Surface Integral Equations

Scattering by Material Cylinders EE625
Surface Equivalence Theorems

G G
E1 , H1 G G
G G E1 , H1
Ji
Ji V1 n̂1 ( µ1 , ε1 ) n̂1 + ( µ1 , ε1 ) 0,0
n̂1 ( µ2 , ε 2 )
G S G S
Mi G Ms
G G Mi S−
G 0,0 G
E2 , H 2
( µ1 , ε1 ) −M s
Js
+ G G G ( µ2 , ε 2 )
V2 ( µ2 , ε 2 ) ⇒
−Js E 2, H2
Surface Integral Formulations: EFIE/MFIE

EFIE: MFIE:
G inc G i G i Gs G G G G inc G i G i Gs G G G
(
nˆ1 × E1 J , M ) S+
+ nˆ1 × E1 J s , M s ( ) S+
= −M s nˆ1 × H1 J , M ( ) S+
(
+ nˆ1 × H1 J s , M s ) S+
= Js
G G G G G G G G
(
nˆ1 × E2 − J s , − M s ) S−
= Ms (
nˆ1 × H 2 − J s , − M s ) S−
= −Js
Combined Field Formulations

PMCHWT: Müller:
G G Gs G2
G G G
ˆn1 × E1i + = − nˆ1 × E1s + + nˆ1 × E2 − nˆ1 × µ1H i = s( 1
µ + µ 2) − × µ − × µ
J nˆ1 1 H ˆ
n1 2 H
S+ + −
S S G G G sS G2 S
Gi Gs GS nˆ1 × ε1E i = − M s ( ε1 + ε 2 ) − nˆ1 × ε1E + − nˆ1 × ε 2 E −
nˆ1 × H1 + = − nˆ1 × H1 + + nˆ1 × H 2 − +
S S S
S S S
Prof. S. Gedney 1/34

Method of Weighted Residuals
• The Electric field integral equation is based on a physical constraint of the

tangential Electric Gfield across
G S. It also provides a means by which we can
actually compute J s and M s .
G G
• We can only compute J s and M s analytically for a handful of canonical
geometries (separable surfaces in 1 dimension)
• In general, we have to resort to numerical analysis.
• We will be applying a form of the Method of Weighted Residuals commonly
referred to as the Method of Moments to solve for the surface current densities.
• Given: f = Lx
o L = the integral operator
o f = the forcing function (known excitation)
o x = the unknown function (current density) distributed over S

• Procedure to solve for x in: f = Lx
o Expand x as a set of known functions φn weighted by unknown coefficients
N
x ≈ ∑ α nφn
n =1
φn spans a function space of linearly independent functions that have
support on S, and are interpolate x to some complete polynomial order.
o This is expanded into our integral operator:
N N
f ≈ L ∑ α nφn = ∑ α n ( Lφn )
n =1 n =1
We have N unknown coefficients. Presently, the above equation appears
to provide only a single constraint. However, it is a continuous function
over S.
o Next, we introduce another set of functions ψ n (N-functions)
ψ n also span a function space of linearly independent functions that
have support on S, and are complete polynomial order.
o Define the inner product:

G G
f , g = ∫∫ f ( r ) g ( r ) d Ω
Ω
Where Ω is the range of f and g
o We then perform the inner product of f = Lx with each test function:
N
ψ m , f = ∑ α n ψ m , Lφn , m = 1..N
n =1
o This leads to a linear system of equations:
f = Zα
where, f is a column vector of length N, with m-th element:
fm = ψ m , f
Z is an N × N matrix, with the m,n-th element: Z m ,n = ψ m , Lφn
α is the column vector of length N of unknown coefficients α n
o Solution:
α = Z −1 f
N
x ≈ ∑ α nφn
n =1
o Additional theory is needed to prove that x indeed converges to the solution
of f = Lx in the limit N → ∞ , or, more practically, for a sufficiently large
N.

