Instrumentation and Process Control: Pamantasan NG Lungsod NG Maynila

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
INSTRUMENTATION
AND PROCESS
CONTROL
Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

Meal for the Production of Alkyd Resin and Process 932
Dionisio, C.P., Fulugan, C.L., Redublo, A.P.
Control
INTRODUCTION
An integral and crucial part of the design of equipment is the

instrumentation and process control. Without this system, the equipment
designed is basically unusable since there would be no way of determining
and controlling the variables at play within a process.
In this study’s case, the Instrumentation and Process Control

considered are the basic systems such as, control systems for pressure,
temperature, level, flow, quantity, etc. These variables are read by a
measuring device which also acts as a transmitter of information to a
control device. The control device is basically a computer that determines
the state of the operation based on the transmitted value. The control
device, in turn, will send a signal to an actuator, or a final control device,
which physically controls an instrument such as a valve

Control

Control
THE GENERAL CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 10.1 Diagram for Process Control
1. Measuring Device – a physical sensing device that has a signal

processing and transmitting component. Examples are
thermocouples, ultrasonic level indicator, flow meters, digital
pressure gauge, etc.
2. Controller – a computer that interprets the signal received from the
measuring device
3. Final Control Element – executes and performs physically the
controlling action required by the controller. These are the process
valves.
The following are the list of equipment designed with instrumentation and
process control:
 Rotary Dryer  Neutralization Reactor

 Leaching Tank  Plate and Frame Filter Press 2
 Agitated Nutsche Filter  Reduction Reactor
 Phosphoric Acid Dilution Tank  Evaporator
 Hydrolysis Reactor  Esterification Reactor
 Plate and Frame Filter Press 1  Electric Steam Boiler

Control
ROTARY DRYER
I. Process Description
580.00 kg of copra meal is pneumatically conveyed to the rotary dryer.
The velocity of the air and the temperature by which it operates is vital
in the drying operation. Drying takes place for 40 minutes at 80 C.
II. Measuring Element

a. Temperature
The measuring device is located inside the dryer itself, in contact with
the drying medium. The device is a thermocouple that is made from
stainless steel to improve its lifespan.
b. Flow
For an accurate flow measuring device, an ultrasonic flowmeter,
installed in the pipeline, is used
Figure 10.2. Measuring Elements

(From left to right: Thermocouple, Ultrasonic Flowmeter)
III. Controller
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID) controller is a generic
control loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial
control systems. PID control system is a mode of control that is suitable

Control
for batch control with unexpected upsets and which requires

temperature control.
Figure 10.3. PID Controllers for Rotary Dryer
IV. Final Control Element: Process Valves

The dryer’s conveying system is fitted with valves that act at the final
control element. Specifically, electric-actuated globe valves that
requires only electricity and electric signals to regulate the volumetric
flowrates of the feed, and the mass flowrate of steam and air entering
the system.
Figure 10.4. Electric-Actuated Globe Valve

Control
V. Controlled Variable: Level and Temperature of the Reacting Fluid

From the design calculations of the rotary dryer, a temperature of 80 C
is needed to remove the moisture content from the copra meal. When
the thermocouple senses a rise or drop in temperature around 80 C, it
sends a signal to the temperature controller, to either increase or
decrease the steam flow.
VI. Manipulated Variable: Steam Flowrate

Saturated steam at 300 C amounting to 119.00 kg/batch of operation,
heats the drying medium air up to 143 C which requires 167,301.38
kJ/batch. Controlling the flowrate of steam affects the temperature
and pressure of the steam.
VII. Loop: Closed loop, Feedback Control

A feedback loop is a common and powerful tool when designing a
control system. Feedback loops take the system output into
consideration, which enables the system to adjust its performance to
meet a desired output response.
VIII. Set point: Temperature: 80°C

