Psychometry PDF

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
AC
By
Dr. Vivek Patel
5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 1

Psychrometry
It’s a study of air and water vapor mixture.
Dry Air: Molecular mass 28.966 and gas constant 0.287. Molecular
mass of water vapor 18.016 and gas constant 0.461
Degree of saturation: Mass of water vapor in a unit mass of air to the
mass of water vapor in the same mass of dry air when air become
saturated at same temperature
Humidity Or Specific humidity Or Humidity ratio: Mass of water
vapor present in 1 kg of dry air. It is presented as g/kg of dry air
Absolute humidity: Mass of water vapor present in 1 m3 of dry air. It
is presented as g/ m3 of dry air
Relative humidity: It is ratio of mass of water vapor in a given
volume of moist air to the mass of water vapor in the same volume of
saturated air at the same temperature and pressure

Psychrometry
Psychrometer

Psychrometry
Dry bulb temperature, Wet bulb Temperature and Dew point
temperature:
Wet bulb depression and dew point depression

Partial pressure: Pb = Pa + Pv

Psychrometry
1.Specific humidity,humidity ratio or moisture content
It is the mass of water vapour present in 1 kg of dry air (in the air-
vapour mixture) and is generally expressed in g/kg of dry air. It may
also be defined as the ratio of mass of water vapour to the mass of
dry air in a given volume of the air-vapour mixture.
Let 𝑝𝑎 ,𝑣𝑎 , 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑚𝑎 and 𝑅𝑎 = Pressure, volume, absolute
temperature, mass and gas constant respectively for dry air, and
𝑝𝑣 , 𝑣𝑣 , 𝑇𝑣 , 𝑚𝑣 and 𝑅𝑣 = Corresponding values for the water
vapour.
Assuming that the dry air and water vapour behave as perfect gases,
we have for dry air,
𝑝𝑎 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎 …..(i)
And for water vapour, 𝑝𝑣 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 …..(ii)

Psychrometry
Also 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣
and 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑣 = 𝑇𝑑 𝑇𝑑 = DBT
From eq. (i) and (ii) we have
𝑝𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣
=
𝑝𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Substituting 𝑅𝑎 = 0.287 KJ/kg K for dry air and 𝑅𝑣 = 0.461 KJ/kg K
for water vapour in the above equation we have
0.287 ∗ 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑣
W= = 0.622 * = 0.622 *
0.461 ∗ 𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑣
For saturated air (i.e. when the air is holding maximum amount of
water vapour ) humidity ratio or max specific humidity ,
𝑝𝑠
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.622 *
𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑠

Psychrometry
Degree of saturation or percentage humidity
We have already discussed that the degree of saturation is the ratio of
actual mass of water vapour in a unit mass of dry air to the mass of
water vapour in the same mass of dry air when it is saturated at the
same temperature .
𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑠
𝑊 0.622 ∗ 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑠 𝑝𝑣 1 − 𝑝𝑏
𝜇= = 𝑝 = =
𝑊𝑠 0.622 ∗ 𝑣 𝑝𝑠 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑠 1 − 𝑝𝑣
𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑠 𝑝𝑏

Psychrometry
Relative humidity
We have discussed that the relative humidity is the ratio of actual
mass of water vapour(𝑚𝑣 ) in a given volume of moist air to the mass
of water vapour(𝑚𝑠 ) in the same volume of saturated air at the same
temperature and pressure.It is usually denoted by ∅.
𝑚𝑣
∅=
𝑚𝑠
Let 𝑝𝑣 , 𝑣𝑣 , 𝑇𝑣 , 𝑚𝑣 and 𝑅𝑣 = Pressure, volume, absolute temperature,
mass and gas constant respectively values for the water vapour in
actual condition
𝑝𝑎 , 𝑣𝑠 , 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑚𝑠 and 𝑅𝑠 = Corresponding values for the water vapour
in saturated air.
Now 𝑝𝑣 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 ……….(i)
𝑝𝑠 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝑇𝑠 …….....(ii)
Psychrometry
According to the definitions,
𝑣𝑣 =𝑣𝑠 𝑇𝑣 =𝑇𝑠 𝑅𝑣 = 𝑅𝑠 = 0.461𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾
From equation (i) and (ii) , relative humidity,
𝑚𝑣 𝑝𝑣
∅= =
𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑠
Thus the relative humidity may also be defined as the ratio of
actual partial pressure of water vapour in moist air at a given temp. to
the saturation pressure of water vapour at the same temperature of
water vapour at the same temperature.
𝑝 𝑝
1−𝑝 𝑠 1−𝑝 𝑠
𝑝𝑣 𝑏 𝑏
Now degree of saturation 𝜇 = 𝑝𝑣 =∅ 𝑝
𝑝𝑠 1−
𝑝𝑏
1−∅∗𝑝 𝑠
𝑏
𝜇
∅= 𝑝𝑠
1 − (1 − 𝜇)
𝑝𝑏
Psychrometry
Pressure of water vapour
According to carrier’s equation, the partial pressure of water vapour.
Saturation pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature
𝑝𝑏 = Barometric pressure
𝑡𝑑 = Dry bulb temperature
𝑡𝑤 = Wet bulb temperature

Psychrometry
Vapour density or absolute humidity
We have already discussed that the vapour density or absolute
humidity is the mass of water vapour present in 1 𝑚3 of dry air .
Let 𝑣𝑣 = Volume of water vapour in 𝑚3 /kg of dry air at its partial
pressure,
𝑣𝑎 = Volume of dry air in 𝑚3 /kg of dry air at its partial pressure
𝜌𝑣 = Density of water vapour in kg/𝑚3
𝜌𝑎 = Density of dry air in kg/𝑚3
We know that mass of water vapour,
𝑚𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣 𝜌𝑣
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑣𝑎 𝜌𝑎

Psychrometry
𝑚𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝜌𝑣
= 𝑣𝑎 𝜌𝑎
𝑚𝑎
Since
𝑣𝑎 =𝑣𝑣 ,therefore humidity ratio,
𝑚𝑣 𝜌𝑣
W= =
𝑚𝑎 𝜌𝑎
𝑊𝜌𝑎 𝑊( 𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑤 )
𝜌𝑣 = =
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑑 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑑

Psychrometry
Enthalpy(Total heat) of moist air
The enthalpy of moist air is numerically equal to the enthalpy of dry
air plus the enthalpy of water vapour associated with the dry air. We
know enthalpy of 1 kg of dry air,
ℎ𝑎 = 𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑑
𝑐𝑝𝑎 = Specific heat of dry air which is normally taken as 1.005
KJ/kgK
Enthalpy of water vapour associated with 1 kg of dry air,
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑊ℎ𝑠
W = Specific humidity
ℎ𝑠 = Enthalpy of water vapour per kg of dry air at dew point
temperature

Psychrometry
If the moist air is superheated, the enthalpy of water vapour
=𝑊𝑐𝑝𝑠 (𝑡𝑑 − 𝑡𝑑𝑝 )
𝑐𝑝𝑠 = 1.9 KJ/Kg K
𝑡𝑑 − 𝑡𝑑𝑝 = Degree of superheat
Total enthalpy
h = 𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑑 + 𝑊ℎ𝑠 + 𝑊𝑐𝑝𝑠 (𝑡𝑑 − 𝑡𝑑𝑝 )
Put ℎ𝑠 = ℎ𝑓𝑑𝑝 + ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝
then solve it
h = (𝑐𝑝𝑎 +𝑊𝑐𝑝𝑠 ) 𝑡𝑑 + 𝑊[ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 + 2.3𝑡𝑑𝑝 ]
The term (𝑐𝑝𝑎 +𝑊𝑐𝑝𝑠 ) is called humid specific heat. It is the specific
heat or heat capacity of moist air, i.e.(1+W) kg/kg of dry air.
Psychrometry
General value of humid specific humidity in air conditioning range is
taken as 1.022 kJ/kgK
h = 1.022𝑡𝑑 + 𝑊[ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 + 2.3𝑡𝑑𝑝 ] kJ/kg
ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 = latent heat of vaporization
An approximate result may be obtained by the following relation

h = 1.005𝑡𝑑 + 𝑊[2500 + 1.9𝑡𝑑𝑝 ] kJ/kg

Example
The reading from a sling psychrometer are as follows
DBT = 30℃ , WBT = 20℃ , Barometer reading = 760 mm of Hg
Using steam tables determine
1.DPT, 2.Relative humidity , 3.Specific humidity , 4.Degree of
saturation , 5. Vapour density , 6.enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air.
Solution
(1)DPT
Lets find partial pressure of water vapour 𝑝𝑣
From steam tables saturation pressure corresponding to WBT 20℃
𝑝𝑤 = 0.02337 bar
𝑝𝑏 = 740 mm of Hg = 0.98642 bar

Example
Partial pressure of water vapour,
( 𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑤 )( 𝑡𝑑 −𝑡𝑤 )
𝑝𝑣 = 𝑝𝑤 −
1544 − 1.44 𝑡𝑤
(0.98642 − 0.02337)(30 − 20)

𝑝𝑣 = 0.02337 −
1544 − 1.44(20)
= 0.01701 bar
Corresponding to 0.01701 bar the dew point temperature

𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 15℃

Example
(2)Relative humidity
From steam table saturation pressure at 30℃
𝑝𝑠 = 0.04242 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑝𝑣
We know ∅ = =0.01701/0.04242 = 0.40 or 40%
𝑝𝑠
(3) Specific humidity

𝑝𝑣 0.01701
W = 0.622 * = 0.622 *
𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑣 0.9842−0.01701
= 0.010914 kg/kg of dry air

(4) Degree of saturation
𝑝𝑠
Ws = 0.622 * = 0.027945 kg/kg of dry air
𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑠
𝑊 0.010914
𝜇= = = 0.391 or 39.1%
𝑊𝑠 0.027945
Example
5.Vapour density
We know vapour density
𝑊(𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑣 ) 0.010914(0.98642−0.01701)105
𝜌𝑣 = =
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑑 287(273+30)
= 0.01216 kg/𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
6. enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air
from steam tables, we find that the latent heat of vaporization of
water of a dew point temperature of 15 C is
ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 = 2466.1 kJ/kg
enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air,
h = 1.022𝑡𝑑 + 𝑊 ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 + 2.3 𝑡𝑑𝑝
= 1.022 X 30 + 0.010914[ 2466.1+ 2.3X 15]
= 57.95 kJ/kg of dry air

Psychrometry Chart

Psychrometry Chart
Psychrometry

Example
For a sample of air having 22°∁DBT ,relative humidity 30 percent at
barometric pressure of 760 mm of Hg. Calculate1. vapour pressure 2.
humidity ratio 3. vaour density 4. Enthalpy
Solution
Given 𝑡𝑑 = 22 ℃ , ∅ = 30%,
𝑝𝑏 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑔 = 760 X 133.3 = 101308 N/𝑚2 = 1.01308 𝑏𝑎𝑟
1. Vapour pressure:
𝑃𝑣 = vapour pressure
From steam table , we find that saturation pressure of vapour
corresponding to dry bulb temperature of 22℃ Is
𝑃𝑠 = 0.02642 𝑏𝑎𝑟
We know relative humidity
𝑃𝑣
0.3 =
𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝑣 = 0.0049 kg/kg of dry air
Example
2. Humidity ratio:
0.622𝑃𝑣 0.622 𝑋 0.007926
W= =
𝑃𝑏 −𝑃𝑣 1.01308 −0.007926

3. Vapour density:
We know vapour density
𝑊(𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑣 ) 0.0049(1.01308−0.007926)105
𝜌𝑣 = =
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑑 287(273+22)
= 0.00582 kg/𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

4. enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air:
From steam tables, we find that saturation temperature or dew point
temperature corresponding to a pressure of 𝑃𝑣 = 0. 007926 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑠
𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 3.8℃
Example
From steam tables, we find that the latent heat of vaporization of
water of a dew point temperature of 3.8℃ 𝑖𝑠
ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 = 2466.1 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air,
h = 1.022𝑡𝑑 + 𝑊 ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 + 2.3 𝑡𝑑𝑝
=1.022 X 22 + 0.0049(2492.6+ 2.3 X 3.8)
=37.74 kJ/kg of dry air
Verification from psychrometric chart
The initial condition of air i.e 22 ℃ dry bulb temperature and 30%
relative humidity is make on psychrometric chart at point A as shown
in fig.

