Process Dynamics and Control:

Research Experiment
“Application of the Effects of Mixing Varying Temperature of Water through
Time in Designing the Dynamic Model Process”

Submitted by:

Amano, Bernadeth L.
Dionisio, Charles Amiel P.
De La Cruz, Roel Ian M.
Fulugan, Ceazar Justine L.
Madriñal, Andrea Coleen E.
Mendoza, Marian D.

BSChE IV

Submitted to:

Engr. Kim Bryan Dueñas

March 13, 2017

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Introduction

Process control is an application area of chemical engineering. It is an one of the

forte for Chemical Engineers. It combines chemical process knowledge and an
understanding of dynamic systems, a topic important to many fields of engineering. The
primary objective of process control is to maintain a process at the desired operating
conditions, safely and efficiently, while satisfying environmental and product quality
requirements. Proper application of process control can actually improve the safety and
profitability of a process. Consequently, study of process control allows chemical
engineers to span their own field, as well as form a useful acquaintance with allied fields.
Practitioners of process control find their skills useful in design, operation, and
troubleshooting - major categories of chemical engineering practice.

On a big picture, process control is extensively used in industry and enables mass
production of consistent products from continuously operated processes such as oil
refining, paper manufacturing, chemicals, power plants and many others. These
applications wouldn’t be possible without the basic knowledge on process control. And one
important example of these is controlling of temperature. The temperature of an
equipment, let’s say a chemical reactor, may be controlled to maintain a consistent product
output. This illustration begins by developing a dynamic model.

By citing the importance of controlling the temperature in a process through a

dynamic model, the researchers conducted the experiment, “Application of the Effects of
Mixing Varying Temperature of Water through Time in Designing the Dynamic Model
Process”.

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Objectives:

 To come up with a set-up that will best illustrate the effect of blending varying
temperatures in a dynamic model
 To design a dynamic model based from the result of data
 To analyze and compare the results of theoretical and actual values of the dynamic
models

Methods and Materials:

Materials
 Crushed Ice
 Water
 1.5 L Beaker (1)
 200 mL Beaker (5)
 Hot plate with temperature control
 Analytical balance
 Thermometers (2)
 Stopwatch

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 Set-Up

Procedure

1. Prepare 500 mL of water maintained at 50oC. Label this as Tank 1.

2. Prepare 10 sets of 50 mL water at room temperature (300C). Label this as

Tank 2a.

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 3. Pour 50 mL of 300C – water on the 500 mL of water at 50oC. Do this every 15
seconds. Observe and record the temperature on Tank 1.

4. Repeat steps 1,2, and 3 but this time use 10 sets of 50 g ice (0 to 40C). Label
this as Tank 2b. Observe and record the temperature on Tank 1.

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 5. Repeat steps 1,2, and 3 but this time use 10 sets of 25 g ice (0 to 40C) and 10
sets of 25 mL water at room temperature (300C). Observe and record the
temperature on Tank 1.

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 Procedure Illustration

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 Data and Analysis

Actual Model

A. 50g of water at 0oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC

Time (s) Temp. (oC)

0 50 Model (Exponential Regression)
15 42
30 36 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑒 𝑏𝑥
45 30
60 26 𝑎 = 59.322954
75 20 𝑏 = −0.016105
90 16 𝑟 = 0.9833
105 12
120 10
135 6 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟒𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒙

150 4

70

60

50
Temperature

40

30

20

10
y = 59.323e-0.016x
R² = 0.9668
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time

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B. 50g of water at 0oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC

Time (s) Temp. (oC)

0 50 Model (Exponential Regression)
30 46
60 38 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑒 𝑏𝑥
90 34
120 28 𝑎 = 53.158743
150 24 𝑏 = −0.00539975
180 20 𝑟 = 0.9977
210 18
240 15
270 12 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟑𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓𝒙

300 10

60

50

40
Temperature

30

20

y = 53.159e-0.005x
10
R² = 0.9955

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time

C. 50g of water at 30oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC

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 Time (s) Temp. (oC)
0 50 Model (Exponential Regression)
15 49
30 48 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑒 𝑏𝑥
45 46
60 46 𝑎 = 60.116282
75 44 𝑏 = −0.0016969
90 42 𝑟 = 0.9928
105 42
120 41
135 40 𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟐𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟗𝒙

150 39

60

50

40 y = 50.116e-0.002x
Temperature

R² = 0.9856
30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time

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D. 25g of water at 30oC and 25g of water at 0oC , added to 500mL of water at 50oC

Time (s) Temp. (oC)

0 50 Model (Exponential Regression)
15 46
30 44 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑒 𝑏𝑥
45 40
60 38 𝑎 = 51.070584
75 36 𝑏 = −0.005364
90 32 𝑟 = 0.9923
105 28
120 26
135 26 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟒𝒙

150 22

60

50

40
Temperature

30
y = 51.071e-0.005x
20 R² = 0.9847

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time

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 Analysis of Actual Model
These actual models The actual models presented were derived by statistical modelling or
regression analysis. It is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables,
in this case, the reaction temperature versus time. It fits the given data into prescribed
statistical models. Since the experiment was all about temperature, the closest or most
accurate model to use is the exponential regression. This is proven by the ‘r’ values ranging
from 0.9833 to 0.9977, which are very close to unity.
We noticed, however, in some models, that the extremes do not meet the expected
temperature value when a time value was substituted. We think that this is due to the pull of
mean or central tendency to the last value. Nevertheless, the values in the mid part of the table
gives an accurate temperature data, when a time value was substituted.

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 Theoretical Model
A. 50g of water at 0oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC (50mL/15s)

Time (s) Temp. (oC)

0 50

15 45.25374367
Model
30 40.92075111 𝑞0 + 𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞

45 36.93478436
𝑞0 = 𝜌𝑣0 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
60 33.24435556
𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
75 29.80864855 𝑑𝑇
𝑞 = (vo t+500mL)
𝑑𝑡
90 26.59475927

105 23.57577435
[𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 ) + 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 ]
120 20.72939966 ×[ln(vo t+500mL) - ln 500mL]=T(t) − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑

135 18.03696018

150 15.4826567

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 55
50
45
40
Temperature

35
30
25
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Time

B. 50g of water at 0oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC (50mL/30s)

Time (s) Temp. (oC)

0 50

30 45.27299632 Model
𝑞0 + 𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞
60 40.95758007

90 36.98778194 𝑞0 = 𝜌𝑣0 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )

𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
120 33.31232295
𝑑𝑇
𝑞 = (vo t+500mL)
150 29.8905525 𝑑𝑡

180 26.6897

210 23.68296126 [𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 ) + 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 ]

×[ln(vo t+500mL) - ln 500mL]=T(t) − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑
240 20.84813257

270 18.16661466

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 300 15.62267243

60

50

40
Temperature

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time

C. 50g of water at 30oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC (50mL/15s)

Time (s) Temp. (oC) Model

0 50 𝑞0 + 𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞

15 48.11304906
𝑞0 = 𝜌𝑣0 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
30 46.39039782
𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
45 44.80571229 𝑑𝑇
𝑞 = 𝜌(vo t+500mL)𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑡
60 43.33852266

75 41.97260179
[𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 ) + 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 ]
90 40.69486815 ×[ln(vo t+500mL) - ln 500mL]=T(t) − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑

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 105 39.49462189

120 38.36299961

135 37.29257676

150 36.27707212

55

50
Temperature

45

40

35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Time

D. 25g of water at 0oC and 25g of water at 30oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC (50mL/15s)

Time (s) Temp. (oC) Model

0 50 𝑞0 + 𝑞1 + 𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞

15 46.6834
𝑞0 = 𝜌𝑣0 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
30 43.65557 𝑞1 = 𝜌𝑣1 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )

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45 40.87025 𝑞ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
𝑑𝑇
60 38.29144 𝑞 = (vo t+v1 t+500mL)
𝑑𝑡
75 35.89063

