Index

Topic Name Page No

Abstract 1

Introduction 2

Target Audience and Beneficiaries 4

PURPOSE 7

INTRODUCTION TO EXISTING APPLICATIONS: 11

SELECTING FEATURES FROM EXISTING 13

SYSTEM

FRAMEWORK (Visual Basic) 14

DFD 16

Software Interface (Screenshot) 19

Coding 27

Future Scope 28

Conclusion 30

Reference 31
Abstract

Li-Fi stands for Light Fidelity. The technology is very new and was proposed by the German physicist

Harald Haas in 2011 TED (Technology, Entertainmenbased standard similar to Wi-Fi’s IEEE 802.11.

This paper focuses on Li-Fi, its applications, features and comparison with existing technologies like Wi-

Fi etc. Wi-Fi is of major use for general wireless coverage within building, whereas Li-Fi is ideal for high

density wireless data coverage in confined area and especially useful for applications in areas where radio

interference issues are of concern, so the two technologies can be considered complimentary. Li-Fi

provides better bandwidth, efficiency, connectivity and security than Wi-Fi and has already achieved high

speeds larger than 1 Gbps under the laboratory conditions. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and

lighting units, there are lots of opportunities to exploit this medium. Li-Fi is the transfer of data through

light by taking fibre out of fibre optics and sending data through LED light bulb. (shown in Fig 1).
Introduction

For this final project, I would like to implement a Car Racing Game based on the Visual Studio. We try
to implement a simple car game based on the basic design. The object of this game is to survive as
long as possible and get to the High scores in the shortest possible time while avoiding the obstacles and
Enemy Car on the tracks.

In the fast growing field of software development and even more rapidly growing sector of game
development the future is hard to predict. We are working with this game as our final year project and as
a part of our degree we choose this type of work for doing better with development cycle, development
period, graphics, scripting, adopting new technology.

In general, software project is a project focusing on creation of software. Consequently, Success can
be measured by a taking look at the resulting software.

In a game project ,the product is game. But and here comes the point : A game is much more than
just its software. It has to provide content to become enjoyable. Just like a web server: Without
content the server is useless, and the quality cannot be measured. This has an important effect on the
game project as a whole. The software part of the project is not the only one, and it must be
considered in connection to all the other parts: The environment of the game, The story, characters,
game plays, and the artwork.
 Elements Introduction

Player’s car The car that player can control.

Opponents The cars that compete with the player controlled by computer.

Act like obstacle for player.

Road The racing road which can, limiting the border for player

Score Showing the current scores of player’s car

Background The background picture and road mover making the game
more real.

Speed As the player car cross the all Enemy car and all obstacle
So the speed will automatically increased.

Target Audience and Beneficiaries

The application is targeted towards teenagers who enjoy playing racing games and want a new
twist on the racing game genre. I will keep this in mind when designing the user interface, drawing
the graphics and creating the physics. Another audience that could have interest in the project is
someone who is beginning to look at game development, particularly racing games and needs
guidance on
how to start; then implement more advanced features such as artificial intelligence, and various
other techniques. I would consider myself as a beneficiary as I have improved a lot of my existing
programming skills and gained a lot of additional knowledge of various topics such as Object
Orientated Programming.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this project was the creation of an easy to use, pick up and play game that could be
played by all ages as long as they have an android phone and a touch screen. The reason was as
stated above there are more casual gamers than traditional gamers meaning a larger potential market.
Developing on the Android platform will mean we have to program in JAVA or C# and get to
grips with the Android SDK. I will also have to learn the fundamentals of game programming and
stick to the lifecycle associated with developing games. The Android SDK does not provide a
comprehensive set of tools to create a game straight away; it does require a lot of extra work. I
could potentially create my own framework or perhaps use an existing one, to ease the process
and produce software that is appealing and efficient.The purpose of this document is to set up the
requirements for the development of Android 2D car racing game. The intended customer is really
anyone with an android device. A car game is simple and fun to play making it available to anyone.
INTRODUCTION TO EXISTING
APPLICATIONS:

There are many racing games that exist in today’s market which have been around for many years.
They range from ultra-realistic simulations such as Gran Turismo, which take into account many
factors to make the game as close to the real thing as possible, to the casual arcade racer such as
Mario Kart. I used my personal knowledge of the games to discover existing applications and search
engines to discover more of them. The ones I had not heard of, I tried out
 SELECTING FEATURES FROM EXISTING
SYSTEM

After reviewing the games, We now have to identify all the features that we would implement. we have
gained a lot of knowledge from our research; despite being an enthusiastic racing gamer, we still
managed to find games that we had not previously heard of such as Real World Racing. All the games
we tested were final products and due to the timescale, We will not be able to achieve a project that is
completely finished and can be put out to the general public to play without any hiccups. From all the
applications we tested, we identified the following core functions which we will implement:

• Attractive user interface - The interfaces of the games tested are very appealing; each one also
has a heads up display showing various in-game parameters, such as the time currently elapsed.