Example
From horizontal line meeting the vapour pressure line at point B and
humidity ratio line at C . From psychrometric chart , we find the
vapour pressure at B,
𝑃𝑣 = 5.9 mm of hg
= 5.9 X 133.3 = 791.8 N/𝑚2 = 0.007918 bar
Humidity ratio at point C,
W = 5 g/ kg of dry air

Example

Example
We also find from the psychometric chart that the specific
volume at point A is 0.843 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 of dry air
𝜌𝑣 = w / 𝜌𝑎 = 0.005/ 0.843 = 0.0058 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 of dry air
From point A, draw a line parallel to the wet bulb

temperature line meeting the enthalpy line at point E. Now
the enthalpy of air as read from the chart is 34.8 kJ/kg of
dry air

Sensible heating
𝑞 = ℎ2 − ℎ1
= 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑1 ) + W 𝑐𝑝𝑠 𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑1
= (𝐶𝑝𝑎 + 𝑊 𝐶𝑝𝑠 ) (𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑1 )
= 𝐶𝑝𝑚 (𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑1 )
𝑘𝐽
q = 1.022(𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑1 ) kJ/kg = = 002044 v × ∆𝑡 or kw
𝑠

Sensible heating

Sensible Cooling

By pass factor of heating coil:
𝑥 𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝑡𝑑1 + 1 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝑡𝑑3 = 1 × 𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝑡𝑑2

x(𝑡𝑑3 − 𝑡𝑑1 ) = 𝑡𝑑3 − 𝑡𝑑2
𝑡𝑑3 − 𝑡𝑑2
x=
Similarly BPF =
Sensible heating
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑈𝐴𝑐 𝑡𝑚
U = overall heat transfer coefficient,
𝐴𝑐 = surface area of coil
𝑡𝑚 = logarithmic mean temperature
We know that logarithmic mean temperature difference
𝑡𝑚 = 𝑡 − 𝑡
log𝑒 [𝑡𝑑3 − 𝑡𝑑1 ]
𝑑3 𝑑2
𝑡𝑚 =
log𝑒 [1/𝐵𝑃𝑓]
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑈𝑋𝐴𝑐 X
log𝑒 [1/𝐵𝑃𝑓]

Sensible heating
𝑤𝑒 have already discussed that the heat added during sensible heating,
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑚 (𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑1 )
𝐶𝑝𝑚 = humid specific heat = 1.022 KJ/kg k
𝑚𝑎 = mass of air passing over the coil
𝑈𝐴𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑚 log 𝑒 [1/𝐵𝑃𝑓]
𝑈𝐴𝑐
log 𝑒 [1/𝐵𝑃𝑓] =
𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑚
𝑈𝐴𝑐
log 𝑒 [𝐵𝑃𝑓] = -
𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑚
− 𝑚𝑈𝐴 𝑐
𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑚
BPF = 𝑒
𝑈𝐴𝑐
− 1.022
BPF = 𝑒 𝑚𝑎

Sensible heating
Efficiency of heating and cooling coil:
The term ( 1 – BPF) is known as efficiency of coil or contact factor
Efficiency of the heating coil ,
𝑛𝐻 = 1 − 𝐵𝑃𝐹
𝑡 −𝑡
= 1 - 𝑑3 𝑑2
=
Similarly , efficiency of cooling coil ,

𝑛𝐻 = 1 -
=

Example
The atmospheric air at 760 mm Hg, dry bulb temperature 15℃ and
wet bulb temperature 11 ℃ enters a heating coil whose temperature
is 41℃ . Assume by pass factor of coil is 0.5,detramine dry bulb
temperature , wet bulb temperature and relative humidity of leaving
coil. also determine the sensible heat added to air per kg of dry air.
Solution
Given : 𝑃𝑏 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 , 𝑡𝑑1 = 15℃ , 𝑡𝑤1 = 11℃ , 𝑡𝑑3 =
41℃ , 𝐵𝑃𝐹 = 0.5
The initial condition of air entering the coil at dry bulb temperature
of 15℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑡 bulb temperature of 11℃ is shown by point 1 on
the psychrometric chart as shown in fig. Now draw constant specific
humidity line from point 1 to intersect the vertical line drawn
through 41℃ at point 3

Example

Example
Dry bulb temperature of the air leaving the coil:
𝑡𝑑2 = dry bulb temperature of air leaving coil
𝑡𝑑3 − 𝑡𝑑2 41 − 𝑡𝑑2
0.5 = =
𝑡𝑑3 − 𝑡𝑑1 41 − 15
𝑡𝑑2 = 28℃
Wet bulb temperature of the air leaving the coil:
From psychrometric chart, we find the wet bulb temperature of
leaving coil at point 2
𝑡𝑤2 = 16.1℃
Relative humidity of the air leaving the coil:
From psychrometric chart, we find that relative humidity of the air
leaving coil at point 2, ∅2 = 29%

Example
Sensible heat added to the air per kg of dry air:
From psychrometric chart, we find that the relative humidity at point
2,
ℎ2 = 46 KJ/kg
From psychrometric chart, we find that the relative humidity at point
1,
ℎ1 = 31.8 KJ/kg
Sensible heat added to the air per kg of dry air
= ℎ2 - ℎ1
= 46-31.8
= 14.2 KJ/kg of dry air

Humidification and Dehumidification
LH = ℎ1 - ℎ2
= ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑊1 − 𝑊2 )
LH = 𝑚𝑎 ∆ℎ
= 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑊
= 𝜗 𝜌 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑊
𝐾𝐽
= 509 × ∆𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊
𝑠
Humidification and Dehumidification
Sensible heat factor
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
SHF =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑆𝐻
=
𝑆𝐻 + 𝐿𝐻
SH = sensible heat
LH = latent heat

Cooling and Dehumidification
BPF = Q = ℎ1 - ℎ2 = ℎ1 − ℎ𝐴 + (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ2 ) = LH +SH
LH = ℎ1 − ℎ𝐴 = latent heat removed due to
𝑡𝑑2 − 𝐴𝐷𝑃 condensation
=
𝑡𝑑1 − 𝐴𝐷𝑃
SH = (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ2 ) = sensible heat removed
(𝑊2 −𝑊4 ) We know that sensible heat factor
BPF = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝐻 ℎ𝐴 − ℎ2
(𝑊1 −𝑊4 )
SHF = = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝐻+𝐿𝐻 ℎ1 − ℎ2

Cooling with Adiabatic humidification
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐵𝑇 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑛𝐻 = =
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐵𝑇 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑦
𝑡 −𝑡 (𝑊 −𝑊 )
= 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 2 1
𝑡𝑑1 − 𝑡𝑑3 (𝑊3 −𝑊1 )

Cooling with Adiabatic humidification
When the spray of water maintain at a temperature lower than wet
bulb temperature of incoming air.
𝑡𝑑1 −𝑡𝑑2 ′ 𝑊2 ′−𝑊1
𝑛𝐻 = =
𝑡𝑑1 −𝑡𝑑3 ′ 𝑊3 ′−𝑊1
When the spray of water maintain at a temperature higher than wet

bulb temperature of incoming air.
𝑡𝑑1 −𝑡𝑑2 ′′ 𝑤2 ′′−𝑊1
𝑛𝐻 = =
𝑡𝑑1 −𝑡𝑑3 ′′ 𝑊3 ′′−𝑊1

Heating with humidification
Also, 𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )
And 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑤 * ℎ𝑓𝑔

Heating with humidification
By Water injection:
𝑚𝑎 (𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )=(m𝑤1 − m𝑤2 ) and
(m𝑤1 ℎ𝑓𝑔1 ) − (m𝑤2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2 )= 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
By Steam injection:
𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑤2 − 𝑤1
𝑚𝑠 ℎ𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

Heating with Dehumidification
Heating with dehumidification
ηh = (td3 – td1) / (td2 – td1)

Adiabatic mixing of two air stream
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 ………(1)
For the energy balnce,
𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑚2 ℎ2 = 𝑚3 ℎ3 …..(2)

And for the mass balance of water vapour,
𝑚1 𝑊1 + 𝑚2 𝑊2 = 𝑚3 𝑊3 ……..(3)
Substituting the value of 𝑚3 from equation (1) in equation (2),

𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑚2 ℎ2 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 ) ℎ3 = 𝑚1 ℎ3 + 𝑚2 ℎ3
𝑚1 ℎ1 − 𝑚1 ℎ3 = 𝑚2 ℎ3 − 𝑚2 ℎ2
𝑚1 (ℎ1 − ℎ3 ) = 𝑚2 (ℎ3 − ℎ2 )
𝑚1 (ℎ3 −ℎ2 )
= …….(4)
𝑚2 (ℎ1 −ℎ3 )

Similarly, substituting the value of 𝑚3 from equation (1) in equation
(3), we have
𝑚1 (𝑊3 −𝑊2 )
= ……..(5)
𝑚2 (𝑊1 −𝑊3 )
Now from equations (4) and (5),

𝑚1 (ℎ3 −ℎ2 ) (𝑊3 −𝑊2 )
= =
𝑚2 (ℎ1 −ℎ3 ) (𝑊1 −𝑊3 )

Air washer

Air washer
(A) Cooling and dehumidification : t w < t DPT
Since the exit enthalpy of air is less than its inlet value from energy
balance it can be shown that there is a transfer of total energy from air
to water. Hence to continue the process, water has to be externally
cooled. Here both latent heat transfers are from air to water. This is
shown by process O-A
(B) Adiabatic saturation : t w = t WBT

Here the sensible heat transfer from air to water is exactly equal to
latent heat transfer from water to air . Hence, no external cooling or
heating of water is required. That is a case of pure water recirculation.
This is shown by process O-B. this process that takes place in a
perfectly insulated evaporative cooler .

Air washer

Air washer
(C) Cooling and humidification : t DPT < t w < t WBT
Here the sensible heat transfer is from air to water and latent heat
transfer is from water to air , but the total heat transfer is from air to
water. hence, water has to be cooled externally. This is shown by
process O-C .
(D) Cooling and humidification : t WBT < t w < t DBT
Here the sensible heat transfer is from air to water and latent heat
transfer is from water to air , but the total heat transfer is from air to
water. hence, water has to be cooled externally. This is shown by
process O-D .
This is the process that takes place in a cooling tower. The air stream
extracts heat from the hot water coming from condenser, and the
cooled water is sent back to the condenser.

Air washer
(E) Heating and humidification : t w > t DBT
Here both sensible heat and latent heat transfers are from water to air.
Hence, water has to be heated externally. This is shown by process
O-E

Examples
The atmospheric air at 30℃dry bulb temperature and 75% relative
humidity enters a cooling coil at the rate of 200 𝑚3 /min. the coil dew
point temperature is 14℃and the by-pass factor of coil is 0.1.
Determine :
(1) The temperature of air leaving the cooling coil;
(2) The capacity of cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration and in
kilowatt;
(3) The amount of water vapour removed per minute; and
(4) The sensible heat factor for the process.
Solution:
Given data , 𝑡𝑑1 = 30℃; ∅𝟏 = 75% ; 𝑣1 = 200 𝑚3 /min ; ADP = 𝑡𝑑4 =
14℃; BPF = 0.1
Examples
1. The temperature of air leaving the cooling coil:
Let, 𝑡𝑑2 = Temperature of air leaving the cooling coil.
first of all, mark the initial condition of the air, i.e. 30℃
dry bulb temperature and 75% relative humidity on the psychometric
chart at point 1, as shown in Fig. from the psychometric chart, the dew
point temperature of the entering air at point 1.
𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 25.2 ℃
Since the coil dew point temperature (or ADP) is less than the dew
point temperature of entering air, therefore it is a process of cooling
and dehumidification.

