Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
The 1985 Mexican earthquakes demonstrated that knowledge concerning their history was still scarce and pre-
carious. In fact those earthquakes acted as triggers, because it was then when a new field of research began to
develop: disaster historical research. An initial task was to retrieve the history of earthquakes in Mexico in order
throughout to produce an exhaustive inventory. The main result was a paradigmatic catalogue, published some
years ago as the book Los sismos en la historia de México (Earthquakes in Mexican History). It contains infor-
mation about every event along 450 years of Mexican seismological history. This paper will focus on the back-
ground of this seismological compilation and its characteristics, addressing mainly methodological items con-
cerning sources, qualitative and/or quantitative data, the importance of joint and multidisciplinary efforts, and
the research they have inspired on historical earthquakes investigation in Mexico.
Key words earthquakes – Mexico – catalogues – on 19 September 1985. That year constituted a
seismological compilations – pictograms breaking point in Mexican seismological history
in more than one sense. In fact, catalogue produc-
tion has to be understood before and after 1985. A
1. Introduction definitive interest in rescuing Mexican seismolog-
ical history with a holistic perspective has ac-
The Mexican Republic is located in a highly quired special importance since then.
seismic region of the planet, mainly because the Up to 1985 there existed two types of seis-
Cocos and the Rivera plates subduct below the mological catalogues or compilations:
North American plate, and the Pacific plate sepa- a) parametrical ones produced with an ex-
rates from the North American plate along the Ba- clusive interest for seismologists, correspon-
ja California Gulf spreading center. Besides, the ding mainly to the instrumental period of Mex-
country is crossed by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic ican seismology and, as such, covering basical-
Belt, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Numerous ly the 20th century;
earthquakes have occurred throughout Mexican b) earthquake compilations produced main-
history (fig. 1). One of the earthquakes with the ly during the 19th century, as part of the great-
greatest magnitude has been the one that occurred est amount of enlightenment production linked
to the growing interest in understanding and ex-
plaining Nature.
Since 1985 a joint interest developed among
Mailing address: Dr. Virginia García Acosta, Centro de historians, anthropologists, ethnohistorians and
Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología So-
cial (CIESAS), Juárez 87, Tlalpan, CP 14000, México D.F., seismologists to construct a reliable and multidis-
Mexico; e-mail: vgarciaa@juarez.ciesas.edu.mx ciplinary catalogue. Our task started having a gen-
487
Virginia García Acosta
Fig. 1. 20th century Mexican earthquakes with M ≥ 6.5 (courtesy of Servicio Sismologico Nacional, Instituto
de Geofisica, UNAM, Mexico).
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Historical earthquakes in Mexico. Past efforts and new multidisciplinary achievements
489
Virginia García Acosta
grateful search» began to threaten the research); dealing with earthquakes: the Historical
iv) previous experiences in Mexican archives Archives of Jalisco, with a section named «nat-
led us to look for documents with certain charac- ural phenomena», and the Diocesan Archives at
teristics that gave us wonderful results related to San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, with a file
building reconstruction and, as such, probably re- dealing with earthquakes and volcanic erup-
lated with earthquake occurrence. We placed spe- tions in the section Asuntos Civiles-Asuntos Re-
cial emphasis on documents coming from sec- gionales (Civil Affairs-Regional Affairs).
tions called propios and reales novenos (García- We worked in private and public archives.
