International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering

and Research
www.ijmter.com
e-ISSN No.:2349-9745, Date: 28-30 April, 2016

Indian Energy Scenario and Role of Renewable Sources for

Sustainable Development
Yogesh kulkarni1,Jitendra Satpute2, Nikhil Purwant3
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, SNJB’s Late Sau. Kantabai Bhavarlalji Jain College of
Engineering, Nashik, India, yogesh.kulkarni2212@gmail.com
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Suman Ramesh Tulsiani Technical Campus-Faculty of
Engineering, Pune, India, Jitendra.satpute@srttc.ac.in
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Siddhant College of Engineering, Sudumbare, pune, India,
purwantn@gmail.com

Abstract—Growth and development of country depends on availability of energy with least possible
cost. Power should be generated with least possible environmental issues to avoid future ill effect.
The present paper reveals energy importance, current situation of power generation in
Indiaconsidering conventional and non- conventional sources and the future of the renewable
energies .Work also discuss the trends in energy consumption, growth of the current grid, energy
import.More emphasis is given to renewable energy sources as an eco-friendly option to generate
power. Benefits arising from renewable energy can be considered in categories like generation of
energy, generation of new working post and reduction of environmental pollution which are prime
important for India.
Keywords-Power Generation; Energy Use; Conventional Sources; Renewable Sources.

I. INTRODUCTION
The historical as well as present day civilizations of mankind are closely interlinked with energy and
in future our dependency upon energy for existence will be increase linearly. Energy is associated
with physical substance but it is not a substance itself. Energy has become most important necessity
to accomplish our day to day task. In today’s era, energy is an irreplaceable element, playing leading
role in making life easy and comfortable.The speedy growth of power capacity and a subsequent rise
in demand can be accredited to several factors like Economic development and increasing affluence,
growing rate of urbanization, increase per capita energy consumption, broadening access to energy in
the country
Table 1 Conventional energy resources available in India

Sr Energy source Recoverable Production

No resources (per year)
1 Coal 28.8 Thousand Mtoe 361 Mtoe
2 Oil 800 Million tonnes 38.2 Million tones
3 Gas 992 Mtoe 39.6 Mtoe
4 Geothermal power 10,000 MWe
As far as energy reserves in India are concern, conventional recoverable energy resources and its
production are tabulated as shown in the Table 1; India has fairly large reserve of coal. Although
India’s reserves of coal are large, there are number of problems which need to be noted. Such as,
Indian coal has high ash content as much as 30-40%. This high ash contents add cost of
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 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research(IJMTER)
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transportation, burden on coal handling equipment. Another problem associated with calorific Value
of Indian coal and less availability of coking coal of India. Oil resources are very less in India.
Energy consumption is one of the important tools to understand standard of living of person in the
particular country. From Figure 1 shows energy consumption for world, china and India. It is
important to note that, India’s energy use is very less than average energy use by world.

3000 World
(Kg of Oil Equivalent per

2700 China
2400 India
Energy use

2100
capita)

1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year

Figure 1 Comparative graph for Energy use (Kg of Oil equivalent per capita)
Being developing country, power requirement of India is high. Figure 2 gives comparative study of
fossil fuel consumption (% of Total) for world, China and India. As expected India’s fossil fuel
consumption (% of Total) rises. Same type of contour is followed by China and world. China’s fossil
fuel consumption (% of Total) isgreaterwith comparison to India

World
90 China
Fossil Fuel Energy

85 India
(% of Total)
Consumption

80
75
70
65
60
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year

Figure 2 Comparative graph of fossil fuel consumption (% of Total)

Due to limited sources of conventional energy, we have to import energy. Energy import (Net % of
energy use in Oil Equivalent) of India is increasing day by day and it warning alarm for India to take
corrective action. Net import of India in 2006 was 20.5% which rises to 30.5% approximately in
2012.
Data on installed capacity for generating electrical power and percent contribution of various
commercial sources is tabulated below. The installed capacity of India at the time of independence
(in 1947) was only 1362 MW, increased to 16664 MW in 1973. The capacity till 31 of November
2015 is 282023.39 MW. It shows impressive growth in installation capacity of India. It is important
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to note that coal is a dominant source of electricity generation of India. The 60.54 % of total
installations use coal as a primary energy source whereas electricity generation by Nuclear power is
2.04 %, which is least in all energy sources.
Table 2 Installed Capacity of Power Generation in India (in MW)(up to the 30th. November 2015)

