Journal of Research in Ecology ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Influence of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles on broiler

chicks (Ross 308)
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Journal of Research in Ecology

Zahra Mohammed This investigation was done in the poultry field of Animal Production
Kadhim Al-Jaafari, Department at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. The effect of
Saad Mohsen Al-Jashamy organic selenium and nano-selenium on chicks (Ross 308) utilizing 225 one day old
and Nihad Abdel Latif Ali unsexed chicks was analyzed. The treatments of the investigation were as per the
following: First treatment (control) without including the organic selenium or nano-
Institution: selenium particles to the feed. Second and third treatment: Organic selenium was
Department of Animal
added to the feed (0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg -1 feed respectively) and the fourth and fifth
Production, College of -1
Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green treatment: 0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg feed of nano-selenium particles was added to the feed
University, Iraq. with 45 birds per treatment (each treatment had three replicates i.e. 15 birds per
replicate). Various blood parameters and the relative weight of lymphatic organs viz:
Corresponding author: bursa of fabricia, thymus gland and spleen were analyzed and recorded. The reports
Zahra Mohammed demonstrated that there were no significant changes between the experimental
Kadhim Al-Jaafari factors in the blood traits. For lymphatic organs except control, all other treatments
recorded the best relative weight of fabricia and fabricia index, with significant
changes (P<0.05). The fifth treatment demonstrated a significant change (P<0.05) in
the relative weight of thymus gland compared with control, while there was no
significant difference in the relative spleen weight between the treatments.

Keywords:
Organic selenium, Selenium nanoparticles, Blood traits, Lymphatic organs,
Broiler chicks.

Article Citation:
Zahra Mohammed Kadhim Al-Jaafari, Saad Mohsen Al-jashamy and Nihad Abdel
Latif Ali
Influence of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles on broiler chicks (Ross 308)
Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006