Acosta and Suárez-Reynoso, 1996). This one was The latter are organized in Mexico at different
a more fruitful choice in several senses. levels, according to the political-administrative
We just mentioned «ungrateful» or «useless division of the country, so they can be munici-
search». As usual, we had to face it. It repre- pal, state or federal archives. Finally, we had a
sents what our Italian colleagues call «negative splendid opportunity to search in the Archivo
sources» (Gazzini, et al., 1991). One extreme General de Indias in Seville (Spain), looking
example comes from Emilio del Castillo Ne- for data from Colonial Mexico that were not
grete’s masterpiece «México en el siglo XIX» found in Mexican depositories. Other col-
(«Mexico in 19th century»). Only in one of its leagues gave us information coming from other
29 volumes did we find useful data. archives, such as data from the southern Mexi-
As the useless research in bibliographical can border coming from the General Archives
sources grew, we abandoned them and went to of Central America.
journals, when this one grew, we jumped to Archives and codices were the sources that
archives, and so on. Sometimes an ungrateful provided the earliest data about historical earth-
search is continuous and discouraging. That is quakes.
why we decided to help other professionals
who adopted this technique, and tell them ex-
plicitly where and what not to look for (García- 3.2. Bibliographical sources
Acosta and Suárez-Reynoso, 1996).
200 bibliographical sources provided pri-
mary as well as secondary data for the catalogue,
3. Sources going from codices written in pictographic char-
acters, to 20th century published books, passing
According to their contents, sources can be through 19th century manuscripts.
divided into primary and secondary. According A good example came from codices, the pic-
to their origin, sources are archives, biblio- tographic documents where Mesoamerican peo-
graphical, old newspapers and iconographic. ple recorded the most important events of their
Let us take a brief look at these main sources. daily life. They are called «painted books» be-
cause the writing system used is pictographic, in
which each element is determinant: shape, size,
3.1. Archives color, position of every glyph. The recording of
earthquakes, combining written and calendar
Undoubtedly, the main source of informa- systems, was especially important because of
tion for historians are the archives. They require Mesoamerican cosmovision. Earthquakes were
a considerable investment of time, and the par- recorded combining the earth and movement
ticipation of experienced professionals in glyphs (Fuentes, 1987). As such the earthquake
archive work, in paleography, and in other spe- pictogram is the result of the association of both
cialities such as pictographic writing, as we will glyphs (fig. 2). Next to the earthquake pic-
see later. togram there always appears a chronological
These depositories lack specific sections to glyph showing the date of the event, that is to
look at. Among all the archives we visited, only say the date when the earthquake or any other
two of them in Mexico had specific sections natural, social or political phenomenon occurred
490
Historical earthquakes in Mexico. Past efforts and new multidisciplinary achievements
Vulcanism
Date
(fig. 3). Codices offer scattered information, but
Three Earthquakes
491
Virginia García Acosta
and yearly basis to find out a few pieces of in- cept when it deals with prior events), it has to
formation. First we went through the few colo- be compared with information coming from
nial newspapers, then the 19th Century and ear- other sources in order to determine its accuracy
ly 20th Century, which definitely yielded more and reliability.
information. Data from newspapers cover a pe- The details on how the information was ex-
riod of almost 200 years (1722, 1728 to 1742 tracted, ordered and systematized appear in the
and 1784 to 1912). Introduction to «Earthquakes in Mexican Histo-
ry». The required characteristics of any pre-in-
strumental earthquake compilation or, given the
3.4. Iconographical sources case, any historical long-term catalogue are four:
i) homogeneity; ii) continuity; iii) comple-
Iconographic sources were not explored or mentarity; iv) reliability.
used enough in our research on Mexican Those four requirements have to be accom-
earthquakes. They represent an enormous plished with sources, include textual informa-
field to look at, and were used more exhaus- tion, as well as all the information obtained in
tively in our last research dealing with what the documents.
