PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

(University of the City of Manila)

Chemical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology

DEACETYLATION OF CHITIN DERIVED

FROM CRAB EXOSKELETON AND
PURIFICATION OF CRUDE GLYCEROL
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLYCEROL
PLASTICIZED PACKAGING LAMINATE

DIONISIO, Charles Amiel

FULUGAN, Ceazar Justine
REDUBLO, Anne Paulinne
SAYA, Diana Jane

Engr. Kim Bryan Dueñas Engr. Clydelle Rondaris

Engr. Denvert Pangayao Engr. April Anne Tigue

Engr. Milagros Cabangon

CRUDE GLYCEROL
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
(University of the City of Manila)
Chemical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology

Glycerol (also known as glycerin) is

a major byproduct in the biodiesel
manufacturing process. In general, for
every 100 pounds of biodiesel produced,
approximately 10 pounds of crude
glycerol are created. As the biodiesel
industry is rapidly expanding, a glut of
crude glycerol is being created. Because this glycerol is expensive to purify for
use in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetics industries, biodiesel producers
must seek alternative methods for its disposal. Various methods for disposal and
utilization of this crude glycerol have been attempted, including combustion,
composting, anaerobic digestion, animal feeds, and
thermochemical/biological conversions to value-added products. The objective
of this article is to provide a general background in terms of waste glycerol
utilization.

MUD CRAB IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Mudcrab production steadily

moved up to almost 4.5
thousand metric tons, about six
(6) percent higher than its 2015
output.
 Production share was
dominated by aquaculture at
94.08 percent.
 The combined outputs of
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
(University of the City of Manila)
Chemical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology

Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga Peninsula and CALABARZON settled the

uptrend performance this period.
 Production surplus in Lanao del Norte resulted from increased stocking
density as well as bigger sizes produced from crablets of king crab variety.
In Misamis Occidental, area expansion accounted for its production
growth this period.
 Reduced production in Western Visayas was attributed mainly to rough
seas which hampered fishing activity specifically in Guimaras and
Antique.
 On the opposite side, production increment was reported in Bicol Region.
Proper timing of school of threadfin species was encountered in the fishing
grounds of Masbate and Camarines Sur.

CHITOSAN FROM CRAB SHELLS

Chitosan, a natural
polysaccharide, is being widely used as
a pharmaceutical excipients (Singla
Struszczyk, 2002). It is obtained by the
partial deacetylation of chitin, natural
polymer composed of randomly
distributed β-(1-4)-linked
Dglucosamine.It consists of two types of
monomers; chitin-monomers and
chitosanmonomers. Chitin is a linear
polysaccharide consisting of (1-4)-linked 2- acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-
glucopyranose. Chitosan is alinear polysaccharide consisting of (1-4)-linked 2-
amino-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranose (Tomihata and Ikada, 1997; Roberts, 1992).
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
(University of the City of Manila)
Chemical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology

The amino group in chitosan has a pKa value of ~6.5, thus, chitosan is positively
charged and soluble in acidic to neutral solution with a charge density
dependent on pH and the percentage of degree of deacetylation- value. In
other words, chitosan is bioadhesive and readily binds to negatively charged
surfaces such as mucosal membranes. Chitosan enhance the transport of polar
drugs across epithelial surfaces, and is biocompatible and biodegradable.
Purified qualities of chitosans are available for biomedical application (Cho et
al., 1998). Chitosan insipite of its unique properties is proving its efficacy in various
dosage forms such as bioadhesive nature, hydrophilic macromolecule drug
carrier, effective carrier in drug targgetting to brain, transdermal films and
wound healing biodegradable grafts, hyperlipidemic , antimicrobial and
stabilizing constituent of liposomes. Chitosan for its pontential makes it as a
promising candidate as pharmaceutical excipient (Muzzrelli et al., 1996; Lehr et
al., 1992).

CHITOSAN EXTRACTION

The following 3 (three) steps, namely Demineralization, Deproteinization

and Deacetylation are followed for the isolation of chitosan. The details of the
above three steps are discussed below and shown in Fig.1.

Demineralization of shrimp shell has been carried out with three different
concentration of HCI (4%, 3%, 2%) at ambient temperature (28±2o C) with a solid
to solvent ratio 1:5 (w/v) for 16 hours (Toan, 2009). The residue was washed and
soaked in tap water until neutral pH.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
(University of the City of Manila)
Chemical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology

Deproteinization of shrimp
shell was done with 4%
NaOH at ambient
temperature (28±2o C)
with a solid to solvent ratio
1:5 (w/v) for 20 hours
(Toan, 2009). The residue
was washed and soaked in
tap water until neutral pH.
Then purified chitin was
dried until it was become crispy. Chitin flakes was grounded to small particle to
facilitate deacetylation.

Deacetylation Removal of acetyl groups from chitin was experimented using

four different concentration of NaOH (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) at 650 C temperature
with a solid to solvent ratio 1:10 (w/v) for 20 hours. (Toan, 2009).The residue was
washed until neutral pH with tap water. The resulting chitosan was then dried at
cabinet dryer for 4 hours at 65±50 C and prepared for characterization.

GLYCEROL-PLASTICIZED CHITOSAN

In the last years, agropolymer-

based materials have attracted great
attention due to their large availability,
renewability and biodegradability.
Particularly, interesting results
concerning the great potential of
chitosan as biomaterial were reported
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
(University of the City of Manila)
Chemical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology

(Ravi Kumar, 2000; Rinaudo, 2006). Chitosan has applications in biomedical and
drug delivery systems (Ravi Kumar, Muzzarelli, Muzzarelli,Sashiwa, & Domb, 2004)
due to its biocompatibility, antimicrobial and good mucoadhesive properties.
Water-soluble chitosan salts are filmogenic (Chen & Horng-Dar, 1996; Dhanikula
& Panchagnula, 2004; Muzzarelli, 1996; Ouattara, Simard, Piette, Begin,&Holley,
2000) and thus found applications in the food packaging industry, especially as
edible films or coatings. These filmsmay improve food conservation and quality
by forming a barrier against moisture (Caner, Vergano, &Wiles, 1998), oxygen
and CO2 (Hosokawa, Nishiyama, Yoshihara, & Kubo, 1990). The film properties
depend on several parameters such as chitosan molecular weight and degree
of deacetylation, organic acid used and the possible presence of plasticizer.