TMz-Scattering by a Dielectric Cylinder: EFIE-SIE Formulation
ε 0 , µ0
C
G G inc G
ˆ o e jk ⋅r
E inc = zE ε 2 , µ2
G inc
k = ko cos φ inc xˆ + ko sin φ inc yˆ
G inc G inc
H =
1
− jωµ0
− jk × zE( ˆ zinc )
EFIE Formulation:
G inc Gs G G G Gs Gs
nˆ1 × E1
C+
(
+ nˆ1 × E1 J s , M s ) C+
= −M s ⇒E = −E
inc
z S+ (
J , M t + + zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × M t
1scat
z
s
z )
G G G G G
C
Gs
(
nˆ2 × E2 − J s , − M s ) C−
= − −M s ( ) ( )
⇒ 0 = − Ez − J z , − M t − − zˆ ⋅ n2 × M t
2 s s
ˆ
C
G s G
H 0 ( kn R ) ( ± J z ( r ′ ) ) d A′,
Vector Potential Theory: 1
∂ 1 1 G1 A (r ) =
n
z ∫
v
( 2)
E 1scat
= − jk0η0 A + 1
∇ Az − zˆ ⋅ ∇ × Ft 4j C
jωε o ∂z
z z
Gn G Gs G
1 ∂ 2 G2 Ft ( r ) =
1
∫
v
( 2)
(
H 0 ( kn R ) ± M t ( r ′ ) d A′, )
E 2tot
= − jk2η 2 Az +
2
∇ Az − zˆ ⋅∇ × Ft G G G
4j C
G
jωε 2 ∂z
z
R = r − r ′ , r ′ = xx
ˆ ′ + yy
ˆ ′, r ′ ∈ S , n = 1, 2

A Method of Moment Solution for the EFIE-SIE:
Discretization of the Geometry
G tn+1 G
• The contour of the dielectric is broken up into N-linear segments tn rn+1
tnc
o Piecewise linear approximation of C.
tn Ωn
o Define:
G G G
rn , rn+1 = bounding nodes of segment n rn
tn , tn+1 = parametric coordinates of bounding nodes
G G G
tn = rn +1 − rn = length vector tangent to the line segment
G G
G c rn + rn +1
rn = = the segment center
2
t +t
tnc = n n +1 = parametric coordinate of the segment center
2 G
G G
A n = rn +1 − rn = tn = length of the segment
G
tˆn = tn / A n = unit tangent
Ω n = solid angle of the segment off the x-axis
Note: tˆn = cos Ω n xˆ + sin Ω n yˆ

Basis Function Expansion
• Electric Current Density:

o The electric current density is expanded using “Pulse” basis functions
N
J z ≈ ∑ α n Pn ( t ; tn , tn+1 )
n =1
α n = constant weighting coefficients
⎧1, tn < t < tn +1
Pn ( t ; tn , tn+1 ) = ⎨
⎩0, else
• This constitutes a piecewise constant approximate of the current
density
o The magnetic current density is also expanded using “Pulse” basis functions
G N
M t ≈ ∑ tˆn β n Pn ( t ; tn , tn+1 )
n =1
β n = constant weighting coefficients
tˆn = the unit tangent vector of the n-th segment

Testing Functions
• Testing functions:
o We need two sets of test functions
On C +
On C −
o In both cases, we will choose for this example delta-functions:
G G
( )
ψ m = δ r − rmc , m = 1..N
G
rmc = the center of the m-th segment
o The inner products of ψ m are performed with the interior and exterior EFIE
equations, leading to a linear system of equations of dimension 2 N × 2 N

• Exterior EFIE:
G inc G c k0η0
tn+1
(r ) =
N
Ez m
4
∑α n
n =1
∫ H 0(
2)
( k0 Rm ) dt ′
tn
1 ⎡∂ ∂ ⎤
N tl +1 tl +1
+∑ βl ⎢ ∫ sin Ω H
( 2)
( k0 Rm ) dt ′ − ∫ cos Ω H
( 2)
( k0 Rm ) dt ′⎥
⎢⎣ ∂x ∂y
l 0 l 0
l =1 4 j tl tl ⎥⎦
+ zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm β m
• Interior EFIE:
k2η 2 N n +1 t
∑ 0 ( k 2 R p ) dt
( 2)
n ∫
0 =− α H ′
4 n=1 tn
1 ⎡∂ ∂ ⎤
tl +1 tl +1
( 2 p ) ∂y ( k2 Rp ) dt ′⎥
N
−∑ β l ⎢ ∫ sin Ω H
( 2)
k R dt ′ − ∫ cos Ω H
( 2)
⎢⎣ ∂x
l 0 l 0
l =1 4 j tl tl ⎥⎦
− zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × tˆp β p
o where,
G G G G
Rm = rmc − r ′ , and R p = rpc − r ′