Control
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.5. Instrumentation Diagram of Rotary Dryer
Copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The pneumatic

system is equipped with a digital pressure sensor (PT) which feeds raw data
to a controller (PIC) that processes the raw data into a control signal that is
sent to the electric-actuated globe valve (PV). Similarly, the drying medium
air is conveyed with a piping system equipped with a flowmeter (FT), a
controller (FIC), and an electric-actuated globe valve (FV). The
temperature control system is composed of a thermocouple (TT), a
thermostat that serves as a controller (TIC), and an electric-actuated globe
valve for throttling steam (FV)
X. Complete Block Diagram
Figure 10.6. Complete Block Diagram of Rotary Dryer

Control
LEACHING TANK
526.64 kg of ground copra meal is pneumatically conveyed along with

1243.52 kg of isopropanol to the leaching tank. The reactor has an
optimum level of 1.34 m from the bottom of the tank head. The reaction
takes place at 70 C for 85 minutes

a. Temperature
The measuring device is located inside the reactor itself, in contact
with the reacting fluid. The device is a thermocouple that is made
from stainless steel to improve its lifespan since the materials fed are
corrosive.
b. Level
Since a filling capacity of 80% is employed in the design of the
equipment, a level sensing device is required so as not to overfill the
reactor. For accuracy, an ultrasonic level sensor is used.
c. Flow
Figure 10.7 Measuring Elements (From left to right: Thermocouple,

Ultrasonic Level Sensor, Ultrasonic Flowmeter)

Control
III. Controller

Figure 10.8. PID Controllers for Leaching Tank
The reactor’s piping system is fitted with valves that act at the final
flowrates of the feed, and the mass flowrate of steam entering the
system.

Control
From the design calculations of the leaching tank, a level of 1.34m

should be maintained. Also, a temperature of 70°C should be achieved
to attain the desired level of conversion in the reaction. When the level
of the reacting fluid inside the reactor reaches above 1.34 m, the valves
are shut-off. Similarly, when thermocouple senses a rise or drop in
temperature around 70°C, it sends a signal to the temperature
controller, to either increase or decrease the steam flow in the steam
jackets.
VI. Manipulated Variable: Volumetric and Mass Flowrates
526.64 kg of ground copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system

for 13 minutes. Similarly, 1243.52 kg of isopropanol is conveyed using a
piping system for 6 minutes.


Control

VIII. Set point: 70°C; 1.34 m (Basis: Material Balance, Equipment Design)
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.10. Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of

Leaching Tank
Ground copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The

pneumatic system is equipped with a digital pressure sensor (PT) which
feeds raw data to a controller (PIC) that processes the raw data into a
control signal that is sent to the electric-actuated globe valve (PV).
Similarly, isopropanol is conveyed with a piping system equipped with a
flowmeter (FT), a controller (FIC), and an electric-actuated globe valve (FV)
The temperature control system is composed of a thermocouple (TT),

a thermostat that serves as a controller (TIC), and an electric-actuated
globe valve for throttling steam (FV)

Control
Figure 10.11. Complete Block Diagram of Leaching Tank
AGITATED NUTSCHE FILTER
I. Process Descriptiona
1770.16kg ground copra meal-isopropanol mixture is conveyed using a
piping system to the agitated nutsche filter. The agitated nutsche filter
is operating at ambient temperature, 25°C for a duration of 15 minutes,
to separate 1289.92kg spent isopropanol from 480.24kg defatted copra
meal.

a. Level
Since a set liquid level of 0.85m is employed in the design of the
agitated nutsche filter. For accuracy, an ultrasonic level sensor is
used.
b. Flow

Control

(From left to right: Ultrasonic Level Sensor, Ultrasonic Flowmeter)
III. Controller
Figure 10.13. PID Controllers for Agitated Nutsche Filter

The agitated nutsche filter’s piping system is fitted with valves that act
at the final control element. Specifically, electric-actuated globe
valves that requires only electricity and electric signals to regulate the

Control
volumetric flowrates of the feed, and the mass flowrate of steam

entering the system.