• Artificial Intelligence - All the games tested had some form of AI to make the game more
challenging and fun to play. One thing to note was that each of the cars in the game were not as
powerful as the player’s cars, to make the game winnable by the player.

• Graphics - This is very important to make the game more appealing

FRAMEWORK (Visual Basic)

Visual Basic is one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. The major
reason for its popularity is that it allows programmers to create Windows applications quickly
and easily.

The origins of Visual Basic are found in a programming language created in 1964 by John
Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was
originally an interpreted language that was designed to simplify the programming process and
make programming more accessible to the world at large. Using that philosophy, Microsoft
integrated a BASIC interpreter into its operating system MS-DOS. Despite its wide
distribution and relative simplicity, BASIC was not able to compete with faster, compiled
languages such as C or C++. Thus, BASIC was commonly used for trivial or educational
purposes, whereas "real" applications were usually developed in other languages.

To overcome this problem, Microsoft revived BASIC in 1991 by introducing Visual Basic 1.0.
Using BASIC's heritage of simplicity and its general syntax , this new development tool gave
programmers an easy way to create Windows applications. In the years since, Microsoft has
continued to improve Visual Basic by releasing newer versions. These improvements include
not only enhancements to the development environment but also modernization of the core
BASIC language as well. These renovations include making BASIC object oriented and fully
event driven, and overcoming the limitations of being interpreted, allowing programmers to
generate a compiled executable code .

1
On Tool Name What This Tool Does

Pointer Selects objects

Picture box Draws a box to display graphics

Label Draws a box to display text

Text box Draws a box that can display text and let the user type in text

Frame Groups two or more objects together

Command Draws a command button

button

Check box Draws a check box

Option(or Draws a radio button

radio) button

Combo box Draws a combo box

List box Draws a list box

Horizontal Draws a horizontal scroll bar

scroll bar

Vertical scroll Draws a vertical scroll bar

bar

Timer Places a timer on a form

2
Drive list box Draws a drive list box that displays all the disk drives available

Directory list Draws a directory list box that displays a directory on a particular disk
box

File list box Draws a file list box that displays files in a specific directory

Shape Draws a geometric shape such as a circle or a square

Line Draws a line

Image box Draws a box to display graphics

Data control Draws a control to link a program to a database file

OLE Draws a box to insert an OLE object

3
Data Flow Diagram

A picture is worth a thousand words. A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is

traditional visual representation of the information flows within a system.
A neat and clear DFD can depict a good amount of the system requirements
graphically. It can be manual, automated, or combination of both.

It shows how information enters and leaves the system, what changes the
information and where information is stored. The purpose of a DFD is to show
the scope and boundaries of a system as a whole. It may be used as a
communications tool between a systems analyst and any person who plays a
part in the system that acts as the starting point for redesigning a system.

External Entity – Also known as actors, sources or sinks, and terminators, external entities
produce and consume data that flows between the entity and the system being diagrammed.
These data flows are the inputs and outputs of the DFD. Since they are external to the system
being analyzed, these entities are typically placed at the boundaries of the diagram. They can
represent another system or indicate a subsystem.

Process – An activity that changes or transforms data flows. Since they transform incoming data
to outgoing data, all processes must have inputs and outputs on a DFD. This symbol is given a
simple name based on its function, such as “Ship Order,” rather than being labeled “process” on
a diagram. In Gane-Sarson notation, a rectangular box is used and may be labeled with a
reference number, location of where in the system the process occurs and a short title that
describes its function. Processes are typically oriented from top to bottom and left to right on a
data flow diagram.

Data Store – A data store does not generate any operations but simply holds data for later
access. Data stores could consist of files held long term or a batch of documents stored briefly
while they wait to be processed. Input flows to a data store include information or operations that
change the stored data. Output flows would be data retrieved from the store.