• Linear system of equations:
⎡ ezinc ⎤ ⎡ Am ,n Bm ,l ⎤ ⎡α n ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
m
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢C p ,n D p ,l ⎥⎦ ⎣ β l ⎦
o Where
G
ezincm = Ezinc ( rmc )
kη
tn+1
Am ,n = 0 0 ∫ H 0(
2)
( k0 Rm ) dt ′
4 tn
⎛ xmc − x′ ymc − y′ ⎞ ( 2)
tl +1
k
∫t ⎜⎝ Rm l ⎟ H1 ( k0 Rm ) dt
Bm ,l = δ m ,l zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm − o sin Ω l − cos Ω ′
4j l
Rm ⎠
kη
tn +1
C p ,n =− 2 2
4 ∫ H 0(
2)
( k R ) dt ′
2 p
tn
tl +1
⎛ x cp − x′ y cp − y′ ⎞ ( 2)
∫t ⎜⎜ Rp sin Ωl − Rp cos Ωl ⎟⎟ H1 ( k2 Rp ) dt ′
k
D p ,l = −δ p ,l zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × tˆp + 2
4j l ⎝ ⎠
o Each of these terms is to be evaluated numerically. Given the numerical

expressions, we can solve for the unknown coefficients.

Evaluating the Matrix Elements
Evaluating Am,n and C p ,n :
om=n
o When m = n, there is a singularity in the integrand:
k0η0 η
t t
( )
n +1 n +1
k
An ,n = ∫ H ( 2)
0 ( k 0 Rn ) dt ′ = 0 0
∫ H ( 2)
0 k 0 t c
n − t ′ dt ′
4 tn
4 tn
o This can be evaluated via a Gauss Lin-Log Quadrature rule:

A n k0η0 ( 2) ⎛ An ⎞ k0η0 A n Q ( 2) ⎛ An ⎞
1
An ,n = 2 ⋅ ⋅
2 ∫ 0 ⎜0 ⎟
H
4
k u ′
⎝
du
2
′ ≈
⎠
∑ q 0 ⎜ 0 uq ⎟
ω
4
H
q =1
k
⎝ 2 ⎠
0
• where, ωq are the quadrature weights, and uq are the quadrature

abscissa.
o Due to the low-order basis function expansion, it is just as accurate in the
end to evaluate this term with small-argument approximation of the Hankel
function:
An
( 2) ⎛ An ⎞ ⎡ 2 ⎛ k 0γ A n ⎞ ⎤
∫ H 0 ⎜ k0 t −′ ′
⎟ dt ≈ A n ⎢1 − j π ln ⎜ 4e ⎟ ⎥
0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
• where, γ = 1.78107241799 = the Euler number
• e = 2.718281828 = the exponential

o Therefore, when m = n
kη A ⎡ k γA ⎤
o An ,n ≈ 0 0 n ⎢1 − j ln ⎛⎜ 0 n ⎞⎟ ⎥
2
4 ⎣ π ⎝ 4e ⎠ ⎦
k2η 2 A n ⎡ 2 ⎛ k 2γ A n ⎞ ⎤
o Cn , n ≈ − ⎢1 − j ln ⎜ ⎟⎥
4 ⎣ π ⎝ 4e ⎠ ⎦

om≠n
o When m ≠ n, the integrand is smooth, and integrable
o It can be evaluated using a Gauss-Legendre Quadrature rule
k0η0 k0η0 A n Q
t n +1
Am ,n =
4 t∫
H ( 2)
0 ( k R
0 m ) dt ′ ≈ ∑ q 0 ( k0 Rq,m )
4 q =1
ω H ( 2)
n
G G G
• where, Rq ,m = rmc − (1 − uq ) rn − uq rn+1 , ωq are the quadrature weights,
and uq are the quadrature abscissa (note uq ∈ ( 0,1) )
o For a low-order basis pulse basis functions, a 1-point quadrature rule is
sufficient (mid-point rule). Thus:
kη A
Am,n ≈ 0 0 n H 0( 2) ( k0 Rn ,m )
4
G G
• where, Rn ,m = rmc − rnc
o Similarly,
k2η 2 A p
C p ,l ≈ −
4
H 0(
2)
(k R )
2 p ,l

Evaluating Bm ,l and D p ,l :
om=l
o Evaluating the self term of Bm ,l and D p ,l is a bit trickier. The reason for this
is that the integration requires
G a principal value integral (PVI). The reason
for this is that Ez due to M t is dual valued on C. Namely, Ez is
discontinuous.
o Consider the integral in Bm ,l which is evaluated on C + :
⎛ xmc − x′ ymc − y′ ⎞ ( 2)
tm+1
k
∫t ⎜⎝ Rm m ⎟ H1 ( k0 Rm ) dt
- o sin Ω m − cos Ω ′
4jm
Rm ⎠
o we can write more explicitly: G
⎛ xm − x′
c
ym − y ′
c
⎞ Rm G
⎜ sin Ω m − cos Ω m ⎟ = z ⋅
ˆ × tm ,
⎝ R m R m ⎠ R m
G G
Rm = ( xm − x′ ) xˆ + ( ym − y′ ) yˆ and Rm = Rm
c c
G
o We observer that the observation point rmc is actually on C + . Therefore, we
can more exactly write:
G+ G
Rm = lim Rm + ε nˆ1
ε →0
( )