V. Controlled Variable: Level of the Evaporating Fluid
From the design calculations of the agitated nutsche filter, a level of
0.85m should be maintained. When the level of the fluid inside the
agitated nutsche filter reaches above 0.85m, the valves are shut-off.
1770.16kg ground copra meal-isopropanol mixture is conveyed using a
piping system to the agitated nutsche filter, separating 1289.92kg spent
isopropanol from 480.24kg defatted copra meal.
.
VIII. Set point: 0.85m (Basis: Material Balance, Equipment Design)

Control
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.15 Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of Agitated

Nutsche Filter
Ground copra meal-isopropanol mixture is conveyed using a piping

system. The piping system is equipped with an ultrasonic flowmeter (FT)
which feeds raw data to a controller (FIC) that processes the raw data into
a control signal that is sent to the electric-actuated globe valve (FV).
Similarly, the vacuum system is equipped with digital pressure sensor (PT),
controller (PIC), and electric-actuated globe valve (PV).
Figure 10.16 Complete Block Diagram of Agitated Nutsche Filter

Control
PHOSPHORIC ACID SOLUTION DILUTION TANK
199.72kg of 85% (w/v) phosphoric acid, is conveyed along with
3716.45kg of water to the phosphoric acid solution dilution tank. The
tank has an optimum liquid level of 1.80m from the bottom tank head.
The reaction takes place at ambient temperature (25°C) for 1 minute
to produce 2.6% (w/v) phosphoric acid solution.

a. Level
tank. For accuracy, an ultrasonic level sensor is used.
b. Flow
c. Concentration
Liquid concentration sensor is installed in the pipeline for accurate
measurement of the concentration of phosphoric acid

(From left to right: Ultrasonic Level Sensor, Ultrasonic Flowmeter,
Liquid Concentration Sensor)

Control
III. Controller
Figure 10.18. PID Controllers for Phosphoric Acid Solution Dilution Tank

The tank’s piping system is fitted with valves that act at the final control
element. Specifically, electric-actuated globe valves that requires only
electricity and electric signals to regulate the volumetric flowrates of
the feed, and the mass flowrate of steam entering the system.

Control
V. Controlled Variable: Level of the Reacting Fluid and Concentration of

Product
From the design calculations of the phosphoric acid solution dilution
tank, a level of 1.80m should be maintained. When the level of the
reacting fluid inside the dilution tank reaches above 1.80 m, the valves
are shut-off. Moreover, 2.6% (w/v) concentration of phosphoric acid is
desired. When it reaches above 2.6%, the valves are shut-off.

199.72kg of 85% (w/v) phosphoric acid and 3716.45kg of water are
conveyed using a piping system.

VII. Set point: 1.80 m, 2.6% (w/v) (Basis: Material Balance, Equipment
Design)

Control
VIII. Diagram
Figure 10.20 Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of Phosphoric

Acid Solution Dilution Tank
Concentrated phosphoric acid and water are conveyed using a

piping system equipped with a flowmeter (AT/FT) which feeds raw data to
a controller (AIC/FIC)) that processes the raw data into a control signal that
is sent to the electric-actuated globe valve (FV). Also, AT analyzes the
concentration of the feed.
IX. Complete Block Diagram
Figure 10.21 Complete Block Diagram of P. Acid Solution Dilution Tank

Control
HYDROLYSIS REACTOR
480.24 kg of defatted copra meal is pneumatically conveyed along
with 3916.17 kg of dilute phosphoric acid to the hydrolysis reactor. The
reactor has an optimum liquid level of 1.85m from the bottom tank
head. The reaction takes place at 100°C for 255 minutes.

a. Temperature
corrosive.
b. Level
c. Flow
Figure 10.22. Measuring Elements (From left to right: Thermocouple,


Control
III. Controller
Figure 10.23. PID Controllers for Hydrolysis Reactor

system.