Data Flow – Movement of data between external entities, processes and data stores is
represented with an arrow symbol, which indicates the direction of flow. This data could be
electronic, written or verbal. Input and output data flows are labeled based on the type
of data or its associated process or data store, and this name is written alongside the
arrow.

4
External Entity

Process

Data Store

Data Flow

You can read all about data flow diagrams, including tips and guidelines for creating an
effective DFD in our overview art

5
 Start of Game

PLAY

START PLYING GAME

SPEED GET
INCREASED

YES COLLUSION NO

OCCURED

CONTINUE
REPLAY
GAMING

SCORE

EXIT QUIT GAME

6
7
8
9
CODING

Public Class Form1

Dim speed As Integer
Dim road(7) As PictureBox
Dim score As Integer = 0
Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
speed = 3
road(0) = PictureBox1
road(1) = PictureBox2
road(2) = PictureBox3
road(3) = PictureBox4
road(4) = PictureBox5
road(5) = PictureBox6
road(6) = PictureBox7
road(7) = PictureBox8

End Sub

Private Sub RoadMover_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles RoadMover.Tick

For x As Integer = 0 To 7
road(x).Top += speed
If road(x).Top >= Me.Height Then
road(x).Top = -road(x).Height
End If
Next
If score > 10 And score < 20 Then
speed = 5
End If
If score > 20 And score < 30 Then
speed = 6
End If
If score > 30 Then
score = 7
End If
Speed_Text.Text = "speed " & speed
If (Car.Bounds.IntersectsWith(Enemycar1.Bounds)) Then
gameover()
End If
If (Car.Bounds.IntersectsWith(Enemycar2.Bounds)) Then
gameover()
End If
If (Car.Bounds.IntersectsWith(Enemycar3.Bounds)) Then
gameover()
End If
End Sub
Private Sub gameover()
Replay_Button.Visible = True
End_text.Visible = True
RoadMover.Stop()
Enemycar1_mover.Stop()

10
 Enemycar2_mover.Stop()
Enemycar3_mover.Stop()
End Sub

Private Sub Timer2_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles right_mover.Tick

If (Car.Location.X < 190) Then
Car.Left += 5
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form1_KeyDown(sender As Object, e As KeyEventArgs) Handles MyBase.KeyDown

If e.KeyCode = Keys.Right Then
right_mover.Start()
End If
If e.KeyCode = Keys.Left Then
left_mover.Start()
End If
End Sub

Private Sub left_mover_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles left_mover.Tick

If (Car.Location.X > 0) Then
Car.Left -= 5
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form1_KeyUp(sender As Object, e As KeyEventArgs) Handles MyBase.KeyUp

right_mover.Stop()
left_mover.Stop()
End Sub

Private Sub Enemycar1_mover_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Enemycar1_mover.Tick
Enemycar1.Top += speed / 2
If Enemycar1.Top >= Me.Height Then
score += 1
score_test.Text = "score" & score
Enemycar1.Top = -(CInt(Math.Ceiling(Rnd() * 150)) + Enemycar1.Height)
Enemycar1.Left = CInt(Math.Ceiling(Rnd() * 50)) + 0
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Enemycar2_mover_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Enemycar2_mover.Tick
Enemycar2.Top += speed
If Enemycar2.Top >= Me.Height Then
score += 1
score_test.Text = "score" & score
Enemycar2.Top = -(CInt(Math.Ceiling(Rnd() * 150)) + Enemycar2.Height)
Enemycar2.Left = CInt(Math.Ceiling(Rnd() * 50)) + 100

End If
End Sub

Private Sub Enemycar3_mover_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Enemycar3_mover.Tick
Enemycar3.Top += speed * 3 / 2
If Enemycar3.Top >= Me.Height Then

11
 score += 1
score_test.Text = "score" & score
Enemycar3.Top = -(CInt(Math.Ceiling(Rnd() * 150)) + Enemycar3.Height)
Enemycar3.Left = CInt(Math.Ceiling(Rnd() * 40)) + 150
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Replay_Button_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Replay_Button.Click
score = 0
Me.Controls.Clear()
InitializeComponent()
Form1_Load(e, e)
End Sub
End Class