90 33.64481
[𝝆𝒗𝟎 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 ) + 𝝆𝒗𝟏 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 ) + 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 ]
×[ln(vo t+v𝟏 t+500mL) -
105 31.5352 𝝆(𝒗𝟎 +𝒗𝟏 )𝑪𝒑
ln 500mL]=T(t) − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇
120 29.5462

135 27.66477

150 25.87986

55

50

45
Temperature

40

35

30

25

20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Time

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 Percent Relative Error

A. 50g of water at 0oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC (50mL/15s)

Temperature,
Temperature, % Relative
Time (s) theoretical Absolute Error
actual (oC) Error
(oC)

0 50 50 0 0

15 42 45.2537 3.2537 7.189909333

30 36 40.9208 4.9208 12.02518035

45 30 36.9348 6.9348 18.77578869

60 26 33.2444 7.2444 21.79133929

75 20 29.8086 9.8086 32.90526895

90 16 26.5948 10.5948 39.83786304

105 12 23.5758 11.5758 49.10034866

120 10 20.7294 10.7294 51.75933698

135 6 18.037 12.037 66.73504463

150 4 15.4827 11.4827 74.16471287

Sample Calculation

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 45.2537 − 42 = 3.2537

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 |3. 2537|
% 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 7.19%
45.2537

B. 50g of water at 0oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC (50mL/30s)

Temperature, Temperature, % Relative

Time (s) Absolute Error
actual (oC) theoretical (oC) Error

0 50 50 0 0

30 46 45.273 0.727 1.60581362

60 38 40.9576 2.9576 7.221126238

90 34 36.9878 2.9878 8.077798625

120 28 33.3123 5.3123 15.94696253

150 24 29.8906 5.8906 19.70719892

180 20 26.6897 6.6897 25.06472534

210 18 23.683 5.683 23.99611536

240 15 20.8481 5.8481 28.05099745

270 12 18.1666 6.1666 33.94471172

300 10 15.6227 5.6227 35.99057781

Sample Calculation

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 45.273 − 46 = 0.727

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 |0.727|
% 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 1.60%
45.273

C. 50g of water at 30oC, added to 500mL of water at 50oC

Temperature, Temperature, % Relative

Time (s) Absolute Error
actual (oC) theoretical (oC) Error

0 50 50 0 0

15 49 48.113 0.887 1.84357658

30 48 46.3904 1.6096 3.469683383

45 46 44.8057 1.1943 2.665509076

60 46 43.3385 2.6615 6.141190858

75 44 41.9726 2.0274 4.830294049

90 42 40.6949 1.3051 3.207035771

105 42 39.4946 2.5054 6.343652044

120 41 38.363 2.637 6.873810703

135 40 37.2926 2.7074 7.259885339

150 39 36.2771 2.7229 7.505837016

Sample Calculation

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 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 48.113 − 49 = 0.887

0.887
% 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 1.84%
48.113

D. 25g of water at 30oC and 25g of water at 0oC , added to 500mL of water at 50oC

Temperature, Temperature, % Relative

Time (s) Absolute Error
actual (oC) theoretical (oC) Error

0 50 50 0 0

15 46 46.6834 0.6834 1.463903657

30 44 43.6556 0.3444 0.788902226

45 40 40.8702 0.8702 2.129179696

60 38 38.2914 0.2914 0.761006388

75 36 35.8906 0.1094 0.304815188

90 32 33.6448 1.6448 4.888719802

105 28 31.5352 3.5352 11.21033004

120 26 29.5462 3.5462 12.00222025

135 26 27.6648 1.6648 6.017755415

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 150 22 25.8799 3.8799 14.99194355

Sample Calculation

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 46.6834 − 46 = 0.6834

|0.6834|
% 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 1.46%
46.6834

ANALYSIS

The experimental model is close to the theoretical model, and thus can be inferred
that when a lower temperature water is added to the 50oC water with the same volume, it
will gradually decrease its temperature infinitely relative to the time.

Conclusion

To conclude, the effect of mixing a low temperature to a higher reference

temperature of water is that it will decrease infinitely through time as the volume of the
low temperature increases

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