Control

From the design calculations of the hydrolysis reactor, a level of 1.85m
should be maintained. Also, a temperature of 100°C should be
achieved to attain the desired level of conversion in the reaction.
When the level of the reacting fluid inside the reactor reaches above
1.85 m, the valves are shut-off. Similarly, when thermocouple senses a
rise or drop in temperature around 100°C, it sends a signal to the
temperature controller, to either increase or decrease the steam flow
in the steam jackets.

480.24 kg of defatted copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic
system. Similarly. 3916.17 kg of dilute phosphoric acid is conveyed using
a piping system.


Control
IX. Diagram

Hydrolysis Reactor
Defatted copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The

Similarly, phosphoric acid solution is conveyed with a piping system
equipped with a flowmeter (FT), a controller (FIC), and an electric-
actuated globe valve (FV). The temperature control system is composed of
a thermocouple (TT), a thermostat that serves as a controller (TIC), and an
electric-actuated globe valve for throttling steam (FV)
Figure 10.26. Complete Block Diagram of Hydrolysis Reactor

Control
PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS 1
4399 kg of slurry (containing hydrolysate-acid mixture with undissolved
fibrous matrix, hydrolyzed cake) is conveyed to the first filter press for
separation. The filter press has an operating pressure of 5 atm and a
residence time of 12 minutes. The process separates the feed into
4157.45 kg of hydrolysate and 241.55 kg of hydrolyzed cake.

a. Pressure
The pressure sensing device is located in the auxiliary pressurized air
supply. The device is a digital hydraulic pressure gauge
b. Flow

(From left to right: Ultrasonic Flowmeter, Digital Hydraulic Pressure
Gauge)

Control
III. Controller
Figure 10.28. PID Controllers for Plate and Frame Filter Press 1

The filter press’ piping system is fitted with valves that act at the final
requires only electricity and electric signals to regulate flowrates of the
feed and the products.

Control
V. Controlled Variable: Pressure Head

From the design calculations of the hydrolysis reactor, a pressure of 5
atm is to be developed in the duration of the 12-minute residence time.
When the pressure developed is excessive of that of the set-point, a
safety valve will actuate to relieve surplus pressure.
VI. Manipulated Variable: Flowrates
4399 kg of slurry (containing hydrolysate-acid mixture with undissolved
fibrous matrix, hydrolyzed cake) is conveyed to the first filter press for
separation. For the products, 4157.45 kg of hydrolysate and 241.55 kg of
hydrolyzed cake is discharged.
A feedback loop is a common ang powerful tool when designing a
VIII. Set point: 100 psi (Basis: Equipment Design)
IX. Diagram

Plate and Frame Filter Press 1

Control
The feed slurry is conveyed using a piping system. The piping system
is equipped with an ultrasonic flowmeter (FT) which feeds raw data to a
controller (FIC) that processes the raw data into a control signal that is sent
to the electric-actuated globe valve (FV).
Figure 10.31 Complete Block Diagram of Plate and Frame Filter Press
NEUTRALIZATION REACTOR
4157.45kg of hydrolysate, with a pH of 1.3, is conveyed along with
417.60kg of calcium hydroxide to the neutralization reactor. The reactor
has an optimum liquid level of 1.78m from the bottom tank head. The
reaction takes place at ambient temperature (25°C) for 10 minutes to
increase the pH to 4.7.
a. Level
b. Flow

Control
c. pH
A pH sensor is used to accurately measure the pH of the feed and
the product.
Figure 10.32 Measuring Elements

(From left to right:, Ultrasonic Level Sensor, Ultrasonic Flowmeter, pH
sensor)
III. Controller
Figure 10.33. PID Controllers for Neutralization Reactor

Control
IV. wFinal Control Element: Process Valves

system.
V. Controlled Variable: Level of the Reacting Fluid and pH of the product

From the design calculations of the neutralization reactor, a level of
1.78m should be maintained. When the level of the reacting fluid inside
the reactor reaches above 1.78 m, the valves are shut-off. Moreover, a
pH of 4.7 is desired for the neutralized hydrolysate. Thus, when the pH
reaches above 4.7, the valve is shut off.