Examples
we know that by-pass factor,
𝑡𝑑2 −𝑡𝑑4 𝑡𝑑2 −𝐴𝐷𝑃
BPF = =
𝑡𝑑1 −𝑡𝑑4 𝑡𝑑1 −𝐴𝐷𝑃
𝑡𝑑2 −14
0.1 =
30 −14
𝑡𝑑2 = 15.6 ℃ Ans.

Examples
(2) The capacity of cooling coil
The resulting condition of the air coming out of the coil is shown by
point 2, The line joining the points 1 and 4, as shown in fig. The line
1-2 represents the cooling and dehumidification process which may be
assumed to have followed the path 1-A
(i.e. dehumidification) and A-2(i.e. cooling). Now from the
psychometric chart, we find that
Water vapour in the entering air or the specific humidity of entering

air at point 1,
𝑊1 = 0.0202 kg/kg of dry air

Examples
Water vapour in the entering air or the specific humidity of entering
air at point 1,
𝑊2 = 0.011kg/kg of dry air
Specific volume of entering air at point 1,
𝑣𝑠1 = .884 𝑚3 /kg of dry air
Enthalpy of entering air at point 1.
ℎ1 = 82 kJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of entering air at point A,
ℎ𝐴 = 58 kJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of leaving air at point 2.
ℎ2 = 43.5 kJ/kg of dry air

Examples
We know that mass of air flowing through the cooling coil,
𝑣1 200
𝑚𝑎 = = = 226.2 kg/min
𝑣𝑠1 0.884
Capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration

= 𝑚1 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 226.2(82 – 43.5)
= 8709 kJ/min
= 8709/210 = 41.5 TR. Ans.
Capacity of the cooling coil in kilowatt

= 8709/60 = 145.15 KW.

Examples
(3) The amount of water vapour removed per minute;
we know that amount of water vapour removed
= 𝑚1 (𝑊1 − 𝑊2 )
=2.08 kg/min
(4) The sensible heat factor for the process.

ℎ𝐴 −ℎ2 58 −43.5
SHF = = = 0.377
ℎ1 −ℎ2 82 −43.5

Examples

Examples
Tonnes of refrigeration require:
First of all, mark the initial condition of the air . I .e 35℃ DBT and
55% RH on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in fig . From
the psychrometric chart , we find the dew point temperature at point 1
𝑡𝑑𝑝 1 = 24.5℃
Since the temperature of air leaving the coil or the effective
temperature of the coil is above the dew point temperature of entering
air ,therefor no dehumidification occurs. Thus, it is a sensible cooling
process from 35℃ DBT and 55%RH to 27 ℃ DBT shown in fig
Enthalpy at point 1;
ℎ1 = 85.4 KJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy at leaving coil point 2;
ℎ2 = 77 KJ/kg of dry air
Examples
Specific volume of air at entering the coil at point 1,
𝑚3
𝑣𝑠1 =0.9 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑘𝑔
We know mass entering the coil;

𝑣1 100
𝑚1 = = = 111.1 kg/𝑚3
𝑣𝑠1 0.9

Examples
Tonnes of refrigeration require:
= 𝑚1 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 111.1( 85.4-77) = 933.24/210 = 4.44 tonnes
Final relative humidity
From the psychrometric chart, we find the relative humidity of air
leaving the coil at point 2,
∅2 = 86%
Tonnes of refrigeration required when surface temperature of cooling
coil is 10℃
Given: BPF=0.1

Examples:
Since the surface temperature or apparatus due point (i.e. 10 ℃) of
cooling coil is less than the dew point temperature of entering air
(24.5℃),therefore, it is a cooling and dehumidifying process, as
shown in fig. Join point 1(i.e. 35℃ dry bulb temperature and 55%
relative humidity) to point 3 on the saturation curve (i.e.
ADP=10℃). Mark point 2 (final condition of air) on the line 1-3 as
discussed below:
td2 =Dry bulb temperature of air at point 2.
We know that by-pass factor of the coil,
𝐵𝑃𝐹 =
𝑡𝑑2 − 10 𝑡𝑑2 − 10
0.1 = =
35 − 10 25
∴ 𝑡𝑑2 = 0.1 × 25 = 12.5℃
Examples:
Now draw a vertical line for td2 = 12.5℃ to intersect the line 1-3 at
point 2*. This represents the final condition of air leaving the coil.
From the psychrometric chart, we find that enthalpy of air leaving

the coil at point 2,
h2 =35 kJ/kg of dry air
Tonnes of refrigeration required

=m1(h1-h1)=111.1(85.4-35)=5600kJ/min
=5600/210=26.7TR
Condensate flow
From the psychrometric chart we find that specific humidity of air
entering the coil at point 1

Examples:
W1=0.0196 kg/kg of dry air
And specific humidity of air leaving the coil at point 2
W2 =0.0088 kg/kg of dry air
Therefore condensate flow i.e. water condensed at the coil
=m1(W1-W2)= 111.1(0.0196-0.0088)
=1.2kg/min

Examples:
Air at 10° C dry bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity is to be
heated and humidified to 35° C dry bulb temperature and 22.5° C wet
bulb temperature. The air is preheated sensibly before passing to the air
washer in which water is recirculated, The relative humidity of the air
coming out of the air washer is 90%, This air is again reheated sensibly
to obtain the final de desired condition, Find: 1. the temperature to
which air should be preheated, 2. The total heating required; 3. make
up water required in tire air washer : 4)The humidifying efficiency of
air washer.

Examples:
Temperature to which air should be pre-heated From the psychrometric

chart
tdA=32.6 ̊ C
Examples:
2) Total heat required

From the psychrometric chart, we find that enthalpy of air at point 1,
h1 = 27.2 kJ /kg of dry air
Enthalpy of air at point A,
hA = 51 kJ /kg of dry air
enthalpy of air at point 2,
h2 = 68 kJ /kg of dry air
We know that heat required for preheating of air
hA –h1 =51 -27.2
= 23.8 kJ/kg of dry air .

Examples:
and heat required for reheating of air
=h2 – hB=68-51=17 kJ/kg of dry air
Total heat required
=23.8 + 17 = 40.8 kJ/kg of dry air

Examples:
3. Make up water required in the air washer
From the psychrometric chart.
we find that specific humidity of entering air.
W1 = 0.0068 kg /kg dry air and
specific humidity of leaving air,
W2 = 0.0122 kg /kg of dry air
Make up water required in the air washer
= WB - WA = W2 – W1
= 0.0122 - 0.0068

Examples:
4. Humidifying efficiency of the air washer

From the psychrometric chart. we find that
tdB = 19.1°C and tdB’= 18°C
We know that humidifying efficiency of the air washer.
h= Actual drop in DBT/(Ideal drop in DBT)
=32.6-19.1/(32.6 -18)
=13.5/14.6
=92.4%

Examples:
The saturated air leaving the cooling chamber of A.C unit at 14°𝐶 at
the rate of 50m3/min is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at 32°𝐶
& 60% RH at the rate of 20m3/min.Assuming the mixing process
occurs at 1 atm find specific humidity, relative humidity,DBT &
volume flow rate of mixture.
Solution:
Given td2=14°𝐶 ,
v2=50 m3/min
Td1=32°𝐶,ᶲ1=60 ,
v1=20m3/min
The condition of 14°𝐶 is marked at point 2(on the saturation curve) as
shown in fig.Now mark the condition of outside air at 32°𝐶 DBT &
RH at point 1,join the points 1& 2.

Examples:
From psychrometric chart we find enthalpy at 1,
h 1=78 kJ/kg of dry air
At point 2, h 2=39.4 kJ/kg of dry air
Specific volume at point 1,
Vs1=0.889m3/kg of dry air
Specific volume at point 2,
Vs1=0.826m3/kg of dry air
h 3=Enthalpy after mixing at point 3,
Mass of outside mass at point 1,
m 1= v1/vs1
=20/0.889= 22.5 kg/min

Examples:
Maas of leaving the cooling section,

m 2=v2/vs2=50/0.826 =60.53 kg/min
we know that
m1 = h1-h3
m2 h1-h2
22.5 = h3-39.4
60.53 78-h3

Examples:
0.3717 (78 – h3)=h3-39.4

h3= 49.86 kJ / kg of dry air
Specific humidity, relative humidity, dry bulb temperature
Plot point 3 on the line joining the points 1 and 2 corresponding to
enthalpy h) = of dry air, as shown in Fig. From point3 on the
psychrometric chart, we find that specific humidity of the mixture at,
W3 = 0.0122 kg / kg of dry air ADs.
Relative humidity of the mixture at point 3,
ᶲ3 =90%
dry bulb temperature of the mixture at point 3,
td3 = 19°C Ans.

Examples:
Specific humidity ,Relative humidity & dry bulb temperature:
Now at point 1 & 2 draw the point 3 a s shown in the figure :
h3=49.86kJ/kg of dry air
W3=0.0122 kg/kg of dry air
Relative humidity at point 3,
ᶲ 3=90%
Dry bulb temperature at 3,
td3=19 ̊ C
Specific volume at point 3
vf3=0.843m^3/kg of dry air
Volume flow rate at point 3,
v3=(m1+m2)vf3
=(22.5+60.53)*0.843=70 m^3/min

Factor affecting comfort air-conditioning
Temperature of Air
Humidity of air
Purity of air
Motion of air
Equipment used in Air-conditioning system
1. Circulating fan 2. Air conditioning unit 3. supply duct 4. supply

outlet 5. return outlet 6. filters

Classification of Air-conditioning system:
1. According to the purpose
a. Comfort air conditioning system
b. Industrial air conditioning system
2. According to the season of year

a. Winter air conditioning system
b. Summer air conditioning system
c. Year-round air conditioning system
3. According to the arrangement of equipments

a. Unitary air conditioning system : window unit & split unit
b. Central air conditioning system

Winter air-conditioning system:

Summer air-conditioning system:

Year round air-conditioning system:

Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) :

Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) :
In cooling and dehumidification process, the temperature at which

the room sensible heat factor line intersect the saturation curve is
called room apparatus dew point (ADP)

Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF) :
GSHF = TSH = TSH RSH +OASH
GTH TSH +TLH (RSH+OASH)+(RLH+OALH)
TSH =Total sensible heat =RSH+OASH

TLH =Total latent heat = RLH +OALH
GTH =Grand total heat =TSH+TLH
= RSH +RLH+(OASH+OALH)
V1 =volume of outside air or ventilation
td1= DBT of outside air
W1= Specific humidity of outside air
h1=Enthalpy of outside air
td2=DBT of room air
W2= specific humidity of room air
h2=Enthalpy of room air

Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF) :
Outside air sensible heat.

