Uni

t:1:
-SOLI
DSTATE(
Rev
isi
on)
1.Amor phouss olids:Ina mor phouss olidst hea rra ng e me ntofbui ldi ngc ons ti
tue nt si snotr e gular .
The yma y
haveas hor tr ang eor de r.The irme lti
ngpoi nta renots ha rp.The ya rei sotr opi cinna tur e. Ex ampl es :rubbe r
2.Cr ys tallines olids :Ina mor phouss oli
dst hea r rang eme ntofbui ldi ngc ons titue nt sisr eg ula rthr oug hout
thee nt iret hr eedi me ns iona l ne twor k. The yma yha veal ongr a ng eor de rAc rys ta lli
nes ol idha ss ha rp
me ltingpoi nta ndi sa ni stropi ci nna tur e. Ex ampl e s:S odi umc hl or ide
3.Va c anc yDe fect:Whe ns omeoft hel attices ite sa reva ca nt,thec rys tal i
ss aidt oha veva c anc yde fec t.Thi s
resul tsi nde crea sei nde ns ityoft hes ubs tanc e. Thi sde fectc ana lsode velopwhe nas ubs tancei she ated.
4.I nte rstitialDe fect:Whe ns omec ons t
itue ntpa rticle s( a tomsormol ec ules)oc cupya ni nt er sti
tial sit e,the
crys taliss a idt oha vei nte rst i
tia lde f
e ctThi sde fecti nc reasest hede ns i
tyoft hes ubs tanc e .
5.S chot tkyDe fe ct:Int hi sde fec te qua l numbe rofc at ionsa nda ni onsa remi ssingf roml atticepos i
tionsi n
orde rt oma int ai
ne le ctric al ne ut ra l
ity. I
tde crea se st hede ns ityoft hes ubs tanc e .Itiss hownbyi oni c
subs tanc esi nwhi cht hec a tiona nda niona reofa l
mos ts imila rs iz es. Ex ampl e,Na Cl, KCl ,Cs Cl andAg Br
6.Fr e nke l De fec t:Int hi sde f
e ctt hes ma l
le ri on( us ua llyc a t
ion)i sdi sloc at
e df romi tsnor ma l si
tet oa n
inters titials i
te .Itdoe snotc ha ng et hede ns ityoft hes olid.Fr enke lde fecti ss hownbyi oni cs ubs tanc ei n
whi cht he rei sal ar gedi ffe renc ei nt hes izeofi ons .e xa mpl e, ZnS ,Ag Cl ,Ag Bra ndAg I
7.Ag Brs howsbot h,Fr e nke la swe lla sS chot tkyde fe cts
8.I mpur ityDe f
e cts: The s ede fec tsa r is
ewhe nf or e igna tomsori onsa repr ese nti nt hel attic esite s.For
exa mpl ewhe nNa Cl isdope dwi thMg Cl2 or S rC l2 Imp u ri
ty D efe ct is p rod uce d.
9.Me ta le xce ssde f
e ctduet oa ni oni cva ca nc ies:I nt hisde fectane ga tivei onf romt hec rys tal l
attic ema ybe
mi ssingf romi tsl attices itel ea vingahol eorva ca nc ywhi chi soc cupi e dbyt hee le ctr onor igina lly
assoc iat edwi tht hea ni on. Ex ampl e:Ye l
lowc olourofNa Cl.c rys ta lsduet oe xc es sofs odi um, Pinkc olour
ofLi Cl .crys talsduet oe xc es sofl ithium&Vi ole tc olourofKCl . cr ys t
a lsduet oe x ces sofpot assium.
10.F-c ent re s:Thea nioni cs itesoc c upi edbyunpa irede le ctronsa rec all
e dF- c ent resThe yi mpa rtc ol ourt o
thec rys ta ls.
.
11.Me ta le xce ssde f
e ctduet ot hepr es enc eofe xtrac ationsa tint ers titial sit
e s:Int hisde f
e cta ne x trac ation
occupi e si nte rstiti
a lpos tioni nt hel at ti
c e&f r eee lec troni st rappe di nt hevi cinit yoft hisi nt erstitia lca ti
on.
12.Zincox idei swhi t
ei nc ol oura tr oomt empe ra tur e.Onhe atingi tl os e sox yg ena ndt ur nsye l
low. ,The
exce ssZn2+i onsmovet oi nte rs titi
a ls i
te sa ndt hee le ct ronst one ighbour ingi nte rs titials i
te s.
13.Ba ndt he or y. (a)Me tals :Thee ne rg yg apbe twe e nbe twe enf illedva lenc eba nda ndt hec onduc tionba ndi s
verys ma llort he rei sove rla ppi ngbe twe ent he s eba ndst he ne le ctronsc a nf l
owe as i
ly. (b) I
ns ul ator s:
Thee ne r gyg a pbe twe enf illedva lenc eba nda ndt hec onduc tionba ndi sl arg e,t huse l
e ctronsc a nnotj ump
tohi ghe rba nda nds uc has ubs t anc eha sve rys ma l
l c onduc tivitya ndi tbe ha ve sa sa ni ns ul at
or . (c)