4157.45kg of hydrolysate is conveyed using a piping system. Similarly,
417.60kg of calcium hydroxide is conveyed using a pneumatic system.

Control

VIII. Set point: 1.78 m, 4.7 (Basis: Material Balance, Equipment Design)
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.35 Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of

Neutralization Reactor
Hydrolysate is conveyed using a piping system equipped with a

flowmeter (FT) which feeds raw data to a controller (FIC) that processes the
raw data into a control signal that is sent to the electric-actuated globe
valve (FV). Similarly, calcium hydroxide is conveyed using a pneumatic
system equipped with digital pressure sensor (PT), controller (PIC), and
electric-actuated globe valve (PV).

Control
Figure 10.36 Complete Block Diagram of Neutralization Reactor
PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS 2
4575.05 kg of mannose-calcium phosphate slurry is conveyed the
second filter press for separation. The filter press has an operating
pressure of 100 psi and a residence time of 165 minutes. The process
separates the feed into 4013.63kg of mannose solution and 561.42kg of
calcium phosphate cake.

a. Pressure
The pressure sensing device is located in the auxiliary pressurized air
supply. The device is a digital hydraulic pressure gauge
b. Flow

Control

(From left to right: Ultrasonic Flowmeter, Digital Hydraulic Pressure
Gauge)
III. Controller
Figure 10.38. PID Controllers for Plate and Frame Filter Press 2

The filter press’ piping system is fitted with valves that act at the final

Control
requires only electricity and electric signals to regulate flowrates of the

feed and the products.

V. Controlled Variable: Pressure Head
From the design calculations of the hydrolysis reactor, a pressure of
100psi is to be developed in the duration of the 165-minute residence
time. When the pressure developed is excessive of that of the set-point,
a safety valve will actuate to relieve surplus pressure.
VI. Manipulated Variable: Flowrates
4575.05 kg of mannose-calcium phosphate slurry is conveyed the
second filter press for separation. For the products: 4013.63kg of
mannose solution and 561.42kg of calcium phosphate cake.

VIII. Set point: 100 psi (Basis: Equipment Design)

Control
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.40. Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of Plate and

Frame Filter Press 2
The feed mannose-calcium phosphate slurry is conveyed using a

piping system. The piping system is equipped with an ultrasonic flowmeter
(FT) which feeds raw data to a controller (FIC) that processes the raw data
into a control signal that is sent to the electric-actuated globe valve (FV).
Figure 10.41. Complete Block Diagram of Plate and Frame Filter

Press 2

Control
REDUCTION REACTOR
4013.63 kg of mannose solution is conveyed using a piping system along
with 60.69 kg of sodium borohydride to the reduction reactor. The
reactor has an optimum liquid level of 1.80 m from the bottom tank
head. The reaction takes place at 25°C for 95 minutes.

a. Level
b. Flow

(From left to right: Ultrasonic Level Sensor, Ultrasonic Flowmeter)

Control
III. Controller
Figure 10.43. PID Controllers for Reduction Reactor

flowrates of the feed.

Control
V. Controlled Variable: Level of the Reacting Fluid

From the design calculations of the hydrolysis reactor, a level of 1.80 m
should be maintained. When the level of the reacting fluid inside the
reactor reaches above 1.80 m, the valves are shut-off.
4013.63 kg of mannose solution is conveyed using a piping system for 7
minutes.
VIII. Set point: 1.80 m (Basis: Equipment Design)
IX. Diagram

Reduction Reactor

Control
Sodium borohydride is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The

Similarly, mannose solution is conveyed with a piping system equipped with
a flowmeter (FT), a controller (FIC), and an electric-actuated globe valve
(FV)
Figure 10.46. Complete Block Diagram of Reduction Reactor

Control
EVAPORATOR
4074.32 kg of mannose solution is conveyed using a piping system to
the evaporator. The evaporator has an operating temperature of 100°C
for a duration of 50 minutes, effectively evaporating 2856.10 kg of
water, leaving 1218.22 kg of concentrated mannitol solution.