OASH = 0.02044*v1*(td1-td2) kW
Out side Air latent heat,
OALH =50* v1(W1- W2) kW
And outside air total heat,
OATH = OASH + OALH
The outside air total heat may also be calculated from the following
relation :
OATH = 0.02* v1*(h1-h2) kW

Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF)

Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor (ERSHF)
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻
ERSHF = =
𝐸𝑅𝑇𝐻 𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻+𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻
ERSH = Effective room sensible heat
= RSH + OASH* BPF
ERLH = Effective room latent heat
= RLH + OALH* BPF
ERTH = Effective room total heat
= ERSH + ERLH
BPF = By pass factor


𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 4−6 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 4′ −6
BPF = =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 3−6 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2−6
𝑡𝑑4′ −𝐴𝐷𝑃
𝑡𝑑4 −𝐴𝐷𝑃
BPF = =
𝑡𝑑3 −𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑑2 −𝐴𝐷𝑃

ERSH = 0.02044 𝑉𝑑 (𝑡𝑑2 − 𝐴𝐷𝑃)(1-BPF) kW
ERLH = 50 𝑉𝑑 (𝑊2 − 𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑃 )(1-BPF) kW
ERTH = 0.02 𝑉𝑑 (ℎ2 − ℎ𝐴𝐷𝑃 )(1-BPF) kW
𝑉𝑑 = Volume of dehumidified air to room
ADP = Apparatus dew point
𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑃 = Specific humidity at apparatus dew point
ℎ𝐴𝐷𝑃 = Enthalpy at apparatus dew point
The mass of dehumidified air is given by
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑚𝑑 =
ℎ2 − ℎ4

Example

Example
Given : 𝑡𝑑2 = 27℃, ∅2 = 50%, 𝑡𝑤1 = 27℃,
𝑄𝑠 = 14𝑘𝑊 = 14*3600 kJ/h , 𝑡𝑑4 = 7℃

Example
From psychometric chart ,
ℎ1 = 85 kJ / kg of dry air
𝑊1 = 0.0172 kg / kg of dry air

Example
1. Mass of moist air supplied to the space in kg / h
𝑄𝑠
𝑚𝑎 =
𝐶𝑝𝑚(𝑡𝑑2 − 𝑡𝑑4 )
14 x 3600
=
1.022 (27 −7)
= 2465.75 kg/h
Mass of moist air supplied to the space
= 𝑚𝑎 (1 + 𝑊4 )
= 2465.75 (1 + 0.0062)
= 2481 kg/h

Example
2. Latent heat gain of space in kW
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊2 − 𝑊4 )ℎ𝑓𝑔
= 2465.75 (0.0112 – 0.0062)*2500 = 308.22 kJ/h = 8.56 kW
3. Cooling load of air washer in kW

From the psychometric chart , 𝑡𝑑3 = 31℃ , ℎ3 = 64.6 kJ/kg dry air
Cooling load of air washer
= 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 )
= 2465.75 (64.6 - 23)
= 102575 kJ/h = 28.5 kW

Example
An air conditioned hall is to be maintained at 27℃ DBT and 21℃ WBT.
It has a sensible heat load of 46.5 kW and latent heat load of 17.5 kW.
The air supplied from outside atmosphere at 38℃ DBT and 27℃ WBT
𝑚 3
is 25 ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛 directly into the room through ventilation and infiltration.
Outside air to be conditioned is passed through the cooling coil whose
ADP is 15℃. The quality of recirculated air from the hall is 60%. This
quality is mixed with the conditioned air after the cooling coil.
Determine
1. Condition of air after the coil and before the recirculated air mixed
with it.
2. Condition of air entering the hall after mixing with recirculated air.
3. Mass of fresh air entering the cooler.
4. By pass factor of cooling coil.
5. refrigerating load on the cooling coil.
Example
Given 𝑡𝑑4 = 27℃, 𝑡𝑤4 = 21℃, 𝑄𝑠4 = 46.5 𝑘𝑊 , 𝑄𝐿4 = 17.5𝑘𝑊
3
𝑡𝑑1 = 38℃ , 𝑡𝑤1 = 27℃ , 𝑣1 = 38 𝑚 ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛 , ADP = 15℃

Example

Example
ℎ𝐴 = 72.6 kJ / kg of dry air
𝑣𝑠1 = 0.907 𝑚3 / kg of dry air
Mass of air infiltrated into the hall

𝑣1 25
𝑚𝑎 = = = 27.56 kg / min
𝑣𝑠1 0.907

Example
Sensible heat load due to the infiltrated air ,
𝑄𝑠1 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐴 - ℎ4 ) = 27.56 (72.8 - 61)
= 325.21 kJ /min = 5.42 kW
Latent heat load due to the infiltrate air

𝑄𝐿1 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ1 - ℎ𝐴 ) = 27.56 (85 – 72.8)
= 336.23 kJ /min = 5.6 kW
Total room sensible heat load ,
RSH = 𝑄𝑠4 + 𝑄𝑠1
= 46.5 + 5.42 = 51.92 kW

Example
Total room latent heat load
RSH = 𝑄𝐿4 + 𝑄𝐿1 = 17.5 + 5.6 = 23.1 kW
Room sensible heat factor ,
𝑅𝑆𝐻 51.92
RSHF = = = 0.692
𝑅𝑆𝐻+𝑅𝐿𝐻 51.92 + 23.1
Now mark this value of RSHF on the sensible heat factor scale and
join with the alignment circle (26℃ DBT and 50% RH).Line 4-5
parallel to this line. Outside air mixed at point 1 is passed through
coil whose ADP 15℃. Therefore join 1 with ADP on the saturated
curve. This line is the GSHF line and intersect the RSHF line at point
2.which represent the condition of air leaving the cooling coil. The
mixing condition at point 3 such that
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2−3
= 0.6
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2 −4

Example
1. Condition of air after the coil and before the recirculated air
mixed with it
From psychometric chart at point 2
DBT 𝑡𝑑2 = 19 ℃
WBT 𝑡𝑤2 = 17.5 ℃
2. Condition of air entering the hall after mixing with

recirculated air.
From psychometric chart at point 3
DBT 𝑡𝑑3 = 24 ℃
WBT 𝑡𝑤2 = 19.8 ℃

Example
3. Mass of fresh air entering the cooler.
𝑅𝑆𝐻+𝑅𝐿𝐻 51.92 −23.1
𝑚𝐹 = =
ℎ4 − ℎ2 61 −49
= 6.25 kg /s = 375 kg /min

4. By pass factor of coil
𝑡𝑑2 −𝐴𝐷𝑃 19−15
BPF = = = 0.174
𝑡𝑑1 −𝐴𝐷𝑃 38−15
5. refrigerating load on the cooling coil.

= 𝑚𝐹 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) =375(85 - 49) = 13500 kJ/min
= 64.3 TR

Example

Example
1. Ventilation load
2. Grand total heat
3. Effective room sensible heat factor
4. Apparatus dew point
5. Dehumidified air quantity
6. Condition of air entering and leaving the apparatus.

Example
Given RSH= 58.15 kW, RLH = 14.54 kW, 𝑡𝑑1 = 40℃,𝑡𝑤1 = 27℃,
𝑡𝑑2 = 25℃, ∅2 = 50%, 𝑣1 = 70 𝑚3 /min, BPF = 0.15

Example

Example
Enthalpy of air at point 1 and 2
ℎ1 = 85.2 kJ /kg of dry air
ℎ2 = 50 kJ /kg of dry air
1. Ventilation load
OASH = 0.02044 𝑉1 (𝑡𝑑1 − 𝑡𝑑2 )
= 0.02044 *70 (40 - 25) = 21.46 kW
OATH = 0.02 𝑉1 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
= 0.02 *70 (85.2 - 50) = 49.28 kW

Example
2. Grand total heat
OALH = OATH – OASH = 49.28 – 21.46 = 27.82 kW
TSH = RSH + OASH = 58.15 + 21.46 = 79.61 kW
TLH = RLH + OALH = 14.54 + 27.82 = 42.36 kW
GTH = TSH + TLH = 79.61 + 42.36 = 121.97 kW
3. Effective room sensible heat factor
ERSH = RSH + OASH * BPF
= 58.15 + 21.46 * 0.15 = 61.37 kW
ERLH = RLH + OALH * BPF
= 14.54 + 27.82* 0.15 = 18.71 kW

Example
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 61.37
ERSHF = = = 0.766
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻+𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻 61.37+18.71
4. Apparatus dew point
Mark the ERSHF = 0.766 on the sensible heat factor scale as point a
and join point b which is the alignment circle (25℃ and 50% RH).
From point 2 draw a line parallel to the line ab to intersect the
saturation curve at point 6.
From the psychometric chart,
ADP = 𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 11℃

Example
5. Dehumidified air quality
vd =Volume of dehumidified air to room in m3 /min.
We know that effective room sensible heat(ERSH)
61.37=0.02044vd (t d2 − ADP)(1-BPF)
=0.02044vd (25-11)(1-0.15)
= 61.37/0.243=253 𝐦𝟑 /min.
6.Condition of air entering &leaving the apparatus
We know that volume of recirculated air = vd - v1 = 253-70
= 183 m3 /min.
Thus 183 m3 /min of recirculated air is mixed with 70 m3 /min.
of ventilation air. The mixing condition is shown at point3 such that
Example
Length2-3=length 1-2*(70/253)
From the psychrometric chart, we find that dry bulb temperature &
wet bulb temperature of air entering the apparatus at point3
t d3 =29℃ & t w3 =20.7℃
Through point3,draw a line 3-6 & mark point 4 on this line such that
length4-6/length3-6 = BPF =0.15
From psychrometric chart we find that DBT & WBT of air leaving the
apparatus at point 4
t d4 =13.7℃ & t w4 =12.7℃

Cooling load estimation
Sensible heat gain
Heat gain through conduction, convection, radiation through
building wall, roof, window etc.
By occupants
By appliance etc.
Latent heat gain
Through infiltered air
Moisture gain from occupants
From food cooking

Sensible heat gain by building structure by
conduction
Q = fo (t o -t1 )A+(k/x)(t1 -t 2 )A+fi (t 2 -t i )A =UA (t o -t i )
fo = outside film or surface conductance
fi = inside film or surface conductance
t o = outside air temperature
t i = inside air temperature
X = thickness of wall
K = thermal conductivity for material of wall
U = overall co-efficient for heat transfer of wall
1
=1 𝑥 1
+ +
fo 𝑘 fi
A = outside area of wall

conduction
Structure U (W/𝒎𝟐 K)
Brick wall 2.84
Brick wall 20cm,plaster on one side on brick 2.61
Brick wall 20cm,plaster on one side on metal lath-furred 1.82
Brick wall 40cm. bare 1.59
Brick wall 40cm. Plaster one side on brick 1.53
Brick wall 40cm. Plaster one side on metal lath-furred 1.20
Hollow tile,stucco exterior 20cm bare 2.27
Hollow tile,stucco exterior 20cm bare Plaster one side on metal 1.59
lath-furred
Hollow tile,stucco exterior 30cm bare 1.70
Hollow tile,stucco exterior 30cm bare Plaster one side on metal 1.25
lath-furred

conduction
Cinder blocks 24 cm bare 2.38
Cinder blocks 24 cm barePlaster one side on metal lath-furred 1.59
Concrete block 20 cm bare 3.18
Clap-board frame construction plaster on wood late 1.42
Wood single frame construction plaster on wood late 1.42
Stucco frame construction plaster on wood lath 1.70
Brick veneer frame construction plaster on wood lath 1.53

Solar heat gain through outside wall & roofs
A convenient method of taking into account this lagging effect of
storage & the solar radiation is to use equivalent temperature
differential.
Q=UAt e
U=overall heat transfer coefficient of roof or wall
A=area of roof or wall
t e = equivalent temperature differential

Solar heat gain through outside wall & roofs
North Sun time south
latitude A.M P.M Latitu
wall de
5 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
facing wall
Exterior colour of wall : D dark , L-light facing
D L D L D L D L D L D L D L D L D L
NE 22 13 24 12 14 10 12 10 14 14 14 14 10 10 6 4 2 2 SE
E 30 14 36 18 32 16 12 12 14 14 14 14 10 10 6 6 2 2 E
SE 13 6 26 16 28 18 24 16 16 14 14 14 10 10 6 4 2 2 NE
S -4 -4 4 6 22 12 30 20 26 20 16 14 10 10 6 6 2 2 N
SW -4 -4 0 -2 6 4 26 22 40 28 42 28 24 20 6 4 2 2 NW
W -4 -4 0 6 6 6 20 12 40 28 48 34 22 22 8 8 2 2 W
NW -4 -4 0 -2 6 4 12 10 24 20 40 26 34 24 6 4 2 2 SW
N -4 -4 -2 -2 4 4 10 10 14 14 2 12 8 8 4 4 0 2 S

Sol air temperature
It is hypothetical temperature used to calculate the heat received by
the outside surface of a building wall by the combined effect of
convection & radiation. The heat received by the outside surface of
the wall by convection is given by
qs =fo (t o -t os )
fo =outside film coefficient
t o =temperature of outside air
t os =tem. Of outside surface of wall
The heat received by outside surface of wall by radiation is
qr =I𝛼
𝛼=Absorptivity of the surface
I=Total radiation intensity
Sol air temperature
Total heat received by outside surface of wall
qos =qc +qr =fo (t o -t os )+I𝛼 = fo ∗ t o − fo ∗ t 𝑜s + I 𝛼
=fo (t o +(I 𝛼 /fo )) - f𝑜 t os
= fo *t e -fo t 𝑜s
=fo *(t e -t 𝑜s )
t e =t o +(I 𝛼 /fo )
This term is known as sol air temperature.