o Under these assumptions, then we correctly state:
⎛ xmc − x′ ymc − y′ ⎞ G G G
⎜ sin Ω m − cos Ω m ⎟ = zˆ ⋅ R × tm = lim
ˆ
ε →0 R
1
( )
zˆ ⋅ Rm + ε nˆ1 × tm
⎝ Rm Rm ⎠ m
o It is observed that:
( )
G G G G
( )
zˆ ⋅ Rm + ε nˆ1 × tm = zˆ ⋅ Rm × tm + zˆ ⋅ ε nˆ1 × tˆ ≡ ε zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm
o Therefore, we can express:
ko m+1 ⎛ xm − x′ ym − y ′ ⎞ ( 2)
t
− ∫ ⎜ sin Ω m − cos Ω m ⎟ H1 ( k0 Rm ) dt ′
4 j tm ⎝ Rm Rm ⎠

ε zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm ( 2)
tm+1
ko
= − lim ∫ H1 ( k0 Rm ) dt ′
4j ε → 0 Rm
tm
where, H1( ) ( x ) = J1 ( x ) − jY1 ( x )

2
o It is observed that in the limit ε → 0 , the integrand is only non-zero a small

G
distance about rmc . Thus, we can write this as:
( )
∆
2ko zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm ε
=− lim ∫ H1( ) k0 u 2 + ε 2 du
2
4j ε →0
∆→0 0 u 2
+ ε 2
x 12
o Note that lim J1 ( x ) = and lim Y1 ( x ) = −
x →0 2 x →0 π x
o Therefore,
ko ∆
ε ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ − ˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm
z
∆
ε
=− zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm lim ∫ ⎢ j ⎥ du = lim ∫ 2 du
u + ε ⎢⎣ π k0 u + ε ⎥⎦ π u +ε
ε → ε → 2
2j 0
∆→0 0
2 2 2 2 0
∆→0 0

zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm −1 ⎛ ∆ ⎞ zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm ⎛ π ⎞ zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm
=− lim tan ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟=−
π ε →
∆→0
0
⎝ε ⎠ π ⎝2⎠ 2
o Finally:
⎛ zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm ⎞ zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆm
Bm ,m = δ m ,m zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tm − ⎜
ˆ ⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
o We can follow the same argument for D p , p :
⎛ zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × tˆp ⎞ zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × tˆp zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × tˆp
D p , p = −δ p , p zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × tˆp − ⎜ − ⎟=− =+
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
• Note that the sign of the residual term flips. This is due to the fact
that the integral term in D p ,l is of opposite sine than Bm ,l .

o m ≠ l: Sufficient to use a mid-point integration rule:
ko ⎛ xmc − xlc ymc − ylc ⎞ ( 2)
o Bm ,l = − A l ⎜⎜ sin Ωl − cos Ωl ⎟ H1 ( k0 Rm ,l )
4 j ⎝ Rm ,l Rm ,l ⎟
⎠
Gc Gc Gc
where, Rm ,l = rm − rl , and rm = xm xˆ + ym yˆ
o This can also be written as:
G
Rm ,l
l 1 ( k0 Rm ,l )
ko ( 2)
B
o m ,l = − A l
ˆ
z ⋅ × ˆ
t H
4j Rm ,l
G G G
where, Rm ,l = rmc − rl c
o Similarly for p ≠ l:
k2 ⎛ x p − xl y cp − ylc ⎞ ( 2)
c c
o D p ,l = Al ⎜ sin Ωl − cos Ωl ⎟ H1 ( k2 R p ,l )
⎜
4 j ⎝ R p ,l R p ,l ⎟
⎠
o or, more compactly:
G
l 1 ( k 2 R p ,l )
k2 R p ,l ( 2)
D
o p ,l = A l
ˆ
z ⋅ × ˆ
t H
4j R p ,l

Analytical Solution:
TMz Scattering by a Material Circular Cylinder
ε 0 , µ0
G
ˆ o e − jk0 x
E inc = zE ε 2 , µ2
a
Addition Theoreom:
∞
− jk0 x − jk0 ρ cos φ
= Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) J n ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
n
E inc
z = E0e = Eo e
n =0
where,
⎧1, n=0
∈n = ⎨
⎩ 2, n≠0
Next, we need to pose solutions for the scattered electric field in the region exterior to
the cylinder, and the total field in the cylinder.