a. Temperature
The measuring device is located inside the evaporator vessel itself, in
contact with the evaporating fluid. The device is a thermocouple
that is made from stainless steel to improve its lifespan.
b. Level
Since a set liquid level of 1.80m is employed in the design of the
evaporator. For accuracy, an ultrasonic level sensor is used.
c. Flow

(From left to right: Thermocouple, Ultrasonic Level Sensor, Ultrasonic
Flowmeter)

Control
III. Controller
Figure 10.47. PID Controllers for Evaporator

The evaporator’s piping system is fitted with valves that act at the final
system.

Control
V. Controlled Variable: Level and Temperature of the Evaporating Fluid

achieved to attain the desired rate of evaporation in the process.
When the level of the fluid inside the reactor reaches above 1.80 m, the
valves are shut-off. Similarly, when thermocouple senses a rise or drop
in temperature around 100°C, it sends a signal to the temperature
controller, to either increase or decrease the steam flow in the steam
jackets.

4074.32 kg of mannose solution is conveyed using a piping system to
the evaporator. The product is 1218.22 kg of concentrated mannitol
solution.


Control
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.49. Instrumentation and Process Control of Evaporator
Mannitol solution meal is conveyed using a piping system. The piping

system is equipped with an ultrasonic flowmeter (FT) which feeds raw data
to a controller (FIC) that processes the raw data into a control signal that is
sent to the electric-actuated globe valve (FV). The temperature control
system is composed of a thermocouple (TT), a thermostat that serves as a
controller (TIC), and an electric-actuated globe valve for throttling steam
(FV)
Figure 10.50. Complete Block Diagram of Evaporator

Control
ESTERIFICATION REACTOR
1218.22 kg of concentrated mannitol solution and 343.71 kg of oleic
acid is conveyed with a piping system, along with 180.20 kg of
pneumatically conveyed phthalic anhydride to the esterification
reactor. The reactor has an optimum liquid level of 1.30m from the
bottom tank head. The reaction takes place at 240°C for 75 minutes.
a. Temperature
corrosive.
b. Level
c. Flow
Figure 10.51. Measuring Elements (From left to right: Thermocouple,


Control
III. Controller
Figure 10.52. PID Controllers for Esterification Reactor

system.

Control

achieved to attain the desired level of conversion in the reaction.
When the level of the reacting fluid inside the reactor reaches above
1.30m, the valves are shut-off. Similarly, when thermocouple senses a
rise or drop in temperature around 240°C, it sends a signal to the
temperature controller, to either increase or decrease the steam flow
in the steam jackets.

1218.22 kg of concentrated mannitol solution and 343.71 kg of oleic
acid is conveyed with a piping system, along with 180.20 kg of
pneumatically conveyed phthalic anhydride to the esterification
reactor. Finally, 714 kg of alkyd resin is pumped out of the reactor


Control
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.54. Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of Esterification

Reactor
Phthalic anhydride is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The

Similarly, concentrated mannitol solution and oleic acid is conveyed with a
piping system equipped with a flowmeter (FT), a controller (FIC), and an
electric-actuated globe valve (FV)
The temperature control system is composed of a thermocouple (TT),

a thermostat that serves as a controller (TIC), and an electric-actuated
globe valve for throttling steam (FV)

Control
Figure 10.55. Complete Block Diagram of Esterification Reactor
ELECTRIC STEAM BOILER
Water coming from the water storage tank, amounting to 8263.85
kg/batch is conveyed using a piping system to the electric steam boiler
for steam supply. A centrifugal pump provides the required head to
transport the fluid to the boiler.

a. Temperature
The measuring device is located inside the boiler itself, in contact with
the fluid. The device is a thermocouple that is made from stainless
steel to improve its lifespan since the materials fed are corrosive.
b. Flow