Sr No source capacity %
1 Coal 170737.88 60.54
2 Gas 24473.03 8.67
3 Diesel 993.53 0.35
4 Nuclear 5780.00 2.04
5 RES 37415.53 13.26
6 Hydro 42623.42 15.11

Based on the preceding survey it is important to note some useful observation. India has large
amount of coal available but it is of low quality. Though the demand of energy in India is increasing,
India’s present power sources are not capable to fulfill the energy demand. India’s energy import is
continuously increasing which directly effect on the national currency.There is aneed to generate
environment friendly power that raises energy efficiency as well as it is sustainable. As conventional
sources are limited and has adverse effect on environment in order to fulfill energy demand,
development of new and existing energy system is unavoidable. Tremendous research is already in
the process of same direction. The primary of alternative energy which hold potential for futurecan
be broadly classified as the nuclear option, wind energy, solar energy, biomass, hydro energy and
other sources such as hydrogen.

II. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN INDIA

Table 3 Progress in renewable energy sources (Up to the 31th December, 2015)

Sr Energy Source Cumulative Sr Energy Source Cumulative

No Achievements No Achievements
Grid-Interactive Power (MW) Off-Grid/ Captive Power (MW)
1 Wind Power 25088.19 1 Waste to Energy 146.51
2 Solar Power 4878.87 2 Biomass 781.24
3 Small Hydro 4176.90 3 Aero- 2.67
Power Genrators/Hybrid
4 Bio-Power 4550.55 4 SPV Systems 289.01
5 Waste to Power 127.08 5 Water mills/micro 17.21
hydel

India has a vast potential of renewable energy resources, and it has one of the largest programs in the
world for deploying renewable energy products and systems. India is playing active role in research
and development of renewable energy due to Energy security issue, administration support, and
climatic change, cost competitiveness of renewable, Favorable foreign investment and significant
potential of renewable energy. India is the only nation in the world to have a dedicated ministry for
the renewable energy (Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, MNES). The ministry works
for endorsing renewable energy technologies, creating favorable environment for promotion and
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Volume 3, Issue 4, [April 2016] Special Issue of ICRTET’2016

commercialization of these technologies. By developing the technologies, it will not only reduce the
energy gap but will also create millions of jobs. India is vigorously working on wind, solar, biomass,
hydro, geothermal and biogas as alternate sources of energy.

2.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy is very a large, inexhaustible, clean renewable resource with zero emission. It has got
tremendous potential which can be harnessed using a variety of devices source of energy. India is
endowed with vast solar energy potential. India is gifted with tremendous amount of solar
energy(5,000 trillion kWh per year) which is a positive sign. Due to thelargeresearch and
developments in solar energy,applications are easily available for industrial and domestic use with
the added advantage of minimum maintenance. Solar energy could be made financially viable with
government tax incentives and rebates.India also established the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM) in late 2009. The solar technology is organized under the following categories:
passive solar day lighting, active heating and cooling, PV electricity generation, concentrating solar
power (CSP) electricity generation. With the Application of the photovoltaic effect;Photovoltaic
(PV) solar technologies produce electricity. CSP technologies produce electricity by concentrating
direct-beam solar irradiance to heat a fluid, which is then used in a downstream process for
electricity generation.There are4680.80 MW of Grid Connected Solar Power Projects As on 30-11-
2015.

2.2 Wind energy

Wind power, was introduced in India very late, in 1990s. Faster technology development and its
proper adaptation;in terms of total installed capacity of wind powerIndia is in top 10 countries
(rankfifth largest country).The Potential for wind power generation for grid interaction has been
estimated at about 1,02,788 MW considering the projects having wind power more than 200 W/sq. m
at 80 m hub-height with 2% terrestrialaccessibility in potential areas for setting up wind farms at 9
MW/sq. km. In India’s renewable energy industry,more than 70 percentof installed potential is due to
Wind energy. Wind power will continue to be the biggest renewable energy sector in India, in terms
installed capacities. MNRE invested in the Wind Resource Assessment Program and establishment
of the Centre for Wind Energy Technology, which is important Centre for the MNRE’s research and
development work in the wind energy sector. MNRE have also involved in planning and support for
planning, implementation and advancement of wind projects.A wind power project has high potential
to generate new job position for skilled as well as unskilled people of India as shown in wind power
project of Maharashtra, Haryana state. Wind Power technology are classified asHorizontal Axis
Wind Turbine (Residential rooftops, industrial loads and commercial generations),Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine ( such as Darrieus wind turbine, Giromill turbine,Savonius wind turbine and Twisted
Savonius wind turbine) and novel wind technology (KiteGen and MARS). The Indian wind energy
scene is cheerful, with a large number of forays being made by MNC’s (Multi National Company)
such as vestas, gamesa, GE power etc. and with suzlon making abrupt pace in the International
market.