Solar heat gain through glass area
Net heat gain = Transmitted solar radiation + heat flow by
convection & radiation + Heat exchange between
glass & indoor surface

Heat gain due to infiltration
There are two methods of estimation of infiltration air
1.crack length method 2.Air change method
Crack length method is used where greater accuracy is required.in most
cases the air change method is used for calculating the quantity of
infiltrated air. According to it
Amount of infiltrated air through window & wall is
= (L*W*H*Ac ) / 60 m3 /min.
L= Room length in m.
W=Room width in m.
H=Room height in m.
Total room infiltrated air for an entire building is taken one half of
above calculated value because infiltration take place on the
windward side of building.
Heat gain due to infiltration
Kind of room or building Num. of air change per hour
Room with no window or outside door 0.5 to 0.75
Room with one wall exposed 1
Room with 2 wall exposed 1.5
Room with 3 wall exposed 2
Room with 4 wall exposed 2
Entrance hall 2 to 3
Reception hall 2
Bath room 2

Heat gain through ventilation
Application smoking Outside air Outside air
recommended per minimum per
person person
Apartment Some 0.6 0.45
Banking space Occasional 0.3 0.23
Barber shop Considerable 0.45 0.3
Beauty parlour Occasional 0.3 0.23
Cocktail bars Heavy 0.9 0.75
Departmental stores None 0.23 0.15
Drug stores Considerable 0.3 0.23
factories None 0.3 0.23
Funeral parlours None 0.3 0.23
Hospitals privet room None 0.9 0.75
Hospital ward None 0.6 0.45
Hotel room Heavy 0.9 0.75

Heat gain through ventilation
Office Private none 0.75 0.45
Meeting room Very heavy 1.5 0.9
Office General Some 0.45 0.3
Restaurant none 0.75 0.45
cafeterias considerable 0.45 0.36
theater considerable 0.36 0.3

Heat gain from occupants
Degree of activity Typical Total heat Total heat Sensible Latent
application adult-male adjusted heat heat
Seated at rest Theatre-matinee 114 97 53 44
Theatre-evening 114 102 57 45
Seated very light Office, hotel, 132 117 57 67
work apartments
Office work Office 139 132 59 73
apartment, hotel
Standing light work Departmental 161 132 59 73
store, retail store
Walking slowly Drug store, bank 161 146 58 88
seated
Sedentary work restaurant 144 161 64 97
Light bench work factory 234 220 64 155
Moderate dancing Dance hall 264 249 72 177
Walking 4.8km/hr. factory 293 293 88 205
Bowling Bowling alloy 440 425 136 288
Heavy 5/6/2017
work factory REFRIGERATION &440
AIR CONDITIONING 425 136 129 288
Heat gain from appliances (in watts)
appliances Electrical Electrical Gas sensible Gas latent
sensible latent
1 264 64 396 103
Coffee brewer,24 litre
1 68 18 117 29
Coffee warmer24 litre
Coffee brewer with tank 1406 352 2110 528
20 litre
1 645 436 733 733
Coffeee urn13 litre
2
1 996 674 1143 1143
Coffee urn222 litre

Heat gain from products
1.Chilling load above freezing: the product chilling load above
freezing depends upon mass of product(m),mean specific heat of the
product,entering product tem.,final product tem. Desired ,chilling
time.
Q cℎ = m * cpm * (T1 -T2 ) / t ch
2. Freezing load: it depends upon the mass of product(m),its latent

heat of freezing,freezing time
Q f = m * hfg / t f

Heat gain from products
3. Cooling load below freezing: it depends on mass of product,
mean specific heat of freezing product, actual storage temp of
product, desired freezing temp of product & cooling time
Q c = m*c′pm * (T1 ′-T2 ′) / t c
4.Product reaction or respiration heat: During maturing of some

food product, reaction or respiration heat is evolved.
Q R = m * Evaluation of heat per kg of food per hour
The rate of heat production for different types of food is given
below table.

Heat gain from lighting equipment
Q = total wattage of light * use factor * allowance factor
Heat gain from power equipment
Q cm = (power rating of motor in kw / motor efficiency) * load factor

Heat gain through duct
Q D = 𝑈AD(ta−ts )
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
AD = surface area of duct
t a = temp of ambient air
t s = temp of supply air

Example
Following data relates to office air conditioning plant having
maximum seating capacity of 25 occupants
Outside design condition :
Inside design condition :
Solar heat gain :
Latent heat gain per occupants :
Sensible heat gain per occupants :
Lighting load :
Sensible heat load from other source :
Infiltration air :
Assuming 40% fresh air & 60% of recirculated air passing through
the evaporator coil & the bypass factor of 0.15. find dew point
temperature of the coil & capacity of plant.
Example
Solution
No. of occupants =25
t d1 = 34, t w1 =28
t d2 =24, ϕ2 =50%
Q 𝑠s = 9120𝑤
Q L 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 105 𝑤
Q s 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 90w
Q sl =2300w
Q s from other source=11630w
v1 =14 m3 /min.

Example
Flow diagram for given air conditioning system is shown in figure.
First mark the outside condition of air i.e 34℃ DBT & 28 ℃ WBT on
psychrometric chart as point1.now mark the inside condition of air i.e
24 ℃ DBT & 50% R.H as point2.locate point A by drawing vertical
& horizontal line through point 1&2.
From psychrometric chart we find specific volume of air at point1,
vs =0.9 m3 /kg of dry air.
Example

Example
Enthalpy of air at point 1,
ℎ1 = 90 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔 of dry air
Enthalpy of air at point 2 ,

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 48 ൗ𝑘𝑔 of dry air
And Enthalpy of air at point A

𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝐴 = 59 ൗ𝑘𝑔 of dry air
We know that mass of infiltrated air at point 1,
𝑣1 14 𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 = = =15.56 ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑠1 0.9

Example
Sensible heat gain due to infiltrated air
= 𝑚1 ℎ𝐴 − ℎ2 =15.56 59 − 48
= 171.16 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛
=171.16/60=2.853KW
Latent heat gain due to infiltrated air
= 𝑚1 ℎ1 − ℎ𝐴 =15.56 90 − 59
= 482.36 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛=482.36/60=8.039KW
Total sensible heat gain from occupants
= 𝑄𝑠 per occupants × No. of occupants
= 90 × 25=2250W

Example
Total latent heat gain from occupants
=𝑄𝑙 per occupants × No. of occupants
= 105 × 25=2625W
Total sensible heat gain in room,
RSH= solar heat gain + sensible heat gain to infiltration air+ sensible
heat gain from occupants + sensible heat gain from lightening +
sensible heat gain from other sources
=9120+2853+2250+2300+11630=28153.=28.153KW
Total latent heat gain in room,
RLH =latent heat gain to infiltration air + latent heat gain from
occupants
= 8039+2625=10664W
Example
We know that room sensible heat factor,
𝑅𝑆𝐻 28.153
RSHF= = =0.725
𝑅𝑆𝐻+𝑅𝐿𝐻 28.153+10.664
Now mark the calculated value of RSHF =0.725 on sensible heat

factor scale as point a and join with point b which is alignment circle
(i.e. 26℃ 𝐷𝐵𝑇 50% 𝑅𝐻) as shown in Fig. 19.9 from point 2,draw a
line 2-5 is known as RSHF line.
since 40 % of fresh air (or outside air) and 60 % of recirculated air is
passed through the evaporator coil,therefor mark the mixing point 3
on the line 1-2 such that
Length 2-3 = Length 2-1 × 0.4

Example
Dew point temperature of coil
Let 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = Dew point temperature of coil

We know that by pass factor of coil (BPF)
𝑡𝑑4 −𝑡𝑑6 𝑡𝑑4 −𝑡𝑑6
0.15= =
𝑡𝑑3 −𝑡𝑑6 28−𝑡𝑑6
By trial and error method we find that

𝑡𝑑4 =10.4℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑑6 =7.3 ℃

Example
Capacity of plant
From psychometry chart, we find that enthalpy of air at point 4,
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 =29 ൗ𝑘𝑔 of dry air
And enthalpy of air at point 3,
ℎ4 =64.8 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔 of dry air
We know that mass of air entering the room ,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑆𝐻+𝑅𝐿𝐻 28.153+10.664
𝑚𝑎 = = = =2.043𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 ℎ2 −ℎ4 48−29
𝑘𝑔
=122.58 ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛
Capacity of plant
= 𝑚𝑎 ℎ3 − ℎ4 =122.58(64.8-29)
= 4388.4 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 1388.4/210=20.9 TR
Example
A laboratory 30 m x 20 m x 4 m high is to be air conditioned. The 30 m wall faces
north. The north wall has two doors of 2.5 m x 3 m each. The south wall has four
glass windows of 2 m x 1.5 in each. The east and west walls also have four
windows of the same size. The lighting load is 15 W fluorescent per m2 floor area.
The infiltration is one air change. The solar heat gain factors (SHGF) for south, east
and west glass are 150, 50 and 350 W/m2 respectively. The overall heat transfer
coefficients for walls, roof, floor, door and windows are 2.5. 2. 3. 1.5 and 6 W/m2 K
respectively. The corrected equivalent temperature differences for north, south,
east, west walls, roof and floor are 12, 15, 12, 17, 20 and 2.5°C respectively. There
are 100 persons with sensible and latent heat loads of 75 W and 55 W each
respectively. The ventilation requirement is 0.3 m3/min per person. The outdoor
condition is 43°C dry bulb temperature and 0.0277 kg /kg of dry air of humidity ratio.
The indoor condition is 25°C dry bulb temperature and 0.01 kg / kg of dry air of
humidity ratio. Use a factor of 1.25 for fluorescent light.
Determine room sensible heat load and room latent heat load with 5% safety factor,
1% leakage of supply air and 0.5% heat leakage to supply air duct.

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example
An air conditioning system is to be designed for a restaurant with the following data :
Outside design conditions = 40°C DBT, 28°C WBT
Inside design conditions = 25°C DBT, 50% RH
Solar heat gain through walls, roof and floor = 5.87 kW
Solar heat gain through glass = 5.52 kW
Occupants = 25
Sensible heat gain per person = 58 W
Latent heat gain per person = 58W
Internal lighting load =15 lamps of 100 W 10 fluorescent tubes of 80 W
Sensible heat gain from other sources = 11.63 kW
Infiltrated air = 15 m3/min
If 25% fresh air and 75% recalculated air is mixed and passed through the conditioner
coil. find,
(a) The amount of total air required in m3/h
(b) The dew point temperature of the coil
(c) The condition of supply air to the room
(d) The capacity of the conditioning plant. Assume the by-pass factor equal to 0.2.
Draw the schematic diagram of the system and show the system on skeleton
psychometric chart and insert the temperature and enthalpy values at salient points.
Example

Comfort condition
The human body work best a certain temperature, like any other machine ,but it
cannot tolerate wide range of variation in their environment temperature like
machine. The human body maintain its thermal equilibrium with the environment by
means of three modes of heat transfer .the way in which individual’s body maintains
itself comfortable equilibrium will be by its automatic use of one or more of three
modes of heat transfer . A human body feels comfortable when heat produced by
metabolism of human body is equal to sum of the heat dissipate to surroundings and
heat stored in human body by rising the temperature of body tissuses.this
phenomenon may be represented by the following equation.
𝑄 𝑀 -W=𝑄𝐸 ± 𝑄𝑅 ± 𝑄𝐶 ± 𝑄𝑆
𝑄𝑀 = metabolic heat produced within the body
W=Useful rate of working
𝑄𝑀 -W =heat to be dissipate to atmosphere
𝑄𝐸 =heat lost by evaporation
𝑄𝐶 =Heat loss or gain by convection 𝑄𝑆 =heat stored in body

Comfort condition
The heat stored in the body has maximum and minimum limits which
when exceeded brings death . The usual body temperature , for a
normal man is 37℃ .The temperature of body when falls below 36.5
℃ and exceeds 40.5 ℃ is dangerous . There is some kind of
thermostatic control called vasomotor control mechanism in human
body which is maintain the temperature of body at normal level of 37
℃, by regulating the blood supply to skin.
When the temperature of the body falls then vasomotor control
decreases the circulation of blood which decreases conductivity of
nerves cells and other issues between the skin and inner body cells.
This allows skin temperature to fall but allows the higher inner
temperature of body cells beneath. When the temperature of body
rises, then the vasomotor control the increases the blood circulation
which increase conductivity of issues and hence allows less
temperature drop between the skin and inner body cells.