Dates:
Received: 12 July 2018 Accepted: 20 August 2018 Published: 19 Sep 2018

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INTRODUCTION
It is the most important traits that are of interest
to breeders of broiler chicks, which should be available
in the hybrid broiler chicks that showed rapid growth,
optimal consumption of food and benefits such as,
weight gain and the efficiency of food conversion, as
well as the vitality and its resistance to diseases. One of
the new challenges in the poultry industry is to seek
about natural additions of water and feed to improve
poultry production efficiency, especially when the Euro-
pean Union in 2006 prevented the use of growth-
stimulating antibiotics. These additions are mineral ele-
ments, which are essential nutrient elements for the
growth and production of poultry birds such as selenium
that is one of the rare mineral elements of high im-
portance to human and animal health through its associ-
ation with selenocysteine. It is present in many proteins
as selenoprotein which are usually important in en-
zymes that interfere with many metabolic pathways in
the body, including Glutathione peroxidase, which is
present in most of the body tissues (Brown and Arthur,
2001).
Selenium is found in two types: The first repre-
sents organic selenium, which is in the form of selenite
or selenate. The other type is organic selenium, it is
usually found in combination with the amino acids or
with yeast and such as Se-enriched yeast, Selenomethio-
nine. This type is absorbed into the animal body with
high efficiency compared to inorganic diets. In birds fed
-1
on inorganic selenium, the equivalent of 4.25 mg.kg
selenium is compared with 22.1 mg.kg-1 organic seleni-
um (Payne and Southern, 2005). Selenium is a very im-
portant component of a healthy immune system and a
good immune response, as it plays a role in increasing
the immune susceptibility of the body (Kim et al.,
2003). Selenium-rich foods enhance the immune re-
sponse in poultry (Beek, 1999). Selenium is an im-
portant component in improving the productive and
reproductive performance of field animals and poultry
2000
Al-Jaafari et al., 2018
birds Mahan (1995) and Surai (2002) reported that 0.1
to 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed of selenium gives great protection to
animals including poultry. Several studies have been
conducted on the effect of dietary supplementation of
selenium in both production and physiological traits.
Payne and Southem (2005) observed in their study of
broiler chicks that there was a significant improvement
in daily weight gain, feed consumption and dietary con-
version efficiency to the treatments that selenium is
added to the it with a concentration of 0.30 ppm com-
pared with the control treatment.
Robert et al. (2008) found significant improve-
ment in the body weight and dietary conversion effi-
ciency in organic selenium treatment with a 0.2 ppm
concentration added to broiler chicks compared with
control the treatment. Visha et al. (2017) found that the
use of organic selenium at a concentration of 0.3 mg.kg -
1
feed led to the significant reduction of
Malondiadehyde (MDA) in serum for broiler chicks
compared to control treatment and treatment containing
inorganic selenium. Nano-selenium has become a new
source of selenium with special properties such as large
surface area, high surface activity, high catalyst effi-
ciency, high absorbability and low toxicity (Wang et al.,
2007) compared to organic and inorganic selenium
(Zhang et al., 2001). which increased the interest on this
element and spread rapidly because of its high biologi-
cal presence (Zhang et al., 2001). However, there have
been few studies of the effect of nano-selenium on poul-
try production and physiological performance,
Mahmoud et al. (2016) studied the effect of nano-
selenium, with a concentration of 0.3 mg.kg-1 feed on
the production performance and on antioxidants and
immunity of broiler chicks subjected to thermal stress.
There was a significant improvement in the
treatment of nano selenium in dietary conversion effi-
ciency, immunological traits, glutathione peroxidase
enzyme, decreased malondiadehyde (MDA) compared
to the control treatment when birds are exposed to tem-
Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006
Al-Jaafari et al., 2018
peratures at 35°C. Visha et al. (2017) found significant
-1
reductions in nano-selenium (0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg.kg
feed) for MDA trait compared to the control treatment
of broiler chicks. Based on the above, this study aimed
to demonstrate the effect of adding two levels of organic
selenium and selenium nanoparticles to the ration on
some blood and lymphatic organs of broiler chicks
(Ross 308). This study is the latest of its kind in Iraq in
the use of nano-selenium molecules in poultry ration.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was conducted in the poultry
field belonging to the Animal Production Department at
the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University
for the period from 31/1/2018 to 13/3/2018 using 225
broiler chicks with one day years old chicks (unsex). It
was randomly divided into four treatments with 45 birds
per treatment, each treatment consisted of three repli-
cates (15 birds per replicate). Feed was provided freely
for birds, two feeds were provided viz., initiator ration,
at age of 1-21 days and the end ration, at age of 22 to 42
days as shown in Table 1. The treatments of the experi-
ment were as follows: First treatment (control treat-
ment) without adding the organic selenium or nano-
selenium particles to ration, second and third treatment:
Organic selenium was added to the feed (0.4, 0.5
mg.kg-1 feed) and the fourth and fifth treatment: addi-
tion (0.4, 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed) of nano-selenium particles to
feed. The study included the following traits: red and
white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, per-
centage of haematocrit, differential white blood cell
count, the ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells,
the relative weight of bursa of fabricia, relative index of
bursa of fabricia, relative weight of thymus gland and
the relative weight of spleen. The blood was collected
during the sixth week of the experiment from six birds
of each treatment (2 birds per replicate) randomly and
blood was collected after the slaughter of birds where
container tubes were used on the anticoagulant Potassi-
um EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid) to pre-
vent blood clotting. Haematocrit was calculated using
special capillary tubes containing a coagulant, as indi-

Table 1. The percentage of feed materials in the composition of the initiator ration and the end ration used in
the experiment with the calculated chemical composition of both rations
S. No Feed materials The initiator ration (1-21 day)% The growth ration (22-42 day)%
1 Yellow corn 48.2 58.7
2 Local wheat 8 7.5
3 Soybeans (44% protein) 28.5 20.5
4 Proteins center* 10 10
5 Plant oil 4 2.5
6 Lime stone 1 0.5
7 Food salt 0.3 0.3
Total 100% 100%
The calculated chemical analysis**
8 Representative energy (kCal/kg) 3079 3102.6
9 Crude protein (%) 22.06 19.37
10 Lysine (%) 1.21 1.03
11 Methionine + Cysteine (%) 0.82 0.75
12 Raw fiber 3.54 3.2
13 Calcium (%) 1.2 0.95
14 Phosphorus availability (%) 0.44 0.42
*A protein center with Belgian origin; one kilogram gives 2200 Kcal of energy with 40% crude protein; 8% fat, 3.5% fiber; 25%
ash; 8% calcium; 1.2% lysine; 1.2% methionine; 1.8% methionine + 70 mg; cysteine 2%; 12 mg folic acid; 120 mg pantothenic
acid; 400 mg niacin; 70 mg iron amalgam; 600 mg copper; 600 μg biotin; 750 mg manganese; 5 mg iodine; 1 mg cobalt and 1 mg
selenium.
**According to the chemical composition as per the analysis of feed materials in NRC (1994).

