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Plant nutrients are one of the environmental factors es- organic molecule (the ligand) can combine and form a ring
sential for crop growth and development. Nutrient manage- encircling the micronutrient. The pincer-like manner in
ment is crucial for optimal productivity in commercial crop which the micronutrient is bonded to the ligand changes
production. Those nutrients in concentrations of ≤ 100 the micronutrient’s surface property and favors the uptake
parts per million (ppm) in plant tissues are described as efficiency of foliarly applied micronutrients.
micronutrients and include iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese
(Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), molybdenum
(Mo), and nickel (Ni). Micronutrients such as Fe, Mn,
Why is chelated fertilizer needed?
Because soil is heterogeneous and complex, traditional
Zn, and Cu are easily oxidized or precipitated in soil, and
micronutrients are readily oxidized or precipitated. Chela-
their utilization is, therefore, not very efficient. Chelated
tion keeps a micronutrient from undesirable reactions
fertilizers have been developed to increase micronutrient
in solution and soil. The chelated fertilizer improves the
utilization efficiency. This publication provides an overview
bioavailability of micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn,
of chelated fertilizers and considerations for their use to
and Zn, and in turn contributes to the productivity and
county Extension faculty, certified crop advisers, crop
profitability of commercial crop production. Chelated
consultants, growers, and students who are interested in
fertilizers have a greater potential to increase commercial
commercial crop production.
yield than regular micronutrients if the crop is grown in
low-micronutrient stress or soils with a pH greater than 6.5.
What is chelated fertilizer? To grow a good crop, crop nutrient requirements (CNRs),
The word chelate is derived from the Greek word chelé, including micronutrients, have to be satisfied first from
which refers to a lobster’s claw. Hence, chelate refers to the soil. If the soil cannot meet the CNR, chelated sources
the pincer-like manner in which a metal nutrient ion is need to be used. This approach benefits the plant without
encircled by the larger organic molecule (the claw), usually increasing the risk of eutrophication.
called a ligand or chelator. Table 1 lists common natural
or chemical synthetic ligands (Havlin et al. 2005; Sekhon Several factors reduce the bioavailability of Fe, including
2003). Each of the listed ligands, when combined with high soil pH, high bicarbonate content, plant species (grass
a micronutrient, can form a chelated fertilizer. Chelated species are usually more efficient than other species because
micronutrients are protected from oxidation, precipitation, they can excrete effective ligands), and abiotic stresses.
and immobilization in certain conditions because the Plants typically utilize iron as ferrous iron (Fe2+). Ferrous
1. This document is HS1208, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2012.
Revised September 2015. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. Guodong Liu, assistant professor, Horticultural Sciences Department; Edward Hanlon, professor emeritus; and Yuncong Li, professor, Soil and Water
Science Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to
individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national
origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County
Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.
iron can be readily oxidized to the plant-unavailable ferric is one such natural chelate called phytosiderophore (phyto:
form (Fe3+) when soil pH is greater than 5.3 (Morgan and plant; siderophore: iron carrier) produced by graminaceous
Lahav 2007). Iron deficiency often occurs if soil pH is (grassy) plants grown in low-iron stress conditions. The
greater than 7.4. Chelated iron can prevent this conversion exuded chelate works as a vehicle, helping plants absorb
from Fe2+ to Fe3+. nutrients in the root-solution-soil system (Lindsay 1974).
A plant-excreted chelate forms a metal complex (i.e., a
Applying nutrients such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu directly coordination compound) with a micronutrient ion in soil
to the soil is inefficient because in soil solution they are solution and approaches a root hair. In turn, the chelated
present as positively charged metal ions and will readily micronutrient near the root hair releases the nutrient to
react with oxygen and/or negatively charged hydroxide the root hair. The chelate is then free and becomes ready to
ions (OH-). If they react with oxygen or hydroxide ions, complex with another micronutrient ion in the adjacent soil
they form new compounds that are not bioavailable to solution, restarting the cycle. The process works like this:
plants. Both oxygen and hydroxide ions are abundant in
soil and soilless growth media. The ligand can protect the • A chelate is exuded from a root to the soil solution.