12
3) For better performance use fluorescent light & LED

Fig : Construction of Li-Fi System

Working of Li-Fi

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology is a wireless communication system based on the use of visible

light between the violet (800 THz) and red (400 THz). Unlike Wi-Fi which uses the radio part of

the electromagnetic spectrum, Li-Fi uses the optical spectrum i.e. Visible light part of the

13
electromagnetic spectrum. The principle of Li-Fi is based on sending data by amplitude

modulation of the light source in a well-defined and standardized way. LEDs can be switched on

and off faster than the human eyes can detect since the operating speed of LEDs is less than 1

microsecond. This invisible on-off activity enables data transmission using binary codes. If the

LED is on, a digital ‘1’ is transmitted and if the LED is off, a digital ‘0’ is transmitted. Also

these LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly which gives us a very nice opportunity for

transmitting data through LED lights, because there are no interfering light frequencies like that

of the radio frequencies in Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is thought to be 80% more efficient, which means it can

reach speeds of up to 1Gbps and even beyond. Li-Fi differs from fibre optic because the Li-Fi

protocol layers are suitable for wireless communication over short distances (up to 10 meters).

This puts Li-Fi in a unique position of extremely fast wireless communication over short

distances.

14
 Fig : Li-Fi Transmission

How it Works:

The working of Li-Fi is very simple. There is a light emitter on one end i.e. an LED transmitter,

and a photo detector (light sensor) on the other. The data input to the LED transmitter is encoded

in to the light (technically referred to as Visible Light Communication) by varying the flickering

rate at which the LEDs flicker ‘on’ and ‘off’ to generate different strings of 1s and 0s. The onoff

activity of the LED transmitter which seems to be invisible (The LED intensity is modulated so

rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the light of the LED appears constant to humans),

enables data transmission in light form in accordance with the incoming binary codes: switching

ON a LED is a logical '1', switching it OFF is a logical '0'. By varying the rate at which the LEDs

flicker on and off, information can be encoded in the light to different combinations of 1s and 0s.

In a typical setup, the transmitter (LED) is connected to the data network (Internet through the

modem) and the receiver (photo detector/light sensor) on the receiving end receives the data as

light signal and decodes the information, which is then displayed on the device connected to the

receiver. The receiver (photo detector) registers a binary ‘1’ when the transmitter (LED) is ON

and a binary ‘0’ when the transmitter (LED) is OFF. Thus flashing the LED numerous times or

using an array of LEDs (perhaps of a few different colours) will eventually provide data rates in

the range of hundreds of Mbps. The Li-Fi working is explained in a block diagram.(fig)

15
Fig : Block diagram of Li-Fi Sub System

Hence all that is required, is some or an array of LEDs and a controller that controls/encodes data

into those LEDs. All one has to do is to vary the rate at which the LEDs flicker depending upon

the data input to LEDs. Further data rate enhancements can be made in this method, by using

array of the LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red , green and blue LEDs

to alter the light’s frequency, with each frequency encoding a different data channel. Figure 7

shows working/deployment of a Li-Fi system connecting the devices in a room

Fig : Li-Fi system connecting devices in a room

Why Visible Light Commutation

16
The frequency spectrum that is available to us in the atmosphere consists of many wave regions

like X-rays, gamma rays, u-v region, infrared region, visible light rays, radio waves, etc. Any one

of the above waves can be used in the upcoming communication technologies but why the

Visible Light part is chosen? The reason behind this is the easy availability and lesser harmful

effects that occur due to these rays of light. VLC uses the visiblelight between 400 THz (780 nm)

and 800 THz (375 nm) as medium which are less dangerous for high-power applications and also

humans can easily perceive it and protect themselves from the harmful effects whereas the other

wave regions have disadvantage.

Li-Fi Over Wi-Fi

Comparison Between Li-Fi and, Wi-Fi and other Radio Communication technologies

Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi can provide wireless Internet access to users, and both the technologies

transmit data over electromagnetic spectrum. Li-Fi is a visible light communication technology

useful to obtain high speed wireless communication. The difference is: Wi-Fi technology uses

radio waves for transmission, whereas Li-Fi utilizes light waves. Wi-Fi works well for general

wireless coverage within building/campus/compound, and Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless

data coverage inside a confined area or room and is free from interference issues unlike the Wi-

Fi. Table I shows a comparison of transfer speed of various wireless technologies. Table II

shows a comparison of Li-Fi with Wi-Fi.

Table 1: Comparison of speed of various wireless technologies

17
Table 2: Comparison of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi

18
Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi can provide wireless Internet access to users, and both the technologies

transmit data over electromagnetic spectrum. Li-Fi is a visible light communication technology

useful to obtain high speed wireless communication. The difference is: Wi-Fi technology uses

radio waves for transmission, whereas Li-Fi utilizes light waves. Wi-Fi works well for general

wireless coverage within building/campus/compound, and Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless

data coverage inside a confined area or room and is free from interference issues unlike the Wi-

Fi.

Advantages of Li-Fi

Li-Fi, which uses visible light to transmit signals wirelessly, is an emerging technology poised to

compete with Wi-Fi. Also, Li-Fi removes the limitations that have been put on the user by the

19
Radio wave transmission such as Wi-Fi as explained above vide 4.1. Advantages of Li-Fi

technology include:

a) Efficiency: Energy consumption can be minimised with the use of LED illumination which are

already available in the home, offices and Mall etc. for lighting purpose. Hence the transmission

of data requiring negligible additional power, which makes it very efficient in terms of costs as

well as energy.

b) High speed: Combination of low interference, high bandwidths and high-intensity output, help

Li-Fi provide high data rates i.e. 1 Gbps or even beyond.

c) Availability: Availability is not an issue as light sources are present everywhere. Wherever

there is a light source, there can be Internet. Light bulbs are present everywhere – in homes,

offices, shops, malls and even planes, which can be used as a medium for the data transmission.

d) Cheaper: Li-Fi not only requires fewer components for its working, but also uses only a

negligible additional power for the data transmission.

e) Security: One main advantage of Li-Fi is security. Since light cannot pass through opaque

structures, Li-Fi internet is available only to the users within a confined area and cannot be

intercepted and misused, outside the area under operation.

f) Li-Fi technology has a great scope in future. The extensive growth in the use of LEDs for

illumination indeed provides the opportunity to integrate the technology into a plethora of

environments and applications.

G) Can be used anywhere, even in RF restricted areas; Since light waves will not interfere with

radio waves.

20
H) Mostly LED light bulbs are used, which consumes less energy.Hence cost efficient.

I) As light waves cannot penetrate through walls, the data cannot be intercepted; Thus provides

secured communication.

J) Efficient alternative to radio based wireless; since it is quick and reliable.

Disadvantages

Nothing in this world is perfect and so does LIFI.

These signals cannot penetrate walls. So the person needs wired bulb in that room also.

Only works if there is direct line of sight between source and receiver.

Used for broadcast and it is difficult to uplink.

Visible light cannot penetrate through solid objects.

A major challenge of LiFi is how the receiving device will transmit back to transmitter.

Interferences from external light sources like sunlight, in the path of transmission will

cause interruption in the communication.

Data transmission can be easily blocked by any object placed in front of LED source.

Internet cannot be accessed without a light source. This could limit the locations and

situations in which Li-Fi could be used.

21
 It requires a near or perfect line-of-sight to transmit data

Opaque obstacles on pathways can affect data transmission

Natural light, sunlight, and normal electric light can affect the data transmission speed

Light waves don’t penetrate through walls and so Li-Fi has a much shorter range than

Wi-Fi

High initial installation cost, if used to set up a full-fledged data network.

Yet to be developed for mass scale adoption

Application

There are numerous applications of Li-Fi technology, from public Internet access through

existing lighting (LED) to auto-piloted cars that communicate through their headlights (LED

based). Applications of Li-Fi can extend in areas where the Wi-Fi technology lacks its presence

like aircrafts and hospitals (operation theatres), power plants and various other areas, where

electromagnetic (Radio) interference is of great concern for safety and security of equipments

and people. Since Li-Fi uses just the light, it can be used safely in such locations or areas. In

future with the Li-Fi enhancement all the street lamps can be transformed to Li-Fi connecting
22
points to transfer data. As a result of it, it will be possible to access internet at any public place

and street.

LIFI can be used in

Sensitive areas such as aircrafts for data without causing interference

Places where it is difficult to lay optical operation theaters

Traffic scenarios, thereby reducing accidents

Underwater applications where radio waves cannot propagate.

Industries like petrochemical plants, nuclear power plants , petrol pumps etc.

Some of the future applications of Li-Fi could be as follows

a) Education systems: Li-Fi

b) Medical Applications:

c) Cheaper Internet in Aircrafts

d) Underwater applications

e) Disaster management

f) Applications in sensitive areas

g) Traffic management

h) Mobile Connectivity

i) Replacement for other technologies

23
Use Cases:

The pureLiFi, which is a UK based company, claims to be one of the leading companies in LiFi

technology, having the following VLC products as on date Li-Flame Ceiling Unit to connect to

an LED light fixture and Li-Flame Desktop Unit which connects to a device via USB, both

aiming to provide light and connectivity in one device. LiFiX, claims to be evolution of the

world’s first LiFi system, the Li-Flame. The system offers a fully networked LiFi solution which

supports multiple access, roaming, complete mobility and ease of use – providing a level of user

experience that is comparable and more secure than existing wireless technologies i.e. Wi-Fi.

The LiFi-X delivers high data densities and eliminates unwanted external network intrusion. In

addition, the merger of illumination with wireless communications claims to provide a

measurable reduction in both infrastructure complexity and energy consumption.LiFi-X

apparently delivers: -

Full duplex communication with a 40Mbps downlink and 40Mbps uplink;

Full mobility (portable, USB-powered station)

Multiple users per LiFi Access Point, supported through multiple access

Secure wireless communications constrained by walls, eliminating the risk of signal

leakage to external eavesdroppers.

A)LiFi-X Access Point (AP)

Support for Power over Ethernet (PoE) or Power Line Communications (PLC)

Simple installation

24
 Connect to a wide range of LED light fixture to form an atto-cell

Multiple access

Handover control enables seamless switching between APs

B) LiFi-X Station (STA)

USB 2.0 powered

Supports handover, allowing users to move while maintaining their wireless

session.

25
Various use of Li-Fi

Lecture / Seminar Hall

Downloading notes from blogs of teachers Often it is necessary to download lecture notes

from the blogs of receptive teachers with LI-FI, the download can be done in the hall

itself Interactive classroom with interconnected devicesThe classroom will be more

interactive with the real-time interconnectivity between 500 devicesSharing views &

queries with the entire classEach person’squeries, views andclarifications can be shared

not only with the teacher, but with the entire class.Li-Fi is the latest technology that can

provide fastest speed for Internet access. So, it can augment/replace Wi-Fi at educational

institutions and at companies so that the people there can make use of Li-Fi with the high

speed.

26
Industries

Used in RF restricted environments like chemical industries, nuclear power plants, petrol

pumps

Home And Small Offices

In home and small offices, Li-Fi can be used to communicate with devices like

Laptops

Internet access

HD video streaming

Printer

27
Cheaper Internet in Aircrafts

The passengers travelling in aircrafts get access to low speed Internet that too at a very high

price. Also Wi-Fi is not used because it may interfere with the navigational systems of the pilots.

In aircrafts Li-Fi can be used for data transmission. Li-Fi can easily provide high speed Internet

via every light source such as overhead reading bulb, etc. present inside the airplane.This

problem can be overcome by using Li-Fi, since light waves will not interfere with radio

wavesHence passengers face theproblem in communication media.

28
29
Underwater applications

Underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) operate from large cables that supply their

power and allow them to receive signals from their pilots above. But the tether used in ROVs is

not long enough to allow them to explore larger areas. If their wires were replaced with light —

say from a submerged, high powered lamp — then they would be much freer to explore. They

could also use their headlamps to communicate with each other, processing data autonomously

and sending their findings periodically back to the surface. Li-Fi can even work underwater

where Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military

underwater operations.

30
Medical Applications

Operation theatres (OTs) do not allow Wi-Fi due to radiation concerns. Usage of Wi-Fi at

hospitals interferes/blocks the signals for monitoring equipment. So, it may have hazardous

effect to the patient's health, due to improper working of medical apparatus. To overcome this

and to make OT tech savvy Li-Fi can be used to access internet and also to control medical

equipments. This will be beneficial for conducting robotic surgeries and other automated

procedures. Before this above mentioned technology, there was many issues related to wireless

transmission protocols. It consist of many issues related limited range, high power consumption,

limited bandwidth of transmission of data. Reduces in performance of data transmission process.

It can be easily hacked by attacker at the time of worldwide data transmission process. Less

security in message transmission was the major problem. But in this Technology it reduces the

such errors and improve the performance and give the better secure data transmission in it. It is

not more expensive as compare to Wi-Fi technology. In this system , we are using Li-Fi

technology and zigbee module to have a proper and secure data transmission in medical

application. In this , we are showing how ambulance can send it message data through the Li-Fi

technology. One additional part is tolerant distance in it. It will help to detect ambulance is in

hospitals area or not. This technology helps to get ready for treatment when ambulance send it

the message to the hospital. This technology

31
Traffic management

In traffic signals Li-Fi can be used to communicate with passing vehicles (through the LED

lights of the cars etc) which can help in managing the traffic in a better manner resulting into

smooth flow of traffic and reduction in accident numbers. Also, LED car lights can alert drivers

when other vehicles are too close.In traffic scenario, LIFI can be used to communicate with the

LED lights of cars .Cars can have LED-based headlights, backlights and communicate with each

other. This might prevent accidents, by exchanging information, when the vehicles are too

closeUsing LIFI, Street lights can be used to send information about the road condition to the

car.

32
33
Standardization

The Visible Light Communication interest group, certified by the IEEE, with its standard

approved in 2011 by IEEE as IEEE 802.15.7 is the most active one. The standard of VLC (IEEE

802.15.7) specifies VLC consisting of mobile-to-mobile (M2M), fixed-to-mobile (F2M) and

infrastructure-to-mobile (I2M) communications. The main purpose of VLC standard is to focus

on medium-range communications for intelligent traffic systems at low-speed and on short range

mobile to mobile and fixed to mobile communications at high speeds to exchange data. Data

rates are supported up to 1 Gbps using various modulation schemes. IEEE 802.15.7 defines

physical layer (PHY) & media access control (MAC) layer for VLC/Li-Fi. The MAC layer

supports 3 multi-access technologies: peer-to-peer, star configuration and broadcast mode. It also

handles physical layer management issues such as addressing, collision avoidance and data

acknowledgement protocols. The physical layer is divided into 3 types: PHY I, II, III and employ

a combination of different modulation schemes.

The PHY I was established for outdoor application and works from 11.67 kbps to 267.6

kbps.

The PHY II layer permits reaching data rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s. The PHY III

is used for many emissions sources with a particular modulation method called colour

shift keying (CSK). PHY III can deliver rates from 12 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.The

modulation formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are on-off keying (OOK) and

variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The Manchester coding used for the PHY I

and PHY II layers includes the clock inside the transmitted data by representing with an

OOK symbol "01" and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DCcomponent.

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Future Scope

As light is everywhere and free to use, there is a great scope for the use and evolution of

LiFitechnology. If this technology becomes mature, each Li-Fi bulb can be used to transmit

wireless data. As the Li-Fi technology becomes popular, it will lead to a cleaner, greener, safer

communications and have a bright future and environment. The concept of Li-Fi is deriving

many people as it is free (require no license) and faster means of data transfer. If it evolves

faster, people will use this technology more and more.

Fig : Li-Fi Roadmap

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Currently, LBS (location Based Service) or Broadcast solution are commercially available. The

next step could be a Li-Fi WLAN for B2B market with high added value on specific business

cases and could grow towards mass market. In the long term, the Li-Fi could become an

alternative solution to radio for wireless high data rate room connectivity and new adapted

service, such as augmented or virtual reality

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Conclusion

Although there’s still a long way to go to make this technology a commercial success, it

promises a great potential in the field of wireless internet. A significant number of researchers

and companies are currently working on this concept, which promises to solve the problem of

lack of radio spectrum, space and low internet connection speed. By deployment of this

technology, we can migrate to greener, cleaner, safer communication networks. The very concept

of Li-Fi promises to solve issues such as, shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and eliminates

the disadvantages of Radio communication technologies. Li-Fi is the upcoming and growing

technology acting as catalyst for various other developing and new inventions/technologies.

Therefore, there is certainty of development of future applications of the Li-Fi which can be

extended to different platforms and various walks of human life.Thus, if Li-Fi technology can be

put into practical use, every bulb can be used as an alternative to Wi-Fi hotspots. It provides

simple, faster and efficient wireless data communication. Li-Fi will make us to proceed towards

the cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future.

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References

http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Review_Paper_on_Li_Fi__Light_Fidelity__ijarii

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0416/ijsrp-p5275.pdf

LAB%201-021/Desktop/lifi%20study%20paper%20-%20approved.pdf

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