we call agricultural disasters in Mexican His- By combining several sources in a comple-
tory, that is droughts, floods, heavy rains, and mentary way, we managed to cover almost all
so forth (García-Acosta et al., 2003; Escobar, our study period. This proves the usefulness of
2003). this method not only in this type of long-peri-
We used ex votos or retablos for the covers od research, but in any exhaustive study. Com-
of the two volumes of «Earthquakes in Mexican paring several sources also helps us to solve
History». These retablos are «an old and deep- dating problems, such as counting a single
seated expression of Mexican popular religiosi- earthquake twice, mistaking an earthquake for
ty» (Rodríguez-Lapuente, 1995), and they are its aftershock or its foreshock, confusing two
frequently associated with disasters. different earthquakes, and so forth. It also
Primary information used in the compila- solves toponymic problems, such as the town
tion came from archives, newspapers and over names in indigenous languages, towns that
60% from bibliographical sources. The Intro- changed names, and so forth. Thus, comple-
ductory chapter to the book «Earthquakes in menting and comparing different sources real-
Mexican History» contains a detailed analysis ly matters.
of each source for the reader to understand its Only in this way will the reader, user, and
characteristics and the type of information it researcher be able to use the information, to
provides. This source analysis led to the fol- have confidence, and to choose or discriminate
lowing four criteria: i) type of source; ii) type it for his research purposes. They are the min-
of material; iii) how the material is presented; imal requirements for this type of research that
iv) reliability and deficiencies. has a multidisciplinary origin and objectives.
Newspapers provided the bulk of earth- It is so because potential users are not only
quake information, especially for the 19th cen- specialists in earth sciences and engineering,
tury. However, in an excellent article on the use but also historians, ethnohistorians, anthropol-
of information taken from British newspapers, ogists, sociologists, art historians, architects,
Musson found that one of their main deficien- urbanists and stakeholders in general whose
cies is that the information was not treated with work and decisions are related to these issues.
scientific interest, so it might be incomplete; it For example, diverse earthquake-related stud-
often happens that they do not always describe ies developed by historians, ethnohistorians
or even mention some earthquakes found in and anthropologists have increased during re-
other sources. Hence the recommendation is to cent years. An example of this are the contents
use, as we did, as many different newspapers as of the second volume of «Earthquakes in Mex-
possible (Musson, 1986). So, even when jour- ican History» (García-Acosta, 2001) that in-
nalistic information is considered primary (ex- clude analysis on topics like: the evolution of
492
Historical earthquakes in Mexico. Past efforts and new multidisciplinary achievements
seismic records throughout centuries; scientif- 1985). There have also been many regional,
ic thoughts about the origin of earthquakes; state or local efforts, such as the work of Juan
historical social responses to earthquake oc- Vizcaíno (1986) who studied the seismic histo-
currence throughout Mexican History. ry of his native town Zapotlán or Ciudad
Guzmán in Jalisco, a city damaged by many
earthquakes including the 1985 one. It is also
4. Catalogues and seismological compilations the case of César Luna Bauza (1992), who stud-
before and after 1985 ied the whole state of Veracruz. Each one covers
different periods: 1543-1985 for Zapotlán and
Catalogues and seismological compilations 1900-1994 for Veracruz. An even greater work
include primary and secondary material. The was the catalogue of Garduño et al. (1998)
first ones were developed in the 19th century which covers a large western region including
mainly by engineers, geologists, meteorologists three Mexican states: Jalisco, Colima and Mi-
and several members of scientific societies choacán, or the regional coverage made by
(table I). Many of those coming from the 19th Molina del Villar (1988) for the northwestern
century have serious mistakes and omissions. part of Mexico. Some previous efforts were the
For this reason, they have to be checked and works of González-Ramírez (1981) on Puebla,
compared with original data. That is, they do superficially covering the 1575-1980 period,
not have the homogeneity, continuity, comple- and Núñez-Cornú and Ponce (n.d.) on Oaxaca,
mentarity and reliability required for these which covers only the 19th century with a selec-
sources. The same happens with the work of tion of the strongest Oaxacan earthquakes.
