1.

3 ways that relative dielectric permittivity affects GPR and the effect with high and low of RDP's
Value

1. Footprint. Land will reduce the value of RDP will build the spread of the GPR wave. So, the waves
produced by the same antenna will spread more at certain depths in dry sand and spread less at the
same depth in saturated mud.

2. Wave speed. RDP and wave speed have an inverse relationship. So, if the material has a high RDP,
the waves will move slowly.

3. Wavelength. The GPR antenna of the given frequency will actually produce waves with different
wavelengths depending on the material RDP. Waves generated by the same antenna will have shorter
wavelengths when propagating through the ground with higher RDP (for example: saturated mud)
compared to lower RDP (eg dry sand).

2. 1. Data acquisition orientation. The angle you pass through your target (especially long cylinder
targets such as pipes) will determine how wide or narrow your GPR response is. If you cross at 90
degrees you will get a narrow hyperbole, but if you cross with an angle smaller than 90 degrees you
will get a wider hyperbole.

2. Different ingredients. The same target, buried at the same depth, but in different materials will
produce different response sizes. GPR waves move at different speeds in different materials so that
when moving at slower speeds (like on wet ground), the response from the target will be narrower. In
situations with faster wave velocities (such as in dry sand), the target will produce wider hyperbole.

3. Target depth. The same targets, buried in the same material, at different depths will produce different
reflection geometries. The shallower the target the narrower the hyperbole. This is because the GPR
signal spreads with depth so that the signal traces (sometimes called cones) will not be so large at more
shallow depths. For deeper targets, the footprint is larger and the antenna signal can hit the target from
afar creating a response that is wider than the target.

4.Targets are different sizes. Smaller targets will produce smaller hyperboles while larger targets will
produce a bigger hyperbole.

3. We should do some consideration before we do a GPR Survey like.

1. The Target Characteristic
Before taking a step in the field, investigators must determine the characteristics of the target they are
looking for and the material around them that they are searching for. GPR moves at different speeds,
depending on the material it passes. For example, radar moves fastest in the air - at the speed of light -
and is slowest when traveling through water, around one-nine the speed of light. Radar speed for all
other materials varies somewhere between air and water. GPR is best for checking materials with low
electrical conductivity such as concrete, sand, wood and asphalt. On the other hand, if the project
involves the placement of a sewer or underground storage tank that is 8 to 10 feet underground in soil
that is wet and filled with clay, GPR may not be the right tool for the job.

2. Survey Design
After determining the target’s electrical characteristics, as well as the size, type, and orientation of
utility lines, post-tension cables, and objects of limited dimensions, including tanks and graves,
investigators can design the survey.
If very high confidence is necessary, the survey design should be based on a bi-directional grid, with
spacing between the lines equal to the smallest dimension of the targets. Where this is not possible due
to obstructions, time, or budget constraints, the survey design should include a large overview grid,
which would be followed by one or more smaller focused grids.
If looking for cylindrical objects such as an old oil tank or buried drums, investigators should choose a
bi-directional grid; these targets may look flat when scanned in one direction, so they can be easily
missed or mistaken for a soil layer. Using a bi-directional grid would identify a cylindrical target if the
surveyor sees a flat layer in one direction and a hyperbola/arch in the other direction.
For planar objects, including mapping the depth to bedrock, water table, or soil layers, the grid spacing
would be determined mainly by the size of the area and allotted time, but one might also consider if
there are any odd geologic features that need to be captured. These are typically larger features, and the
undulating surface is a layer that can be seen by scanning in just one direction.

3. Antenna
Selecting the right antenna frequency for a GPR job depends on the size and depth of the target. A
lower-frequency antenna provides deeper penetration, but the tradeoff is that the targets must be larger
to be imaged.

These are limitations of GPR Method

1. Unable to make sound wave repairs
2. Detections (currently the maximum is 100 meters maximum)
3. The general GPR antenna is only for adding certain pulses.

4. CSAMT METHOD (Controlled Audio Frequency Magnetotellurics)

The CSAMT method (Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magneto-telluric) is one method of

geophysical survey using an electromagnetic induction system. This CSAMT method is an extension of
the MT (Magneto-telluric) method use natural sources. Goldstein and Strangway developed a method
which uses an artificial field source (CSAMT). Field source used derived from electric dipoles injected
into the earth. Information about resistivity
subsurface rock as a function of depth, obtained by measuring the magnitude electric and magnetic
fields for various frequencies.

Electrical resistivity is important parameters to characterize the subsurface physical state, which is
associated with Material and subsurface conditions. These parameters depend on lithology, porosity,
temperature, pressure, and fluid that fills the rock. Decreasing the equation the MT and CSAMT
methods were developed following the Cagniard approach. The basic assumption used is that the earth
is considered a horizontal layer where each layer has a homogeneous isotropic nature and, natural
electromagnetic waves which interacts with the earth is a field wave. Assuming that the earth is
homogeneous isotropic, the physical properties of the medium do not vary with time and there is no
source of charge in the medium under review.

To get the actual resistivity where the earth has heterogeneous resistivity is obtained by making a
model and lowering it the relationship between apparent resistivity and actual resistivity (inversion
method). Some CSAMT's advantages include using artificial (active) sources and owning interfacing
the frequency of 0.1-10 KHz, so this method is very suitable for research on geothermal area.

CSAMT is a conventional derivative of natural-source and audio frequencies magneto-telluric method,

which uses artificial sources (usually in a range 0.1Hz to 10kHz) to speed up data acquisition and
provide more detail strong signal. The source usually consists of either a loop or a grounded dipole
length up to several kilometers. Dipole may be combined with both orthogonal transmitters in order to
provide two sources of polarization. Simultaneous measurement of five separate parameters taken at
each location; two electric field components and three magnetic field component. The electric field
measurement is obtained using
orthogonal dipoles while magnetic vector fields are measured using multiturn high coil permeability.
Modern CSAMT instruments also allow measurement natural and audio frequency signals in order to
provide depth of exploration extended range (the lower frequency the greater the depth of the
investigation).

The results of the CSAMT survey are often displayed in log-log charts apparent resistivity and phase to
frequency. However, planning a number of conventions others can be applied depending on certain
parameters being measured. Combination of 1D resistivity inversion or combined phase / resistivity
inversion leads the formation of 2D pseudosections of resistivity to depth.