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Equilibrium
Direction and magnitude of principal strains
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 , � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0 , � 𝑀𝑀 = 0 tan 2𝜃𝜃 = tan 2𝜙𝜙 =
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦
Stress and Strain
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 1 2
Direct loading 𝜀𝜀1 , 𝜀𝜀2 = ± ��𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 � + 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
2 2
𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 ∆𝐿𝐿 𝜎𝜎
𝜎𝜎 = , 𝜀𝜀 = �≡ � , 𝐸𝐸 = Stresses on a rotated plane
𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝜀𝜀
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑛𝑛 = + cos2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃
Shear loading 2 2
𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 ∆𝐿𝐿 𝜏𝜏
𝜏𝜏 = , 𝛾𝛾 = �≡ � , 𝐺𝐺 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝛾𝛾 𝜏𝜏𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = − sin 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃
2
Poisson's ratio 𝛾𝛾 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = sin 𝜃𝜃 − cos 2𝜃𝜃
𝜈𝜈 = 2 2 2
𝜀𝜀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Direction and magnitude of principal stresses
Biaxial Stress-Strain relationships 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 tan 2𝜃𝜃 =
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = − 𝜈𝜈 , 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 = − 𝜈𝜈 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 1 2
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = �𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜐𝜐𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 �, 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = �𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜐𝜐𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 � 𝜎𝜎1 , 𝜎𝜎2 = ± ��𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � + 4𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
1 − 𝜐𝜐 2 1 − 𝜐𝜐 2 2 2
Simple Bending
Rankine-Gordon equation
𝜎𝜎 𝑀𝑀 𝐸𝐸 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴
= = 𝑃𝑃 =
𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿 2
1 + 𝑎𝑎 � �
𝐾𝐾
Torsion
𝜏𝜏 𝑇𝑇 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 Radius of gyration
= =
𝑅𝑅 𝐽𝐽 𝐿𝐿 𝑘𝑘 = �𝐼𝐼�𝐴𝐴
Thin Cylinders/Spheres
Elastic Constants
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = , 𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐸𝐸 = 2𝐺𝐺(1 + 𝜐𝜐) = 3𝐾𝐾(1 − 2𝜈𝜈)
2𝑡𝑡 4𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀 von Mises
=− 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 2� � = (𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎𝜎2 − 𝜎𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎𝜎3 − 𝜎𝜎1 )2
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Tresca Kinetic energy
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎2 𝜎𝜎2 − 𝜎𝜎3 𝜎𝜎3 − 𝜎𝜎1
= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜: � �,� �,� � Linear
2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 2 2 2 1
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
Strain Energy 2
Work-Energy
𝜙𝜙𝐿𝐿2 𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿 − 𝜙𝜙𝑆𝑆2 𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆 3
𝑊𝑊 = ∆𝑈𝑈𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + ∆𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔 + ∆𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = [(𝜙𝜙𝐿𝐿 − 𝜙𝜙𝑆𝑆 )2 + ℎ2 ]
(𝜙𝜙𝐿𝐿 − 𝜙𝜙𝑆𝑆 )2 80
Power + 𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿 (𝑥𝑥̅𝐿𝐿 − 𝑥𝑥̅𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 )2 −𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆 (ℎ + 𝑥𝑥̅𝑆𝑆
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = − 𝑥𝑥̅𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 )2
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑚𝑚 Dynamic Stability: Pure Pitch
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (3𝜙𝜙𝐿𝐿2 + 4ℎ2 )
48
∆𝛼𝛼̈ − 𝑀𝑀𝑞𝑞 ∆𝛼𝛼̇ − 𝑀𝑀𝛼𝛼 ∆𝛼𝛼 = 0
2 𝑏𝑏/2 1
𝑦𝑦� = � 𝑐𝑐(𝑦𝑦)𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
𝑆𝑆 0 𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 3 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
2𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 8𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
Aspect Ratio
𝑏𝑏 2 Damped Angular Frequency
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝑆𝑆
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
𝜔𝜔 =
Planform factor 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝐹𝐹 = Damping Ratio
𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐Λ 𝑐𝑐/4
3 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
Gradient of Lift Coefficient (Finite Wing) 𝜁𝜁 = �
8𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐Λ 𝑐𝑐/4
𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝛼𝛼 =
2 Wavelength: Pitch Oscillation
+ + 4
𝐹𝐹 �1 𝐹𝐹2
𝜆𝜆 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Non-dimensional Static Margin: Tailplane Only
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑜𝑜
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥̅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑥𝑥̅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜆𝜆 =
𝜔𝜔
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑡𝑡
=
𝑐𝑐𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑐𝑐𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
∆𝑀𝑀 = ∆𝛼𝛼 + ∆𝑞𝑞
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