Factor affecting human comfort
1. Heat production and regulation in human body
2. Heat and moisture loss from the human body
3. Moisture contents of the air
4. Quality and Quantity of air
5. Air motion
6. Hot and cold surface
7. Effective temperature

Effective Temperature
The degree of warmth or cold felt by a human body depends mainly
on the following three factors,
1. Dry bulb temperature 2. Relative humidity 3. Air velocity
In order to evaluate the combined effect of these factors, the term
effective temperature is employed.
It is defined as that index which correlates the combined effects of
air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity on the human
body. The numerical value of effective temperature is made equal to
the temperature of still (i.e. 5 to 8 m/min air velocity) saturated air,
which produces the same sensation of warmth of coolness as
produced under the given condition.
The practical application of the concept of effective temperature is
presented by the comfort chart.
Effective Temperature

Duct Design
Classification of ducts
1.Supply air duct. The duct which supplies the conditioned air from
the air conditioning equipment to the space to be conditioned is
called supply air duct.
2.Return air duct. The duct which carries the recirculating air from the
conditioning space back to the air conditioning equipment is called
return air duct.
3.Fresh air duct. The duct which carries the outside air is called fresh
air duct.
4. Low pressure duct. When the static pressure in the duct is less than
50 mm of water gauge , the duct is said to be low pressure duct

Duct Design
1.Medium pressure duct : When the static in the duct is up to 150
mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be medium pressure duct.
2.High pressure duct : When the static pressure in the duct is from
150 to 250 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a high pressure
duct.
3.Low velocity duct : When the velocity of air in the duct is up to 600
𝑚Τ
𝑚𝑖𝑛 the duct is said to be a low velocity duct
4.High velocity duct : When the velocity of air is more than 600
𝑚Τ
𝑚𝑖𝑛 the duct is said to be a high velocity duct.

Pressure in duct
1. Static pressure : The static pressure always exists in a duct

system. Since it is not dependent upon the air movement,
therefore it is called static pressure. This type of pressure pushes
against the walls of duct . It tends to burst a duct when it is
greater than the atmospheric pressure and tends to collapse the
confining envelop when its force is less than that of the
atmosphere. The static pressure overcomes the friction and shock
losses as the air flows from the delivery of the fan to the outlet of
the duct.
Pressure in duct
2. Dynamic or velocity pressure : The dynamic or velocity pressure
is equal to the drop in static pressure to produce a given velocity of
flow. Conversely, it is equal to the increase of static pressure possible
when the velocity is reduced to zero.
3. Total pressure : The total pressure is the algebraic sum of the the
static pressure and dynamic or velocity pressure.
𝒑𝑻 =𝒑𝒔 + 𝒑𝒗

Continuity equation for duct
Consider the flow air through a duct between the two section 1-1 and
2-2 as shown in
Let 𝑄1 = Quantity of air passing through section 1-1
𝑚1 = Mass flow rate of air through section 1-1
𝐴1 = Cross sectional area of duct at section 1-
𝑉1 = Velocity of air at section 1-1.
𝜌1 =Density of air at section 1-1
𝑄2 , 𝑚2 , 𝐴2 , 𝑉2 , 𝜌2 =corresponding values at section 2-2.

We know that mass flow rate of air through section 1-1
𝑚1 =𝜌1 𝑄1 =𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 ………………………………………………(i)
We know that mass flow rate of air through section 2-2
𝑚2 =𝜌2 𝑄2 =𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 ………………………………………...........(ii)


Bernoulli’s equation for duct
We know that , for frictionless , incompressible and steady flow , the
Bernoulli’s equation is
𝑝 𝑉2
+ +gZ = constant
𝜌 2
𝜌𝑉 2
p+ +𝜌gZ=constant
2
Applying this equation to the two cross section 1-1 and 2-2 of a duct,
𝜌1 (𝑉1) 2 𝜌2 (𝑉2) 2
𝑝𝑠1 + +𝜌1 𝑔𝑍1 =𝑝𝑠2 + +𝑐𝑔𝑍2
2 2
Since 𝜌1 =𝜌1 and 𝑍1 =𝑍2 therefore the above expression may be
written as

𝜌1 (𝑉1) 2 𝜌2 (𝑉2) 2
𝑝𝑠1 + =𝑝𝑠2 +
2 2
𝑝𝑠1 +𝑝𝑣1 =𝑝𝑠2 +𝑝𝑣2
𝑝𝑠1 and 𝑝𝑠2 = static pressure gauge
𝑝𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑣2 = velocity pressure
From the above equation , we see that when the flow is frictionless
and there is no pressure drop between the two section , then the total
pressure at two section s at the two section will be equal . In other
words the total pressure
𝑝𝑇 = 𝑝𝑠1 +𝑝𝑣1 =𝑝𝑠2 +𝑝𝑣2 ………………………………………..(i)

In a actual practice, there is always a pressure drop in duct due to
fraction and other causes such changes in the cross section and direction
if 𝑝𝐿 is the total pressure drop or loss between the two section 1-1 and
2-2 , then equation (i) is written as
𝑝𝑠1 +𝑝𝑣1 =𝑝𝑠2 +𝑝𝑣2 + 𝑝𝐿 ………………..(ii)
in case a fan or blower is introduced between the two section of a duct
then equation (ii) may be written as
𝑝𝑠1 +𝑝𝑣1 +𝑝𝑇𝐹 =𝑝𝑠2 +𝑝𝑣2 +𝑝𝐿 ………………………………(iii)
𝑝𝑇𝐹 =Rise in pressure due to fan work and as fan total pressure
1.The pressure in the duct are usually expressed in mm of water
2.The air flowing through the duct is taken as standard air unless it is
stated . The standard air is the air which corresponds to 20℃, an
atmospheric pressure of 1.013 bar and a relative humidity of 62 percent.

𝑘𝑔
1.For the standard air, the mass density(𝜌𝑎 ) is equal to 1.2
𝑚3
𝑚
2.If the velocity of air flowing through the duct is in . Then
𝑠
velocity pressure in the duct
𝜌𝑎 𝑉 2 1.2𝑉 2 2 𝑁 0.6𝑉 2 𝑉 2 𝑉 2
𝑝𝑣 = = =0.6𝑉 2 = = =( ) mm of water
2 2 𝑚 9.81 16.35 4.04
𝑚
When the velocity of air is in 𝑚𝑖𝑛. Then velocity pressure in the duct.
𝑉 2 𝑉
𝑝𝑣 =( ) =( )2 mm of water.
4.04×60 242.4

The pressure loss due to friction in ducts may be obtained by using
D’Arcy’s formula or the Fanning ‘s equation, i.e.
𝜌𝑎 𝑉2 𝑓𝐿
𝑝𝑓 = ………………………………………………….(i)
2𝑚
𝑁
𝑝𝑓 = Pressure loss due to friction in ,
𝑚2
f = Friction factor depending upon the surface of the duct
L = length of duct in meters
𝑚
V = Mean velocity of air flowing through the duct in
𝑠
m = hydraulic mean depth in meters
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡(𝐴)
= .
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡(𝑃)

In air conditioning the pressure loss due to friction In duct is
generally expressed in mm of water.
𝜌𝑎 𝑉2 𝑓𝐿 𝑓𝐿
𝑝𝑓 = = × 𝑝𝑣 mm of water…………………………….(ii)
2𝑚 𝑚

Pressure loss due to friction in a duct
The velocity pressure in the duct for standard air is given by
 v  v 
2
2
Pv  a
  mm of water
2
 4. 04 
Thus equation(II) may be written as
2
f L v 
P    mm of water .....(iii)
 4.04 
f
m
1. When air is at a temperature t, then pressure loss due to

friction in the duct is given by
2
f  L  v   273  20 
    273  t 
m 4.04  
2
f  L  v   273  20 
    273  t  mm of water
m

4.04 

2. For a circular duct of diameter D, the hydraulic mean depth,

2
D
A D
m  4 
P D 4
Friction factor for duct
1.For laminar flow,the friction factor,
f 
64
f  0.3164
R0.25
R N
2.For turbulent flow,the friction factor.

f  0.3164
R0.25
Where R is the reynold number. it is defined as the ratio of the

inertia Forces to the viscous forces.it may be noted that the reynold
number is a dimensionless quantity and gives us the information
about the type of flow .

Mathematically, Reynold number, 
Inertia

 a
DV

DV
R N
viscous  k
Where V= Velocity of air in m/s,

D=Diameter of the duct in metres,
ρ=Mass density of air,
µ=Absolute or dynamic viscosity,
k=Kinematic viscosity
In case of rough pipes or ducts, the frictional factor(f)depends upon
the roughness factor e/D, where e is the absolute roughness of the
surface and D is the diameter of the Duct.
The friction factor (f) for the rough pipes or ducts may be obtained
from the following equation
1
f  2
 2e 
1.74  2 log( D )
Friction factor for duct

Equivalent diameter of circular duct for rectangular
duct
In order to find the equivalent diameter of a circular duct for the same
pressure loss per unit length ,we shall consider the following two
cases:
1.When the quantity of air passing through the rectangular and
circular duct is same
Let Q=Quantity of air passing through the rectangular and
circular ducts ,
a = Longer side of the rectangular duct
b = Shorter side of the rectangular duct
D = Equivalent diameter of the circular duct,

duct
AR = Cross –Sectional area of the rectangular duct=ab,
PR = Wetted perimeter of the rectangular duct=(a+b),
AC = Cross-Sectional area of the equivalent circular duct,
PC = Wetted perimeter of the equivalent circular duct
Velocity of air passing through the circular duct,
Q
Vc 
Ac
and velocity of air passing through the rectangular duct,
Q
Vr 
Ar

duct
We know that pressure loss due to friction,
2
fl v fl  Q 
2
P    
 
f
2m 2m A
and hydraulic mean depth,

2ab 2a
D 
a  b a 1
b
m=cross sectional area of duct/wetted perimeter of duct
Pressure loss due to friction for the circular duct,
fl V 2  Pc 
P fc  2  Ac 

Pressure loss due to friction for the rectangular duct,
fl  Pr  Q
P fr  2  Ar  Ar  2

fl Q2  Pr 
 
2  Ar 3 

Since the pressure loss, friction factor, length, density and quantity
of air for the circular and rectangular ducts is same, therefore
 Pr   Pc 
   
 3   3
 Ar   Ac 
32 ab

 2 D5 3
a b
3
1/ 5
 32 a b  1/ 5
 1.265 
3 3
32 a3 b3
D
 2(a b)  
    2 ( a  b) 
2.When the velocity of air passing through the rectangular and
circular ducts is same
Let V=Velocity of air passing through the rectangular and circular
ducts.
We know that the pressure loss due to friction for a circular duct,
fl V 2  P 
  
c
P fc
2  Ac 
and pressure loss due to friction for a rectangular duct,
fl V 2  Pr 
P fr  2  Ar 
Since the pressure loss, velocity of air, friction factor, density and
length for the circular and rectangular ducts is same, then from the
above equations
Pc Pr