2.3 Hydropower
Hydropower is a renewable energy resource because it uses the Earth's water cycle to generate
electricity. According to report of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, The total potential for
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Volume 3, Issue 4, [April 2016] Special Issue of ICRTET’2016

power generation in the India from Hydropower plants is about 20,000 MW. Maximum harnessing
of Hydropower is possible with river-based projects and in other States on irrigation canals such as
Himalayan States.The first Hydropower plant in India was installed in Sidrapong (Darjeeling) having
the capacity of 130 kW in the year 1897.Generally Hydro power projects are broadly classified
according to installed capacities as small and large hydro power plant. In India, Small Hydro Power
plants are having less or equal to25 MW station capacities. Small Hydro Power plantsare often
considered advantageous over large hydro power plant due to construction, maintenance and less
environmental and social issue.The government of India has, over the years, taken a number of
initiatives to prioritize hydropower development and to attract investments in the sector.

2.4 Biomass Energy

Biomass energy is the important source of energy to reduce India’s reliance on fossil fuels by
utilization of thermo-chemical conversion technologies. Biomass has huge potential in an
agricultural economy of India. Biomass is also capable of providing secure energy. In case of energy
use of India, biomassderived energy isabout 32% of the total primary energy and more than 70% of
the India’s population still relays upon biomass for its energy requirements. Generation costs for
biomass are similar to those of wind energy. In addition, the increased utilization of biomass-based
fuels will be instrumental in safeguarding the environment, development and health improvements in
rural areas. Biomass energy could also one of the encouragements in streamlining the agricultural
economy. Biomass provides advantages like reduce the electricity deficiency and provide farmers
with trustworthy additional bases of revenue. Biomass energy is the utilization of organic matter
present and can be utilized for applications such as to produce heat and electricity, in combination
with fossil fuels (co-firing) and it can be used as transportation fuels.

2.5 Waste-To-Energy
Indian waste to energy sector is composed to grow at a rapid pace in the years to come. The dual
pressing needs of waste management and reliable renewable energy source are creating openings for
financiers and project developers in the waste to energy sector. Waste-To-Energyplants offer
significantreimbursementsin terms of the ecofriendly electrical powergenerationas well as
environmentally sound waste management and disposal. Waste-to-energy
amenitiesyieldenvironmentally free renewable energy by utilization of biochemical,
physicochemicaland thermochemical methods. Furthermore, waste-to-energy plants are highly
efficient in harnessing the unexploited sources of energy from a variety of wastes. The major
Advantages for adopting technologies for recovery of energy from urban wastes are to reduce the
quantity of waste and net reduction in environmental pollution, besides generation of substantial
quantity of energy.

CONCLUSION

 India has limited conventional energy sources which are unable to complete energy demand
of country hence we have to import fuels on large scale consuming large part of national
currency
 Though renewable energy has limitations of acquiring land,development of transmission
setup in remote areas, seasonal variability of intensity,large initial development; renewable

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 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research(IJMTER)
Volume 3, Issue 4, [April 2016] Special Issue of ICRTET’2016

energy sorces are encouraging sources and available in large quantities in India to meet
rapidly increasing demand of electricity
 As India becoming more keen & familiar with renewable power, it is expected to adopt faster
and at a much larger scale.
REFERENCES
[1] World Energy Resources Survey (Latest By Year 2011), World Energy Council , London
[2] Ministry Of Power, Government Of India, Installed Capacity Report
[3] State wise installed solar power capacity, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India.
[4] Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Programme/ Scheme wise Physical Progress in 2015-16 (Up to the 31th
December, 2015)
[5] Unleashing the Potential of Renewable Energy in India, Energy sector management assistant program, 2010,
South Asia Energy Unit Sustainable Development Department
[6] Creating green Jobs: employment Generation by GameSa-renew power’S 85 MeGawatt wind project in jath,
maharaShtra, international: india, augustt 2014, issue paper
[7] S. P. Sukhatme, J K Nayak, Solar Energy- Priciples Of Thermal Collection And Storage, Third Edition, McGraw
Hill Education,

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