micronutrient from oxidization or precipitation. Figure 1 • The chelate complexes a micronutrient (e.g., iron) from
shows examples of the typical iron deficiency symptoms the soil solution.
of lychee grown in Homestead, Florida, in which the
lychee trees have yellow leaves and small, abnormal fruits. • The chelated micronutrient is carried to a root hair, where
Applying chelated fertilizers is an easy and practical it is released.
correction method to avoid this nutrient disorder. For • The chelate goes back to the soil solution and starts
example, the oxidized form of iron is ferric (Fe3+), which is another cycle.
not bioavailable to plants and usually forms brown ferric
Chemical reactions between micronutrient chelates and
hydroxide precipitation (Fe(OH)3). Ferrous sulfate is often
soil can be avoided by using a foliar application. Chelated
used as the iron source. Its solution should be green. If the
nutrients also facilitate nutrient uptake efficiency for
solution turns brown, the bioavailable form of iron has
foliar application because crop leaves are naturally coated
been oxidized and Fe is therefore unavailable to plants.
with wax that repels water and charged substances, such
as ferrous ions. The organic ligand around the chelated
micronutrient can penetrate the wax layer, thus increasing
iron uptake (Figure 2). Compared to traditional iron
fertilization, chelated iron fertilization is significantly more
effective and efficient (Figure 3).
Which chelated fertilizer should be Figure 4. Effects of pH and chelate species, including EDTA, OTPA, and
EDDHA, on chelated iron stability (A) and on crop yield (B).
used? Credits: (A) Havlin et al. 2005; Norvell 1972, (B) Havlin et al. 2005;
Lindsay 1974
Each of the ligands (Table 1) can form a chelated fertilizer
with one or more micronutrients. The effectiveness and Correction of Fe deficiency depends on individual
efficiency of a particular chelated fertilizer depends on the crop response and many other factors. For instance, for
pH of the plant growth medium. vegetables, the rate is usually 0.4–1 lb. chelated Fe in 100
gal. of water per acre. Deciduous fruits need 0.1–0.2 lb.
The ligands EDTA, DTPA, and EDDHA are often used chelated Fe in 25 gal. of water per acre (Table 5). Foliar
in chelated fertilizers (Table 4). Their effectiveness differs application is more effective than soil application. For foliar
significantly. Generally speaking, EDDHA chelated application, either inorganic or chelated Fe is effective,
Fe is most stable at soil pH greater than 7 (Figure 4, A but for fertigation, chelated Fe should be used. In high pH
and B). Chelated fertilizer stability is desired because soil, crops are also vulnerable to Cu deficiency stresses.
it means the chelated micronutrient will remain in a Chelated Cu is significantly more effective than inorganic
bioavailable form for a much longer time period, thus Cu. A commonly used copper chelate is Na2CuEDTA,
increasing micronutrient use efficiency in vegetable and which contains 13% Cu. Natural organic materials have
fruit production. The stability of three typical chelated Fe approximately 0.5% Cu (Table 5).
fertilizers varies at different pH conditions (Figure 4, A).
The Y-axis represents the ratio of chelated Fe to total chelate
Table 5. Examples of chelated fertilization rates for selected commercial vegetable and fruit crops
Crop Nutrient Rate Source
Iron:
Vegetables 0.5–1 lb./100 gal. water/A Iron chelates
Deciduous fruits 0.1–0.2 lb./25 gal. water/A Iron chelates
Citrus 0.03–0.05 lb./2–5 gal. water/tree Iron chelates
Copper:
Corn 0.8 lb./100gal. water/A Na2CuEDTA
Manganese:
Vegetables 0.2–0.5 lb./200 gal. water/A Na2MnEDTA
Zinc:
Pecan 0.3–0.5 lb. Zn/100 gal. water/A Na2ZnEDTA
(Source: Havlin et al. 2005)