Ac Ar
2ab 2a
D 
a  b a 1
b
Where a/b is know as the aspect ratio.
The aspect ratio for rectangular ducts should not be greater than 8
in any case

Friction chart for circular duct
Friction pressure loss as per D’Arcy’s formula
4 fL
 Pv
D
And hydraulic mean depth for circular ducts,
A D
m 
P 4
Frictional pressure loss for circular ducts,
fl v 2  4  4 fl   v 2 
Pf     D 2 
2  D  
4 fL
 P v ..............(i)
D

According to fritzsche, the frictional pressure loss in circular ducts may
be obtained 1.852
0.01422L  V 
Pf  N/ m
2 ........(ii)
1.269
 D
Where V is in m/s and L and D are in meters.
We know that mean velocity of air flowing through the duct,
V=Volume flow rate/Cross-sectional area
Q 4Q
 
A  D2
Substituting this value of V in equation (ii),we have
0.002268L Q 1.852
Pf 
D4.973 ...........(iii)
2
N/m

0.012199L Q 1.852
Pf  mm of water ........(iV)
D4.973
0.012199L V 2.4865 (in terms of V and Q)......(V)
Pf  N/ m2
Q 0.6343


Dynamic loss in a duct
The dynamic loss are caused due to change in direction or magnitude
of velocity of the fluid in a duct.
2

 C
V  in mm of water
Pd  C  Pv  ...........(i)
 4.04 
Where V is the velocity in m/s and C is the dynamic loss coefficient
found experimentally.
The dynamic pressure loss expressed in terms of an additional
equivalent length(Le) of the duct is given by
Pd 
f  Le
m
 Pv 
m 4.04
 
f  Le V 2
in mm of water ..........(ii)
From equation(i) and (ii),we find that the relationship between the
dynamic loss coefficient (C) and equivalent additional length (Le) is
C
f L C m
Le 
e
m f
This chart is valid for 20 C and 1.0132 bar and galvanized iron duct
1.If the duct is made of other material such as plastics, concrete,
wood, fibreglass, etc., then Correction factor should be applied for
small differences in density of air ,the correction shall be made
according to Pf  a
2.If the air is at other temperatures, then the correction shall be made
according to
1
Pf
T 
0.857
3.The friction chart, as shown in fig.20.10,may be used to determine

the pressure loss in rectangular ducts if the equivalent diameter of a
circular duct for the rectangular duct is obtained first

Pressure loss due to enlargement in area and static regain
2 2
 V1   V2 
PL  CrC1    CrC 1   V V1
 4.04   4.04  o
Where Cr is the loss coefficient giving the ratio of the actual loss to
the loss to the loss for Sudden enlargement .The following table
shows the values of Cr as a function of included angle Θ of the sides.
Condition 5 7 10 20 30 40
Loss 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.59 0.73
Coefficient
1.When the enlargement is not accompanied with pressure loss, then

there will be full conversion of the velocity pressure into static
pressure. In such a case, static pressure regain.
SPR = Ps2 - Ps1 = Pv1-Pv2

Pressure loss due to enlargement in area and static regain
2.When the enlargement is accompanied with pressure loss, the
increase in static pressure or static regain is reduced by the amount
of the pressure loss. In such a case, static pressure regain,
SPR = Ps2 - Ps1 = Pv1 –Pv2 – PL = R (Pv1-Pv2)
Where R is the static regain factor.

Pressure loss due to contraction in area
2 2
 V1   V2 
PL  CrC1    C rC 1  
 4.04   4.04 
Where Cr is the loss coefficient. The following table shows the
values of Cr as a function of included angle θ of the sides.
Condition 30 45 60
Loss Coefficient 0.02 0.04 0.07
Pressure loss at suction and discharge of duct

The pressure loss at suction to the duct is given by
CV 2
PL  m of air
 
2g
2
V
C mm of water
4.04
Pressure loss at discharge
2
V m of air
PL 
2g

V
4.04
  2
mm of water
Pressure loss due to obstacle in a duct
Type of obstruction Possible pressure loss in mm of water

Air heaters or cooler with several rows 5 to 10
Air washers 6.25 to 10
Air filters 5 to 10

Example
Fig shows a duct system containing a dehumidifying coil. The air
enters dry bulb Temperature of 26C and relative humidity 60% and
leaves at a dry bulb temperature of 14C and relative humidity of
90%.The chilled water enters the cooling coil at the rate of 15 kg/s
and its temperature rise is 4.03C. The velocity in the main duct is 10
m/s. The Aspect ratio for each duct is 2:1. The main duct line is A-
B-C with pressure drop per unit Length being same and there is no
damper in the system. Determine 1.Air Flow Rate 2.Main Duct
Diameter 3.Size of Duct B-C 4.Total Pressure 5.Dimesions of Duct
B-D

Example
Given : tdA = 26˚C , ΦA=60%, tdB= 14˚C , ΦB=90%, mw = 15 kg/s

Δtw= 4.03˚C ,VAB = 10m/s, Aspect ratio = a/b = 2:1 , Pb = 3Dd,
LAB= 20 m ; LBC = 5+35 = 40 m ; LBD = 5+20 = 25 m ;

Example
1 Air Flow rate
𝑚3
QAB = Air flow rate through the duct AB in /s
The Condition of the Entering & Leaving Air are
Marked As Point A & B, respectively on the
Psychometric chart,
Enthalpy at Point A,
hA = 58.4 KJ/Kg of dry Air
At point B , hB =36.5 KJ/Kg of Dry air
𝑚3
Specific Volume of Leaving Air At Point 2 VxB = 0.825 / Kg of
Dry Air
We Know that m(hA - hB) = mw x cw x Δtw

Example
m(58.4-36.5)=15 x 4.187 x 4.03 = 253 , Where Cw =4.187 KJ/Kg K
And air flow rate , QAB = m / v x b = 11.55/0.825 = 14 𝑚3 /𝑠
2. Main Duct Dimensions
Let a and b = Longer and Shorter side of the main duct AB
We know that cross – Sectional Area of the main duct AB
AAB = a x b = 2b x b = 2𝑏 2
And quantity of the Air Flowing through the main duct AB,
QAB = AAB x VAB =20𝑏 2
𝑏 2 = QAB / 20 = 14 / 20 = 0.7 or b = 0.836 m Ans.
And a = 2b = 2 x 0.836 = 1.672 m Ans.

Example
3. Size of Duct BC
We know that equivalent diameter of the duct AB ,
2𝑎𝑏 2 𝑋 1.672 𝑋 0.836
DAB = = = 1.115
𝑎+𝑏 1.672 +0.836
And the Pressure loss due to Friction in The Duct AB per meter
length,
𝑝𝑓(𝐴𝐵) 0.002 268𝑄𝐴𝐵1.852 0.002 268 (14)1.852
= =
𝐿 𝐴𝐵 (𝐷 𝐴𝐵4.973 ) (1.1154.973 )
= 0.1746 mm of water / m length

Example
This is Constant for all section i.e.
𝑝𝑓(𝐴𝐵) 𝑝𝑓(𝐵𝐶) 𝑝𝑓(𝐵𝐷)
= = = 0.1746 mm of water / m length
𝐿 𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝐵𝐶 𝐿 𝐵𝐷
So , Pressure loss due to Friction AB ,
Pf (AB) = 0.1746 x LAB = 0.1746 x 20 = 3.492 mm of water
Pressure loss due to Friction BC,
Pf (BC) = 0.1746 x LAB = 0.1746 x 40 = 6.984 mm of water
Let a1 & b1 = Longer and Shorter side of Duct BC
Equivalent Diameter of the BC ,
2𝑎1𝑏1 2 𝑋 𝑏1 𝑋 𝑏1 4𝑏1
DBC = = =
𝑎1+𝑏1 2𝑏1+𝑏1 3
3𝐷𝐵𝐶
b1= = 0.75 DBC ……………….. (ii)
4

Example
Pf(BC) 0.002268 (𝑄𝑏𝑐 1.852 )
We know that =
𝐿 𝐵𝐶 (𝐷𝑏𝑐 4.973 )
0.1168
0.1746 = ……. (QBC = 0.6 Q AB)
𝐷𝐵𝐶 4.973
0.1168 1/4.973
or DBC = ( ) = 0.922 m
0.1746
We know that b1 = 0.75 DBC = 0.75 x 0.922 = 0.6915 m Ans.
And a1 = 2b1 = 2 x 0.6915 = 1.383 m Ans.
4. Total Pressure
We know that the velocity of the air flowing through the duct AB,

Example
𝑄𝐴𝐵 𝑄𝐴𝐵 14
VAB = = = = 10 m/s
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑋𝑏 1.672 𝑋 0.836
And Velocity of Air Flowing Through the Duct BC ,
𝑄𝐵𝐶 0.6 𝑋 𝑄𝐴𝐵 0.6 𝑋 14
VBC = = = = 8.783 m/s
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎1 𝑋 𝑏1 1.383 𝑋 0.6915
∴ Velocity Pressure in Duct AB,
𝑉𝐴𝐵 2 10 2
PV (AB) = ( ) = ( ) = 6.127 mm of water
4.04 4.04
And velocity pressure in duct BC ,
𝑉𝐵𝐶 2 8.783 2
Pv (BC) = ( ) =( ) = 4.726 mm of water
4.04 4.04
(a) The Dynamic Losses Between A & B ,
Pressure loss at discharge opening at C= Pv(BC) = 4.726 mm of water
(b) Elblow loss at B = 0.25 Pv(BC)= 0.25 x 4.726 = 1.1815 mm of water
Example
(c) Ftting Loss at B = 0.25 [Pv (AB) – Pv (BC) ]
= 0.25 [6.127 – 4.726 ] = 0.35 mm of water
(d) Pressure Loss in Dehumidifier coil
= Usually 2 to10 mm of Water . Let us take it as 5 mm of water
∴ Total Dynamic loss Between A & C ,
Pd = (a) + (b) + (c) + (d)
= 4.726 + 1.1815 + 0.35+ 5 = 11.2575 mm of water
And Total Pressure (at Exit Fan) = Pf(AB) + Pf(AB) + Pd
= 3.492+ 6.948 +11.2575 = 21.7335 mm of water Ans.
(5) Dimensions of Duct BD
Let a2 and b2 = Longer & Shorter sides of the Duct BD.
2 𝑎2 𝑏2
5/6/2017
4𝑏22 4𝑏2 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 199
Example
𝑃𝑓(𝐵𝐷) 0.002 268(QBD)1.852
=
𝐿𝐵𝐷 (𝐷𝐵𝐷)4.973
0.002 268(0.4 X 14 )1.852 0.055
0.1746 = =
(𝐷𝐵𝐷)4.973 (𝐷𝐵𝐷4.973 )
…………. (QBD = 0.4 QAB)

0.055 1/4.973
DBD = ( ) = 0.793 m
0.1746
We know that b2 = 0.75 DBD = 0.75 X 0.793 = 0.595 m Ans.
a2 = 2b2 = 2 X 0.595 = 1.19 m Ans.

Example
A length of main circular duct has three branch duct taking equal air
volume at equal intervals. Each Interval Duct has friction loss of 1.3
mm of water and the static pressure of 5 mm of water is necessary at
each branch to cope with its friction loss. If the Initial velocity in the
main duct of 1.2m diameter is 600 m/min, Calculate the velocities
and diameters of the second and the third Length, whereby the static
pressure regain is sufficient to overcome the friction loss in the
succeeding length of main duct up to the next branch. The Static
Pressure regain factor is 0.6.
Draw a simple sketch of the duct system and identify total, static
and velocity pressure at the appropriate points of the change.