Pose:
∞
= Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) an H n( ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
scat n 2)
E z
n =0
∞
= Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) bn J n ( k2 ρ ) cos nφ
tot n
E z
n=0
The magnetic field can be computed from the E-field:

G G −1 ⎛ 1 ∂
H=
1
∇× E = ρ
ˆ − φˆ ∂ E ⎞
jkη ⎜⎝ ρ ∂φ ∂ρ ⎟⎠
E
− jωµ
z z
Therefore,
Eo ∞
∑ n ( ) J n′ ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
n
Hφ = inc
∈ − j
jη0 n =0
Eo ∞
∑ ( ) ( 2 )′
( ko ρ ) cos nφ
n
Hφ =
scat
∈ − j a H
jη0 n =0
n n n
Eo ∞
∑ n ( ) bn J n′ ( k2 ρ ) cos nφ
n
Hφ =
tot
∈ − j
jη 2 n =0
Next, we need to enforce boundary constraints across the boundary.

Boundary Conditions:
Ezinc ( a,φ ) + Ezscat ( a,φ ) = Eztot ( a,φ )
H φinc ( a,φ ) + H φscat ( a,φ ) = H φtot ( a,φ )
More explicitly, for the tangential electric field on the boundary:

∞ ∞
Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) J n ( ko a ) cos nφ + Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) an H n( ( ko a ) cos nφ
n n 2)
n =0 n=0
∞
= Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) bn J n ( k2 a ) cos nφ
n
n =0
For the tangential magnetic field on the boundary:

Eo ∞ Eo ∞
∑ ∈ ( − ) ′ ( ρ ) φ ∑ ( ) an H n( )′ ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
n
+ ∈ −
n 2
j J k cos n j
jη0 n =0 jη0 n =0
n n o n
Eo ∞
∑ ∈n ( − j ) bn J n′ ( k2 ρ ) cos nφ
n
=
jη 2 n =0

Consider:
∞ ∞ ∞
Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) J n ( ko a ) cos nφ + Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) an H n ( 2)
( ko a ) cos nφ = Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) bn J n ( k2 a ) cos nφ
n n n
n =0 n=0 n=0
Taking advantage of the orthogonality of each mode:

Eo ∈n ( − j ) J n ( ko a ) + Eo ∈n ( − j ) an H n( ( ko a ) = Eo ∈n ( − j ) bn J n ( k2 a )
n n 2) n
Similarly, from H:
Eo Eo E
∈n ( − j ) J n′ ( ko a ) + ∈n ( − j ) an H n( )′ ( ko a ) = o ∈n ( − j ) bn J n′ ( k2 a )
n n 2 n
η0 η0 η2
Solve:
η 2 J n′ ( ko a ) J n ( k2 a ) − η0 J n ( ko a ) J n′ ( k2 a )
an =
η0 J n′ ( k2 a ) H n( 2) ( k0 a ) − η 2 J n ( k2 a ) H n( 2)′ ( k0 a )
J n′ ( ko a ) H n(( k0 a ) − J n ( ko a ) H n( )′ ( k0 a )
2) 2
bn = η 2
η0 J n′ ( k2 a ) H n( 2) ( k0 a ) − η2 J n ( k2 a ) H n( 2)′ ( k0 a )

Analytical Solution:
TEz Scattering by a Material Circular Cylinder
ε 0 , µ0
G
ˆ o e − jk0 x
H inc = zH ε 2 , µ2
a
Incident field:
∞
= H 0e − jk0 x
= H oe − jk0 ρ cos φ
= H o ∑∈n ( − j ) J n ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
inc n
H z
n =0

Apply Duality:
∞ ∞
= H o ∑∈n ( − j ) J n ( ko ρ ) cos nφ Eφ = jH oη0 ∑∈n ( − j ) J n′ ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
inc n inc n
H z
n =0 n =0
∞ ∞
= H o ∑∈n ( − j ) an H n ( 2)
( ko ρ ) cos nφ = jH oη0 ∑∈n ( − j ) an H n( )′ ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
scat n scat n 2
H z Eφ
n =0 n =0
∞ ∞
= H o ∑∈n ( − j ) bn J n ( k2 ρ ) cos nφ Eφ = jH oη 2 ∑∈n ( − j ) bn J n′ ( k2 ρ ) cos nφ
tot n tot n
H z
n =0 n=0
Coefficient Solutions for TEz scattering:
η 2−1 J n′ ( ko a ) J n ( k2 a ) − η0−1 J n ( ko a ) J n′ ( k2 a )
an =
η0−1 J n′ ( k2 a ) H n( 2) ( k0 a ) − η2−1 J n ( k2 a ) H n( 2)′ ( k0 a )
J n′ ( ko a ) H n(
( k0 a ) − J n ( ko a ) H n( )′ ( k0 a )
2) 2
bn = η −1
η0−1 J n′ ( k2 a ) H n( 2) ( k0 a ) − η2−1 J n ( k2 a ) H n( 2)′ ( k0 a )