semi conduc tor s: Inc as eofs emi conduc t ors ,theg a pbe twe ent heva le nceba nda ndc onduc ti
onba ndi s
sma l
l .
s omee lectronsma yj umpt oc onduc tionba nda nds hows omec onduc tivity. S ubs ta ncesl ikes ili
c on
andg er ma niuma rec alledi ntr ins ics emi c onduc tors .
14.Dopi ng .: Thec onduc tivityofi nt r i
ns i
ci si nc rea se dbya ddinga na ppr opr iatea mountofs ui tablei mpur ity.
Thispr oc e ssi sca l
le dDopi ng .Dopi ngc a nbedonewi tha ni mpur itywhi chi se le ctronr ic hore le ctron
deficie nta sc ompa re dt ot hei nt rins i
cs e mi c onduc t
ors il
iconorg e rma nium
15..
n-t ypes e mi conduc tor .
:Whe nS iorGe( Gr oup14el ement s, cont aini ng4val enc eel ec t
r ons)ar edope d
withPorAs(g roup15e le me ntc ont a i
ni ng5va lenc ee lec t
rons ,)n- t ypes emi conduc t
ora refor me d. The
incr easei nc onduc tivi tyi sduet ot heNe gat ivelyc ha r ge de lectr on.
16.p-types emi conduc t or s: Whe nS iorGe( Gr oup14el ement s,cont aini ng4val enc eel ec trons)ar edope d
withB, Al orGa(g roup13e l
e me ntc ont aining3va lenc ee lectr ons ,
)pt ypes e mi conduc tori sf or me d. The
incr easei nc onduc tivi tyi sduet ot he Pos itive lyc ha r g edhol e .
17.Appl ica tionsofn- typea ndp- types emi c onduc t or s: Di odei sac ombi na ti
onofn- typea ndp- type
semi conduc tor sa ndi sus e da sar e ctif
ie r.
18.13- 15c ompoundsc ombi na tionofg roups13a nd15t os imul atea ve ra geva le nc eoff oura sinGeorS i.
Exa mpl esI nS b, AlPa ndGa As .
19.12- 16c ompoundsc ombi na tionofg roups12a nd16t os imul atea ve ra geva le nc eoff oura sinGeorS i.
Exa mpl esZnS ,CdS , CdS ea ndHg Te
20.Par ama g ne ti
s m: Pa ra ma g ne tics ubs tanc e sa rewe a klya ttracte dbyama gne ticf ie l
d. Pa r ama gne tismi sdue
2+ 3
topr e se nceofoneormor eunpa i
r ede lec t
r onswhi cha rea t
tr acte dbyt hema g ne ticf ield. O2, Cu , Fe
21.Dia ma g ne tism: Diama gne tics ubs tanc esa rewe akl yr epe ll
e dbyama g neticf ield. Iti ss hownbyt hos e
subs tanc esi nwhi cha ll thee le ctronsa repa i
re da ndt he rea renounpa i
rede lec trons .H2O, Na Cl a ndC6H6
22.Fer roma g ne tism: Subs tanc e swhi c ha r ea ttra cte dve r ys trong lybyama gne t i
cf ie l
d. arec all
e d
ferroma gne ticEx ampl e si ron, c oba lt
, nicke l, gadol i
ni uma ndCr O2Whe nthes ubs ta nc ei spl acedi na
ma g ne ticfie l
da llthedoma insg etor ie nte di nt hedi re ctionoft hema g neticf ielda ndas trongma g ne ti
c
1
Kal
raSi
r,09462305605,
kal
ra1977@gmai
l.
com
 eff
ectispr oduced. .
23.Antif
erroma gneti
s m:The yha vez eroma gne t
icmome nt,thei
rdoma insareopposit
elyorienteda ndcancel
outeachot he r'
sma g
ne ti
cmome ntExampl e
sMnO.
24.Fe r
rima gne t
ism: Ferrimagne t
ismi sobserve dwhe nt hema gneti
cmome ntsoft
hedoma insi nt he
substancea realignedi npara l
lelandanti-paralle
ldire c
tionsinunequalnumbe rsThe yarewe akly
att
ractedbyma gneti
cf i
elda scompa redtof erroma gneticsubst
ances.ExamplesFe3O4,Mg Fe 2O 4and
ZnFe2O 4.
25.Crystallat
tice:Ar egularthreedi mensionalar r
angementofpoi ntsi
ns pace.
26.Unitcell:Itisthes mallestportionofac rystallatt
icewhi ch,whenrepeatedindiff
erentdirections ,
generatest heentirelatti
ce.
27.Numbe rofa t
omspe runitc ell
(z ):Si
mpl ecubic :
1a t
om, Bodyc entr
edCubi c(bcc
):2atoms, Face -ce
ntr
e d
cubic(fcc)
:04a toms .
28.De
nsi
tyofUni
tCe
lld= Whe
reZi
sno.
ofa
tomspe
runi
tce
ll,
Mismol
arma
ss,
‘a’
ise
dgel
eng
th
3
oft
hec
ube
(inc
m),
a =vol
umeofc
ube(
cm3)
,NAi
sAvog
adr
o’snumbe
r,di
sing
/cm3
29.Re
lat
ions
hipbe
twe
ene
dgel
eng
th(
a)ofuni
tce
lla
ndr
adi
usofa
tom(
r).
Simpl
ecubi
c:r= ,