Example
Given : Pf1 = Pf2 = Pf3 = 1.3 mm of water ; Psb = Psd = Psf = 5 mm

of water ;
D1= 1.2 m; V1= 600 m/min = 10 m/s ; R = 0.6
The duct system is shown fig
Velocity And Diameter
Let , V2 = Velocity of the air in duct CD,
D2 = Diameter of the Duct CD,
Pv2 = Velocity Pressure in Duct CD,
Example
We know that the quality of air passing through the duct AB,
𝜋 𝜋
Q1 = A1V1 = (𝐷1)2 V1 = (1.2)2 600 = 678.6 𝑚3 /min
4 4
quality of air passing through the each branch ,
678.6
Q1` = Q2`= Q3` = = 226.2 𝑚3 /min
3
Velocity pressure in the duct AB,
𝑉1 2 10 2
Pv1 = ( ) = ( ) = 6.13 mm of water
4.04 4.04
We know that static pressure regain ,
SPR = R (Pv1-Pv2)
Since the Static Pressure Regain is Equal to the Friction loss in the
duct CD , therefore
R (Pv1 – Pv2 ) = Pf2
R(pv1 – pv2) = pf2
0.6(6.13-pv2)=1.3
Pv2= 3.96 mm of water

Example
Velocity and Dia of the duct EF
Let V3 = Velocity of the Duct EF
D3 = Diameter of the Duct EF
Pv3 = Velocity Pressure of the duct EF
Static Pressure Regain SPR = R (Pv – Pv3)
Since The Static Pressure Regain Is Equal To the Friction Loss In
Duct EF therefore,
R(Pv2 – Pv3) = Pf3
0.6(3.96 – Pv3) = 1.3
therefore Pv3 = 3.96 – 1.3/0.6 = 1.79 mm of water
Velocity Pressure in Duct EF
𝑉3 2
Pv3 = (
5/6/2017 ) REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 205
4.04
Example
Pv3= (V3/4.04)2
V3 = 5.4 m/s or 324.3 m/min

Example

Methods of determination of duct size
1. Velocity reduction method: In this method duct are design with
progressively reduction in velocity
2. Equal pressure drop (friction loss) method: In this method duct

are designed for equal pressure drop
3. Static regain method: In this method size of duct id decided to

give equal pressure at all outlet. This may done by equalizing the
pressure losses in various branches . This is possible if the friction
loss in each branch is made equal to the gain in pressure due to
reduction in velocity. The gain in pressure (i.e. Static pressure
regain) due to change in velocity is given by

Example
In the Duct System As Shown In Fig . The Cross Section of the Main
Duct is such that the width is always twice the depth , The total
quantity of the air entering at A is 690 𝑚3 /min and the static pressure
at A is 18 mm of water.
A Branch 0.9 Board and 0.6m Deep is led off at B for a length of 45 m
This Discharges at Atmospheric pressure and there is a loss of 0.5
velocity head at the conversion piece. Another branch at C is SO
Design that is discharged 120 𝑚3 /min .
Calculate the dimensions of the three section of the main duct ,
designing on a basis of the uniform pressure drop, Neglect velocity
changes in the main duct and assume that the discharge pressure at D
is Atmospheric. The Value of the friction Factor may be taken as
0.0055.

Example

Example
Solution
Given QAB = 690 𝑚3 /min , PSA = 18 mm of water ; a = 0.9 m ; b = 0.6 m ; LBE =
45 m ; PL(BE) = 0.5 Pv (BE); Qcf = 120 𝑚3 /min . ; f = 0.0055 ; LAB = 30 m; LBC=
45m;
LCD= 30m;
Pf (AB) + Pf (BC) + Pf (Cd) = PSA = 18 mm of water
Total Length Of the Duct Ad,
L = LAB + LBC + LCD = 30 + 45 +30 = 105
Pressure Drop Per m length
18
= = 0.17 mm of water
105
Dimension Of the Duct AB
Let b1 = Depth of the Duct AB ,
A1 = Width of the Duct AB = 2b1
Cross sectional area of the duct AB,
5/6/2017
A1 = a1b1 = 2b1 x b1 = 2(b1)2 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 211
Example
Wetted Perimeter of the Area Duct AB,
P1 = 2 (a1 + b1) = 2 (2b1 + b1) = 6b1
Therefore Hydraulic mean depth of the duct AB ,
𝐴1 2(𝑏1)2 𝑏1
m1 = = =
𝑃1 6𝑏1 3
Velocity of the air in the duct AB ,
𝑄𝐴𝐵 690 5.75 𝑚
VAB = = =
𝐴1 2(𝑏1)2 (𝑏1)2 𝑠
Velocity Pressure in the duct AB ,
𝑉𝐴𝐵 2 5.75 2
Pv(AB) = ( ) = ( 2 )2 =
4.04 (𝑏1) 𝑋 4.04 (𝑏1)4
Pressure Loss Due to friction In the Duct AB,
f x LAB
Pf(AB) = x Pv (AB)
𝑚1
0.0055 𝑋 30 𝑋 3 2 0.99
= x 4 = 5
5/6/2017 𝑏1 (𝑏1) (𝑏1)
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 212
Example
Since the Pressure drop Per m Length is 0.17 mm of water , there fore
total loss due to friction I the duct AB is
Pf(AB) = 0.17 x 30 = 5.1 mm of water …………………… (ii)
Equating (i) & (ii)
0.99 0.99
= 5.1 or (𝑏1)5 = 0.194
(𝑏1)5 5.1
Therefore , b1 = 0.72 m Ans
Dimensions of the duct BC,
Let b2 = Depth of the duct BC, and
a2 = width of the duct BC = 2b2 ,
A= ab = 0.9 x 0.6 = 0.54 𝑚2
Wetted perimeter of the duct BE ,
P = 2(a+b) = 2(0.9 + 0..6) = 3 m
Example
And Hydraulic Mean Depth of the Duct BE ,
𝐴 0.54
m= = = 0.18 m
𝑃 3
therefore Pressure loss due to friction in the duct BE,
𝑓 𝑋 𝐿𝐵𝐸 0.0055 𝑋 45
Pf(BE) = x Pv(BE) = = x Pv(BE) = 1.375 Pv(BE)
𝑚 0.18
Pressure Loss At the Conversion piece
= 0.5 Pv(BE)
Therefore Pressure at B = 1.375 Pv((BE) + 0.56 Pv (BE) = 1.875 Pv (BE)
………….. (iii)
Also Pressure at B = PSA – Pf (AB) = 18 – 5.1 = 12.9 mm of water
……………….. (iv)
Equating the Eq. (iii) & (iv)
12.9
1.875 Pv(BE) = 12.9 or Pv(BE) = = 6.88 mm of water
1.875
We know
5/6/2017
that the velocity of the air in the duct BE,
Example
Therefore The Quantity of the Air Flowing Through the Duct BE,
QBE = A X VBE = 0.54 X 630 = 340 𝑚3 /min
And the quantity of the air flowing through the duct BC ,
QBC = QAB – QBE = 690 – 340 = 350 𝑚3 /min
Cross Sectional Area of the Duct BC,
A2 = a2b2 = 2b2 x b2 = 2(𝑏22 )
Wetted Perimeter of the Area Duct BC,
P2 = 2 (a2 + b2) = 2 (2b2 + b2) = 6b2
Therefore Hydraulic mean depth of the duct BC ,
𝐴2 2(𝑏2)2 𝑏2
m2 = = =
𝑃2 6𝑏2 3
Velocity of the air in the duct AB ,
𝑄𝐵𝐶 350 2.92 𝑚
VBC = = =
𝐴2 2(𝑏2)2 (𝑏2)2 𝑠
Example
Velocity Pressure in the duct BC ,
𝑉𝐵𝐶 2 2.92 0.52
Pv(BC) = ( ) = ( 2 )2 =
4.04 (𝑏2) 𝑋 4.04 (𝑏1)4
Pressure Loss Due to friction In the Duct BC,

f x LBC
Pf(AB) = x Pv (BC)
𝑚2
0.0055 𝑋 45 𝑋 3 0.52 0.386
= x = …………… (v)
𝑏2 (𝑏2)4 (𝑏2)5
Since the Pressure drop per m length is 0.17 mm of water , therefore

total Pressure Loss Due to friction in the Duct BC is,
Pf(BC) = 0.17 x 45 = 7.65 mm of water …………… (vi)
Equating (v) & (vi),
0.386 0.386
= 7.65 or (𝑏2)5 = = 0.05
(𝑏2)5 7.65
Example
Dimension of the Duct CD
Let b3 = Depth of the Duct CD ,
a3 = Width of the duct CD = 2b3 ,
Cross Sectional Area of the Duct CD,
A3 = a3b3 = 2b3 x b3 = 2(𝑏32 )
Wetted Perimeter of the Area Duct BC,
P3 = 2 (a3 + b3) = 2 (2b3 + b3) = 6b3
Therefore Hydraulic mean depth of the duct BC ,
𝐴3 2(𝑏3)2 𝑏3
m3 = = =
𝑃3 6𝑏3 3
We know that the quantity of the air flowing through the duct CD ,
QCD = QBC – QCF = 350 – 120 = 230 𝑚3 /min
Velocity of air in duct CD,
𝑄𝐶𝐷 230 1.92 𝑚
VCD = = =
𝐴3 2(𝑏3)2 (𝑏3)2 𝑠
Example
Velocity Pressure in the duct CD ,
𝑉𝐶𝐷 2 1.92 0.226
Pv(CD) = ( ) = ( 2 )2 = mm of water
4.04 (𝑏3) 𝑋 4.04 (𝑏3)4
Pressure Loss Due to friction In the Duct CD,
f x LCD
Pf(CD) = x Pv (CD)
𝑚3
0.0055 𝑋 30 𝑋 3 0.226 0.112
= x = mm of water …………
𝑏3 (𝑏3)4 (𝑏3)5
(vii)
Also Pressure loss due to friction in the duct CD,
Pf(CD) = 0.17 x 30 = 5.1 mm of Water ………………… (viii)
Equating Eqs. (vii) & (viii)
0.112 0.112
= 5.1 or (𝑏3)5 = = 0.022
(𝑏3)5 5.1
b3 = 0.466 m Ans
5/6/2017 a3 = 2b3 = 2 x 0.466 = 0.932 m Ans
Thank you all
Special Thanks to all who had not slept

during the lecture and made my lecture live
Feel free to contact me for any difficulties

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Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 1

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 2

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 3

Wet bulb depression and dew point depression

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 4

And for water vapour, 𝑝𝑣 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 …..(ii)

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 5

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 6

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 7

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 10

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 11

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 12

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 13

An approximate result may be obtained by the following relation

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 15

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 16

(0.98642 − 0.02337)(30 − 20)

Corresponding to 0.01701 bar the dew point temperature

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 17

(3) Specific humidity

= 0.010914 kg/kg of dry air

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 19

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 20

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 21

= 0.0049 kg/kg of dry air

= 0.00582 kg/𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 24

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 25

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 26

𝜌𝑣 = w / 𝜌𝑎 = 0.005/ 0.843 = 0.0058 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 of dry air

From point A, draw a line parallel to the wet bulb

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 27

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 28

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 29

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 30

𝑥 𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝑡𝑑1 + 1 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝑡𝑑3 = 1 × 𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝑡𝑑2

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 32

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 33

Similarly , efficiency of cooling coil ,

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 34

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 35

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 36

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 37

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 38

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 40

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 41

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐵𝑇 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 42

When the spray of water maintain at a temperature higher than wet

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 43

And 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑤 * ℎ𝑓𝑔

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 44

𝑚𝑎 (𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )=(m𝑤1 − m𝑤2 ) and

(m𝑤1 ℎ𝑓𝑔1 ) − (m𝑤2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2 )= 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 45

Heating with dehumidification

ηh = (td3 – td1) / (td2 – td1)

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 46

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 47

Substituting the value of 𝑚3 from equation (1) in equation (2),

5/6/2017 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING 48

Now from equations (4) and (5),