Juan Orozco y Berra (1887-1888) «Efemérides Many of these compilations and catalogues have
seísmicas mexicanas» («Mexican Seismic used the same methodology as «Earthquakes in
Ephemeris»), which until recently was the only Mexican History». Undoubtedly, these local,
reference for specialists, although it contains state and regional efforts will improve the exist-
imprecisions, dating errors and omissions. ing databases, which will lead to a new national
This interest to maintain the historical mem- catalogue with local, state and regional addenda
ory of earthquakes was reborn in Mexico after to «Earthquakes in Mexican History».
the 1985 earthquake, a breaking point in this What have these compilations on historical
type of research as I mentioned before. After earthquakes in Mexico inspired? What type of
that event, many local compilations were made work was produced after them? How do seis-
especially for Mexico City (cf. Amerlinck, mologists use this qualitative information care-
1986; González-Polo, 1985 and Manzanilla, fully collected and systematized by historians?
493
Virginia García Acosta
What have seismologists done since the edition portant to have such records, but they regret that
of «Earthquakes in Mexican History» and other some data are not always accurate and reliable.
derived catalogues? According to the National Sometimes the information is diffuse and it is
University (UNAM) and the National Polytech- not easy or feasible to estimate the magnitude,
nic Institute (IPN), seismologists are still gen- assign the intensity, locate the epicentre. What
erating instrumental catalogues going back on- has been done with instrumental records has
ly as far as 1900, the instrumental period of been very useful to understand pre-instrumental
Mexican seismology (Zúñiga, et al., 2000). The ones. It is important to know, for example in
seismic instrumental catalogues for the Mexi- Mexico City, how large and how frequent the
can Republic have been used, for example, to earthquakes are, where they have done most
divide the country into four seismic zones (fig. damage, how intense the movements are, and
4), in order to design anti-seismic strategies. make comparisons between past and present
This type of catalogues should include homo- records. But for a seismologist it is crucial to
geneous historical intensities and other parame- identify the epicentre, and it is not always easy
ters useful for hazard and risk studies. to find out where it was.
Although there has not been a sequel to Isoseismal maps have been made with pre-
«Earthquakes in Mexican History» for the peri- instrumental records, based mainly on 19th
od after 1912, seismologists interested in this century records, but the weakness of qualita-
subject acknowledge that this work has allowed tive data for some purposes persists. Looking
them to study specific historical earthquakes. after information coming from more local
Nevertheless, even today some seismologists sources may help to avoid these gaps. Never-
express uncertainty in the use of past earth- theless past earthquakes records have led to
quake records. They accept that it is very im- major advances in seismology, as well as in so-
34.00
32.00
30.00
28.00
LATITUDE
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
–118.00 –114.00 –110.00 –106.00 –102.00 –98.00 –94.00 –90.00 –86.00
LONGITUDE
Fig. 4. Mexican seismic zones: A = no historical earthquake records for the last 80 years; B and C = interme-
diate zones; D = large historical earthquakes recorded (courtesy of Servicio Sismologico Nacional, Instituto de
Geofisica, UNAM, Mexico).
494
Historical earthquakes in Mexico. Past efforts and new multidisciplinary achievements
cial sciences, or in multidisciplinary products point that encourages this search is the same
(Suárez et al., 1994). By using historical cata- that has inspired the construction of cata-
logues, several seismologists have carried out logues with information coming from the past,
case studies on certain earthquakes and with and this starting point is based on the idea that
very concrete objectives, such as the work by historical records should help protect from
the Centro de Geociencias (Earth Sciences earthquakes.
Center) at UNAM. This Center has studied
mainly tectonics and its effects on Central
Mexico in states such as Aguascalientes, Gua- Acknowledgements
najuato and Zacatecas, in contrast to the enor-
mous amount of research developed for the I wish to thank Shri Krishna Singh (UNAM),
coastal or subduction zone. Another example Ramón Zúñiga (UNAM) and Fernando Angulo
comes from the research done also with infor- Brown (IPN) for the information they offered on
mation coming from «Earthquakes in Mexican current uses of qualitative data for seismological
History» on the 1887 earthquake that hit the purposes.
north-western Sonoran area with intensity of 8
to 9, which seems to exemplify what is known
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