Bodyc
ent
ere
dcubi
c: Fa
cec
ent
ere
dcubi
c:

30.Coordinati
onnumbe r
:Itisdefinedast henumbe rofne ar
estneighboursi
nac l
osepac
king.
C.Noi
n3-Dhcp
+ -
&c cp( 12),bcc(8)2D-.
Sqaur eclosepa ckedlayer( 4),2-Dhc p&c cp(6)
,Rocksa
lt(Na
Cl,Na =6,Cl=
+ - +2 -
2 +2 -
6),
CsCl,(Cs=8, Cl=8) ,
ZnS(Zn =4, S =4)Ca F2Flourit
e(Ca =8,F=4)
31.Packi
ngEf fi
c i
ency:pe
rcentageoft ot
al spac
efi
lledbyt heparti
cle
s .S i
mplecubi
c=52.4%,Bodycent
ere
d
cubic
=68%, Facecent
eredc ubic,
He xagonalcl
osepa cked(hcp)&c cp=74%
32.Pa
cki
ngEf
fi
ci
enc
y= x100

33.Oc t
ahe dral void:Itistheope ns pa cebetwee ns i
xtouchings phe r e
soft wol ayersofa tom. Therei sone
octahedr alvoi dpe ratomi nac r ys tal
.Ther adiusoftheOc t
a he dr alvoidrelati
vet oradiusofs phe reis
0.414.
34.Te t
rahe dral void: I
tist heope ns pa cebetwe enfourtouc hings phe resoftwol aye r
sofa tom. The rea retwo
octahedr alvoi dpe ratomi nac r ys tal
.Ther adiusofthet etrahe dr alvoidr e
lati
vet or adiusofs phe reis
0.225.
35.He xagona lclosepa cking :Inhe xa g onalcl
osepa c
kings tr
uc tur et het hir
dlayerofa tomsc overst he
tetr
a hedr a
l voidsoft hes e
c ondl a yer.Thedi f
ferentlayersa r epa cke dinABABAB. .
..
.
...
.
..
...
..
.
..pattern
36.Cubicc losepa cking :I
nhe xa gona l cl
osepa ckings t
ructuret het hi r
dl ayerofa t
omsc ove rstheoc tahedr a
l
voidsoft hes econdlaye r
.Thedi fferentlayersa repackedi nABCABCABC. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.pattern
37.Classif
icationofs oli
dsont heba sisofdi f
ferentbindingfor ce s.
Typeofs olid Cons tit
ue ntpa rt
icl
es Bondi ng/ Attra ct
ive Ex a mple Electrical
forc e conduc tivi
ty
Me tall
icsolid +vei onsi ns eaofdeloca l
is
e d Me tallicbondi ng Fe,Cu,Ag,Au c onduc tors
-
e
Cova lents olid atoms Cova le ntbondi ng SiO2 Insula t
or
Ionicsol i
ds ions Elec t
r osta ti
cf orces Na Cl Insula t
or
(solid)conductor
inmol t
ens ta
te
Nonpol ar mol ecules Dis per si
onf orces CO2,I2,
H2,CCl I nsula t
or
mol eculars oli
d 4

Polarmol ecular mol ecules Dipol e-di pole HCl ,

SO2 Insula t
or
soli
d inte r
a ctions
Hydr og enbonde d mol ecules Hydr og enbondi ng H2O( Ic
e ) Insula t
or
mol eculars oli
d

2
Kal
raSi
r,09462305605,
kal
ra1977@gmai
l.
com