu-b,exit,elbow

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page VIII

Mass in filtration Minf

Effective temperature difference ETD

Over all heat transfer coefficient U

Sensible heats due to occupant

latent heats due to occupant

the sensible heat gain SHG

Load due to appliance Qs,app

Load due to Lightening Qs

rated input of electric lights Wlamp

ratio of wattage in use to installation wattage Fusl

indicates an allowance factor for light fixtures Fal

latent heat gain LHG

total sensible and latent heat gain Qs total

Room Sensible Heat Factor RSHF

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page IX

U-value for sheet metal 7.8 W/m2k

U-value for glass 3.12 W/m2k

U-value for concrete and iron 0.2

Solar heat gain of glass 300

Internal shading coefficient (SC) 1

Density of hollow block concrete 1920kg/m3

Conductance of hollow block concrete 1.23w/m2k

Thermal conductivity hollow block concrete 1.73w/mk

Specific heat concrete and iron 0.88kj/kgk

Density concrete and iron 1920kg/m3

Thermal conductivity of concrete and iron 1.73w/mk

Specific heat hard wood 2.39kj/kgk

Density of hard wood 720kg/m3

Thermal conductivity of hard wood 0.158w/mk

Specific heat of glass 0.84kj/kgk

Density of glass 2700kg/m3

Thermal conductivity of glass 0.78w/mk

Sensible heat gain ((SHG) 155

Latent heat gain (LHG) 245

JiT, School of Mechanical Engineering Page X

Allowance factor 1.2

Ratio of wattage 0.25

Density of dry air 1.153 kg/m3

Sensible heat gain factor (SHGF) 300