2

Echo Width of a 2D Material Cylinder
o The “Echo Width”, or “2D Scattering Cross-Section” is a metric that represents the
power scattered away from a target in a given direction
Defined as:
( ) ( )
2 2
E s
ρ , φ H s
ρ , φ
σ TM (φ ,φ inc ) = lim 2πρ σ ( φ φ ) = πρ
z inc z
, or , lim 2
Ezinc ( 0,0 ) H zinc ( 0,0 )
2 TE 2
ρ →∞ ρ →∞
where, Ezs ( ρ ,φ ) is the scattered electric field evaluated at the observation

coordinate ( ρ ,φ ) due to an incident plane wave coming from an angle φ inc ,
and similarly for H zs ( ρ ,φ )
This is evaluated in the lim , and this the scattered fields are evaluated in the
ρ →∞
far field.

o Consider the far electric scattered field for the TMz scattering by the material
cylinder:
G
Ez ( ρ ,φ ) = − jk0η0 Az ( ρ ,φ ) − zˆ ⋅∇ × Ft ( ρ ,φ )
scat
1
1 G G G
Az ( ρ ,φ ) = z( ) 0 ( 0 )
( 2)
∫
4jC
J r ′ H k R d A′ , where, R = r − r′
Large argument approximation of the Hankel function:

2 j − jk0 R
lim H 0(
2)
( k0 R ) ≈ e
k0 R →∞ π k0 R
y
For a fixed observation coordinate ( ρ ,φ ) , G
r
G
small changes in source coordinate r ′ lead to very
small changes in the term 1/ R1/ 2 . However, small
G R
changes in r ′ can lead to significant changes in
the phase of e− jk R . Therefore, we need to
0
G
carefully approximate this term. r ′ ⋅ rˆ
G G
− jk ( r − r ′⋅rˆ )
= e − jk ρ e (
− jk R + jk x′ cos φ + y ′ sin φ ) φ G
e 0
≈e 0 0 0
r′
Thus: x
2 j − jk0 ρ + jk0 ( x′ cos φ + y′ sin φ )
lim H 0( 2) ( k0 R ) ≈ e e
k0 R →∞ π k0 ρ

Far Electric Field
o Using the large argument approximation:
1 2 j − jk ρ G + jk ( x′ cosφ + y′ sin φ )
Az ( ρ ,φ ) = e ∫ J ( r ′) e
0 0
d A′
4 j π k0 ρ
z
C
G G G
k
zˆ ⋅∇ × Ft ( ρ ,φ ) = − 0
2 j − jk ρ
4 π k0 ρ
e ∫ ( M y ( r ′
0
) cos φ − M x ( r ′ ) sin φ ) e
+ jk ( x′ cos φ + y′ sin φ )
0
d A′
C
o Finally, the echo width is expressed as:
2
G G G
σ TM (φ ,φ inc ) = ( )
k0
∫ η 0 J z ( r ′ ) + M x ( r ′ ) sin φ − M y ( r ′ ) cos φ e
+ jk ( x cos φ + y sin φ )
0 ′ ′
d A′
4 E02 C
o By duality:
2
G G G
σ TE (φ ,φ inc ) = 0 2 ∫ (η M z ( r ′ ) − J x ( r ′ ) sin φ + J y ( r ′ ) cos φ ) e 0 (
k + jk x′ cos φ + y ′ sin φ )
−1
0 d A′
4H 0 C

Echo Width – Method of Moment Solution
o Given the method of moment solution, we can now predict the echo width:
2
G G G
σ TM (φ ,φ inc ) = ( ′ ) cos φ ) e
k0
∫ η J (0r ′ ) +zM ( r ′ ) sin
x φ − M ( r y
+ jk0 ( x′ cos φ + y′ sin φ )
d A′
4 E02 C
Expanding the currents with the basis function expansion:

2
( )
σ TM (φ ,φ inc ) = 0 2
N
k
∑A
+ jk0 xnc cos φ + ync sin φ
n ⎡⎣α nη0 + β n ( cos Ω n sin φ − sin Ω n cos φ ) ⎤⎦ e
4 E0 n =1
• where, a mid-point rule was used to perform the integration over each
segment.