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006 2001

 Al-Jaafari et al., 2018
cated by Archer (1965). Hemoglobin concentration was

Table 2. Effect of adding two levels of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles to the ration on some blood traits (arithmetic mean ± standard error)

0.43±0.023
0.41±0.026
0.39±0.015
0.37±0.043
0.41±0.003
H/L ratio
estimated, according to Campbell (1995). The number

N.S
of red blood cells was estimated according to the meth-

First treatment (control): free of any addition; Second and third treatment: Two levels of organic selenium were added to the ration (0.4, 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed), respectively;
od indicated Natt and Herrick, (1952). White blood cells
Heterophile cell ratio was estimated based on Campbell (1995). the ratio of
heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells is assessed using
47.19±1.516
49.13±1.762
51.72±1.199
51.50±2.042
50.69±0.617
glass slides where a drop of blood is placed on the glass
(%)

N.S
slide and carefully spread to another glass slide placed
above the drop of blood and pulled over the first slide at
a 45°C without pressing strongly and leaving to dry for
10 min. The slides are stained with a mixture of Wright-
Lymphocyte cells

Giemsa stains according to Shen and Patteron (1983).

20.82±0.867
20.35±0.604
20.39±1.199
19.31±1.459
21.15±0.298
ratio (%)

The count is done using a light microscope under a

N.S

magnification force of 1000 by placing a drop of oil on

Treatment 4 and 5: Two levels of nano selenium particles were added to the ration (0.4, 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed), respectively.

the slide according to Burton and Guion (1968) method.

The ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells is then
calculated. As for the lymphatic organs, they were sepa-
Hemoglobin

10.48±0.185
10.08±0.106
10.27±0.135
10.22±0.100
10.38±0.193
(g/100 mL
blood)

rated from the body at the end of the experiment at the

at six weeks age.

N.S

laboratory of the phaslega (Animal Production Depart-

ment - College of Agriculture, University of Qasim
Green) at six weeks age, which included thymus gland
Haematocrit

31.45±0.558
30.25±0.318
30.82±0.401
30.67±0.304
31.15±0.583

with all its lobes and on both sides of the neck and bursa
(%)

N.S

of fabricius and spleen from the carcasses of six birds

for each treatment of experimental treatments after cut-
ting the connective tissue around these organs. It was
White blood

23.42±0.583
24.13±0.892
22.71±0.890
24.58±1.181
22.55±1.216
(103 / mm3 )
cells count

weighed by a sensitive balance of four decimal digit. By

N.S

calculating the weight of these organs relative to the

weight of the living body according to Lucio and Hitch-
ner (1979) fabricius index was also calculated, it is the
(106 / mm3 )
2.37±0.037
2.37±0.029
2.35±0.026
2.38±0.020
2.36±0.024
cells count
Red blood

relative weight of the gland in the experimental treat-

N.S

ment relative to the relative weight of the gland in the

control treatment, as reported by Lucio and Hitchner
Traits

Second treatments

Significance level
Fourth treatments

(1979). The complete randomized design was used to

Third treatments

Fifth treatments
First treatments

study the effect of different treatments in the studied

Treatments

traits. The differences between the averages were com-

pared with the use of the Dunkin Multidimensional Test
Duncan (1955) and using SAS Statistical Analysis Pro-
S. No

gram (SAS, 2010).

1
2
3
4
5
6

2002 Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006

Al-Jaafari et al., 2018
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows no significant differences be-
tween the groups of birds fed with two levels of organic
selenium and nano-selenium on each of red blood cells
6 3
count (10 / mm blood), white blood cells count (10 /
mm3 blood), hemoglobin (g/100 ml blood), haematocrit
(%), lymphocyte cells ratio (%), heterophile cell ratio
(%) and the ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells
(H / L). The results showed that the role of selenium and
nano-selenium molecules in maintaining the stability of
the body functions, and it seems that the concentrations
used were within the limits of natural and did not affect
some of the functions of the body. These results are
consistent with Alidad et al. (2015) which states that
there are no significant differences in the red blood cells
count, haematocrit, hemoglobin and are not consistent
with white blood cell count and the percentage of lym-
phocytes and H/L ratio, which had significant differ-
ences for both treatments of organic selenium and nano-
selenium compared to the control treatments. While the
results of the statistical analysis in the relative weight of
lymphatic organs of body weight (%) in Table 3 showed
significant differences (P<0.05) between experimental
treatments and control treatments at the age of six
weeks. For the relative weight of fabricia, the fourth
treatment (adding nano-selenium with a concentration
-1
of 0.4 mg.kg feed) and the fifth treatment (adding nano
-selenium with a concentration of 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed)
were significantly excelled on the first treatment
(control) and the second treatment (adding organic sele-
nium with a concentration of 0.4 mg.kg-1 feed) by
recording them the highest relative weight of 0.109% in
3
the body weight respectively. Followed by the third
treatment (the addition of organic selenium at a concen-
tration of 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed), where the relative weight of
this trait amounted of 0.106% in the body weight while
the first treatment and the second treatment recorded the
lowest relative weight of the fabricia of 0.07 and 0.09%
in the body weight respectively. As for the index of the
fabricia gland, it is noted that the second, third, fourth
and fifth treatments significantly (P<0.05) excelled on
the first treatment and the values of this trait were 1.00,
1.31, 1.45, 1.49, 1.48% in the body weight, respectively.
As for the relative weight of thymus gland, the fifth
treatment was significantly excelled on the first treat-
ment (control) by recording it 0.71% in the body
weight. The second, third, and fourth treatments record-
ed the values 0.66, 0.66 and 0.68% in the body weight
respectively. Without having significant differences
between them and the first treatment on the one hand
and the fifth treatment on the other, there were no sig-
nificant differences in the relative weight of spleen be-
tween the addition of selenium and nano-selenium to the
ration compared to the first treatment (control) which
recorded the relative weights viz., 0.10, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11
and 0.10% for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth

Table 3. Effect of adding two levels of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles to the ration on lymphatic
organs (arithmetic mean±standard error) at six weeks age
Traits Relative weight of Relative index of Relative weight of The relative
S. No bursa of fabricia bursa of fabricia thymus gland weight of spleen
Treatments (%) (%) (%) (%)
1 First treatments 0.07±0.003c 1.00±0b 0.58±0.016b 0.10±0.003
2 Second treatments 0.09±0.007b 1.31±0.113a 0.66±0.021ab 0.09±0.005
3 Third treatments 0.106±0.001ab 1.45±0.079a 0.66±0.31ab 0.10±0.002
4 Fourth treatments 0.109±0.000a 1.49±0.074a 0.68±0.058ab 0.11±0.012
5 Fifth treatments 0.109±0.001a 1.48±0.083a 0.71±0.028a 0.10±0.000
6 Significance level * * * N.S
* The averages with different letters within the same column differ significantly (P<0.05) between them; First treatment (control):
free of any addition; Second and third treatment: two levels of organic selenium were added to the ration (0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg -1 feed
respectively); Fourth and fifth treatment: two levels of nano-selenium particles were added to the ration (0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg -1 feed
respectively).

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006 2003


treatments respectively. The relative weight of fabricia
and the relative index of the gland in the selenium and
nano-selenium treatments as well as the relative im-
provement in the relative weight of thymus gland for the
fifth treatment of nano-selenium compared to the first
treatment to role of selenium and nano-selenium as an
effective oxidative agent known as free radicals and
thus maintain the metabolic processes in the body and
continue to maintain vital functions. It is also maintain-
ing the physical balance of the body the enjoyment of
birds health, safety from diseases and also has a role in
improving the efficiency of immune system (Sevcikova
et al., 2006). It also contributes the synthesis of the glu-
tathione peroxidase (Mills, 1957), which shows that
selenium and nanoparticles have worked to provide im-
munity to birds and raise the immune response by ob-
serving the improvement in the values of the immune
organs (lymphocytes) compared to birds that did not
feed on these substances. Bumstead et al. (1993) noted
that the evolution of the immune system in the bird
body can be determined by the knowledge of the weight
and index of the fabricia gland, as they are one of the
important measurements of the immunity in the body
and that the high values of the guide and the relative
weight of the fabricia gland are a good indicator of the
birds body with high immunity, and low relative weight
of the gland less than 0.7 which indicates the lack of
effectiveness of the gland to do its work because of the
vulnerability and inertia. The results of this study agreed
with Mahmoud et al. (2016), who showed a significant
improvement in the weight of fabrica and thymus gland
in the treatment of nano selenium with a concentration
-1
of 0.3 mg.kg feed compared to the control treatment,
while the weight of the spleen had not shown significant
difference between the experimental treatments. Our
results did not agree with Cai et al. (2012), who did not
notice any significant differences between the nano-
selenium treatments and the control treatment in the
weight of lymphatic organs (spleen, fabricia and thymus
2004
Al-Jaafari et al., 2018
gland) for broiler chicks with 42 days age. The results
of this experiment were also not consistent with the
study of Rao et al. (2013), who did not observe any sig-
nificant differences between organic selenium treat-
ments and control treatment in the weight of lymphatic
organ (spleen, fabricia and thymus gland) for broiler
chicks with 42 days age.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the present experiment that
the addition of organic selenium and selenium nanopar-
ticles to the ration can improve the immunity of the
broiler chicks.
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2006 Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006