Control

(From left to right: Thermocouple, Ultrasonic Flowmeter)
III. Controller
Figure 10.57. PID Controllers for Electric Steam Boiler

Control

The boiler’s piping system is fitted with valves that act at the final control
element. Specifically, electric-actuated globe valves that requires only
electricity and electric signals to regulate the volumetric flowrates of
the feed, and the mass flowrate of steam leaving the system.
V. Controlled Variable: Temperature of the Fluid

From the design calculations of the boiler, a steam temperature of
300°C should be achieved. When thermocouple senses a rise in
temperature around 300°C, it sends a signal to the temperature
controller, to switch off the power and cut the electric supply. Likewise,
the switch is turned on until the temperature attained the preset limit

Water coming from the water storage tank, amounting to 8263.85
kg/batch is conveyed for 16 minutes using a piping system to the
electric steam boiler for steam supply.

Control

VIII. Set point: 300°C (Basis: Energy Balance)
IX. Diagram
Figure 10.59. Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of Electric

Steam Boiler
Water is conveyed with a piping system equipped with a flowmeter

(FT), a controller (FIC), and an electric-actuated globe valve (FV). The
temperature control system is composed of a thermocouple (TT), a
thermostat that serves as a controller (TIC), and an electric-actuated globe
valve for throttling steam (FV)

Control
Figure 10.60. Complete Block Diagram of Electric Steam Boiler

Control

Instrumentation and Process Control: Pamantasan NG Lungsod NG Maynila

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

An integral and crucial part of the design of equipment is the

In this study’s case, the Instrumentation and Process Control

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

THE GENERAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Figure 10.1 Diagram for Process Control

1. Measuring Device – a physical sensing device that has a signal

 Rotary Dryer  Neutralization Reactor

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

II. Measuring Element

Figure 10.2. Measuring Elements

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

for batch control with unexpected upsets and which requires

Figure 10.3. PID Controllers for Rotary Dryer

IV. Final Control Element: Process Valves

Figure 10.4. Electric-Actuated Globe Valve

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

V. Controlled Variable: Level and Temperature of the Reacting Fluid

VI. Manipulated Variable: Steam Flowrate

VII. Loop: Closed loop, Feedback Control

VIII. Set point: Temperature: 80°C

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

Figure 10.5. Instrumentation Diagram of Rotary Dryer

Copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The pneumatic

X. Complete Block Diagram

Figure 10.6. Complete Block Diagram of Rotary Dryer

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

526.64 kg of ground copra meal is pneumatically conveyed along with

II. Measuring Element

Figure 10.7 Measuring Elements (From left to right: Thermocouple,

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID) controller is a generic

Figure 10.8. PID Controllers for Leaching Tank

IV. Final Control Element: Process Valves

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

Figure 10.9. Electric-Actuated Globe Valve

V. Controlled Variable: Level and Temperature of the Reacting Fluid

From the design calculations of the leaching tank, a level of 1.34m

VI. Manipulated Variable: Volumetric and Mass Flowrates

526.64 kg of ground copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system

VII. Loop: Closed loop, Feedback Control

A feedback loop is a common and powerful tool when designing a

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

consideration, which enables the system to adjust its performance to

Figure 10.10. Instrumentation and Process Control Diagram of

Ground copra meal is conveyed using a pneumatic system. The

The temperature control system is composed of a thermocouple (TT),

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

X. Complete Block Diagram

Figure 10.11. Complete Block Diagram of Leaching Tank

AGITATED NUTSCHE FILTER

II. Measuring Element

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

Figure 10.12. Measuring Elements

Figure 10.13. PID Controllers for Agitated Nutsche Filter

IV. Final Control Element: Process Valves

Esterification of Mannitol Derived from Hydrolyzed Copra (Cocos nucifera) Instrumentation

volumetric flowrates of the feed, and the mass flowrate of steam

Figure 10.14. Electric-Actuated Globe Valve

VIII. Set point: 0.85m (Basis: Material Balance, Equipment Design)