Echo Width of a Circular Cylinder – Analytical Solution
o We can also predict the echo width of the analytical solution for the circular
cylinder
o Recall
∞
= Eo ∑∈n ( − j ) an H n( ( ko ρ ) cos nφ
n 2)
E scat
z
n =0
⎛πn π ⎞
2 j − jk0 ρ j ⎜⎝ + ⎟
Approximating: lim H ( 2)
( k0 ρ ) ≈ e e 2 4⎠
k0 ρ →∞
n
π k0 ρ
2
⎛πn⎞ ∞ ⎛πn⎞
2 j − jk0 ρ j⎜ ⎟ j⎜ ⎟
E0 ∑∈n ( − j ) e an cos nφ
⎝ 2 ⎠ n ⎝ 2 ⎠
e e
E ( ρ ,φ )
2
s
π k0 ρ
σ TM (φ ,φ ) = lim 2πρ
n =0
= lim 2πρ
inc z
( 0,0 )
2
ρ →∞
E inc ρ →∞ E02
z
∞ 2
∴σ TM (φ ,φ inc ) =
4
k0
∑∈
n =0
n an cos nφ

Numerical Results for TMz Scattering
Circular dielectric cylinder with circumference 2 λ0 , and ε r = 2.56 − j 2.56
MoM solution – 100 linear segments
RCS in dB- λ

TEz-Scattering by a Dielectric Cylinder: MFIE-SIE Formulation
ε 0 , µ0
G inc
C
G G inc G
ˆ o e jk ⋅r
H inc = zH ε 2 , µ2
G inc G inc
E =
1
jωε 0
− jk × zH (
ˆ zinc )
MFIE Formulation:
G inc Gs G G G Gs Gs
nˆ1 × H1
C+
(
+ nˆ1 × H1 J s , M s ) C+
= Js ⇒H inc
z S+ = −H 1scat
z ( J t , M zs ) C+
− zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × J t
G G G G Gs Gs
(
nˆ2 × J 2 − J s , − M s ) C−
= −Js ⇒ 0 = −H 2
z ( − J t , − M zs ) C−
+ zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × J t
Gn G Gs G
Vector Potential Theory:
k0
1 ∂ 1 G1 At ( r ) =
1
∫
v
4j C
H 0 ( kn R ) ± J t ( r ′ ) d A′,
( 2)
( )
H 1scat
=−j F + ∇ Fz + zˆ ⋅ ∇ × At
1
z
η0 jk0η0 ∂z
z
G s G
k0 2 1 ∂ 2 G2 Fzn ( r ) =
1
∫
v
4j C
H ( 2)
0 ( k n R ) ( ± M z ( r )) d A ,
′ ′
= − j Fz + ∇ Fz + zˆ ⋅∇ × At
tot
H z2 G G G G
η0 jk0η0 ∂z R = r − r ′ , r ′ = xx
ˆ ′ + yy
ˆ ′, r ′ ∈ C , n = 1, 2

Method of Moment Discretization
o We can apply the same discretization as the TMz polarized case
Pulse basis functions, with point test functions
G N N
J t ≈ ∑ α ntˆn P ( t ; tn , tn+1 ), M z ≈ ∑ β n P ( t ; tn , tn +1 )
n =1 n =1
o This leads to the discrete linear system of equations:

⎡ hzinc ⎤ ⎡ AmTE,n BmTE,l ⎤ ⎡ β ⎤
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ TE ⎥⎢ n⎥
m
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢C p ,n DTE ⎥ α
p ,l ⎦ ⎣ l ⎦
o We can apply duality to evaluate the impedance matrix elements:

1 1 TM
AmTE,n = 2 AmTM,n , C TE = C , B TE
= − B TM
, D TE
= − D TM
p ,l ,
η0 p ,n 2 p , n
η2
m , l m , l p , l

Numerical Results for TEz Scattering
Circular dielectric cylinder with circumference 2 λ0 , and ε r = 2.56 − j 2.56
MoM – 50 linear segments
RCS in dB- λ

