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n a previous Technical Note by one of face 1 faces 1 and 2 of the section respectively
the authors2 it was shown that the sepa- f´s2 stiffening stress in reinforcement at
rate equations for flexure and combined face 2 Introduction
tension are based on similar premises. A fstif1 stiffening tensile stress in concrete at The author2 showed that the separate
method was proposed to proportion the face 1 equations for flexure and direct tension
tensile stiffening force to the two layers of fstif2 stiffening tensile stress in concrete at are based on similar premises, and that
reinforcement by considering horizontal face 2 eqn (1) of BS 8007: Appendix B, i.e.
and moment equilibrium of the stiffening fy characteristic strength of reinforce-
3acr f m
forces. This method results in the ‘neutral ment w= ...(1)
1 + 2 d cr n
a - c min
axis’ of the stiffening strain diagram not Fstif total stiffening tensile force in
h-x
coinciding with the neutral axis of the concrete
section under the applied forces. Fstif1 portion of stiffening tensile force can be used both for flexure and for
Some literature suggests, however, that acting at level of steel at face 1 direct tension. He then indicated that it
the stiffening strains should emanate from Fstif2 portion of stiffening tensile force can therefore be assumed that eqn (1) will
the neutral axis position in all cases. This acting at level of steel at face 2 also apply to the case of combined flexure
approach gives a seamless consistency h overall depth of section and direct tension.
throughout the whole range of possible
a constant = <
h - a1 F
combinations of moment and tensile force. k1 a2 Combined flexure and direct tension
The authors set out an improved method For combined flexure and direct tension,
for proportioning the tensile stiffening k2 a constant = < h -a1a2 F two cases; (i) Complete section in tension
force to the two layers of reinforcement for and; (ii) Section partially in compression,
certain cases in order to achieve this. It K a constant for a particular section can be considered:
also provides revised equations for the under a certain configuration of
case where the neutral axis is between moment and axial tension Case 1: Complete section in tension
face 2 and its adjacent reinforcement. Determining the neutral axis depth:
J h -a N
Ke+ 2O Equations (9) to (15) in Kruger2 still apply.
Notation =K 2 O Proportioning the stiffening force:
Ke- h +a O
a1 distance from face 1 to centroid of 2 1 Previous method: Consider a section as
L P
reinforcement at face 1 shown in Fig 1. The author2 proposed a
a2 distance from face 2 to centroid of M applied moment at section considered method for proportioning the total stiffen-
reinforcement at face 2 n1 ratio x ing force to the two layers of reinforcement
h
acr distance from point considered to T applied axial tension at section by considering horizontal and moment
surface of the nearest longitudinal bar considered equilibrium of the stiffening forces, Fstif1
As1 area of reinforcement at face 1 w design surface crack width and Fstif2.
As2 area of reinforcement at face 2 w1 design surface crack width at face 1 Apportionment according to this
b width of section considered (normally w2 design surface crack width at face 2 method results in the ‘neutral axis’ of the
1m) x distance to the neutral axis from stiffening strain diagram not coinciding
cmin minimum cover to tension steel face 2 with the neutral axis of the section under
c1 minimum cover to reinforcement at xstif apparent neutral axis depth of stiff- the applied forces, i.e. xstif ≠ x. However, the
face 1 ening strain from face 2 lecture notes of the British Cement
c2 minimum cover to reinforcement at Association3 contains a figure that seems
face 2 αe modular ratio b = E s E l to suggest that the stiffening strains
eccentricity = M
c
e should emanate from the neutral axis
T
Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete (1/2 ε11 strain at face 1 ignoring stiffening position. It is generally accepted that this
the instantaneous value when used effect of concrete is the case when the neutral axis lies
to determine αe) ε12 strain at face 2 ignoring stiffening within the section, so it would be consis-
Es modulus of elasticity of reinforcement effect of concrete tent to adopt the same approach when the
fc compressive stress in concrete εm average strain at level where crack- neutral axis is beyond the section.
fcu 28 day characteristic (cube) strength ing is being considered Proportioning the stiffening force:
of concrete εs1 strain in reinforcement at face 1 Improved method: Consider a section
fs1 stress in reinforcement at face 1 εs2 strain in reinforcement at face 2 with width, b, as shown in Fig 2. Say f´s1
fs2 stress in reinforcement at face 2 ∆εs1 strain reduction in reinforcement at and f´s2 are the tensile stiffening stresses
f´s1 stiffening stress in reinforcement at face 1 due to tension stiffening of in the two layers of reinforcement. With
ed n ed
x n bh
still applies to this case, and equations (49) T = x + a 1 - a2 As2 - a h - 1 - a1 As1 ...( 20)
f c bh 2h 2 bh x
to (51) given there are equally valid here.