TMz-Scattering by a Dielectric Cylinder: MFIE-SIE Formulation
ε 0 , µ0
G inc
G G inc G
C
ˆ o e jk ⋅r
E inc = zE ε 2 , µ2 G inc G inc
H =
1
− jωµ0
(
− jk × zE ˆ zinc )
MFIE Formulation:
G inc Gs G G G G inc Gs G
nˆ1 × H1
C+
(
+ nˆ1 × H1 J s , M s ) C+
= Js ⇒ zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × H t
C+
( )
= − zˆ ⋅ nˆ1 × H t J z , M t + + J z
G G G G G G C
(
nˆ2 × H 2 − J s , − M s ) C−
= −Js ( )
⇒ 0 = − zˆ ⋅ nˆ2 × H 2 − J z , − M t − − J z
C
G s G
0 ( n )( z ( r )) d A ,
1
Azn ( r ) = ∫
v H ( 2)
k R ± J ′ ′
Vector Potential Theory: 4j C
G scat k0 G 1 G Gn G Gs G
H t = − j Ft +
η0 jkoη0
∇∇ ⋅ Ft + ∇ × zA
ˆ z Ft ( r ) =
1
4jv
( 2)
( )
∫C H 0 ( kn R ) ± M t ( r ′) d A′,
G tot k2 G G G G G G
Ht = − j Ft +
1
∇∇ ⋅ Ft + ∇ × zA
ˆ z R = r − r ′ , r ′ = xx
ˆ ′ + yy
ˆ ′, r ′ ∈ S , n = 1, 2
η2 jk2η2

Method of Moment Discretization
o We can similarly proceed to discretize the geometry with linear segments.
o The axial electric current density can again be approximated by pulse basis
functions. G
o However, we recognize that there is a ∇∇ ⋅ Ft term, which will lead to additional
derivatives on the Green function
These derivatives demand additional smoothness of the current and test
vectors.
Typically, one must move to at least linear basis functions and pulse test
functions.
• Same procedure that was used for the EFIE formulation for the TEz
scattering by a PEC cylinder in EE525.
(Note that with specialized integration, we could actually treat pulse basis
and point test functions for this case. More on that later.)
o A combined field integral equation, such as the PMCHWT formulation, will
require consistent choice of basis functions for both the EFIE and the MFIE
formulations.

Surface Integral Equations

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Surface Integral Equations

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Scattering by Material Cylinders EE625

Surface Equivalence Theorems

Surface Integral Formulations: EFIE/MFIE

Combined Field Formulations

Prof. S. Gedney 1/34

• The Electric field integral equation is based on a physical constraint of the

Prof. S. Gedney 2/34

o Define the inner product:

Prof. S. Gedney 4/34

Prof. S. Gedney 5/34

Prof. S. Gedney 6/34

• Electric Current Density:

Prof. S. Gedney 7/34

Prof. S. Gedney 8/34

Prof. S. Gedney 9/34

o Each of these terms is to be evaluated numerically. Given the numerical

Prof. S. Gedney 10/34

o This can be evaluated via a Gauss Lin-Log Quadrature rule:

• where, ωq are the quadrature weights, and uq are the quadrature

Prof. S. Gedney 11/34

Prof. S. Gedney 12/34

Prof. S. Gedney 13/34

Prof. S. Gedney 14/34

 where, H1( ) ( x ) = J1 ( x ) − jY1 ( x )

o It is observed that in the limit ε → 0 , the integrand is only non-zero a small

Prof. S. Gedney 16/34

Prof. S. Gedney 17/34

Prof. S. Gedney 18/34

The magnetic field can be computed from the E-field:

Next, we need to enforce boundary constraints across the boundary.

Prof. S. Gedney 19/34

More explicitly, for the tangential electric field on the boundary:

For the tangential magnetic field on the boundary:

Prof. S. Gedney 20/34

Taking advantage of the orthogonality of each mode:

Prof. S. Gedney 21/34

Prof. S. Gedney 22/34

Coefficient Solutions for TEz scattering:

η0−1 J n′ ( k2 a ) H n( 2) ( k0 a ) − η2−1 J n ( k2 a ) H n( 2)′ ( k0 a )

Prof. S. Gedney 23/34

 where, Ezs ( ρ ,φ ) is the scattered electric field evaluated at the observation

Prof. S. Gedney 24/34

 Large argument approximation of the Hankel function:

Prof. S. Gedney 25/34

Prof. S. Gedney 26/34

 Expanding the currents with the basis function expansion:

Prof. S. Gedney 27/34

Prof. S. Gedney 28/34

Prof. S. Gedney 29/34

Prof. S. Gedney 30/34

o This leads to the discrete linear system of equations:

o We can apply duality to evaluate the impedance matrix elements:

Prof. S. Gedney 31/34

Prof. S. Gedney 32/34

Prof. S. Gedney 33/34

Prof. S. Gedney 34/34

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where, H1( ) ( x ) = J1 ( x ) − jY1 ( x )

where, Ezs ( ρ ,φ ) is the scattered electric field evaluated at the observation

Large argument approximation of the Hankel function:

Expanding the currents with the basis function expansion: